Click Here & Upgrade

Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

r
la
CHAPTER 2
te
REVIEW OF RELATED
Es

LITERATURE

54
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

CHAPTER - 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

For any worthwhile study in any field of knowledge, the researcher needs

an academic familiarity with the library and its many resources, only then can an

r
effective research for specialized knowledge will be possible. As it is said,

la
“Practically all human knowledge can be found in books and libraries”. Unlike

other animals that must start a new with each generation man builds upon

accumulated and recorded knowledge of the past (Best).

te
Review of related literature is an important prerequisite to actual planning

of any research work. It helps researcher to discover that is already known, what

other problems remain to be solved, what methods have been used, what others
Es

have attempted to find out. Tooth the research for reference material is a time

consuming but very fruitful phase of a research programme as it enhances the

insight of the researcher and also his ingenuity to design his hypothesis. It also

suggests the method of research appropriate to the problem locates comparative

data useful in the interpretation of results and contributes to general scholarship

of the investigator. The investigator made a thorough search of the literature

from encyclopedia, research abstracts, journal and books in order to get deep

knowledge of particular term.

55
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

In the following pages, an attempt has been made to describe those studies

which have adequate relevance to the present problem.

This study is relevant in the sense that on its completion it will through

light on the statement whether or not family environment, parenting behaviour,

family structure, number of siblings, birth order, socio-economic status and

r
feeling of insecurity are significant determinants of depression among

adolescents.

la
Srivastava (1984) conducted a study to find out the relationship between

family structure (nuclear or joint) manifest anxiety and self disclosure among
te
urban boys. For this purpose Sinha anxiety scale and Sinha Self Disclosure

inventory were administered 100 boys each, 16-18 years, from nuclear and joint

families, residing in the city of Kanpur. Subjects were matched for age,
Es

education, birth order and socio-economic status. Results indicated that the boys

of nuclear family had significantly lower manifest anxiety and they had

significantly higher self disclosure than their counter parts from joint families.

Result support the assumption that nuclear families are more congenial for

healthy and integrated personality development of the Indian children in an urban

setting in the context of rapid social change, urbanization and industrialization.

Bharadwaj and Prashar (2000) studied the existing value-conflict with the

perceived parenting of carelessness and protection on sample of 500 late

adolescents with the use of two group design. Their results revealed that

parenting of carelessness and protection played a peculiar role in the formation

56
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

of specific patterns, not in concurrence with the established norms of Indian

society because evasion vs. fortitude value conflict with a tendency towards

evasion and hate vs. love value conflict with a tendency towards hate along with

slight dependence and selfishness were found to be associated with parental

carelessness and evasion vs. fortitude value conflict with a tendency towards

fortitude and dependence vs. self-reliance value conflict with a tendency towards

r
self-reliance along with less probity and love were the product of parental over

protection.

la
Sastre (2000) conducted study on family decline and the subjective well

being of adolescents. 100 male and female adolescent (age 12-19 years) were
te
taken as sample of the study. Two questionnaire were administered: The French

adaptation of the life satisfaction scale (M.R. Blais et al, 1989) and a

questionnaire containing statements related to level of satisfaction in several

Es

areas, notably family relationship, body image, work, schooling and leisure

activities. The result showed the direct or indirect influence of 3 factors related to

placement in a children’s home on life satisfaction, a direct effect of placement

in the children’s, home, an indirect passing through the personal growth.

Katwal and Kamalanabhan (2000) studied the factors influencing sibling

cohesiveness in Indian families The variables studied were number of siblings,

size of sibling group, age difference between the siblings, family structure and

perceived parental favoritism. For this purpose sibling-relationship questionnaire

was administered upon 120 adolescents. Data were analyzed using two-way

57
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

ANOVA, t-test and product moment correlation. Results showed that the gender

of the sibling, absence of one parent and parental favoritism affected sibling

cohesiveness, but family structure, size of sibling group and age difference did

not affect sibling cohesiveness.

Chen Li and Bo-Shu (2000) conducted study on depressed mood in

r
Chinese children on development significance for social and school adjustment.

