International Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants

Vol. 4(3), pp. 058-063, September, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2123-7362

Research Article
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical
Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
1Ezekiel Tagwi Williams, *2Nachana’a Timothy, 3Kazhigila, Thomas and 4Sajo Usman
1,2,3,4Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria

Oil from cassia occidentalis seed was extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane
solvents. The hexane solvent gave the highest yield (11.5%) followed by ethanol (10.5%), methanol
(9.25%) and chloroform (5.92%). The oil extracted was tested for phytochemicals using test tube
method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result indicates the presence
of carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and terpenes. The presence of
these phytochemicals makes cassia occidentalis seed bioactive. The result of the elemental
analysis showed that Na (0.0135±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mg (1.9965±0.0005 mg/ 100 g), Mn
(0.0540±0.0014 mg/ 100 g), Zn (0.375±0.0042 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.0265±0.0007 mg/ 100 g) and Cd
(0.0035±0.0005mg/100 g) were present in the seed, while Cr and Pb were not detected. The basic
physiochemical properties of vegetable oil (iodine, saponification, free fatty acid, acid, peroxide,
specific gravity and refractive index) were also analyzed. The results revealed that iodine was
95.02, saponification 83, free fatty acid 12.8 mg/g, acid 25.9 mg/g, peroxide 6.7 mg/g, specific
gravity 0.85 and refractive index 1.460 on dry weight bases. Based on this finding, cassia
occidentalis seed can be used as an alternative source of vegetable oil.

Key words: Phytochemical, Physiochemical, Elemental, Solvent, Seed and oil

INTRODUCTION

Plants are a source of a large number of drugs comprising
of different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-
cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria,
anti-oxidant etc (Ncube et.al., 2008). A large number of
plants are claimed to have the antibiotic properties in the
traditional system and are also used extensively by the
tribal people worldwide. It is now believed that nature has
given the cure of every disease in one way or another, as
well as nutrition for both human and animals (Ncube et al.,
2008). Plants have been known to relieve various diseases
in India, Africa, Panama and America. Medicinal plants are
the richest bio-resources of drugs of traditional systems of
medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food
supplements, folk medicines, Pharmaceutical
intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs
(Prashant, 2011).
Cassia occidentalis is a small multiple branched shrub
growing up to 2m high. It is an annual or biannual herb with
corrugated stem and visible green colour with a most
unpleasant smell. The leaves are compound pinnate with
3-6 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are ovate with the terminal
pair always larger. There are 6-8 pairs of lateral nerves
joining in loops to their neighbors. The flowers are very
short. There are two small and three petals that are yellow
in colour. The fruits are flattened, narrow, slightly curved,
smooth green pods, measuring 12-16cm long and 1-8cm
wide (Mahendra, 2006; Oyving, 2006; Kathirvel and
Sujatha, 2012 )
Fats and oil are lipid materials derived from plants.
Physically oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are
solid at room temperature. Chemically both fats and oils
are composed of triglycerides, as contrasted with waxes
which lack glycerin in their structure. Although many plant
parts may yield oil, oil is extracted primarily from seeds
(Bear-Roger, 1983; Ouilly et al., 2017)
Oils and fats are substances of vegetable or animal origin.
They are insoluble in water and greasy to touch. Fats and
oils are normally tasteless, colorless and odorless lighter
than water. The most important characteristics is the
*Corresponding Author: Nachana’a Timothy,
Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University,
Mubi, Nigeria. E-mail: allen.dusa@gmail.com

Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Williams et al. 059

caloric content which is more than twice as high as other
food stuff, they act as lubricant during mixing of ingredient
and a media for heat transfer, and a carrier for fat vitamins.
Also, they are source of essential fatty acid (Charley, 1982;
Augustin et al., 2015).
Fats and oils are normally found in plant or its seed, or
nuts, animal or marine organisms and also formed by
industrial and laboratory extraction. Seeds have a nutritive
and calorific value, which makes them necessary in the
diets. They are also good source of edible oils and fats
(Odoemelam, 2005).
In Nigeria, the major source of edible oils is peanut
(Arachis hypogaea), oil palm (Elaesis guineensis) and
soya bean (glycine max). These oils are used mainly for
cooking, production of soaps, lubricant, margarine and
cosmetics (Ong et al., 1995). With the increased demand
which has led to importation of cooking oils, there is need
to source for local oil bearing seeds which can be used in
production of oils, both for consumption and industrial
applications. There is also an increasing trend towards
production of alkyl ester as basic oleic chemicals; this alkyl
ester can be obtained from palm oils (Ong et al., 1995).
The production of palm oil is labour and capital intensive,
hence, there is need to source for other local raw material
that will not require large amount of labour and capital.
This study aimed at investigating phytochemical
screening, elemental analysis and physicochemical
properties of the oil from cassia occidentalis (coffee senna)
seed.
Phytochemical screening
The phytochemical screening of the oil from cassia
occidentalis was according to the standard method
described by Prashant et al., (2011).
Physiochemical parameters
The hexane solvent was used for the determination of
physiochemical parameters such as acid value, free fatty
acid, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide and
specific gravity as described by Association of Analytical
chemist [AOAC] (1990 and 2000).
Determination of elemental analysis
The oil was weighed in to crucible and placed in muffle
furnace at room temperature and was gradually raised to
550oC for three hours to complete the ash. The ash is then
dissolved in 10% HCL filtered and diluted to required
volume in standard flask with deionized water. The
elements in the solution were determined using Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) [AOAC 2005].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of percentage yield, phytochemical screening,
and elemental composition and physiochemical
parameters of oil from cassia occidentalis seed are
presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.

Table 1: Percentage yield of oil from cassia

MATERIALS AND METHOD occidentalis seed using solvents
Solvent % yield (on dry weight bases)
Sample collection and identification Ethanol 10.5
Methanol 9.25
The sample was obtained along river yadzaram in
Chloroform 5.92
shuware Mubi North Adamawa State and was identified by
Hexane 11.15
the department of biological science Adamawa State
University Mubi.
Table 2: Phytochemical constituents of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed
Sample Preparation
Test tube test HPLC
Phytochemicals
The sample was shade dried and was grinded using method machine
mortar and pestle. The fined powdered sample was stored Steroids - -
in a clean and dried sampled container (air tight) for the Glycoside - -
analysis. Protein + +
Carbohydrate + +
Extraction of oil using extractor Alkaloids + +
Terpenes + +
The oil from the powdered seed was extracted using Saponins + +
ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane solvent Flavonoid + +
according to the method described by Victor and Chidi Tannins - +
(2009). The principle of extractor operation involves a Phenols - +
repeated extraction of the crude product of natural origin Key: - = not detected and + = detected
by hot solvent (ethanol and hexane) as described by HPLC = High performance liquid chromatography
Prashant (2011) and Govindhan et al. (2017).

Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
 Int. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 060

Table 3: Elemental composition of oil from cassia Table 4: Physiochemical parameters of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed occidentalis seed
Element Concentration(mg/100g) Parameters value
Sodium (Na) 0.0135 ± 0.0005 Acid 25.9 mg/g
Magnesium (Mg) 1.9965 ± 0.0005 Iodine 95.02
Manganese (Mn) 0.054 ± 0.0014 Saponification v 183
Zinc (Zn) 0.375 ± 0.0042 Peroxide (ppt) 6.7 mg/g
Copper (Cu) 0.0265 ± 0.0007 Free fatty acid 12.82 mg/g
Cadmium (Cd) 0.0035 ± 0.0005 Refractive index 1.460
Lead (Pb) ND Specific gravity 0.85
Chromium (Cr) ND
ND = not detected, All the data are mean replicates and
standard deviation

