Final Thesis

PROMOTING SAFE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR
CIRCULATION IN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
The project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
B.Sc. Degree
In
CITY & REGIONAL PLANNING
Internal Examiner External Examiner
…………………………….… ……………………………
Chairman CRP Department

………………………………………………
DEPARTMENT OF CITY & REGIONAL PLANNING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
June, 2016
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DEDICATION
When you have a great and difficult task, something perhaps almost impossible, if
you only work a little at a time, every day a little, suddenly the work will finish
itself."
We dedicate this to our beloved parents and our teachers for all their love & endless
support which has made it possible for us to make it up to this point and specially to
Prof. Dr. Ghulam Abbas Anjum who bestowed us with the courage, commitment
and the awareness to follow the best possible route, by his unmatchable style and by
best possible training.
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DECLARATION
We solemnly declare that matter printed in the thesis titled “PROMOTING SAFE
PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR CIRCULATION IN UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE” is our own research work under
kind supervision of Prof. Dr. Ghulam Abbas Anjum and has never been published
in any form elsewhere. The matter quoted in this text has been properly referred and
acknowledged.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All raise to Almighty Allah who blessed us with patience, consistency and resources
to acquire necessary skills for accomplishing this colossal task. We would like to
express our sincerest gratitude to our supervisor Prof. Dr. Ghulam Abbas Anjum for
their valuable advices and continuous guidance leading to the successful completion
of our project. He has been guiding us with their generous and professional
assistance throughout the working of our project.
The cooperation extended by Dr. Amir Aziz at City and Regional Planning
Department UET Lahore is highly appreciated. This cooperation made it easier for
us to analyze the transportation related data through different techniques. We owe
him special thanks for providing restless but intelligent assistance.
We are highly thankful to Dr. Obaid Ullah Nadeem for the refinement of our thesis
topic name. His righteousness and quality consciousness helped us a lot. Last but
not least, we would also like to thank our family for their support and encouragement
which helps us in completion of this project.
We also acknowledge the cooperation and help of Ms. Sadaf Saeed for the
conduction of traffic count survey, pedestrian count survey and parking surveys. We
also want to say thanks to Mr.Jawad Hussain and Mr. Shakir Ali Khan for their
technical assistance in data collection.
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ABSTRACT
University campuses are viewed as major trip attractors. This intense level of activity generates
noteworthy blockage within the campuses and in their vicinity, especially in urban campus
settings. University campus settings are multi-modular and complex in nature, joining vehicular
traffic, transit, and pedestrians into one transportation system. This creates a significant challenge
for university campus planners to manage the issues made because of increased vehicular
movement and pedestrian flow by proactive planning approach.
The objective of this research is to document a systematic approach to make the university
campuses sustainable, accessible, safer and secure. Systematic planning approaches for the
interaction of the various transport modes (including auto, transit, bicycle, and pedestrians) within
the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore campus have been examined. The blend of
concentrated levels of pedestrian and bicycle traffic with vehicular congestion in a campus setting
creates a number of significant conflict areas.
This exploration is pure research in nature, for this purpose different plans for the promotion of
safer mobility in university campus have been studied. This research incorporates literature review,
information gathering, and investigation and after that a proposed design of UET Lahore campus.
Transportation surveys (including vehicular, pedestrian and parking surveys) were conducted and
the general feedback was taken from the public by presenting the project in the form of posters to
know the perception of campus transportation framework. Accidents location data analysis and
visual assessment of the campus transportation infrastructure was additionally done.
The overall findings of the research includes the enhanced all-inclusive strategy of UET Lahore
campus which reflects the components of planning including mobility, accessibility, safety,
security and sustainability.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1...................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1- Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2- Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 1
1.3- Scope of Study ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4- Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.5- Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 3
1.6- Limitations of Study ............................................................................................................ 3
1.7- Structure of the thesis........................................................................................................... 4
1.8- Work Plan ............................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2...................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................6
2.1- Pedestrian and bicycle practices .......................................................................................... 7
2.1.1- Pedestrian and bicycle network ........................................................................................ 7
2.1.2- Facilities and incentives .................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3- Pedestrian and Bicycle safety ......................................................................................... 10
2.1.4- Traffic control devices at pedestrian crossings ............................................................... 11
2.2- Parking related practices .................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1- Campus parking management ......................................................................................... 12
2.2.2- Campus resident parking................................................................................................. 13
2.3- Motor vehicular traffic practices ........................................................................................ 14
2.3.1- Campus vehicular traffic control .................................................................................... 14
2.3.2- Vehicular traffic and parking demand reduction ............................................................ 15
2.3.3- Vehicular traffic accessibility ......................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3.................................................................................................................17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .........................................................................17
3.1- Research Strategy............................................................................................................... 17
3.2- Selection of Research Topic .............................................................................................. 19
3.3- Literature Review............................................................................................................... 19
3.4- Formulate Hypothesis ........................................................................................................ 19
3.5- Develop Testable Predictions ............................................................................................ 19
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3.6- Existing Morphology of University Campus ..................................................................... 20
3.6.1- Primary data .................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.2- Secondary data ................................................................................................................ 20
3.7- Proposals and Designs ....................................................................................................... 20
3.8- Proposed Design of UET Lahore Campus ......................................................................... 20
3.9- Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................... 21
3.10- Documentation ................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 4.................................................................................................................22
FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS AND MAKE PREDICTIONS ....................22
4.1- Hypothesis.......................................................................................................................... 22
4.2- Conceptual Circulation Plan of UET Lahore ..................................................................... 22
4.3- Predictions or Assumptions ............................................................................................... 24
4.4- Expected outcomes of Assumptions or Predictions ........................................................... 25
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................................... 26
EXISTING MORPHOLOGY OF CAMPUS ........................................................... 26
5.1- Problem Areas .................................................................................................................... 27
5.2- Existing Infrastructure Condition ...................................................................................... 28
5.2.1- Street Lights .................................................................................................................... 28
5.2.2- Electric Poles .................................................................................................................. 29
5.2.3 Sign Boards ...................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.4 Manholes .......................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.5- Trees ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.2.6- Poorly Lightened Areas .................................................................................................. 32
5.3- Accident Location Data ..................................................................................................... 33
Table 2 Accident Locations....................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 6.................................................................................................................36
PROPOSALS AND DSIGNS ................................................................................36
6.1- Existing Vehicular Circulation System .............................................................................. 36
6.2- Junction Improvement ....................................................................................................... 37
6.2.1- IBM Junction .................................................................................................................. 37
6.2.1.1- Existing Condition ....................................................................................................... 37
6.2.1.2- Proposed solution ......................................................................................................... 38
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6.2.2.1- Existing Situation ......................................................................................................... 40
6.2.3- Junction near CRP Department ....................................................................................... 42
6.2.3.2- Proposed Solution ........................................................................................................ 44
6.2.4- Junction near Chemical Engineering Department .......................................................... 45
6.2.5- Junction in front of Library ............................................................................................. 47
6.2.6- Girls SSC junction .......................................................................................................... 51
6.3- Proposed Vehicular Roads ................................................................................................. 52
6.3.1- Road-Design ................................................................................................................... 53
6.4- Parking Management ......................................................................................................... 55
6.4.1- Existing Analysis of Parking .......................................................................................... 55
6.4.2- Proposed Parking Spaces ................................................................................................ 58
6.5- Existing Pedestrian Circulation.......................................................................................... 59
6.5.1- Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision Areas ................................................................................ 61
6.5.2- Pedestrian Attractors and Producer Areas ...................................................................... 62
6.5.3- Pedestrian Flow Intensity................................................................................................ 63
6.6- Proposed Pedestrian Circulation ........................................................................................ 66
6.6.1- Pedestrianisation ............................................................................................................. 66
6.6.2- Pedestrian Zone ............................................................................................................... 67
6.7- Traffic Calming measures .................................................................................................. 69
6.7.1- Existing traffic calming measures in university campus ................................................ 70
6.7.1.1- Improper crosswalks .................................................................................................... 70
6.7.1.2- Speed limits.................................................................................................................. 71
6.7.1.3- Pedestrian crossing signs ............................................................................................. 71
6.7.2- Proposed traffic calming measures in University Campus ............................................. 71
6.7.2.1- Proposed Engineering measures .................................................................................. 71
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6.7.2.2- Proposed Education measures...................................................................................... 74
6.7.2.3- Proposed Enforcement measure ................................................................................... 75
6.7.2- Proposed traffic calming measures map ......................................................................... 76
Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................................... 77
PROPOSED CIRCULATION PLAN OF UET LAHORE ................................. 77
7.1- Feedback ............................................................................................................................ 77
7.2- Proposed Circulation Plan.................................................................................................. 78
Chapter 8 ............................................................................................................................... 79
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................... 79
8.1- Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 79
8.2- Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................81
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LIST OF MAPS
MAP 1: CONCEPTUAL CIRCULATION PLAN OF UET LAHORE ......................................................... 23
MAP 2: EXISTING MAP OF UET LAHORE ....................................................................................... 26
MAP 3: MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF STREET LIGHTS IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ........................... 29
MAP 4: MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ELECTRIC POLES IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ........................ 29
MAP 5: MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SIGN BOARDS IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS.............................. 30
MAP 6: MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MANHOLES IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ................................ 31
MAP 7: MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF TREES IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ........................................ 31
MAP 8: MAP SHOWING POORLY LIGHTED AREAS IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ................................ 32
MAP 9: ACCIDENT LOCATIONS MAP .............................................................................................. 35
MAP 10: EXISTING VEHICULAR CIRCULATION MAP OF UET LAHORE ........................................... 36
MAP 11: PROPOSED VEHICULAR CIRCULATION PLAN OF UET LAHORE ........................................ 53
MAP 12: EXISTING PARKING SPACES OF UET LAHORE CAMPUS ................................................... 58
MAP 13: PROPOSED PARKING SPACES OF UET LAHORE CAMPUS ................................................. 59
MAP 14: EXISTING PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT PATTERN ................................................................. 60
MAP 15: PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE COLLISION AREAS ....................................................................... 61
MAP 16: PEDESTRIAN ATTRACTORS AND PRODUCER AREAS ......................................................... 62
MAP 17: PEDESTRIAN FLOW MAP .................................................................................................. 63
MAP 18: PROPOSED SIDEWALKS AND PATHWAYS.......................................................................... 67
MAP 19: PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN ZONE ......................................................................................... 69
MAP 20: PROPOSED TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES MAP .............................................................. 76
MAP 21: PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF UET LAHORE CAMPUS ............................................ 78
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: COMPONENTS OF CAMPUS CIRCULATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN ...................................... 6
FIGURE 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 3: MAP SHOWING PROBLEM AREAS IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS ........................................... 27
FIGURE 4: ACCIDENT REPORTS ...................................................................................................... 33
FIGURE 5: EXISTING CONDITION OF IBM JUNCTION ...................................................................... 37
FIGURE 6: MAP SHOWING IMPROVEMENTS IN IBM JUNCTION ....................................................... 39
FIGURE 7: MAP SHOWING EXISTING CONDITION OF SECURITY OFFICE JUNCTION ......................... 40
FIGURE 8: SECURITY OFFICE JUNCTION IMPROVEMENT ................................................................ 42
FIGURE 9: EXISTING JUNCTION NEAR CRP DEPARTMENT ............................................................. 43
FIGURE 10: PROPOSED JUNCTION NEAR CRP ................................................................................ 44
FIGURE 11: 3D VIEW OF PROPOSED CRP JUNCTION ..................................................................... 45
FIGURE 12: EXISTING CONDITION OF CHEMICAL JUNCTION .......................................................... 46
FIGURE 13: PROPOSED JUNCTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING .................................................... 47
FIGURE 14: EXISTING CONDITION OF LIBRARY JUNCTION ............................................................ 48
FIGURE 15: PROPOSED JUNCTION DESIGN NEAR LIBRARY ............................................................ 50
FIGURE 16: 3D VIEW OF PROPOSED LIBRARY JUNCTION............................................................... 50
FIGURE 17: EXISTING CONDITION OF GSSC JUNCTION ................................................................. 51
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FIGURE 18: IMPROVEMENT IN GSSC JUNCTION ............................................................................ 52
FIGURE 19: BEFORE AND AFTER SITUATION OF GATE 3 ROAD ...................................................... 54
FIGURE 20: 3D VIEW OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES .......................................................................... 66
FIGURE 21: 3D VIEW OF PEDESTRIAN ZONE .................................................................................. 68
FIGURE 22: 3D VIEW OF PEDESTRIAN ZONE ................................................................................. 68
FIGURE 24: EXISTING CONDITION ................................................................................................. 71
FIGURE 25: SPEED BREAKERS ....................................................................................................... 72
FIGURE 26: ENGINEERING DESIGN ................................................................................................ 72
FIGURE 27: SPEED TABLES ............................................................................................................ 73
FIGURE 28: ENGINEERING DESIGNS .............................................................................................. 73
FIGURE 29: DIRECTION SIGNS ....................................................................................................... 74
FIGURE 30: PEDESTRIAN SIGNS ..................................................................................................... 74
FIGURE 31: PEDESTRIAN CROSSING .............................................................................................. 74
FIGURE 32: AWARENESS SIGNS ..................................................................................................... 74
FIGURE 33: SPEED LIMIT SIGNS..................................................................................................... 75
FIGURE 35: FEEDBACK FROM PEOPLE ............................................................................................ 77
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 WORK BREAK DOWN STRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 5
TABLE 2 ACCIDENT LOCATIONS .................................................................................................. 34
TABLE 3: ACCIDENT AREAS IN UET LAHORE CAMPUS.................................................................. 34
TABLE 4: ACCIDENT DATA ............................................................................................................ 34
TABLE 5: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA AT IBM JUNCTION ..................................................................... 38
TABLE 6: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA OF SECURITY OFFICE JUNCTION ................................................. 41
TABLE 7: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA OF CRP JUNCTION ..................................................................... 43
TABLE 8: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA OF CHEMICAL JUNCTION ............................................................ 45
TABLE 9: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA OF LIBRARY JUNCTION .............................................................. 49
TABLE 10: TRAFFIC COUNT DATA OF GSSC JUNCTION ................................................................. 51
TABLE11: PARKING DATA OF GATE NUMBER 3 LOT ..................................................................... 55
TABLE12: PARKING DATA OF GATE NUMBER 5 ............................................................................. 56
TABLE 13: BSSC PARKING DATA .................................................................................................. 56
TABLE 14: ADMIN BLOCK PARKING DATA .................................................................................... 56
TABLE 15: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PARKING DATA ................................................................. 57
TABLE 16: CRP FRONT PARKING DATA ........................................................................................ 57
TABLE 17: PARKING DATA OF LOT BEHIND CRP ........................................................................... 57
TABLE 18: PEDESTRIAN COUNT SURVEY RESULTS ........................................................................ 65
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the research work and discusses some other preliminaries. It is comprised
seven sections. First section describes the statement of the problem, the second section illustrates
the objectives of research, the third section highlights the research questions, the fourth section
defines the scope of study and the fifth section deals with the methodology adopted for this
research. The final section throws light on limitations of the research work and structure of the
report.
1.1- Background
Safe circulation refers to moving around safely on roads and sidewalks which is an important part
of a healthier and safer community. It is about reducing the risk of harm on streets and roads for
all road users. Mobility is referred to the one’s ability to move. It can be related in two ways,
vehicular and pedestrian mobility. Being an urban planner, the prime focus of any planning process
is human being because humans are the ultimate users or end stakeholders of planning decisions,
so planners should incorporate them in decision making and their wellbeing must be included in
plans to make them successful. Road safety is an important part of transportation working vision.
To achieve this vision streets and roads must accommodate pedestrians, cyclist, transit users,
drivers and goods delivery vehicles.
University of Engineering and Technology was established many decades ago as a technical
college and with the growing needs of nation, it transformed into university. Initially, there was
less number of students and vehicles inside the campus but with the changing trends of
motorization and increasing number of students and disciplines, the campus became congested.
There was lack of proactive planning inside the campus and solutions were opted as problem arose
but these temporary solutions were insufficient. Nowadays, increased vehicular movement and
pedestrian flow demands for proactive planning approach to deal the current situation as well as
to adapt strategies to cope future problems as well. The mobility inside the campus is
comparatively better than rest of Lahore city but when it comes to the university, there are the
most talented and future pioneers of the nation and universities should be free of any risk when it
comes to ability of movement. Comparing to the international standards, UET Lahore is far behind
for promoting safer and secure mobility.
1.2- Problem Statement

