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IMECE17
November 3-9, 2017, Tampa, Florida, USA
DRAFT
IMECE2017-7228
Correlation of Mixing Efficiency and Entropy Generation Rate in a Square Cross Section Tee Junction
Micromixer
NOMENTCLATURE ABSTRACT
𝐷ℎ = Hydraulic Diameter The potential applications of micromixers continues
to expand in the bio-sciences area. In particular, passive
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = Average Velocity
micromixers that may be used as part of point-of-care
𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds Number (POC) diagnostic testing devices are becoming common-
𝑄 = Volume Flow Rate place and have application in developed, developing, and
relatively undeveloped locales. Characterizing and
𝐿𝑒 = Entry Length
improving mixing efficiency in these devices is an
𝑎, 𝑏 = Duct Width, Height ongoing research effort. Micromixers are used in some
𝑇 = Temperature lab-on-chip (LOC) devices where it is often necessary to
combine two or more fluids into a mixed solution for
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = Standard Cartesian directions
testing or delivery. The simplest micromixer incorporates
𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 = Directional velocity components a tee junction to combine two fluid species in anti-parallel
𝑈, 𝑉, 𝑊 = Non-dimensional velocity components branches, with the mixed fluid leaving in a branch
perpendicular to the incoming branches. Micromixers rely
𝑠̇ ′′′ = Volumetric Entropy Generation Rate
on two modes of mixing: chaotic advection and molecular
𝑣𝐴 = Molal Volume diffusion. In micro-mixers flow is typically laminar,
𝐹 = Association Factor making chaotic advection occur only via induced
secondary flows. Hence, micromixers, unless carefully
𝜌 = Density
designed, rely almost exclusively on molecular diffusion
µ = Viscosity of fluid species. A well designed micromixer should
𝜔, 𝜉, 𝜁 = Arbitrary Constants exhibit significant chaotic advection; which is also a sign
of large strain rates and large entropy generation rates.
𝛼 = Aspect Ratio (b/a)
This paper describes the development of an analytical
𝛾 = Non-dimensionalized weighting factor relationship for the entropy generation rate and the mixing
𝜎 = Standard deviation efficiency as function of the outgoing branch Reynolds
number. Though there has been extensive research on tee
𝛷 = Non-dimensional Concentration junctions, entropy generation, and the mixing efficiencies
Subscripts of a wide variety of micromixers, a functional relationship
𝑜 = Outflow for the mixing efficiency and the entropy generation rate
𝐹 = Viscous Term has not been established. We hypothesize a positive
𝐶 = Concentration Term correlation between the mixing index and the entropy
𝑇 = Temperature Term
generation rate. The worked described here establishes a Where:
method and provides the results for such a relationship.
A basic tee junction with square cross sections has µ 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑤 2
been analyzed using computational fluid dynamics to 𝑠̇𝐹 ′′′ = [2 (( ) + ( ) + ( ) )
𝑇𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
determine the entropy generation rate and outgoing
mixing efficiencies for Reynolds numbers ranging from 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 2
+( + ) + ( + ) +( + ) ] 4
25-75. The mixing efficiency is determined at a location 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
in the outgoing branch where the effects of molecular
diffusive mixing is minimized and chaotic advective
mixing is the focus. The entropy generation rate has been
determined for the indicated range of Reynolds number ′′′ 𝐾 𝜕𝑇 2 𝜕𝑇 2 𝜕𝑇 2
𝑠̇ 𝑇 = 2 [( ) + ( ) + ( ) ] 5
and decomposed into its viscous and diffusive entropy 𝑇𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
terms. The functional relationships that have been
developed are applicable for micromixer design and serve
as a reference for more complex passive micromixer
designs. 𝑅𝐷 𝜕𝐶 2 𝜕𝐶 2 𝜕𝐶 2
𝑠̇𝐶𝐶 ′′′ = [( ) + ( ) + ( ) ] 6
𝐶𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
INTRODUCTION
When considering micromixers, there exist two
important quantities that are often considered: mixing 𝑅𝐷 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶
efficiency and entropy generation rate. The literature is 𝑠̇𝐶𝑇 ′′′ = [( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )] 7
𝑇𝑜 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
replete with many novel micromixer designs that focus
predominantly on the mixing efficiencies of devices used However, in the isothermal and adiabatic case where
for biomedical, medical, mechanical, heat exchanger and temperature and heat transfer affects are neglected:
chemical applications [1-14]. Hossain, et al. [3] provides
a method for determining the mixing index MI by 𝑠̇ ′′′ = 𝑠̇𝐹 ′′′ + 𝑠̇𝐶𝐶 ′′′ 8
considering the mass fractions of different fluid species
on an outgoing plane. The MI is defined as:
This paper explores a common micromixer geometry for
𝜎2
lab-on-chip (LOC) devices is a rectangular microchannel
𝑀𝐼 = 1 − √ 2 1 with an aspect ratio of:
𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥
a
𝑁
1
𝜎 2 = √ ∑(𝐶𝑖 − 𝐶̅ )2 2
𝑁 b
𝑖=1
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑜 = 2𝑄1 13
And 𝛾1 = 𝑅𝑒𝑜2 19
and
𝑅𝑒1 + 𝑅𝑒2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑜 = 2𝑅𝑒1 14
2𝑅𝐷𝑇𝑜 𝜌2 𝐷ℎ2 𝛥C
𝛾2 = 20
µ3
Where 𝛾 is a non-dimensionalized weighting factor. The
results obtained from this analysis should serve as guide
and method for determining similar relationships for more
complex geometries. A relationship of this form would
allow for simple determination of the expected mixing
efficiency and entropy generation rate of a mixer, even for
flow parameters outside those for which a mixer was
initially designed.