Sample of 540 children with the mean age of 11.6 years was used for the study.

la
Data was collected with self-reports, peer assessments, teacher ratings and school

records. Result showed that depressed mood is significant phenomenon in social

and psychological development in Chinese children and thus deserves attentions

te
from parents, teachers, and professionals.

Sim (2000) conducted a study on relationship of daily hassles and social

Es

support to depression and antisocial behavior among early adolescents. The

sample of the study was 338 Korean (age 10-13 years) for depression and 360 for

antisocial behavior. The data was gathered on self report questionnaire. The

findings showed that Korean early adolescents were having more daily hassles

that contributed to male adjustment.

Medvedona (2000) conducted on study on relationships of family

dimensions with self-esteem in early adolescence. The sample of 391 adolescents

(aged 11-14 years) was used. The Coopersmith self-esteem inventory, the family

environment scale and parent behavior questionnaire was used. Result showed

that all subject have positive relationship of self-esteem with cohesion, organism,

58
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

expressiveness, and recreational orientation in family. In males, self-esteem was

positively related to moral global opinion orientation and in female to

intellectually cultural family orientation. Negative highly significant

relationships were found between self-esteem and family conflict in all subjects.

Subjects from high conflict families had a power self-esteem, weaker inward

context and higher anxiety. Martin (2000) studied effects of changing family on

r
adolescents’ attitude and behavior. The study examines historical trends during

la
the last 40 years in marriage and family life and impact on today’s adolescents.

The authors stress the importance of understanding the changing context of the

family in helping adolescent, cope with family issues and problems related to
te
dating and intimacy.

Jacobson (2000) conducted study on parental monitoring and adolescents’

adjustment. The sample was 424 7th-12th graders from single rural school districts
Es

in central Pennsylvania. Results showed that parental monitoring had strong

association with all indicators of adjustment for both boys and girls, with the

exception of boys’ depression. Gender and grade level simultaneously moderated

the relation between parental monitoring and adolescent delinquency, with the

effect of parental monitoring increasing across grade level for boys and

decreasing with grade level for girls. Furthermore, maternal employment

moderated the relation between monitoring and adolescent delinquency and

sexual behavior. For both boys and girls monitoring was a significant predictor

of problems behavior adolescents whose mothers worked full times.

59
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

Fletcher, Elder, and Mekos (2000) conducted study on parental influence

on adolescents’ involvement in community activities. The sample of the study

was 362 families. Result found that warm parent are more likely to reinforce the

children and this reinforcement strengthens children’s involvement in

community activities.

r
Roboteg, S. Z., Rijavec, M. and Brajsa,Colarossi and others (2000)

conducted a prospective study of adolescents peer support, gender difference and

la
the influence of parental relationship on self-esteem and depression. The female

of 285 adolescents (11-15 years) and their parents was taken. The result showed

that for boys parents supportive relationships impacted their perceptions of peer
te
support indirectly through depression. For girls it was directly impacted both

their self-esteem and depression.

Es

Johnson, Lavoie, and Mahoney (2001) conducted a study on interpersonal

conflict and family cohesion. The sample of the study was 124 late adolescents.

The findings showed that deteriorated family systems may provide context that

are associated with adolescents’ feelings of loneliness as well as their ability to

engage in social interaction outside of the family system.

Seiffgo-Krenka, Weidemann, Fentner, and Aegenheister, (2001) made a

study on coping with school related stress and family stress in healthy and

clinically referred adolescent. The sample of the study was 77 early and late

adolescents (age 12-17 years) differing in psychological health. Data was

gathered through the coping process interview. Result showed difference with

60
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

respect to the appraisal of the stressor. Casual attribution, the amount of

thoughts, feeling and action in order to cope with these stressors, but not in

achieved effects and reappraisal. Clinically referred adolescents, independent

from diagnosis experienced higher levels of school related stress and family

stress and also exhibited more dysfunctional coping style when dealing with

stressor.

r
Garbor (2001) conducted study on predictors of depressive cognitions in

la
young adolescents. For study 240 young adolescents and their mothers were

assessed. The result showed that maternal history of depression was associated

with all three types of negative cognitions in offspring maternal parenting style
te
and stressful life events. Adolescents self worth was significantly predicted by

low maternal acceptance. Attribution at style was associated with maternal

attributional style for child focused events and significantly predicted by

Es

maternal psychological control and negative life events. Hopelessness was

predicted by high levels of stressful life events, particularly among youth with

low self-worth.