Universities and academic institutions are the places where future pioneers of any nation are
flourished and we have to provide them the best facilities through the design of the campuses and
promote the safer mobility to safeguard the essentials of efficient planning which are accessibility,
safety and convenience. University of engineering and technology, one of the most prestigious
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educational institute of Pakistan has been evolving through decades and with the passage of time,
the number of students and visitors has been increased immensely. The technological advancement
and motorization has affected the safer mobility inside the main campus of UET Lahore. People
walking inside the campus have no security and there is no segregation of vehicular and pedestrian
movement inside the campus. The situation becomes even worse nowadays due to increasing
number of accidents and congestion in peak hours. Initially when the university was started, it was
not according to the future needs and campus was developed according to the needs. Departments
are not in hierarchical manner and this is the main reason of problem inside the university. Traffic
junctions and major roads represent the conflicting points inside the campus and there is no proper
transportation system which has some planning.
On the other hand, no speed limit and parking control inside the campus so far to fulfill the
requirements of almost 10,000 people residing and visiting the campus. Pedestrian provision is
absent inside the campus, although there are pedestrian walkways but there is no segregation of
pedestrian ways with roads. Most of the people inside the campus are pedestrians and there is no
pedestrian zone marked where only pedestrians are allowed except emergency vehicles in case of
need to provide a comfort zone to the walkers. These problems should be resolved inside the
campus taking considerations of present needs and future demands in realistic way.
1.3- Scope of Study

Safer mobility is a deep concern and globally there are efforts being done to improve mobility in
a secure way. Developing countries like us, are far behind in this aspect and that’s why this
research topic has been opted.
 Area of the study is universities, our academic institutions should be risk free and people should
feel free to move in and around the campuses with a sense of safety. Safety in a sense that they
will not collide with vehicle while moving on foot or the walkers will not come onto road
inventory suddenly without care. So in this way, secure environment can be provided to
brilliant minds of the nation.
 Uniqueness of this topic is that there is no such full-fledged thesis study has been conducted
on this aspect of campus so far. So most of the data has to be collected through surveys and
interviews and proposals will be based on actual demand.
 UET is one of the best institutions of Pakistan and administration is concerned about improving
its infrastructure as well as quality of life and quality of education, so this study can be utilized
in upgrading the university infrastructure project.
 Different stakeholders can get benefit from the findings of this research and utilize this
accordingly.
 Direct Stakeholders involve faculty, staff, students and administration
 Indirect stakeholders are people associated with direct stakeholders who often visit UET due
to their attachment with direct stakeholders
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1.4- Objectives
The following objectives have been framed in the chronology of tasks required to achieve the
research aim:
 To proposed a design of UET Lahore campus which is accessible, sustainable, secure and safer
for pedestrians, cyclist and vehicles
 To make the visual and recorded inspection of the campus existing infrastructure to provide a
description of current condition
 To collect and analyze the accident data and identify unsafe areas
 To identify the pedestrian flows and patterns to mark the pedestrian zone where only
pedestrians will be allowed except emergency vehicles
 To install traffic calming devices and sign boards for the smooth flow of traffic and pedestrians
 To survey the campus community about their mobility and travel patterns. Campus community
includes all stakeholders who are associated with this university directly or indirectly
 To make recommendations for the safety and mobility of pedestrians and vehicle users to
promote sustainability in the university campus
1.5- Research Questions
 What aspects of transportation system of UET are working efficiently? Where improvements
are needed?
 What does the uetians identify as the major challenges to campus mobility?
 What are faculty, staff and students primary travel mode and patterns inside UET?
 What are the best examples of safe circulation of vehicles and pedestrians within a campus?
And how these can be incorporated in UET?
 How existing system of transportation and mobility can be improved without destroying the
major infrastructure of campus?
 How the changes can be made in the design and circulation pattern of roads and junctions with
little modifications through junction improvement and traffic calming measures?
 How pedestrians can be encouraged to move freely inside the campus and transport emissions
can be reduced in UET to make its green campus?
1.6- Limitations of Study

Every work has some limitations in it and the beauty of the research is to overcome that limitation
and put in the best of researcher in his research work. To accomplish this research project the
researchers have to face the limitations which are as following:
 Lack of time limits the research work only on the campus main part. The detailed designing of
residential blocks of university is neglected in this design.
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 Lack of past accident records in university campus. Only few reports of accidents were
collected from the security office of UET and dispensary but that was insufficient data.
 Due to lack of capital resources, buildings were preserved in the design because the demolition
and then reconstruction of buildings make the project more costly.
1.7- Structure of the thesis

The thesis must be logically and carefully structured so that the reader can easily follow the work
in an organized sequential manner. Thesis is a long and complex piece of writing, and in order to
do justice to research findings and their significance, it is important to communicate clearly and
effectively. The whole structure of the thesis consist of nine chapters.
Chapter 1 is about the introduction of research work which explains the problem statement,
Objectives of the study, scope and limitations.
Chapter 2 consist of literature review which describes global practices of safe circulation within
campuses. The researchers sorted out the practices generally based on modes of travel with
relevant planning elements and goals jointly addressed.
Chapter 3 defines the overall methodology adopted for this research. This included a literature
review, hypothesis, testable predictions, data collection, analysis and proposed circulation plan of
UET Lahore.
Chapter 4 is about the hypothesis and predictions about the research. A hypothetical design of
UET Lahore has been prepared by considering the existing problems of circulation, which
incorporates areas of mishaps, conflicting points on junctions and poor infrastructure of the
campus. After analyzing the existing situation, infrastructure recording and problem identifying,
certain assumptions were made regarding the improvement of the university campus.
Chapter 5 is about the existing morphology of UET Lahore with the help of primary and
secondary data that defines the sources used for the data collection and also the type of data. The
data which was collected for this research includes transportation surveys, campus infrastructure,
accident data and feedback from the public.
Chapter 6 defines the process of detailed designing of junctions, vehicular and pedestrian
corridors, walkways and pedestrian zone.
Chapter 7 deals with the process and results of feedback which was taken from the students,
staff and faculty of UET Lahore campus and then finalization of proposed design of UET Lahore
Campus by incorporating the results of feedback.
Chapter 8 describes thorough conclusions which were drawn from the data that was analyzed,
and the recommendations that have been given for more improvement in the proposed design of
UET campus.
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1.8- Work Plan
Research work has been carried out through proper and scheduled work plan. It has been tried to
give adequate time weightage to each task. Tasks have been sub-categorized in order to get
maximum outcomes. Work plan for research work is given below:
Table 1 Work Break down Structure
Sr. Activity Distribution of Time Over 16 Weeks

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Selection and
Finalization of
Research Topic
2 Literature Review
3 Formulate
Hypothesis
4 Testable
Predictions
5 Data Collection
6 Data Analysis
7 Proposed design
8 Feedback
9 Final Proposed
Design
10 Conclusion &
Recommendation
11 Report Writing
12 Report printing,
review and
submission
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Traffic congestion and delays are the main problems for both large and small cities, due to the
excessive use of the private car (Natalia Collarte 2012). An important strategy to reduce the use of
the private car is offering by public transport services characterized by high levels of quality, and
by pedestrian mobility. Promotion of pedestrian mobility is generally important at the urban scale,
but it is very important for the university campus which is a small part of a large urban area. There
can be many reasons detracting people’s attitude to walk, such as low accessibility, unsafe walking
condition, uncomfortable density or unpleasant view (NA 2010).
University campuses are considered major trip attractors which generates significant congestion
within the campuses. University campus settings are multi-modal and complex in nature, involves
the planning and operation of various traffic modes as a whole, including motor vehicles, transit,
pedestrian and bicycles. This chapter synthesizes the practices that universities across the country
use to manage the multi-modal campus traffic and to integrate the campus transportation systems
with the metropolitan transportation systems. It starts with an overview of campus circulation
pattern, followed by a summary of universities transportation planning practices.
“The University has a very strong commitment to the environment. We’re going to hand this earth
over to the next generation, and it is a definite priority to work together to improve its
sustainability” (Anthony Monaco, president of Tufts University).
Campus circulation pattern

Campus circulation planning is a thorough
process that includes careful considerations
of various modes of travel, transportation
components, and planning goals. It likewise
requires collection and examination of an
extensive variety of existing and projected
transportation data, for example traffic
counts, crash data, campus population, and
infrastructure. The campus circulation
patterns are basically based upon pedestrian
traffic and vehicular traffic.
Figure 1 illustrates the major components

considered in a comprehensive campus
Figure 1: Components of Campus Circulation Improvement Plan
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circulation improvement plan, including common planning goals, modes of travel, and planning
elements.
The following section outlines the transportation-related practices utilized by universities as

identified based on a comprehensive literature review. The review was fundamentally focused on
circulation plans of university campuses located in urban territories confronting transportation
challenges. The researchers sorted out the practices generally based on modes of travel with
relevant planning elements and goals jointly addressed.
2.1- Pedestrian and bicycle practices

According to the section 335.065 (1) (a) Florida Statutes: “Bicycle and pedestrian ways shall be
given full consideration in the planning and development of transportation facilities, including the
incorporation of such ways into state, regional, and local transportation plans and programs.
Bicycle and pedestrian ways shall be established in conjunction with construction, reconstruction,
or other change of any state transportation facility, and special emphasis should be given to
projects within one mile of an urban area.”
Pedestrian and bicycle movement are the most well-known traffic modes on campus, and it is the
objective of various universities the country over to develop their campuses as a safe and accessible
environment for pedestrians and cyclists. Some plans have included policy statements explicitly
ranking pedestrian, bicycle, and transit as high-priority modes of travel on campus over personal
vehicles. The observed best practices on pedestrian and bicycle planning are condensed as follows:
2.1.1- Pedestrian and bicycle network