METHODOLOGY
The results for this paper were obtained using CFD.
Specifically, the geometries were designed in
SolidWorks®, meshed in ANSYS® ICEM™ CFD,
Figure 2. Alternate channel models. analyzed in ANSYS® Fluent™, and post processed in
VisIt™.
Two geometries were created, both with square
Additionally, in pursuing relationship that are devoid of
channels of uniform side length (Dh). The macroscale
scale, it is recognized that the entropy generation rate be
model was designed with Dh = 2.54 cm, and the
appropriately non-dimensionalized. The MI and Reynolds
microscale model was designed with Dh = 25.4 µm. The
0.001
𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄 26
8𝐷 𝑜
Viscosity (Pa*s) 0.001003 Figure 7. Preliminary Hexahedral Mesh with 270461 Nodes
per Dh3.
Temperature (K) 300
Mesh 1 2 3 4 %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓( 𝑁, 𝑁 − 1)
𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
649 4628 34864 270461 ----- ---- -----
𝐷ℎ3
𝑆𝑓̇ ∗ 109 1.43 1.79 1.93 1.99 19.9 7.41 2.76
Figure 5. Preliminary Hexahedral Mesh with 649 Nodes per 𝜎 0.47011 0.48148 0.484569 0.48241 2.36 0.64 0.45
Dh3.
MI*
MI
0.030
outgoing Reynolds number (Figure 9). MI* = 0.051Reₒ - 0.0807
4
0.025 R² = 0.998
MI vs Reₒ 0.020 2
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
0.040 Reo
Figure 10. Linearized mixing efficiency.
0.035
The following relationships emerge:
MI
0.030
0.025
𝑀𝐼 ∗ 𝑃 = 𝑀𝐼 ∗ = 0.051𝑅𝑒𝑜 − 0.087 29
0.020
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 With
Reₒ
𝑃 = 1.038𝑅𝑒𝑜 + 42.711 30
Figure 9. Mixing Index vs the Outgoing Reynolds number for
the macro scale geometry.
Plotting the macro scale with the micro scale results leads
to Figure 11.
The mixing efficiencies are clearly not very significant,
but the purpose of this paper are not to demonstrate a high
efficiency micromixer, but rather to develop a simple MI* vs Reo
linear expression relating the mixing efficiency and 8
entropy generation to the outgoing Reynolds number. For
this to be possible, a linearizing function should be 6 MI* MI*(µ)
developed to such that a relationship would emerge of the
MI*
form:
4
𝑀𝐼 ∗ 𝑃 = 𝑀𝐼 ∗ = 𝛽 ∗ 𝑅𝑒 + 𝜁 27
2
Where P is some non-dimensional normalizing function 40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
and 𝛽 and 𝜁 are constants to be determined. The desired Reo
form of P would satisfy: Figure 11. Comparting macro and micro mixing efficiencies.
15000000
10000000 2.00E-03
5000000
0.00E+00
0 40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160
40 55 70
100 115 130 145 160 85 Reo
Reo
Figure 12.Macroscale non-dimensionalized entropy generation. Figure 15. Microscale non-dimensionalized entropy generation
constituents.
1.00E+02
remedied by considering the final relationships:
5.00E+01
0.00E+00 ̇
(𝑆𝐹,𝑛𝑑 )
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 = (0.0461𝑅𝑒𝑜 + 0.0802) 31
𝑆𝐹
Reo
̇
(𝑆𝑐𝑐,𝑛𝑑 )
Figure 13.Microscale non-dimensionalized entropy generation.
= (0.0203𝑅𝑒𝑜 + 0.0309) 32
𝑆𝐹
Clearly, a single relationship would not be possible that Where SF = 0.01 in standard SI units, and scales down
holds at every scale, so another approach needs to be accordingly as in Table 3.
taken. Of interesting note is the linear nature of the macro
scale model and the quadratic nature of the microscale
model. This could have actually been hypothesized when Table 3. Sample values of SF.
considering the scale based contributions of the 𝛾 Scale of the Model (1 for SI) SF
weightings factors discussed previously. So, as a second
attempt to create a general relation for the non- 𝑘(103 ) 100000
dimensionalized entropy generation as a function of the
Reynolds number, the entropy generation is broken into 1(100 ) 100
its non-dimensionalized constituents as seen in Figures 14
and 15. 𝑐(10−2 ) 1
𝑚(10−3 ) 0.1
Ṡnd,F and Ṡnd,cc vs Reo
8
Sdot'''F(nd) Sdot'''cc(nd) µ(10−6 ) 0.0001
6
Ṡnd,F and Ṡnd,cc
y = 0.0461x + 0.0802
R² = 0.9971
4
CONCLUSIONS
2 Simple analytical relationships for the mixing
y = 0.0203x + 0.0309
R² = 0.9985 efficiency and the entropy generation rate have been
0 determined as a function of the outgoing Reynolds
40 55 70 85
100 115 130 145 160 number in a simple tee mixing geometry for a range of
Reo intermediate Reynolds numbers at two different scales.
Figure 14. Macroscale non-dimensionalized entropy generation This was achieved through a novel means of non-
constituents. dimensionalizing the constituents of the entropy
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