Hankin, Abramson, and Siler (2001) conducted study on hopelessness

theory of depression in adolescence. The sample was middle to late adolescent

(aged 14-18 years). They interpreted that the cognitive vulnerability-stress aspect

of the hopelessness theory can be applied to middle to late adolescents.

Allgower Wardle, and Steptoe (2001) conducted study on depressive

symptoms, social support, and personal health behaviors in young men and

61
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

women. The sample was 2,091 male 3,438 female university students. The scales

used were short Beck depression Inventory and the social support questionnaire.

The result showed that depressive symptoms and low social support were

significantly associated with lack of physical activity, not eating breakfast,

irregular sleep hours, and not using a seat belt in both men and women and

additionally with smoking, not eating, fruit and not using sunscreen among

r
women.

la
Forkel, Silbereisen, and Fried (2001) conducted study on family

economic hardship and depressed mood among young adolescents from for men

East and West Germany. The sample was young adolescent between the age
te
group of 10 to 13 years. The family process model and mediation model was

used. Result predicted inter individual difference in adolescents depressed mood

in the west but not in the east. The regional differences in responses to economic
Es

hardship are interpreted as rooted in different personal attributions of and public

attitudes towards the cause of hardship.

Gayatri (2003) studied the effect of birth order on personality of children

and adolescents. For this purpose nineteen families of Varanasi city having only

three children of both sexes, between age group of 6-21 were selected. Hindi

adaptation of Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire was used to measure

personality characteristics. Rotter’s locus of control questionnaire translated in

Hindi by Kumar and Srivastava was used to know the internal and external

control belonging to first to third birth order. Findings reveal that second birth

62
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

order children very often speak lie. Another significant finding was that rivalry

and competition among siblings helped them to become stronger and develop

capacity to accept challenges.

Patel (2003), in his on adolescent family factors and depression, attempted

to identify the predictors of depression among adolescents. For this purpose he

r
administered Personal Data sheet, Achenbach’s Child Behaviour Checklist,

Sherry and Sinha’s Family Relationship Inventory and Indian adaptation of

la
Moos and Moos Family Environment Scale by Joshi and Vyas upon a sample of

526 students of 8th, 9th and 10th standards in various schools of Rajkot city.

Results were arrived at by the statistical technique of multiple regression

te
analysis. Results indicated that out of 21 selected independent variables six

variables came out to be significant predictors of depression among adolescents.

These six factors were parental avoidance, cohesion, moral religious emphasis,
Es

control, educational qualification of father and educational qualification of

mother.

Patel (2004) studied the impact of four parenting styles, i.e., authoritative,

authoritarian, permissive and neglectful, of self-esteem of adolescence. For this

purpose a sample of 180 students (90 boys and 90 girls) were administered

Sherry and Sinha’s Family Relationship Inventory, an Indian adaptation of Moos

and Moos Family Environment Scale by Joshi and Vyas, and Indian adaptation

of Eagly’s Self-Esteem Inventory by Jadeja. The findings revealed that

adolescents having authoritarian parents significantly scored lower in self-esteem

63
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

than adolescents having authoritative and permissive parents. Adolescents from

neglected families exhibited low self-esteem than adolescents from authoritative

and permissive parents.