To encourage bicyclists and pedestrians, universities ceaselessly create and enhance their
pedestrian and bicycle networks to improve accessibility and connectivity. Campus bicycle and
pedestrian networks typically comprise of different types of pathways, such as sidewalks,
crosswalks, pedestrian bridges, underground pedestrian walkways, and bike paths or lanes.
Newnham campus is one of the largest college campus in Canada. This campus presents a
pedestrian oriented circulation structure which creates a sensible and safe pedestrian movement
within a campus and also create a strong east-west pedestrian spine that characterize the heart of
the campus. The master plan of Newnham campus divides the pedestrian network into various
categories, firstly it characterizes a primary pedestrian spin which is connected with internal
campus pedestrian paths and also provide on-street circulation and internal building circulation.
Tufts University is a private research university located in Medford, in the U.S. state of
Massachusetts. Tufts University make a team which is contracted to produce a plan for safer and
greener campus transportation system. They work for the improvement to existing infrastructure
to enhance safety, make sustainable parking strategies, enhance and extend current university
transit, physical design interventions for pedestrian and bicycle facilities, Improved educational
and marketing campaigns promoting active and sustainable transportation and shift from an auto
centric culture to a pedestrian and bicycle oriented environment. On the basis of current situation
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analysis the sustainable implementation strategies for vehicular movement, transit routes, parking,
pedestrians and biking were made and produce a plan for safer and greener campus transportation
system.
University of Calabria (Università Della Calabria, UNICAL) is a state-run university in Italy,

located in Arcavacata, a hamlet of Rende in the suburb of Cosenza. Safer mobility is a key factor
for the sustainable development. The University of Calabria adopted many strategies to promote
safer mobility in campus. The most useful strategies to reduce traffic congestion and its
consequences on the environment are linked to the improvement of the use of sustainable transport
systems such as electric transit systems and of the pedestrian mobility. The main structures of the
university campus is connected along a steel bridge characterized by a length of about 1.5
kilometers (Eboli, Mazzulla et al. 2013). The mobility on the bridge is mainly a pedestrian
mobility, but there is also a service offered by an electric minibus as alternative to the “on foot”
mode. The university also proposed a study to investigate the factors affecting the inclination to
move by walking, and particularly the personal attitudes of people influencing the preference to
walk.
Florida International University remains a commuter-oriented institution. Despite everything it

still accommodate a rapidly increasing population of the campus. FIU provide safe pedestrian
walkways from the border of campus by making identifiable crosswalks at vital areas from the
parking garages and surface lots into the campus core. Signage and lighting are the key components
to these areas. Safe movement throughout the campus for its users keep on being foremost while
putting new facilities and creating pedestrian corridors. The campus develop, operate and maintain
a safe, efficient and economical pedestrian and non-vehicular circulation system. The campus
create a wide system of interconnected walkways. Roadways on campus and entrances to the
campus designed with clearly designated bicycle lanes to encourage and promote safe bicycle
access to the campus.
University of Washington and University of Colorado plan and outline the networks
cooperatively with host urban communities to ensure smooth connectivity between the campuses
and the cities. Pedestrian and bicycle bridges or tunnels are frequently provided for purposes for
example passing over or under streets with overwhelming vehicular traffic, connecting with
popular pedestrian destinations (e.g., transit stations and major student activity centers), and
connecting major campus buildings.
Ryerson University in downtown Toronto has built up an underground pedestrian network

connecting several campus buildings and the Toronto downtown underground walkway
framework furthermore utilized exclusive bike paths to improve bike mobility while reducing
bicycle-pedestrian conflicts.
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2.1.2- Facilities and incentives
Most universities have pedestrian-friendly facilities such as seating facilities, shelters, drinking
fountains, and lights along major pedestrian routes and bicycle racks and/or covered bicycle
parking at major campus buildings.
The University of Colorado uses colorful Tuscan vernacular architecture, diverse plant palette,
and water features to create a very enjoyable walking environment on their Boulder campus.
The University of California, Davis, is looking into Segway Human Transporters (HTs) (electric
mobility devices for individual travel over short distances) to facilitate campus pedestrians and
improve accessibility. Other innovative on-campus pedestrian movement concepts such as
automatic people mover (APM) and personal rapid transit (PRT) have also been used in the
campus. (Kira Stoll August 2006)
The University of Washington has bike lockers that can be rented for a small fee to encourage
the use of bikes on campus. It also provides clothes lockers and showers on campuses to facilitate
cyclists, and has been looking into programs to facilitate the purchase and/or lease of bicycles by
faculties, staff, and students and to create bike centers on campus that rent and store campus bikes.
The University of Kentucky prepare a Campus Bicycle Plan to significantly increase bicycling
on campus as an alternative to automobile travel and to increase the safety and mobility of students
and employees who are on bicycle, and to encourage more bicycle travel. To promote bicycling,
University of Kentucky give incentives by providing free bicycle parking facility in the form of
bicycle racks and bicycle railing for parking.
The James Madison University provide many facilities to pedestrians and bicyclist. Pedestrian
facilities includes a variety of materials, including brick, asphalt and concrete. A network of
sidewalks and paths are established for pedestrians. Heavily traveled pedestrian corridors across
the campus have been widened, straightened, or provided with amenities (benches, trash
receptacles, shade trees). For the safe and free movement of pedestrians JMU provides ten feet
wide sidewalks on vehicular roads and also provide two feet vegetation strip to separate vehicles
from pedestrians.
Some universities or cities have established bicycle sharing programs that provide free bikes to
students for personal use, public bikes on campus for student sharing at no cost, bikes that can be
rented at little cost, or discounted bicycles for student purchase. However, issues for example
maintenance, theft, and vandalism of these bicycles stay to be a challenge, compelling projects of
this kind to be terminated at a few universities. Voluntary or mandatory bicycle registration
programs can be a potential countermeasure to bicycle theft. (Zezima OCT. 19, 2008 )
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2.1.3- Pedestrian and Bicycle safety
Pedestrian and bicycle crashes by motor vehicles are one of the greatest obstruction preventing
people from walking and biking; besides, they jeopardize healthy, sustainable communities.
Bicycle and pedestrian crashes that involve motor vehicles are one of the significant security
concerns on many campuses. Bicycle and pedestrian safety might be enhanced utilizing the
accompanying methodologies:
 Improve campus pedestrian/bicycle networks (e.g., intersection design, roadway geometry

and condition, bicycle/pedestrian bridges, bicycle paths, crosswalks, and sidewalks).
 Improve traffic control (e.g., signal timing, detection, signage and warning, traffic calming,
and motor vehicle restriction).
 Improve safety awareness (e.g., educational programs/campaigns and bicycle/pedestrian
regulations/laws).
 Use safety equipment such as helmets, flashers, and safety vests.
Most campuses across the country are created to be a pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly environment
by restricting motor vehicular traffic and providing infrastructural support and essential facilities.
The Florida International University modify vehicular circulation patterns and parking locations
to create pedestrian safety at crossing. All crosswalks on the roads are constructed to provide
adequate warning and visibility. The university provide appropriate lighting for all pedestrian and
non-vehicular areas (i.e. Parking, public areas and walkways).
The University of Washington introduce traffic calming mechanism complemented by

pedestrian-friendly roadway features and traffic control devices at conflicting areas to improve
safety and connectivity. Pedestrian and bicycle overpasses or underpasses are designed properly
to ensure cost-effectiveness. The university also established programs that specifically target
pedestrian and bicyclist safety, such as selling discounted helmets and fluorescent vests and
provide maps of high risk locations to campus cyclists.
Polytechnic university Pomona develops countermeasures for pedestrian and bicycle crashes
influenced by the environmental conditions. The university analyze crash patterns in problematic
areas by using GIS technology. The availability of the pedestrian and bicycle oriented paths,
conditions of sidewalks, amenities of sidewalks, and conditions of crosswalks are main
environmental contributing factors for crashes. Based on the understanding on these current
conditions, several countermeasures were adopted to reduce number of pedestrian and bicycle
crashes with minor updates on pedestrian and bicycle facilities.
University of North Carolina also used a GIS application to identify actual pedestrian crash
locations and potential crash locations through a pedestrian survey to pinpoint high-risk locations
and to facilitate safety awareness education and countermeasure development.
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University of Illinois at Chicago used many safety measures to reduce on campus crime involving
pedestrian. The university create a mixed use environment that provides services and amenities to
night students and increase the perception of safety on campus. Campus lighting, emergency
light/phone system, and escort and patrol services are also improved to reduce crime in campus.
(ASSOCIATES November 2010)
The University of the Punjab, is a public research university located in downtown area of Lahore,
Punjab, Pakistan. The University of the Punjab is divided into several campuses across Punjab in
which one is Quaid-e- Azam Campus which is also known as new Campus. This new campus of
Punjab University adopted many good features for the promotion of pedestrian mobility. This
campus built on the Garden City concept. It has many open spaces. The pedestrian pathways are
properly segregated through tree lines to the carpeted roads in such a way that pedestrians and
vehicles do not mix with each other. The departments which comes under the same faculty are
interconnected to each other through covered corridors.
2.1.4- Traffic control devices at pedestrian crossings

Studies showed that a large percent of bicycle and pedestrian crashes that involve motor vehicles
occurred during road crossings when either of the parties failed to yield to the other. Many traffic
control devices have been used to improve pedestrian safety at crosswalks on roadways carrying
vehicular traffic (Rafael Aldrete-Sanchez May 2009–August 2009).
Effective strategies frequently include combinations of various treatments, such as middle shelter
islands, traffic calming mechanisms, and warning signs and signals. Listed below are some
examples of high-visibility warning devices for decreasing accidents at pedestrian crossings:
 Traffic control signal used to alternate the right-of-way between conflicting streams of
vehicular traffic, or conflicting movements between vehicular traffic and pedestrians crossing
a road, safely and efficiently. Traffic control signals assign right-of-way to road users by
displaying instructions through light-emitted indications using standard color and signal
(Highway Traffic Act).
 Pedestrian signals with red beacon display with solid or flashing red beacons and include the
“half signals”, “midblock signal” and the “high-intensity activated crosswalk (HAWK)
signal”. Operations evaluations showed that these devices are effective especially for high-
volume, high-speed arterials. The signal is initially dark and cycles through flashing yellow,
steady yellow, steady red, and flashing red upon actuation.
 Flashing beacons installed overhead, on roadside, or in pavement and often manually or
automatically actuated by pedestrians. In-roadway flashing warning lights mounted in
pavement that, when maintained properly, are effective in warning drivers about pedestrians
crossing streets.
 Other high-visibility warning devices such as warning signs with built-in illumination devices
and crossing flags carried by pedestrians may also effectively raise drivers’ cautions and thus
reduce crashes.
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 Pedestrian control indicators are symbols of “don’t walk” and “walk” displays provided in
controlled sequence to regulate intervals for pedestrian crossings. As prescribed in the
Highway Traffic Act Regulation 626, “the pedestrian control indications shall be square in
shape and shall not be less than thirty centimeters in height or width”.
 Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS) are auxiliary devices that supplement traffic control
signals to aid pedestrians with vision limitations (and those with both visual and hearing
impairments) to cross the road. APS devices communicate information in nonvisual format
(such as audible tones, verbal messages, and/or vibrotactile indications) to provide cues at both
ends of a crossing when activated. (Manual December, 2010)
 Pedestrian Crossovers are “any portion of a roadway, designated by by-law of a municipality,
at an intersection or elsewhere, distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by signs on the
highway and lines or other markings on the surface of the roadway” as prescribed by the
Highway Traffic Act regulation.
 Crosswalk markings provide guidance for pedestrians by defining and delineating paths.
Crosswalk markings are classified as basic or high visibility.
 Zebra crossing on flat-top road hump is more effective than normal humps and zebra crossings
in stopping cars and giving priority to pedestrians.
2.2- Parking related practices

Campus parking has been a major challenge for many universities in urban areas due to limited
capacity. It is an essential component of a campus transportation framework and is therefore often
addressed separately in a campus transportation plan. Effective parking planning and management,
however, should consider the necessities and difficulties of all parts of a campus transportation
system as a whole. The following summarizes the practices in campus parking management.
2.2.1- Campus parking management

Most universities manage their limited on-campus parking spaces using parking permits that are
available for purchase by different groups of faculty, staff, and students. As such, parking pricing
has been widely used as a mechanism to leveraging parking availability and demand. Visitor
parking facilities and metered parking spaces are provided on many campuses for short-term
parking at higher costs. Many universities also have off-campus parking lots connected by shuttle
buses at little or no cost for employees and students. At the point when off-campus parking areas
are accessible, it is vital to give security bike parking facilities, frequent shuttle services, sufficient
lighting, and security patrols and cameras to ensure connectivity and safety.
The University of California proposes to utilize advanced techniques such as wireless services,
mobile phones, internet, and in-vehicle communication devices available from private service
providers to more efficiently manage and utilize campus parking facilities.
The University of Texas at Austin has looked into intelligent parking management mechanisms
such as using an Advanced Parking Management System (APMS) software tool linked with
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dynamic message signs (DMS) and possibly other information dissemination tools including cell
phones and internet.
University of Wisconsin limited the surface parking spaces within the campus core to service and
handicapped parking. All other parking spaces provide in perimeter parking lots. A limited number
of metered spaces provided within the campus core for short-term parking needs. Pedestrian access
to and from lots in the parking lots are carefully considered to minimize automobile-pedestrian
conflicts. Parking lots are appropriately lit to increase safety and to minimize glare and light
pollution. Entryways and automobile circulation is easily accessed with safe viewing angles for
oncoming traffic and clear signage provided at each main entrance.
American University Washington make a very good parking management system and become
able to manage their parking needs. The university enforced parking regulations to manage the
parking in campus. According to parking regulations of the university, Non-affiliated and
unapproved persons are not permitted to park on campus. Only persons conducting official
business with American University are permitted to park on campus. Approved non-affiliates
include University Guests, University Volunteers & Interns, Prospective Students and Campus
Vendors are allowed to park their vehicles in campus parking lots. A valid permit or Pay-As-You-
Go is required in all general parking spaces. A valid permit is also required at all times in reserved
parking spaces.
Oregon State University works with the surrounding neighborhoods to establish two
neighborhood parking districts to manage the parking at nearby neighborhoods. Because students
or university visitors frequently park their vehicles on nearby neighborhood streets which creates
parking problems at these locations. Residents within these districts purchase annual parking
permits at a little cost and vehicles without parking permits are limited to a two-hour stay.
However, local residents indicated inconvenience in obtaining a parking permit and disinclination
for the parking cost. The university is looking into improvements such as reducing parking time
limits to one hour and allowing residents to park free.
2.2.2- Campus resident parking

Depending on availability, universities with parking challenges may provide restricted or no
parking for students living on campuses. Whenever accessible, resident parking is ordinarily
subject to university general parking regulations, and permits can be purchased by campus
residents selected based on certain criteria or through lotteries. Some universities have used or are
looking to strategies such as preferential car-free housing for students without on-campus parking
needs, and off-campus parking locations with secure bike parking facilities or transit services for
campus residents with infrequent car-trip needs.
The University of Regina manage demand for parking and prudently move from reliance on
surface parking to more structured parking. The preferred mode of travel to the campus as in the
rest of Regina is by private car. The university has traditionally met increased demands for on-
campus and off-campus parking by providing relatively low cost surface lots adjacent to buildings.
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Resident parking for students who live on campus differs from general parking because residents
required parking 24/7. For this reason, there are defined areas for resident parking that is enforced
to ensure space is always available. All parking on campus space is limited so parking permits
provide to the residents of campus on first come first serve basis. A resident of campus can
purchase parking permit for plugin residence parking area and parked underground parking.
The University of California, Davis, restrict the residence hall students to bring a car to campus
instead are expected to utilize public transportation. Students living in the residence halls are not
eligible to purchase campus parking permits. For the apartments, parking permits are required to
park the vehicles in apartment complexes parking areas. Apartment residents are not eligible to
purchase campus parking permits. Student housing apartment’s residents are encouraged to utilize
public transportation or other alternatives for travel.
University of Pittsburgh provide parking facilities to the resident students who are full time
students living in a University residence hall operated through the Department of Housing services.
Available spaces are limited, so the Parking Services Office distributes these permits via a lottery
system based on dorm assignment.
2.3- Motor vehicular traffic practices

While numerous universities devote efforts on decreasing personal vehicles, vehicular traffic
remains to be a common transportation mode for university employees and students to travel to
campuses. Personal motor vehicles frequently cause congestions, parking shortage, and safety
issues on and near campuses. In addition to apply strict restrictions to vehicular traffic on
campuses, many universities with campuses in metropolitan territories devote significant efforts
to discourage personal vehicles as a strategy to travel to campuses. Summarized below are some
practices used by universities for managing motor vehicle traffic:
2.3.1- Campus vehicular traffic control

For safety and other considerations, universities typically close or control the roadways passing
through or entering their campuses.
The University of Texas at Austin is large, dense, and complex, ordered by a grid of streets and
overlaid with separate but interacting systems of mobility by foot, bicycle, vehicles of all sorts,
and potentially light rail. The university closed its major campus arterial from pass-through traffic,
which facilitated the creation of a pedestrian mall. The campus traffic management plan
accommodates all modes as appropriate, taking into account safety, campus quality, convenience,
sustainability, cost, wellness, connections to the regional network, and of course parking.
The University of Texas at El Paso is considering closing the entire campus core in conjunction
with realignment of a major campus entrance, redesign of accesses to nearby interstate freeways,
construction of parking garages, and reconfiguration of campus wide traffic circulation. The
university make traffic control strategies for various intersections which includes signalizing the
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junctions, construction of roundabouts, provide dynamic radar system, signalized pedestrian
crosswalks, remove on street parking and proposed new parking facilities.
The master plan of the University of Colorado recommends the university to shift activities and
employees to areas of the campus where the local street network is less congested. The campus
limit the speed up to 20mph and 10mph in parking lots. Motorized vehicles are not authorized on
fields and grounds of the university not primarily designated as routes of normal travel for
motorized traffic unless prior authorization is obtained from the Colorado State University Police
department.
2.3.2- Vehicular traffic and parking demand reduction
Decreasing vehicular movement mitigates transportation issues and protect the environment, and
therefore has been a major goal of sustainable planning. Vehicular traffic and parking demand may
be decreased through techniques, for example, maximizing the use of transit and bicycles,
encouraging carpools and vanpools, and using parking management skills. Some universities have
strategies such as using flexible work routines and telecom advances (e.g., electronic commuting
and distance education) to reduce university employee work trips, adjusting class schedules to
reduce or manage student parking demand, and providing preferred, discounted, and/or designated
parking spaces for carpool/vanpool commuters and less frequent drivers.
Oregon State University also has guaranteed emergency ride home service for those who carpool,
vanpool, or ride transit to work to encourage the use of alternative modes. The Motor Pool plays
an important role in the Transportation Services department's mission to support the University by
providing faculty, staff, and students with safe, sustainable, customer-focused, and fiscally sound
transportation services.
The U-Pass program at the University of Washington facilitates the systematic management of
campus transportation including transit, parking, carpool or vanpool, bicycle, and pedestrian. The
program has helped to reduce personal vehicular traffic, to increase the use of transit and bicycles,
and to relieve parking pressure. For example, the university offers carpoolers an on campus
parking subsidy through the U-PASS program. Vanpools are coordinated through local transit
agencies, and participants are provided a monthly subsidy through the program as well. The
university also considers a program that charges all employees and students an access fee with
rebates for use of alternative modes.
The University of California, Davis, has been evaluating the feasibility of using Neighborhood
Electric Vehicles (NEVs) (small, low-speed electric vehicles) through a car-sharing system on
campus and in its close vicinity to reduce regular personal motor vehicles in the area while
increasing accessibility and mobility.
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2.3.3- Vehicular traffic accessibility
For safety, security, and accessibility purposes, university campuses should also plan roadway
networks such that all major campus buildings are within a reasonable distance from where motor
vehicles can access. This would provide vital accessibility to general administration vehicles,
vehicles serving persons with unique needs, and special vehicles in case of emergencies.
The University of Colorado transportation plan provides such an example where accessibility for
motor vehicles is addressed by eliminating obstacles and providing access routes for vehicles in
case of emergencies such as fire, flood, chemical release, hazardous material spill, or gas leakage.
The University of Massachusetts prepare transportation plan to reduce commuter related

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by providing alternative means for travel around and between
campus and reducing single occupant vehicle travel to campus. The university shuttle system
generally operates well and provides good route coverage for all university destinations with
favorable 5- or 10-minute headways. Through infrastructure changes the university improved the
travel environment for all modes.
George Mason University enhance the mobility by maintaining a connected network and provide
clarity for visitors through road design and way finding. Private automobile travel is the
predominant means of transportation to and from the University for Faculty, staff, students,
visitors, and event patrons. While an extensive network of streets provide an easy access of motor
vehicles to the campus buildings. The university improve accessibility and mobility of vehicular
traffic on roadways through transportation plan. It includes new and improved access points to
campus, additional lanes at congested locations, elimination of conflicting turning movements at
critical locations and provision of alternatives to driving.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is extremely hard to finish any work with no systematic procedure of work. An orderly approach
in carrying out research increases the reliability and validity of findings. This chapter portrays
points of interest of the research methodology that has been adopted for the study.
A research methodology imitates an overall plan for conducting research and informs what, when
and how one has to complete the tasks. It defines each step in research cycle in depth and provides
a theoratical structure within which research has to be conducted.
Research methodology is a body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a
discipline or engage in an inquiry. Research process comprises of a number of inter-related
activities that continuously overlap with one another. These activities are sometimes followed in
a hierarchical framework but sometimes they may be carried out in some different sequence and
also, some activities are repeated based on their need.
It has been attempted to clarify it in a systematic and simplified way in order to facilitate
understanding of the reader. General procedure has been presented in first section. The next
sections deal with literature review, formulation of hypothetical design of UET, testable
predictions, gather data to test prediction, analyze results, propose design of UET Lahore,
Feedback and final design of UET Lahore. Final section deals with the conclusion and
recommendations. The research methodology has a very high significance in an exposition and a
research can be done adequately just if the strategy is planned and composed precisely and
successfully.
3.1- Research Strategy

A comprehensive and organized research strategy has been adopted for the purpose of carrying
out research work. This research is basically pure in nature, for this purpose for this purpose
different plans for the promotion of safer mobility in university campus have been studied and a
realistic research strategy has been adopted. This included a literature review, hypothesis, testable
predictions, data collection, analysis and proposed circulation plan of UET Lahore. The overall
research strategy is shown in below Figure:
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Investigate area of study
Review previous Research

(Literature Review)
Hypothetical
Design of Formulate Hypothesis
UET Lahore
Campus
Develop Testable
Predictions
Feedback Accident
from Public Location data
Existing Morphology of
University Campus
Transportation
Campus
Surveys Proposals and Design
Infrastructure Data
Proposed Design of UET

Lahore Campus
Conclusions &
Recommendations
Figure 2: Research Methodology
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3.2- Selection of Research Topic
Before the selection of research topic, extraordinary consideration was given to some essential
parameters such as researchers personal interest, availability of literature, methods of researching,
anticipated time period and chances of completion within the prescribed time period. A checklist
enlisting the hot town planning issues was set up after having a number of discussions with the
research advisor. Thus “Promoting safe pedestrian and vehicular circulation in University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore” was finally selected as a topic of research. The explanation
behind the choice of this research topic is obvious that this campus need improvement in design
in such a way that one can safely move within a campus.
3.3- Literature Review

It is extremely strenuous and time consuming activity of the research study. It is usually consulted
almost each and every stage of the research. An extensive literature review was done regarding the
topic of safe pedestrian and vehicular circulation in university campus. For this purpose various
sources of literature have been consulted such as the internet, articles, journals, and concerned
offices. The global practices of pedestrian and vehicular circulation for the sustainable
transportation at campus scale and its designs have also been studied. With respect to safe
pedestrian and vehicular circulation many examples of international campuses have been selected,
to make the study more elaborate.
3.4- Formulate Hypothesis

In any type of research, it is important to have an excellent hypothetical platform. Such a platform
forms the basis of all the stages of research. The hypothesis is testable explanations of a problem,
phenomenon, or observation. Both quantitative and qualitative research involves formulating a
hypothesis to address the research problem. While preparing a safe pedestrian and vehicular
circulation plan of UET Lahore, the main approaches are both qualitative and quantitative. A
hypothetical design of UET Lahore has been prepared by considering the existing problems of
circulation, which incorporates areas of mishaps, conflicting points on junctions and poor
infrastructure of the campus. The hypothetical design consist of improvement of different
junctions, widening of roads and walkways, segregation of carpeted roads to walkways through
the vegetation and development of the pedestrian zone.
3.5- Develop Testable Predictions

In order to investigate, aforementioned hypothetical circulation plan, several attributes has been
considered. Firstly, the accident’s location and conflicting points of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
have been examined on junctions and corridors which helped to improve the circulation of
pedestrian and vehicles by minimizing conflicts. Furthermore, the existing location of trees,
manholes, electric poles, sign boards and street light poles have been marked to preserve them in
the proposed design. During the qualitative analysis, the perception of end users has likewise been
taken to develop the best suitable circulation plan.
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3.6- Existing Morphology of University Campus
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in
an established systematic way that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypothesis
and evaluate outcomes. The primary and secondary data was collected to analyze the existing
situation of the campus. The sources used for collecting Primary Data—collected for the first time
and Secondary Data—that has already been collected and analyzed by someone else are listed as
given below.
3.6.1- Primary data

The primary data which was collected for this research includes transportation surveys, campus
infrastructure and feedback from the public.
Transportation surveys include traffic count surveys, pedestrian count surveys and parking surveys
find the traffic and pedestrian volume on different roads and to identify the demand and supply of
parking and to check the utilization of existing parking spaces.
The information on campus infrastructure used to identify the exact location of existing tress, sign
boards, street light poles, electric poles, manholes and dimensions of roads, sidewalks and tree
lines through GPS and measuring tape.
Feedback from the public is also an important tool for collecting data. Feedback from students,
staff and faculty about the hypothetical design of UET Lahore campus was also taken.
3.6.2- Secondary data

For our research the secondary data which was collected includes international practices of campus
circulation plans through newspapers, articles, reports, journals and books and accident data of
UET Lahore was also collected through security office and Dispensary of UET Lahore.
3.7- Proposals and Designs

The data which was gathered through primary and secondary sources has been analyzed through
AutoCAD, Geographical information system (GIS) and Microsoft excel to draw the proposals
which will ultimately support the conceptual circulation plan of the UET Lahore with minor
changes. Sketch up and 3D max used to present the 3D views of the proposed design of UET
Lahore. The proposals incorporates detailed designing of junctions, vehicular and pedestrian
corridors, walkways and pedestrian zone.
3.8- Proposed Design of UET Lahore Campus

Feedback is a process of receiving visual input or different impulses from the proprioceptors. The
proposed circulation plan of UET Lahore campus has been presented in front of UETIANS to take
the feedback either negative or positive about the presented proposed circulation plan. After
analyzing the data and incorporating feedback results, Safe Vehicular and Pedestrian circulation
plan of UET Lahore campus has been proposed which is socially viable, economically feasible
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and environment friendly to promote sustainability and mobility in UET Lahore. This plan also
preserved maximum existing trees, electric poles and manholes.
3.9- Conclusion and Recommendations

At the end, thorough conclusions were drawn from the data that was analyzed, and finally some
recommendations have been given for more improvement in the proposed design of UET campus.
3.10- Documentation
It is the final step of research work in which all components of research work i.e. Problem
statement, justification and scope of study, methodology, literature review, data collection, data
analysis, conclusions and recommendations were arranged in proper order to give them a proper
shape of a research thesis. Moreover, proper linguistic style and proper structure for research thesis
have also been adopted to give the thesis a professional look.
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Chapter 4
FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS AND MAKE
PREDICTIONS
Research will be more valuable if it has an excellent hypothetical platform. Such a platform forms
the basis of all the stages of research. A hypothesis is a description of a pattern in nature or an
explanation about some real-world phenomenon that can be tested through observation and
experimentation. The most common ways a hypothesis is used in scientific research is as tentative,
testable and falsifiable statements that explains some observed phenomenon in nature. In order to
investigate the hypothesis, several predictions and assumption have been considered.
This chapter explains the hypothetical design of UET Lahore which is prepared by considering the
exiting problems of circulation. After analysing the existing situation, many assumptions and
predictions have been prepared for the improvement of circulation plan of UET Lahore which will
be tested through data in next chapters.
4.1- Hypothesis
The existing situation was recorded with the help of geographical information system and problem
areas were identified and analyzed accordingly. The major problem areas were
 Vehicle-Vehicle Collision Chances on many corridors and junctions
 Vehicle-Pedestrian Collision chances are more
 Pedestrian Collision chances
 Many accidents occur in the premises of university campus
 Lack of Pedestrian facilities along major streets inside UET Lahore
 Poorly maintained sidewalks
 Lack of traffic calming measures in UET Lahore
 Entrance of Campus is poorly maintained and do not give an aesthetical view
This existing situation of the university campus can be improved by making a safe circulation plan
of the UET Lahore campus whose main considerations will be on various modes of travel,
transportation components and planning goals. The circulation plan should allow pedestrians,
cyclists and vehicle users to move around roads and sidewalks safely.
4.2- Conceptual Circulation Plan of UET Lahore