Purdie, Caroll, and Roche (2004) conducted a study on parenting and

adolescent self-regulation. The sample of the study was 214 Australian high

r
school students and their parents. It was found that there was a moderate

correlation between academic and non-academic self-regulation. Adolescents

la
and their parents differed significantly in their perceptions of parenting

behaviors, with parents rating themselves higher than their children as

Involvement, Autonomy, Granting and Strictness behaviors.

te
Parker et al (2004) examined parental support and monitoring as they

relate to adolescent outcomes. The sample was 16.749 adolescents as assessed

Es

part of the National Educational Longitudinal Study. The result showed that

support and monitoring would be associated with higher self-esteem and less

risky behavior during adolescence.

Yadav and Singh (2004) conducted a comparative study of joint and

nuclear family in terms of mental health of males and females. The data was

collected from 100 male and female graduate students belonging to joint and

nuclear families. Their results showed that mental health of both male and female

adolescents of nuclear family was better than the adolescent members of joint

family.

64
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

Gupta, Gaur and Vohra (2004) explored the effect of parent-child

relationship upon psych-physical of female adolescents. For this purpose 100

female undergraduates were contacted twice to get their responses regarding

their relations with their mothers as well as their fathers. Their results suggested

that the perception of adolescents regarding their relationship with their mothers

and fathers have great implications for their psychological, physical and total

r
health.

la
Sheoran and Kalia (2004) investigated depression, study habits and

academic anxiety of urban and rural schedule caste adolescents. For this purpose

a matched group of 180 schedule caste (90 male + 90 female) were compared.
te
Their results showed that urban and rural schedule caste adolescents were more

depressed than their counterpart non schedule caste adolescents. Schedule caste

adolescents belonging to belonging to rural and urban areas were more anxiety
Es

ridden than non schedule caste adolescents.

Bancila and Mittal (2005) made a study to test the role of stressors

(interpersonal stress and worries about daily living) with depressed mood among

Romanian adolescents. The sample consisted of 630 adolescents. The result

showed that among boys, social support and self efficiency played significant

roles in the convention between interpersonal stress and depressed mood. Among

girls, daily worries were associated with depressed mood only among those with

low self-efficiency and interpersonal stress was associated with depressed mood

only among these with high self-efficiency.

65
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

Evi (2005) studied role of individual, family and peer factor on adolescent

depression. A sample of 558 adolescents was taken and results show that girls

are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than boys with gender differences.

The effect of self perception of scholastic competence on depression is stronger

for boys than girls, parent relations found more significant for girls than boys.

The effect of relationships with parents on the adolescents, psychological

r
adjustment weakens during adolescence being always stronger for girls and boys.

la
Berenson, Crawford, Cohen, and Book (2005) conducted a study on

implications of identification with parents and parents’ acceptance for

adolescents and young adult self-esteem. Data was taken from a representative
te
community sample. Results showed that male adolescents self-esteem

consistently improve the more them identified with their parents. Among female

adolescents, the change in the self-esteem associated with parental identification

Es

depended on the parents’ evaluation of them, suggesting that identifying with a

rejecting parent presents a particular vulnerability low self-esteem in young

women.

Hale, Vander Volk, Engels, and Meeus (2005) studied the association of

perceived parental rejection to adolescent depression and aggression. The sample

was of 1329 Junior high and high school students (male and females), age range

10-19 years). The scale used was depression, aggression and perceived parental

rejection questionnaires. Results showed perceived parental rejection should

66
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

receive the same attention in the research of the development of both adolescent

depression and aggression as has been the case for adolescent peer rejection.

Gonzalez-Dehass, Willems, and Holbein (2005) examined the relationship

between parental involvement and student motivation. A study of students from

an elementary school to high school show beneficial relationship between

r
parental involvement and the motivational constructs i.e., school engagement

perceived motivation and control, self-regulation, mastery goal orientation and

motivation to read.

la
Jeynes (2005) conducted study on effects of parental involvement and
te
family structure on the academic achievement of adolescent. The study assessed

the effects of three aspects of parental involvement and family structure on the

academic achievement. The results indicate that family structure and parental
Es

involvement were associated with higher adolescent academic achievement.