On the basis of above mentioned hypothesis, a conceptual circulation plan was prepared to improve
the existing situation of the UET Lahore campus (see map 1).
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Map 1: Conceptual Circulation Plan of UET Lahore
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4.3- Predictions or Assumptions
To test the hypothetical circulation plan of UET Lahore Campus, following assumptions were
made regarding the improvement of the university campus:
 Junction improvement at the library junction, the elliptical roundabout was proposed rather
than staggered junction at present.
 The entrance improvement was suggested and dual carriage way proposed. The existing
carriage way is approximately 28 feet wide with the provision of 5 feet 5 inches footpath on
both sides. These 11 feet of footpath was used to widen the road and total carriage way
increased to 42 feet and 20 feet lane was provide on either side with 2 feet median. The
footpaths on this section were shifted beyond the existing tree line. In this way, a natural
physical barrier was also created to avoid the movement of people directly on the road with
the provision of segregated and shaded walkways.
 Improvement of other staggered and cross junctions like girls SSC junction, IBM Junction,
security office junction and chemical department junction with the provision of adequate right
of way
 Marking of Pedestrian zone which will allow the movement of pedestrians only with specific
entry and exit point and segregated with the bollards and other physical structures to avoid the
entry of vehicles inside the pedestrian zone with exception of the movement of emergency
vehicles and goods delivery vehicles.
 Provision of alternative route for the vehicles outside the pedestrian zone to provide easy
access to the people in walk zone. The walk zone is accessible to all age groups with a radius
of 400 meter which is very much accessible distance.
 Provision of shaded trees, street furniture, landscaping and attractive scenery in pedestrian
zone to promote sense of walking among the UETIANS.
 Provision of shaded footpaths in all parts of UET to provide comfort, safety and security to the
pedestrians and to avoid the effects of harsh weather too.
 Removal of all parking spaces present in the pedestrian zone.
 Increase the space of main parking lot with the goal that it can accommodate more vehicles.
 Installation of traffic calming measures to reduce the speed and volume of traffic within
University campus.
 Preservation of existing campus infrastructure (including trees, manholes, street lights and
electric poles) in the new circulation plan.
Page | 24
4.4- Expected outcomes of Assumptions or Predictions
The outcomes which expected from the above mentioned predictions or assumptions are as
following:
• Improved Pedestrian Facilities (e.g. sidewalks)
• Improved Junctions
• Smooth Flow of traffic and pedestrians
• Limited speed and volume of traffic with the provision of traffic calming measures
• Reduced accidents within the premises of university campus
• Safe and Secure Mobility
• Design of Pedestrian zone with exception of emergency and goods delivery vehicles
• Improved aesthetics and street furniture
Page | 25
Chapter 5
EXISTING MORPHOLOGY OF CAMPUS
The previous chapter was about the formulation of hypothesis and development of predictions to
test the hypothesis. This chapter will continue the research with the existing situation analysis of
university campus through primary and secondary data.
Data collection is one of the most pivotal tools to get the inferences at uppermost order to make
the research valuable and triumphant. Data collection tells us the ground realities and knowledge
about present facts and issue in quantitative as well as qualitative form.
For existing situation analysis data related to UET Circulation has been collected on the basis of
required outcomes of the research. Different sources have been utilized in order to get maximum
input for better outcomes and interpretation of research work. Data includes:
 Vehicular, pedestrian and parking Surveys
 Accident Locations
 Campus Infrastructure information and their locations
 Feedback from Public
The existing morphology of the campus was recorded by conducting field surveys, social and
spatial mapping and measuring facilities and infrastructure and the map given below describes the
existing situation of the university campus:
Map 2: Existing Map of UET Lahore
Page | 26
5.1- Problem Areas
Based on the visual reconnaissance the major conflict areas were identified and marked as where
problems related to vehicular collision and time delays were found and junctions were marked for
further improvement. The following junction for improvement regarding smooth vehicular flow
were selected:
 Library Junction
 Girls SSC Junction
 Junction near CRP department
 Junction in front of IBM
 Junction near Security office
 Junction near Chemical Department
The conflict points in existing junctions were marked and assumed solution were proposed for the
further refinement of work. The existing junctions are somehow staggered in design and create
visual nuisance at most of the locations and lack of visibility splay for the vehicle users. The map
given below shown the major problem areas of UET Lahore campus:
Figure 3: Map showing problem areas in UET Lahore campus
Those areas were also marked in the map where vehicle-pedestrian collision chances were
prominent and these were the locations where no physical controls are available to segregate
pedestrians from the vehicular flow and people enter the road without any hesitation and create
Page | 27
problems for the both vehicle user and walkers as well. The most of the parts of university are
facing this situation with inappropriate pedestrian infrastructure and physical controls to stop such
problems. The major improvement areas for pedestrian safety were:
 Junctions
 Pedestrian Crossing Points
 In-adequate width of footpaths
 Absence of Physical Barriers along corridors to segregate pedestrians
5.2- Existing Infrastructure Condition

The university was examined in detail and existing infrastructure was recorded by detailed surveys
of the campus using measuring tapes and global positioning system devices to mark the exact
location of each and every facility. The following infrastructural provisions were recorded
 Existing location of street lights
 Existing location of electric poles
 Existing location of sign boards
 Existing location of trees along the roads
 Existing location of sewerage manholes
 Location of Poorly lightened areas
 The dimensions of the footpaths were measured using measuring tape
 Dimensions of the roads were measured
 Dimensions of the junctions were measured to calculate the capacity and possibility of
improvement in new design
After recording and analyzing, the collected data was processed in GIS software to prepare maps
showing spatial distribution of the facilities inside the campus and provide a sense to realize that
where the improvements are required.
5.2.1- Street Lights

The condition and location of street lights in the university was noted and presented in the form of
map to clear the understanding about what is the current situation and where necessary
improvements are required. The following map showing the location of street lights:
Page | 28
Map 3: Map showing Location of street lights in UET Lahore Campus
5.2.2- Electric Poles

The position of electric poles was recorded in GPS by taking the coordinates of the poles and
prepared the map using GIS to show the existing electricity supply lines inside the campus. The
following map shows the location of electric poles:
Map 4: Map showing Location of Electric Poles in UET Lahore Campus
Page | 29
5.2.3 Sign Boards
The sign boards are the university guides which help the strangers to find their destination and
play important role in place finding. The University of Engineering and technology also have
placed sign boards and identity boards at various locations which include:
 Sign Boards
 Identity Boards in front of Departments
 Direction Signs
 Digital Clock
 Temperature Recorder
 Pedestrian caution signs
The following map shows the location of all type of boards and signs to identify the destinations
inside the university:
Map 5: Map showing Location of sign boards in UET Lahore Campus
5.2.4 Manholes
The university sewerage lines were identified by capturing the coordinates of the manholes and
presented in the form of map as follows:
Page | 30
Map 6: Map showing Location of Manholes in UET Lahore Campus
5.2.5- Trees
The existing trees were recorded on GPS along all the roads and streets to have an overview of
number of trees along the roads. This process was important to note that the improvement must be
planned in such a way that no adult trees must be harmed and for this purpose existing tree line
was recorded and showed in the form of map as follows:
Map 7: Map showing Location of Trees in UET Lahore Campus
Page | 31
5.2.6- Poorly Lightened Areas
The diagnosis of university infrastructure was done and detailed spatial mapping was performed
to have the existing infrastructural facilities on the map with correspondence to their exact location
on map. For this purpose, the field survey was conducted using Global Positioning Devices to
record the location of street lights by capturing the coordinates.
After analyzing the GPS data and processing in GIS software the exact locations of street lights
were marked on map with accuracy and following map prepared to record the existing scenario.
Map 8: Map Showing Poorly Lighted Areas in UET Lahore Campus
The poorly lighted areas are marked where no street lights were provided and in the night there is
lack of visibility and have potential threats to the safety of the road users as well as pedestrians
during night. So this is a hindrance in the free and safer movement of the people.
Page | 32
5.3- Accident Location Data
Universities across the country demand a significant level of multimodal mobility. The interaction
between cars, public transit, pedestrian, bicycles, and motorcycles in universities is becoming an
increasing source of problems. Universities with a large population of commuters require more
transportation infrastructure, including pedestrian ways, bike lanes, parking facilities, etc. the
influence of campus circulation design for safety has become a challenge for many university
planners.
An increase in the number of trips in a specific location increases the probability of having more
crashes in that location. In order to identify the accident location spots, accident reports were
collected from the UET security office and UET dispensary. All these reports show that a large
number of traffic crashes involved automobiles, motorcycles, auto/pedestrian accidents.
The past accident data (Jan 2015 to April 2016) were collected from General Reports register of
UET security office (see Figure 1) according to which many accidents occur due to cars and
motorbikes. Some data were also collected from the UET dispensary about the minor injuries
which occurred due to accidents. Through informal discussion from security officers of UET
Lahore, many accident locations and crashes in the campus were also identified.
Figure 4: Accident Reports
Page | 33
The major and minor corridors and junctions of UET Lahore campus, which are suspected to
accidents shown below in the table:
Table 2 Accident Locations

Major Corridors for Minor Corridors for Junctions
Accidents Accidents
Road in front of CRP dept. United Café road Library Junction
Road in front of Jamia Masjid Library road Security Office Junction
Road in front of Boys SSC Road in front of Civil Dept. IBM Junction
Security office road Stadium road Junction near CRP Dept.
Zohra Hall road
Table 3: Accident Areas in UET Lahore Campus
Total number of accidents on corridors and junctions were identified, according to the data which
was collected from the UET security office, dispensary and through discussion with security
officers. The table below summarize the number of crashes and their exact locations, and the
following bullets highlight our findings:
 28 traffic crashes served by UET Lahore (Jan 2015 to April 2016)
 1 fatality was reported
 7 reported injuries
 20 crashes on corridors and junctions
 25 to 30 were minor collisions within UET Lahore
Name Location No. of Accidents
Road in front of CRP dept. On the corridor 3
Road in front of Boys SSC Junction 12
Security office road Junction 6
Security office road On the Corridor 10
Library road junction 11
Stadium road On the corridor 3
United Cafe road On the corridor 3
Zohra Hall road On the corridor 4
Table 4: Accident Data
The traffic accidents locations were mapped using GIS in order to find the specific location of the
traffic accident hotspots like specific intersections and corridors. The location of traffic accidents
served by the UET Lahore is shown in below map:
Page | 34
Map 9: Accident Locations Map
Page | 35
Chapter 6
PROPOSALS AND DSIGNS
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning and transfering data to extract useful
information, suggesting conclusions and supporting decision making. (Tawail, 2010)
This chapter mainly focuses on analysis of transportation data to test the conceptual circulation
plan of UET Lahore. Analysis is being done by using before and after technique with the help of
Geographic information system and AutoCAD. Different maps have been generated by utilizing
the existing data. The proposed designs were made after analyzing the data which supports the
conceptual circulation plan of UET Lahore campus.
The transportation network of university of engineering and technology exists on personal
vehicles, university buses, motorcycles and pedestrian activities inside the campus and there are
following major junctions inside the road network of university need to be improved to avoid
conflicts and accidents as well as improve the functionality of the system.
6.1- Existing Vehicular Circulation System

The existing circulation pattern of the university is very important to diagnose before any
improvement plan is suggested. The university vehicular movement pattern is scattered throughout
the campus and can be easily seen in the figure below.
Map 10: Existing Vehicular Circulation Map of UET Lahore
Page | 36
There are various flow directions in the campus but the busiest route is from gate number 3 via
library junction towards IBM and boys hostel. The most of the vehicular flow is on this route and
vehicles move on that part of university all the time. The university road-hierarchy is based on
 Primary roads inside the boundary of the campus
 Secondary roads to support the primary roads and provide the connectivity among the roads
inside the campus
 The condition of roads inside the campus is good and the capacity of the road network is also
good to deal the flow of traffic except some junctions which need improvement.
 As the most of the vehicular inflow and outflow is from gate number 3 which is the main gate
but the width of the road is not sufficient to accommodate the traffic in peak hours and queues
can been seen. Nowadays due to terrorism threats, educational institutes need to promote
security measures. So, there is need to increase the width of that portion to avoid the congestion
at entrance and provide smooth flow of vehicular movement.
6.2- Junction Improvement

One of the major problem found in the road network was the staggered and cross-junctions having
conflicting points and needed improvement.
6.2.1- IBM Junction

6.2.1.1- Existing Condition
The existing situation of the junction facing bus stand and IBM can be seen and conflicting points
can be seen by various types of
conflict areas at this junction (see
figure 15). The traffic coming
from library side has chances of
collision with the vehicles
coming from the shopping Centre
and can cause injuries and
casualties in case of severe
accidents. The visibility splay is
also inappropriate according to
the standards and irregular
junctions is existing.
Following types and number of
conflicts are calculated at this
junction.
 Conflicts while crossing 23 Figure 5: Existing Condition of IBM Junction
Page | 37
 Conflicts while merging the vehicles are 13
 Conflicts while diverging the movement of vehicles are 12 can be seen in the figure provided.
These conflicting points create problems in the overall flow of traffic on the roads of UET and
need to be improved for the smooth and convenient movement of vehicular traffic inside the
campus without delays and accidents.
The data collected from the traffic count surveys on junctions were also analyzed to study the
existing traffic volume on junction. The table below shows the total incoming and outgoing
vehicles on IBM junction.
6.2.1.2- Proposed solution

The above mentioned junction has been re-designed for the improvement in the design and
functionality and capacity of the junction to accommodate the flow of traffic in efficient and
effective way for the operation.
Mode of movement Incoming Outgoing

Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00-1:00 2:00-
9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am pm 4:00pm
Cars 92 104 184 76 92 176
Wagons/Pick up 3 8 48 5 8 44
Motor-Cycles 398 528 1196 356 500 1212
Rickshaws/Chingchi 19 44 60 23 44 56
Cycles 10 48 88 12 48 96
Total 522 732 1576 472 692 1584
PCU's 244.29 333.8 715.04 220.87 312.56 705.08
Table 5: Traffic Count Data at IBM Junction
Page | 38
Figure 6: Map Showing Improvements in IBM Junction
After the re-designing of the junction, the conflicting points reduced encouragingly as compared
to existing situation. The overall flow of the traffic diverted towards the boys hostel side and
staggered junction in front of bus stand was replaced with the provision of through street towards
hostels. The road passing in front of the IBM department was creating problems and thus the road
was changed into pedestrian walkway so that the movement of vehicles should be discouraged in
front of IBM. Similarly, the two islands/ triangles were present at this point one in front of IBM
and the second at the edge of Student Service centre towards Annexie road. The island in front of
IBM was merged into the front space of IBM to provide a pleasant and eye-catching look of the
modest building of the university as well.
After the improvements, the design of the junction was improved so that the existing number of
conflicts reduced to as follows.
 Crossing conflicts are 2
 Merging of vehicles will cause 7 conflicts
 Diverging of movement of vehicles will create 6 conflict areas
As compared to the existing problems, the proposal has been sufficient in design and functional
capacity to improve the situation at this particular location.
Page | 39
6.2.2- Security Office Junction
6.2.2.1- Existing Situation
The junction near UET Security office is also problematic and cause accidents. The movement of
vehicles from stadium road and SSC road move towards the junction and existing staggered design
of the junction creates conflict areas. Though some barriers are placed over there for smooth flow
of traffic but the users of motorcycles and vehicles mostly violate the speed limit and cause
accidents. Though the injuries are not so serious but in case of educational institute, this kind of
issues must be eradicated to provide a safer movement of people, vehicles and users.
After analyzing the existing situation the conflict areas and their numbers are as follows.
 Crossing conflict areas are 2
 The conflict points while merging of vehicles while coming from different directions are 3
 The conflicts while the diversion of vehicles are 3
These problem areas can be
seen in the figure: 17 that
the traffic is coming from
three directions towards
elongated and staggered
junction and cause conflicts
over there which needs to be
minimized and eradicated
by effective engineering
design and structural
improvements of the
junction. This junction is
accommodating the traffic
of hostels, employee colony
and the other
users of university facilities
and the provision of traffic Figure 7: Map showing Existing Condition of Security office Junction
calming measures are also
insufficient to make the users feel restricted and follow the traffic rules inside the university and
most of the time the vehicle users are unable to see the coming traffic from either side due to less
turning distance and visual hindrance due to presence of bachelor faculty hostel. So, all the above
mentioned issues at this particular junction put light towards the importance of improvement.
The table of traffic counts on this junction is given below which shows that the load of traffic
volume is high during 12pm to 1pm. Most of the accidents occur on this junction is due high
volume and speed of motorbikes.
Page | 40
Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-

9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm
Cars 45 56 52 23 36 44
Motor-Cycles 196 236 26 212 272 108
Auto- 14 24 8 11 16 24
Rickshaws/Chingchi
Cycles 2 0 0 13 0 0
Total 259 316 90 260 324 180
PCU's 123.62 151.88 72.58 105.57 137.76 103.64
Table 6: Traffic Count Data of Security office Junction
6.2.2.2- Proposed Solution

The above mentioned junction was re-designed in such a way that the junction was turned into
road by making restrictions for the movement of vehicles on stadium road. The pedestrian zone
include that leg of the junction thus restricting the movement of vehicles on the stadium road. It
will automatically reduce the burden on the junction and there will be only two sides from where
the traffic will pass and thus the junction has been transformed into through street which will
accommodate the flow of traffic from both directions. The only improvement needed is just to
increase the visibility splay and made the staggered portion aligned and regular to accommodate
the movement of vehicles in effective way without causing any conflict.
The junction improvement will reduce the conflicts and problems. This will increase the level of
service of the road system and reduce the time delays as well by smooth flow of vehicles. The
following figure shows the major improvements in the design.
Page | 41
Figure 8: Security Office Junction Improvement
6.2.3- Junction near CRP Department

There is cross-junction near extension and department of city and regional planning. The corridor
on this junction is the busiest road in the university with respect to the movement of pedestrians
as well as vehicles. There are four roads coming towards that junction. The stadium road, the road
from library, the road from vide chancellor office and the road from the direction of bus stand.
These legs of the junction carry a large number of vehicles and there are conflicts caused due to
following reasons.
 Insufficient visibility splay for the drivers
 No chamfering of the edges of the corners of the road
Page | 42
Figure 9: Existing Junction near CRP Department
 Insufficient turning distance, the most of the time when there are multiple vehicles at
crossing, only one or two vehicles can cross each other due to improper design and
functioning.
After analyzing the existing structure and calculating the problem areas of the junction, following
problems were found.
 there are 13 conflict areas while crossing the junction
 When vehicles merge with each pother 7 conflicts are created
 When vehicle divert its direction then there are 7 conflict areas
The table below shows the total incoming and outgoing vehicles on this junction:

Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-
9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm
Cars 112 124 232 145 128 156
Motor-Cycles 245 316 492 214 256 424
Cycles 13 16 56 3 24 40
Total 386 488 852 377 428 644
PCU's 210.71 261.8 481.68 229.78 235.76 325.72
Table 7: Traffic Count Data of CRP Junction
Page | 43
The junction design was changed after calculating the conflict areas and calculating the flow of
vehicles and pedestrians. The more pedestrians’ use this section of the road and it was decided to
include this part of road network of university should be included in the pedestrians’ only zone
where no vehicles will be allowed to enter except in case of emergency or VIP movement only for
specific purpose. The vehicular entry will be restricted with some exceptions and the junction was
designed as to act as a nodal point for the pedestrians to encourage them by providing visual
aesthetics as well as it can accommodate the flow of traffic in case of vehicular movement without
harming the pedestrians.
Figure 10: Proposed Junction near CRP
The new design of the junction will have following impacts

 Reduced conflicts
 Reduced Chances of collision
 Free movement of pedestrians
 Encouragement of walkers to move freely
 Aesthetically rich area
Page | 44
The image below shows the 3D view of CRP Junctions:
Figure 11: 3D View of Proposed CRP Junction
6.2.4- Junction near Chemical Engineering Department

The staggered junction near chemical engineering department also need improvement. The major
problem areas are the incoming traffic from library towards the chemical department. Most of the
time the vehicles are over speed and due to curved path and lack of sufficient visibility splay the
issues are created. The table of traffic count on this junctions shows that maximum incoming and
outgoing vehicles were at the time of 2pm to 4pm.

Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-
9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm
Cars 17 24 56 20 28 52
Motor-Cycles 29 60 112 23 40 76
Auto- 1 4 4 2 0 12
Rickshaws/Chingchi
Cycles 0 8 4 0 4 0
Total 47 100 176 46 76 140
PCU's 27.32 54.56 96.84 30.59 48.08 86.08
Table 8: Traffic Count Data of Chemical Junction
After analyzing the existing situation following problems were found.

 The curved path creating visual hindrance for the vehicle users
Page | 45
 Staggered junction
 Conflicts are created when
crossing the junction
 The merging of traffic also
crates conflicts when a
vehicle enters into the
section of junction
 The diversion also creates
problem. When a vehicle
divert its direction or enter
from one leg of the junction
to other then there are
chances of collision with
coming vehicle if
precautions are not adopted Figure 12: Existing Condition of Chemical Junction
properly
Above mentioned problems and calculation of conflict points highlight the need of improvement
of the junction to make it functionally significant and reduce the problems as well.

The junction improvement has been done in a way that the structural and design changes has been
proposed to accommodate the movement of vehicles. The following characteristics of new design
makes it significant.
 The provision of Refuge Island in the design of the junction which will reduce the conflicts
and channelize the flow of traffic in safer and effective way.
The conflicts of existing junctions will be reduced by new design and it will provide a safer
circulation system.
 The junction has been marked in a zone specific for the pedestrian movement only but the
changes has been proposed to make it efficient and accommodate the future needs as the case
may be in safer and convenient way.
 The design is so as to accommodate the emergency vehicles and movement of guests in case
of any function, seminar or conference in the chemical seminar hall to accommodate the guests
and dignitaries.
 It will have a pleasant look and improve the aesthetical environment of the campus by
contributing to create the vista of university of Engineering and Technology.
Page | 46
Figure 13: Proposed Junction of Chemical Engineering
6.2.5- Junction in front of Library

The condition of junction in front of national library of engineering sciences requires a lot of
improvements. The junction is in irregular shape and staggered with no alignment of legs of
junction and this irregular shape makes two junctions which are not aligned and create a lot of
conflicting points. This junction is the most important nodal point and it has maximum number of
vehicles to deal as well as pedestrian movement is also very high in this area. The junction has
inappropriate design and capacity to maintain the smooth flow of traffic.
Page | 47
Figure 14: Existing Condition of Library Junction
After analyzing and examining the existing situation of the junction following conflict areas were
marked.
 There were 11 conflicts created while crossing of vehicles occur
 There are 5 conflict points due to the merging of the traffic at the junction
 There are 10 conflict point on this particular junction when the diversion of vehicles occur
and these conflict points are necessary to be eradicated to make the design of the junction
more comprehensive and functional.
 There are four legs of the junction but the central point is elongated which makes the
junction staggered and the flow of traffic is disturbed when the traffic coming from either
Page | 48
sides join each other on central point which is irregular and insufficient to accommodate
the load in peak hours.
 The junction also lack in proper visibility and the drivers mostly drive speedily and
couldn’t find the other side of the road clearly and needs to be improved.
 At this point, actually there are two junctions formed one in front of library and one near
architecture department with elongated portion in between.
The overall incoming and outgoing vehicles on this junction is shown below in the table:
Mode of Incoming Outgoing

movement
Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-
9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm
Cars 142 156 297 123 156 190
Motor-Cycles 312 367 502 323 276 546
Auto- 8 12 34 8 12 23
Rickshaws/Chingchi
Cycles 5 9 16 5 16 31
Total 475 550 885 464 466 793
PCU's 264.06 297.09 545.68 244.19 268.6 398.75
Table 9: Traffic Count Data of Library Junction

The staggered junction in front of library and architecture department has been proposed a solution
to minimize the conflicts with elliptical round-about to facilitate the smooth and steady flow of
vehicular movement as well as pedestrians. The design of the round-about is prepared by taking
considerations of round-about design and the standards have been followed by studying various
international practices. The proposed design is unique in nature by taking the consideration of
overall improvement plan of university of engineering and technology Lahore.
The design incorporate all the provisions of overall improvement plan. The junction legs towards
city and regional planning department and chemical engineering department has been blocked
through traffic calming measures and provision of pedestrian zone. There will be no traffic from
those directions on this particular junction. The junction is designed so as to accommodate the
flow from gate number 3 and from girl’s student service center.
The junction has been designed to accommodate the flow of alternative route provided to the
officers’ colony and traffic moving towards auditorium.
Page | 49
Figure 15: Proposed Junction Design near Library
The proposed design have the following features
 Smooth flow of traffic

 Reduced conflicts while traffic movement
 Channelized movement of vehicles
 Safer movement
All above mentioned features can be viewed in 3D view of this junction (see figure 26).
Figure 16: 3D View of Proposed Library Junction
Page | 50
6.2.6- Girls SSC junction
As per the overall plan of the circulation improvement of the university, we have proposed a route
for vehicular movement and access to the teacher’s colony and we have proposed a pedestrian only
zone which makes restriction on the vehicle users. Thus the alternative provided is from gate
number 3 to library Chowk,
Girls SSC Junction towards
the auditorium side and
teacher’s colony side. Thus
there will be increased
burden on this junction. To
accommodate future use and
reduce existing problems, the
redesigning of the junction
was eminent. After analyzing
the existing condition,
following problems were
found at this junction.
 16 crossing conflicts
 7 Merging conflicts
This junction is the busiest
junction, according to the Figure 17: Existing Condition of GSSC Junction
traffic counts data which
shows the large number of incoming and outgoing vehicles in peak hours. The table below shows
the incoming and outgoing vehicles on this junction:
Mode of Incoming Outgoing

movement
Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-
9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm 9:00am 1:00 pm 4:00pm
Cars 156 164 312 126 162 185
Motor-Cycles 320 354 521 313 267 465
Cycles 7 2 13 5 12 26
Total 500 540 911 455 462 704
PCU's 281.89 300.76 562.54 242.39 273 367.42
Table 10: Traffic Count Data of GSSC Junction
Page | 51
The existing cross-junction has been re-designed into round-about having reduced conflicts and
problem areas with increased efficiency and operational capacity. The proposal design is designed
so as to accommodate the additional burden of vehicular movement due to formation of pedestrian
zone. The design has the positive impact on overall circulation of vehicular movement inside the
campus and will improve the effectiveness of the system.
Figure 18: Improvement in GSSC Junction
The design has following characteristics

 Reduced conflicts
 There are no conflict points while crossing
 There are only four conflict points while merging the traffic
 There are only four conflicts created while diversion of the movement of vehicles.
 Increased working efficiency of the junction
 Reduced time delays at junction
 Smooth flow of traffic
 Increased level of service of the junction to accommodate the present and projected future
needs
6.3- Proposed Vehicular Roads

The smooth flow of vehicles is the essential of any traffic management plan and for this purpose
the alternative routes for vehicular flow has been provided to accommodate the additional flow of
traffic due to formation of the pedestrian zone.
The map showing the roads where vehicular movement will be allowed except pedestrian zone is
as follows:
Page | 52
Map 11: Proposed Vehicular Circulation Plan of UET Lahore
These roads will allow the movement of vehicles, and pedestrians will use the footpaths alongside.
6.3.1- Road-Design
The major inflow and outflow is from the gate number 3 which is the focus entry and exit and have
to deal a large number of vehicles especially in peak hours. The road width from gate number 3 to
library junction is not sufficient to accommodate the present load and future need as well. The
existing road width is almost 30 feet varying from various locations where the road width is below
30 feet. So the existing road is facilitated with the 5’5” footpaths on either side of the road to
accommodate the pedestrians as well. The footpaths are supported by 5’6” green belt on either
sides of the pathways.
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The following image shows the comparison of before and after situation of the corridor:
Figure 19: Before and After Situation of Gate 3 Road
The new design has the following characteristics:

 Increased road width
 Reduced conflicts and congestion
 One way movement of traffic i.e. incoming and outgoing flow is separated by median
 The existing right of way was 30’, 11’ feet footpath was available on both sides that 11’ of
footpath converted into carpeted road and width of the road increased to 41’. The new
design has 20’ road on both sides and 1’ median.
 The existing footpaths were converted into road portion and after road, there is 5’ tree line
on both sides of the road.
 After tree line, new footpaths designed having 7’ wide area to accommodate the flow in
effective way.
 The segregation of footpath from the road has been made possible my utilizing the existing
green belt along both sides of the road to create physical barrier to stop the sudden entry of
pedestrians on the road. This incorporation of existing natural barrier can help reduce
conflicts and accidents in future.
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6.4- Parking Management
Parking is the most important component of transportation. Moving vehicles create less problem
as compared to the parked vehicles on the roads. The parking along the streets create chaos and
affect the functionality and level of service of road network. To promote safer and convenient
mobility inside the University Engineering and technology Lahore, the parking management is
also important. For this purpose the following methodology was adopted.
1. Existing Analysis of Parking
2. Proposed Parking Spaces with improved Efficiency
6.4.1- Existing Analysis of Parking

The existing analysis of parking was performed by conducting parking surveys to calculate the
parked vehicles and incoming and outgoing of vehicles from parking lots to calculate the parking
efficiency of the lots. There are following parking lots inside the university.
 Gate number 3 parking lot
 Electrical Engineering Parking lot
 Gate number 5 parking lot used currently
 Administration block parking lot
 Parking lot in front of BSSC
 Parking lot at rear side of CRP Department
 Parking lot of Chemical Department
 VC office Parking Lot
 Hostels Parking Areas
 Shopping centre parking Area
The above mentioned parking lots were studied in detail to know the number and duration of
parked vehicles and following results were produced.
Modes 8:00-9:00am 12:00-1:00 pm 2:00-4:00pm
Vehicle Incoming Outgoing Parked Incoming Outgoing Parked Incoming Outgoing Parked
Cars 12 8 30 80 20 48 8 12 48
Motor-Cycles 146 132 90 184 56 20 24 24 92
Auto- 0 0 2 0 4 36 8 16 36
Rickshaws
Cycles 58 9 13 44 0 12 8 20 12
Total 216 149 135 308 80 116 48 72 188
PCU's 72.94 53.54 64.06 150.4 41.48 84.24 23.68 36.32 108
Table11: Parking Data of Gate Number 3 Lot
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Modes 8:00-9:00am 12:00-1:00 pm 2:00-4:00pm
Vehicle Incoming Outgoing Parked Incoming Outgoing Parked Incoming Outgoing Parked
Cars 10 3 39 8 28 500 16 20 520
Motor- 56 23 350 28 164 2100 28 372 2520
Cycles
Auto- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rickshaws
Cycles 2 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 68 27 398 36 192 2600 44 392 3040
PCU's 28.92 10.81 156.48 17.24 82.12 1193 25.24 142.76 1351.6
Table12: Parking Data of Gate Number 5
BSSC PARKING LOT DATA

Modes 8:00-9:00 A.M 12:00-1:00 P.M 2:00-4:00 P.M
Parked Parked Parked
Cars 12 36 60
Motor-Cycles 23 36 88
Auto-Rickshaws 2 4 8
Cycles 0 0 12
Total 37 76 168
PCU's 21.09 50.88 97.68
Table 13: BSSC Parking Data
Admin block Parking Lot Data

Modes 8:00-9:00 A.M 12:00-1:00 P.M 2:00-4:00 P.M
Cars 46 44 136
Cycles 0 20 52
Total 73 356 764
PCU's 54.91 146.44 344.24
Table 14: Admin Block Parking Data
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Electrical Engineering Department Parking Lot Data
Modes 8:00-9:00 A.M 12:00-1:00 P.M 2:00-4:00 P.M
Cars 45 56 100
Cycles 0 20 48
Total 145 232 364
PCU's 78.84 113.56 183.52
Table 15: Electrical Engineering Parking Data
CRP Dept. Front Parking Lot Data

Modes 8:00-9:00 A.M 12:00-1:00 P.M 2:00-4:00 P.M
Cars 23 36 68
Cycles 5 8 20
Total 73 80 156
PCU's 38.95 49.64 94.84
Table 16: CRP Front Parking Data
Parking Lot Behind CRP Data

Modes 8:00-9:00 A.M 12:00-1:00 P.M 2:00-4:00 P.M
Cars 32 36 72
Cycles 0 0 0
Total 108 60 124
PCU's 57.08 43.92 89.16
Table 17: Parking Data of Lot behind CRP
After conducting the detailed survey of parking situation in available parking lots, the following
map was prepared to identify the existing parking locations.
Page | 57
Map 12: Existing Parking Spaces of UET Lahore Campus
6.4.2- Proposed Parking Spaces

The existing situation made clear that there is a lot of parking capacity available in the system only
there is a need to integrate and make efficient parking lots. The parking lot near gate number 3 has
some grey areas which needed to be improved accordingly so that the size and efficiency of parking
lot will be increased.
The parking lots falling in the pedestrian zone will be eliminated and transformed into pedestrian’s
areas. So, the alternative parking will be provided near administration block for CRP and
architecture and for chemical and natural sciences department the parking lot behind petroleum
engineering department will be utilized for the people who want to use pedestrian zone have to
park their vehicles at periphery of the zone.
The parking problems mostly seen near IBM and road side parking is seen in peak hours of IBM
when most of the parked vehicles cause visual and functional nuisance to the road users. So,
parking restrictions can be made in the form of chalan on road-side parking in prohibited areas by
identifying major busy areas.
The following map shows the proposed and existing parking lots after the formation of pedestrian
zone in the university.
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Map 13: Proposed Parking Spaces of UET Lahore Campus
The improved parking and easy parking facility will encourage people to park their vehicles and
move on foot in the pedestrian zone and this will improve the healthy environment of the university
by facilitating the reduction of vehicles on roads and smooth flow of vehicles and pedestrians.
6.5- Existing Pedestrian Circulation

The campus accommodate thousands of students, staff members, employees and their families and
a large number of people move through the campus on foot. So, the pedestrian movement is also
the major factor while analyzing the existing situation of the campus. The following map shows
the existing infrastructure to support the pedestrians inside the campus.
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Map 14: Existing Pedestrian Movement Pattern
The existing analysis shows that there are infrastructural provisions to encourage and support the
movement of pedestrians inside the university. The pedestrian facilities include
 Walkways along the roads
 Elevated walkways to segregate the footpaths from carpeted area to provide safe movement
along the roads where traffic flow is comparatively high
 The footpaths are provided on major sections of the university including road from gate
number 3 to library Chowk.
 From library Chowk towards auditorium complex
 From library Chowk towards IBM
 From library Chowk towards department of chemical engineering
 These footpaths are somehow provided with trees alongside to protect the passers from
scorching heat in summer season.
The presence of pedestrian facilities inside the university campus is very poor at present. The
pedestrians are encouraged to move with proper facilities which include
 Safer Environment
 Street Furniture
 Covered/ shaded pathways
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 Wider footpaths
 Segregation of footpaths from carriage way Signs and controls
 Aesthetically attractive environment
The existing entrance of university is dull and unattractive and does not highlight the prestige of
the university and the right of way of existing entrance is insufficient for the dual way movement
of vehicle and need to be widened and make it attractive and pleasant. The university entrance
must be attractive and a vista must be created and highlight the value, history and prestige of the
university with historical culture and modern technique.
6.5.1- Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision Areas

The transportation system consists of various modes of movement but the most important
stakeholder is the human being. So, the safety and security of the people is the first and foremost
priority of a planner. The university also has some facilities and provisions to accommodate the
movement of people i.e. pedestrians but there are problem areas as well due to lack of proactive
planning and forecasting of facilities and the detailed surveys were conducted to record the
pedestrian flow directions, their movement pattern and the safety issues of the pedestrians.
Following map highlight the potential areas where chances of collision of pedestrians are more
eminent.
Map 15: Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision Areas
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The problem areas are created due to following reasons
 Inadequate width of footpaths and walkways
 Absence of footpaths on some roads
 Uncontrolled movement of pedestrians on the roads
 No physical barriers to segregate the movement of pedestrians from the vehicular flow
 Absence of “Pedestrian Zone” to facilitate the pedestrians only in those areas where people
movement is high as compared to the vehicular movement
6.5.2- Pedestrian Attractors and Producer Areas

Pedestrian attractors and producers areas were also marked with the help of GIS mapping and
flow pattern can be assessed accordingly. The map below shows the pedestrian attractor and
producer areas in university campus:
Map 16: Pedestrian Attractors and Producer areas
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6.5.3- Pedestrian Flow Intensity
The pedestrian flow intensity has been calculated inside the campus to predict the major flow areas
and plan facilities for the pedestrians according to the intensity of the people walking in those areas
so that the facilities can be made available by proactive planning to fulfil the present needs and
future requirements.
For this purpose, the pedestrian count surveys have been performed to calculate the pedestrians
and record their flow directions as well. The collected data processed and analyzed in geographical
information system to prepare spatial distribution map of pedestrians and the major flow directions
of the walkers as well. The following map shows the pedestrian flow intensity on different sections
of the road network:
Map 17: Pedestrian Flow Map
The busiest route can be seen in the above mentioned map is the road coming from the Boys hostel
and colony towards the library junction. This section of the network is rich in pedestrian movement
and accommodate maximum number of pedestrians. The map also explains the number of
pedestrians on each leg of the road network as well.
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The tables below shows the number of pedestrians on each corridor in peak hours:
Gate#3- Library Library-Extension

Time Pedestrians Time Pedestrians
7:30-8:30 am 570 7:30-8:30 am 650
11:30-12:30 pm 1105 11:30-12:30 pm 1120
3:00-4:00 pm 207 3:00-4:00 pm 2090
Total 1882 Total 3860
Extension-Bus Stand BSSC-Security Office
7:30-8:30 am 480 7:30-8:30 am 1000
11:30-12:30 pm 3056 11:30-12:30 pm 3056
3:00-4:00 pm 1190 3:00-4:00 pm 700
Extension-VC Office Extension-Stadium
7:30-8:30 am 260 7:30-8:30 am 161
11:30-12:30 pm 750 11:30-12:30 pm 600
3:00-4:00 pm 224 3:00-4:00 pm 146
UET Stadium-Security Office UET Stadium-Colony Gate
7:30-8:30 am 130 7:30-8:30 am 400
11:30-12:30 pm 1120 11:30-12:30 pm 600
3:00-4:00 pm 112 3:00-4:00 pm 900

Library-Chemical Department Colony Gate-Seminar Hall
7:30-8:30 am 104 7:30-8:30 am 200
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11:30-12:30 pm 360 11:30-12:30 pm 100
3:00-4:00 pm 360 3:00-4:00 pm 350
Total 824 Total 650
Library-Transportation Dept. GSSC-Colony Gate
7:30-8:30 am 860 7:30-8:30 am 205
11:30-12:30 pm 1143 11:30-12:30 pm 650
3:00-4:00 pm 1090 3:00-4:00 pm 342
GSSC-VC House GSSC-C Hall
7:30-8:30 am 100 7:30-8:30 am 170
11:30-12:30 pm 130 11:30-12:30 pm 277
3:00-4:00 pm 125 3:00-4:00 pm 481
Total 355 Total 928
Ayesha Hall-Power Plant Colony Gate-Zohra Hall
7:30-8:30 am 210 7:30-8:30 am 157
11:30-12:30 pm 344 11:30-12:30 pm 245
3:00-4:00 pm 358 3:00-4:00 pm 209
Total 912 Total 611
Security office-Colony Gate Bus Stand-Admin Block
7:30-8:30 am 1168 7:30-8:30 am 161
11:30-12:30 pm 1146 11:30-12:30 pm 485
3:00-4:00 pm 1230 3:00-4:00 pm 890
Table 18: Pedestrian Count Survey Results
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6.6- Proposed Pedestrian Circulation
6.6.1- Pedestrianisation
The university campuses should be planned in such a way to encourage the pedestrian’s movement
and create healthy environment inside the campuses. The pedestrians can be encouraged to move
by providing structural and administrative restrictions to the vehicular movement as well as
providing safer, convenient and secure walking environment where people can walk freely without
having any sense of danger.
In this research study, the pedestrianisation is proposed and encouraged throughout the campus
and design has been proposed in such a way to accommodate the people where they can walk
freely in pleasant and eye-catching environment without any danger. For this purpose, following
design provisions are described
 Provision of adequate and sufficient walkway and footpath design by taking consideration
of existing travel pattern and the spatial distribution of pedestrian density.
 Design of footpath is supporting to pedestrians elevated from the surface and covered with
shade to protect the walkers from sunlight and rain.(see figure 20 )
Figure 20: 3D View of Pedestrian Facilities
 The design of footpaths have been prepared in such a way that the footpaths are separated
from the vehicular road by tree line which will act as a natural physical barrier as well as
it will provide shade in severe weather conditions. The tree line will act as aesthetic
enrichment, shade and lungs of the campus to absorb emissions and create healthy living
environment to meet the principles of sustainable university campuses.
 The material used for the footpaths will make distinction from the road and tuff tiles will
be used for constructing the footpaths and walkways clearly showing the prohibited areas
for vehicular entrances.
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 The existing system has inadequate and insufficient footpaths and they are not integrated
but the proposal suggest the integration of footpaths and walkways and footpaths have the
connectivity in each and every area of the campus within the limit of accessibility and
walking distances.
 The footpaths will be designed in such a way to attract people move by creating eye-
catching design and street furniture will be provided on various locations along the
walking streets where walkers can sit and take rest if desired.
The following map shows the proposed pedestrian facilities to encourage people leave their car
and motorcycle and travel by foot.
Map 18: Proposed Sidewalks and Pathways
6.6.2- Pedestrian Zone

The analysis of pedestrian flow and social mapping made clear the flow of pedestrian movement
with the figures as well supported by the pedestrian count surveys. On the basis of these results, a
pedestrian zone has been marked where only pedestrians will be allowed to enter and has following
characteristics:
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 Pedestrian entry only
 Restricted entry of emergency vehicles and guests in case of any event, seminar or conference
in Chemical Seminar Hall
 The entry points of the pedestrian zone will be segregated from road network by physical
barriers e.g. bollards, chains and fencing to discourage the vehicular entry
Figure 21: 3D View of Pedestrian Zone
 The pedestrian zone will comprise of the walkways where the pedestrians can walk and sit on
street furniture made available in safe and secure manner
Figure 22: 3D View of Pedestrian Zone
 The surface of pedestrian zone will be covered with the tiles and bricks to make distinction
and create a sense among the people that this is not a road its walking street.
The proposed pedestrian zone is shown in below map:
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Map 19: Proposed Pedestrian Zone
6.7- Traffic Calming measures