Family structure was greatest predictor of academic achievement. (Age ranges of

13 to 15 years). They were administered with parental Authority Questionnaire

Revised (PAQ-R). Socio economic status scale, and Children’s Depression

Inventory. The data were subjected to Pearson product moment method of

correlation and regressive analysis. Result show that depression was positively

correlated with parenting style but negatively related with socio economic status.

Regression analysis shows that social-status of the family, and authoritarian and

permissive parenting styles were the potent predictors of depression among

adolescents.

67
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

Casanona Garcia-Linares, Cruz, Mannual and de la villa, Carpio, (2005)

studied influence of family and socio-demographic variables on students with

low academic achievement. The sample consists of two groups one groups of

105 adolescents with normal achievement and second group of 205 adolescent

with low achievement. The results indicate differences in the distribution of

parental styles in the two groups for the majority of the variables analyzed. In the

r
groups of adolescents with normal academic achievement, socio-demographic

la
variables better predict achievement. For students with low achievement, family

variables play a more important role in predicting achievement.

Davis-Kean (2005) studied the influence of parents’ education and family

te
income on child achievement. The study examined the process of how socio-

economic status, specific parent education and income indirectly relates to

children’s academic achievement through parents beliefs and behaviors. The

Es

sample was of 868 (8-12 years) subjects. The structures equation modeling

techniques were used. It was found that the socio-economic factors were related

indirectly to children’s academic achievement through parents’ beliefs and

behaviors.

Suman and Dungrani (2007) conducted a study to find out parents

relationship with their children’s. For this purpose Parent Child Relationship

Scale was administered upon a sample of 120 parents taken from Bhavnagar city,

among them 60 from joint family and 60 from nuclear family. After analyzing

data by applying Friedman analysis of Variance, the results of the study showed

68
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

significant parent child relationship among parent of joint family. Parent child

relationship of divided family was also found significant.

Tung and Sandhu (2008) observing that the family and the various

relation ship dynamics and interaction patterns therein, serve as a very important

context for the psychological development of adolescence at a time when the

r
latter are attempting to discover their personal sense of self and are struggling to

establish themselves as independent, self-governing individuals. At the same

la
time, the adolescents’ attempts towards individuation may affect parent-child

relationship and unbalance the family system. Keeping in view of these

observations, the investigators discussed the adolescent psychological

te
development in the light of key issues within the family systems like detachment

debate and emotional distancing, parenting styles, parent-child interaction

patterns, parental support and encouragement to adolescents’ growing need to

Es

individuate, and familial control, cohesion, and conflict. They also discussed that

how emotional relationships with the family can enhance adolescent adjustment

and competence, or hamper their psychological development.

Singh and Singh (2008) examined the impact of parental relations on

students’ subjective well-being i.e. mood and life satisfaction In order to do this

they administered Parent-Child Relationship Scale developed by Stattin and

Kerr, Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Diener et .al. and Positive and

Negative Affect Scale developed by Watson et al. were administered upon a

sample of high school students. Their results showed that parent-child

69
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

relationship is significantly related with students’ subjective well-being i.e. mood

(especial negative affect) and life satisfaction.

Rai (2008) examined the effects of perceived parenting style on drug

addiction of male and female adolescents. The results of the study indicated that

rejection from father and mother leads to drug addiction among adolescents,

r
while adolescents, who perceived emotional warmth from parents were less

likely to engage in drug use. Over protection and favoring subjects from parents

la
have significant effect on drug use among adolescents.

Kumar and Kumar (2009) studied feeling of security insecurity in children

te
of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents. The study investigates the comparison of

feeling of security insecurity in children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents.

The sample was consisted of 40 randomly selected male and female school going
Es

children of age groups11-13 years, having alcoholic parents (20 subjects) and

non-alcoholic parents (20 subjects). A 2x2 factorial design was employed in the

study. Obtained results showed a significant higher insecurity in the children of

alcoholic parents then non-alcoholic parents.

Joshi and Yadav (2009) conducted study on role of socio-economic status

and parenting style in predicting depression among adolescent. Depression is one

of the most disabling conditions of the world. It is on the rise especially among

adolescents. No doubt, biological factors such as neurotransmitters play

important role in causing depression but social factors like family status and

parenting also contribute remarkably. The study was planned to investigate the

70
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

role of these family related factors in depression among adolescents. The study

was conducted to examine the predictive value of socio-economic status and

parenting style in depression among adolescents. The sample consisted of 200

adolescents with in the Luther et al (2005) Study on comparable risk at the socio-

economic status extremes and parenting dimensions. The sample consisted of

614 6th grades from two communities, one low and the others high income.

r
Results showed that on average, very affluent children can perceive their parent

la
as emotionally and physically unavailable to the same degree that youth in

serious poverty do it was found that closeness to parents was beneficial for both

groups. The quantity of parents’ child relationships, parents physical absence

te
(e.g. at dinner) can noted vulnerability for distress and for poor school

performance in both groups.

Singh (2009) conducted study on impact of parents’ child relationship on

Es

emotional stability of adolescents. The study examined the role of a good

parent’s child relationship in fostering the emotional stability of adolescents. It

aimed to work upon the relationship profile perceived by boys and girls with

respect to their father and mother. It identified the PCR dimensions responsible

for developing and maintaining emotional stability amongst boys and girls (n=75

each) of class IX, mean age of 14.5 years. Parent child relationship questionnaire

(Dr. R.A. Singh) was used denoting specific and observable parental behaviors

separately for father and mother. Emotional stability test for children (Dr. A. Sen

Gupta and Dr. A.K. Singh) was used to assess emotional stability. Correlation

71
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

between PCR variables and ES revealed that the adolescents perceived the

parents’ child relationship significantly different and girls showed higher

emotional stability compared to boys. Parental behavior had a significant impact

on the emotional stability of adolescents. Mother behavior had less magnificent

decreasing the emotional stability of adolescents. The discipline and punishment

behavior of mothers towards boys had significantly positive (0.01 level) impact,

r
where as father’s same behavior had significant negative impact (0.05 level) on

la
the emotional stability of girls. The dominating and rejecting behavior of

mother’s towards boys had more adverse effect compared to girls; where as

father’s same behavior had significant adverse (0.05 level) effect on the
te
emotional stability of girls.

Kumar and Agarwal (2009) conducted a study on the correlates of

aggression in adolescents. The study aimed to find out the parents child
Es

relationship, family environment F.E. academic achievement of adolescents and

life satisfaction of parents as correlates of aggression in adolescents subjects.

Participants were consisted of 160 adolescents (80 boys and 80 girls).

Measurement of psychological dimensions was done by standardized tools

individually. Results statistically analyzed by product moment correlation

method, indicated a significant negative correlation between aggression and

parents child relationship, F.E., academic achievement of adolescents and life

satisfaction of parents.

72
 Click Here & Upgrade
Expanded Features
PDF Unlimited Pages
Documents
Complete

Kumar and Shyam (2009) conducted a study on perceived parenting style

and depression on adolescents’ students. The study was designed to asses the

relationship between perceived parenting style and depression on a sample of

100 adolescent students (50 male and 150 female) of 10 th, 11th, and 12th standard

from Government and Public School in Bhiwani and Rohtak (Haryana). All the

students were administered perceived parenting style questionnaire and

r
adolescents’ depression scale were analyzed by calculating co-efficient of

la
correlation. Findings show review significant and variable association of

parenting style with adolescent depression.

Singh, Moorjhani and Purohit (2009) designed their study to investigate

te
the impact of perceived parental behaviour in relation to personality patterns in

boys and girls. For this purpose high school Personality Questionnaire and Parent

Child Relationship Scale was administered to a sample of 200 adolescents (100

Es

boys and 100 girls) from the age group of 15 to 18 years studying XI and XII

standard. Their results indicated that the personality of boys and girls are

significantly affected by the perceived parental behaviour. There was a

significant between perceived parental behaviour and personality patterns of

boys and girls. Results also showed that a significant difference was found in

perceiving parental behaviour in boys and girls and significant difference was

found in personality pattern in boys and girls.

73