Traffic calming is the management of inappropriate vehicular traffic speeds and volumes through
educational, enforcement, and/or engineering measures so that minimize their negative impacts on
residents, pedestrians and bicyclists. It is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce
the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behaviours and improve conditions for non-
motorized street users. The purpose of traffic calming is to reduce the speed and volume of traffic
to acceptable levels.
Traffic engineers refer three E’s for the most effective traffic calming plans. The three E’s are:
Engineering measures, Education measures and Enforcement measures.
Engineering measures
Engineering measures involve physically altering the road layout or appearances to actively or
passively retard traffic. These measures include speed humps, sign boards (includes directional
signs) chicanes, curb extensions, speed cushions, speed tables, raised pedestrian crossings, boom
barriers, bollards and closing of streets by creating pedestrian zones.
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Education measures
Education measures provide information through a variety of outlets which will help residents to
make informed decisions about neighbourhood traffic concerns. These measures also influence the
driving behaviour of the residents and are often the most readily implementable means of
modifying driver behaviours.
Enforcement measures
Enforcement measures include the reduction of speed limits and watchman traffic calming system.
By the help of the police department, focused enforcement efforts serve to increase community
awareness of speed.
6.7.1- Existing traffic calming measures in university campus

In the university campus, vehicular traffic is increasing day by day, which become the reason of
accidents and traffic congestion. The already present traffic calming measures are now insufficient
to reduce the speed and volume of traffic.
The campus contains approximately 10 marked crosswalk locations, 6 stop signs, 6 directional
signs which are only present on Library junction and girls SSC junction and only 3 to 4 speed
breakers are present. There is no existing grade separated pedestrian crossings or any other type
of traffic calming measure in campus.
6.7.1.1- Improper crosswalks

Many areas in university are noted as an unsafe area for pedestrian crossings for example library
junction, IBM Junction, security office junction, roads in front of CRP department, Jamia Mosque
and civil department. Since these are busy intersections and corridors which take long time to
allow pedestrians to cross the roads and increases the chances of collisions with vehicles. No
proper crosswalks are present on these intersections and corridors due to which pedestrians cross
the roads from any point on the roads, in result pedestrian vehicle mixing increases on these roads
(see figure 24 ).
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Figure 23: Existing Condition
6.7.1.2- Speed limits

The posted speed limit in the university campus is just 20 mph, but most drivers exceed this posted
speed. This is particularly dangerous for pedestrians and bicyclists because the greater speed
enhances the chances of accidents.
6.7.1.3- Pedestrian crossing signs

Presently, no pedestrian crossing signs are in the university campus. The vehicle speed is too fast
for pedestrian crossing traffic on most of the roads includes security office road, stadium road,
BSSC road and road in front of CRP department and Jamia Mosque.
6.7.2- Proposed traffic calming measures in University Campus

The proposed traffic calming techniques in university campus will encourage the use of alternative
transportation modes and also make the campus safer for pedestrians, cyclists and persons with
disabilities.
The proposed traffic calming measure for main campus UET Lahore includes engineering
measures, educational measures and enforcement measures.
6.7.2.1- Proposed Engineering measures

Proposed engineering measures in the university campus include speed breakers, speed tables,
directional signs, pedestrian zone sign and pedestrian crossing.
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Speed breakers
Speed breakers are an artificial ridge set crosswise
into the surface of a street, parking lot, or driveway
to make the operators of vehicles drive at a slow
speed. (Harcourt, 2011)
There are many types of speed breakers, but for UET
campus speed humps are proposed in different
locations where low speeds are desired because it
reduces the speed of vehicles smoothly. The round
shaped humps are proposed in the campus whose
Figure 24: Speed Breakers
assumed height is 50mm to 100 mm; higher humps
are quoted as causing damage to motor vehicles. The
proposed design criteria of the round top road hump is shown below in the figure:
Figure 25: Engineering Design
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Speed tables
A speed table is designed as a long speed
hump with a flat section in the middle which
generally used for pedestrian crossings.
Speed table, also called flat top hump or
raised pedestrian crossing. Speed tables are
also proposed at different locations in
university campus. The proposed design
criteria for speed tables are given below in
the figure:
Figure 26: Speed Tables
Figure 27: Engineering Designs
Page | 73
Directional signs
Many directional signs proposed on various locations within the campus.
Directional signs are any road signs used primarily to give information
about the location and are considered a subset of informative signs
groups. Directional signs installed in that place where two or more paths
joined.
Pedestrian zone signs Figure 28: Direction Signs

Pedestrian zones are those areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian
only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. Pedestrian zone signs
proposed on every entry point of the
proposed pedestrian zone in the UET
Lahore campus, which only allows
emergency and loading vehicles in the
proposed pedestrian zone.
Pedestrian crossing signs

Pedestrian crossing signs are the most
important traffic signs on the road. Figure 29: Pedestrian Signs
Pedestrian crossing signs protect the
pedestrian traffic from the vehicular traffic. These signs are also proposed in the university campus
to ensure pedestrian safety.
6.7.2.2- Proposed Education measures

Basically the purpose of education measures is to raise awareness among
the students, faculty, staff, workers and residents about the safety and
quality of life. The purpose of these measures can be achieved through
traffic safety campaigns which includes personalized letters to faculties
and departments, flyers and newsletters as well as meetings, workshops,
Figure 30: Pedestrian Crossing
specific programs and pedestrian safety awareness signs or banners.
Figure 31: Awareness Signs
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6.7.2.3- Proposed Enforcement measure
The enforcement measure includes the reduction of speed limits within the campus, which can be
enforced with the help of UET security officers. The security department deploys officers to
perform targeted enforcement on campus roads. The intended benefit of targeted security
enforcement is to make drivers aware of campus posted speed limits and to reduce speed limits.
Officers patrol and monitor traffic on campus and will write state citations to drivers who do not
honor the posted speeds and traffic laws. Such type of enforcement will warn drivers and increase
awareness about the speed limit and may influence the behaviour of other drivers be seeing the
citations issued.
Speed limit
A road speed limit is the limit of speed allowed by law for road
vehicles, usually the maximum speed allowed. The pedestrian
traffic is always a consideration in a campus and the lower
speed limits are in place for the protection of both drivers and
pedestrians. The maximum speed limits for all roads in the
university shall be 25mph.
Figure 32: Speed Limit Signs
Page | 75
6.7.2- Proposed traffic calming measures map
The proposed traffic calming measures map is shown below:
Map 20: Proposed Traffic Calming Measures Map
Page | 76
Chapter 7
PROPOSED CIRCULATION PLAN OF UET LAHORE
The previous chapter was about the data analysis of transportation elements with detailed
designing and proposals of junctions and corridors. This chapter will continue the research with
the proposed pedestrian and vehicular circulation plan of UET Lahore after analyzing the data
and incorporating feedback results.
7.1- Feedback
Feedback is a process of receiving visual input or different impulses from the proprioceptors.
Basically feedback is information about how we are doing in our efforts to reach a goal. Feedback
is an essential part of effective learning and it can be positive or negative.
The conceptual circulation plan of UET Lahore campus has been presented in the open house job
fair to take the feedback either negative or positive about the presented proposed pedestrian
and vehicular circulation plan. (See figure 35)
Figure 33: Feedback from People
Page | 77
The result of the feedback process was positive and the individuals like the conceptual circulation
plan of the UET. They show their desire that this map should be implemented as soon as possible.
7.2- Proposed Circulation Plan

After analyzing the data and incorporating detailed designing of corridors and junctions, Safe
Vehicular and Pedestrian circulation plan of UET Lahore campus has been proposed which is
socially viable, economically feasible and environment friendly to promote sustainability and
mobility in UET Lahore. This proposed plan preserved maximum number of existing trees, electric
poles and manholes. Promotion of safe pedestrian and vehicular circulation in UET is the basic
aim of this proposed plan.
The map below shows the proposed pedestrian and vehicular circulation plan of UET Lahore with
the improved junctions and a new pedestrian zone where vehicles will not be allowed except
emergency vehicles and goods delivery vehicles (allowed in specific timings). The map also shown
the proposed parking spaces and improved sidewalks.
Map 21: Proposed Improvement Plan of UET Lahore Campus
Page | 78
Chapter 8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1- Conclusion
The circulation plan of the campus establishes the goal to provide a transportation system that will
facilitate the safe and efficient movement of people throughout the premises of campus. This goal
applies to all aspects of circulation, including: vehicular, transit, pedestrian and bicycle. As an
important and prestigious engineering institute of the country, it is compulsory for University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore to have a safe vehicular and pedestrian circulation plan. The
study focused on the safe and secure movement of people inside the university campus to achieve
sustainability, accessibility and mobility by the integration and interaction of transport modes
(vehicular and pedestrian).
To study the existing circulation of university campus, the data about the vehicular movement,
pedestrian movement, existing parking spaces, accidents location and campus infrastructure was
collected. All the data collected through primary and secondary sources: primary sources include
traffic count surveys on junctions and corridors, pedestrian count surveys, parking surveys and
demarcation of existing trees, manholes, electric poles, signboards and street lights through the
Global positioning system and note down the dimensions of roads, sidewalks and tree lines through
measuring tape. All the collected data were analyzed to prepare the safe pedestrian and vehicular
circulation plan of UET Lahore Campus through special techniques (e.g. before and after analysis)
and software includes AutoCAD, Geographical information system (GIS), Microsoft excel, Sketch
up and 3D max.
The overall findings of the study incorporate the detailed designing of junctions and corridors,
development of the pedestrian zone and establishment of traffic calming measure to avoid conflicts
and accidents and to enhance the functionality of the system. The detailed designing of staggered
and cross junctions have been done to diminish the vehicular-pedestrian and vehicular-vehicular
conflicting points on intersections by comparing it with the existing conflicting points. The
hotspots of accidents location have been identified so that important step could be taken to reduce
the accidents within university campus. The point by point designing of corridors have also been
done by the provision of wide sidewalks separated through tree lines with the carpeted roads. To
control the use of motor vehicles within the confines of the campus, the pedestrian zone has been
developed with the improvement of roads, sidewalks and street furniture in which only emergency
and goods delivery vehicles (for specific time) were allowed. All the parking spots have been
expelled from the pedestrian zone and moved them into the main parking lot by expanding the
parking space in the main parking area. The traffic calming measures have also been adopted to
reduce the traffic flow and volume within the campus.
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Safe and congenial circulation on foot within the campus demands the safe pedestrian and
vehicular circulation plan. A key goal of Circulation plan is to improve the transition one
experiences while moving from a vehicle to park to the pedestrian sidewalks so that it is as pleasant
as possible.
8.2- Recommendations
Some recommendations are presented here on the basis of findings and analysis:
 There is a need of proper administrative setup to reduce the vehicular traffic and to enhance
the concept of walkability within the confines of the university campus.
 It is recommended to prepare the campus master plan that outlines the future development of
various campus components necessary for supporting the core functions of a university.
 There is a need of general infrastructure planning that can be vital to general campus users,
such as storm water management, potable water facilities, sanitary sewer management and
solid waste facilities.
 There is need of setting up of a section in P&D department comprising of Town Planner and
Landscape Architect for the planning, designing and execution of infrastructure and landscape
designs in the existing campuses and future planning to accommodate the future needs in
sustainable way and by proactive planning.
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PROMOTING SAFE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR

CIRCULATION IN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Chairman CRP Department

DEPARTMENT OF CITY & REGIONAL PLANNING

1.2- Problem Statement

1.3- Scope of Study

1.5- Research Questions

1.6- Limitations of Study

1.7- Structure of the thesis

Sr. Activity Distribution of Time Over 16 Weeks

Campus circulation pattern

Figure 1 illustrates the major components

The following section outlines the transportation-related practices utilized by universities as

2.1- Pedestrian and bicycle practices

2.1.1- Pedestrian and bicycle network

University of Calabria (Università Della Calabria, UNICAL) is a state-run university in Italy,

Florida International University remains a commuter-oriented institution. Despite everything it

Ryerson University in downtown Toronto has built up an underground pedestrian network

 Improve campus pedestrian/bicycle networks (e.g., intersection design, roadway geometry

The University of Washington introduce traffic calming mechanism complemented by

2.1.4- Traffic control devices at pedestrian crossings

2.2- Parking related practices

2.2.1- Campus parking management

2.2.2- Campus resident parking

2.3- Motor vehicular traffic practices

2.3.1- Campus vehicular traffic control

2.3.2- Vehicular traffic and parking demand reduction

The University of Massachusetts prepare transportation plan to reduce commuter related

3.1- Research Strategy

Review previous Research

Proposed Design of UET

Figure 2: Research Methodology

3.3- Literature Review

3.4- Formulate Hypothesis

3.5- Develop Testable Predictions

3.6.1- Primary data

3.6.2- Secondary data

3.7- Proposals and Designs

3.8- Proposed Design of UET Lahore Campus

3.9- Conclusion and Recommendations

4.2- Conceptual Circulation Plan of UET Lahore

Map 2: Existing Map of UET Lahore

Figure 3: Map showing problem areas in UET Lahore campus

5.2- Existing Infrastructure Condition

5.2.1- Street Lights

5.2.2- Electric Poles

Map 4: Map showing Location of Electric Poles in UET Lahore Campus

Map 5: Map showing Location of sign boards in UET Lahore Campus

Map 7: Map showing Location of Trees in UET Lahore Campus

Map 8: Map Showing Poorly Lighted Areas in UET Lahore Campus

Figure 4: Accident Reports

Table 2 Accident Locations

6.1- Existing Vehicular Circulation System

Map 10: Existing Vehicular Circulation Map of UET Lahore

6.2- Junction Improvement

6.2.1- IBM Junction

6.2.1.2- Proposed solution

Mode of movement Incoming Outgoing

Vehicle 8:00- 12:00- 2:00- 8:00- 12:00- 2:00-

Motor-Cycles 196 236 26 212 272 108

Total 259 316 90 260 324 180

PCU's 123.62 151.88 72.58 105.57 137.76 103.64

Table 6: Traffic Count Data of Security office Junction