Table 5: Comparison of cassia occidentalis oil with Codex standard for chemical and physical characteristics of
crude vegetable oils
Parameter Cassia seed Arachis Babussu Coconut Cotton Sesame Soya Mustard Palm Sunflower
oil Oil oil Oil Seed oil Seed oil Bean oil seed oil Oil Seed oil
Relative 0.912- 0.914- 0.908- 0.918- 0.915- 0.919- 0.910- 0.891- 0.918-
Density - 0.920 0.917 0.921 0.926 0.924 0.925 0.921 0.899 0.923
Refractive 1.460 1.460- 1.448- 1.448- 1.458- 1.465- 1.466- 1.461- 1.454- 1.461-
index 1.465 1.451 1.450 1.466 1.469 1.470 1.469 1.456 1.468
Iodine 95.02 86-107 10-18 6.3- 100- 104- 124- 92- 50.0- 118-
Value 10.6 123 120 139 125 55.0 141
Saponification 183 187- 245- 248- 189- 186- 189- 168- 190-209 188-
Value 196 265 265 198 195 195 184 194
FFA (as percentage oleic acid) fats and oil 0-5%
Peroxide value
Other fats and oil Up to 10milliequavalents active oxygen/kg oil
Virgin oil and cold pressed fats and oil Up to 10milliequavalents active oxygen/kg oil
FAO/WHO. 2011.

DISCUSSION The presence of these metabolites suggests great

The oil obtained using different solvent showed a
remarkable difference in their yield. Ethanol, methanol,
chloroform and hexane solvents yield 10.50%, 9.25%,
5.92% and 11.15% respectively (Table 1). The yield
ranged from 5.92% - 11.15%. The minimum yield was
obtained using chloroform solvent, while the maximum
was obtained using hexane. The result showed that
hexane is a better solvent to be use in extracting oil from
the seed compared to the other solvents used.
The phytochemical constituents of oil from occidentalis
seed were shown in Table 2. Protein, carbohydrate,
alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and flavonoid from the oil
were detected by test tube test method and HPLC
machine, while steroids and glycoside were not detected
by either of the methods. However, tannins phenols were
detected by HPLC machine only.
The knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of the oil
is desirable, not only for the discovery of therapeutic
agents but also because such information may be of value
in disclosing new source of such economic materials as
tannins, flavonoids, saponins, essential oil precursors for
the synthesis of complex chemical substances (Mariod
and Matthäus,2008; Kathirvel and Sujatha, 2012).
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
potential of the oil as a source of useful phytomedicines.
For instance, the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids
might be responsible for its use as anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of cassia
occidentalis oil. Alkaloids are known for decreasing blood
pressure and balancing the nervous system in case of
mental illness (Prashant et al., 2011). The presence of
tannins could also show that it is an astringent, helps in
wound healing and anti-parasitic. The presence of
terpenes suggests its possible use as anti-tumor and anti-
viral agent as some terpenes are known to be cytotoxic to
tumor cells. Some of the eudesmane (sesquiterpenes) has
been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties possess
anti-malaria property, hence the oil may be a good source
of anti-malaria (Tona et al., 2001). However, long-term
administration of Senna occidentalis seeds to animals can
be toxic (Górniak, 2015; Gotardo,2017; Panigrahi, 2018)
Also, the use of cassia occidentlis oil as genital stimulant
may be attributed to the presence of alkaloids. Oils
containing saponins and phenols are believed to have
antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti- inflammatory, anti-viral and
anti-diarrheal this is the reason why cassia occidentalis oil
can be used as medicine (Sharma et al., 2000; Sadique et
al., 1987). The seeds are brewed in to a coffee-like
beverage for asthma. High content of protein and
Williams et al. 061
carbohydrate might be for the purpose of consuming as
bournvita in coffee. The results obtained in this study
suggest that the identified phytochemical compounds may
be the bioactive constituents responsible for the efficacy of
the oil. The presence of some of these compounds has
been confirmed to have anti-microbial activity (Adebayo
and Sophomore, 1978). Hence it could be inferred that the
extract from the seed can be a material for the industrial
manufacture of drugs useful in the chemotherapy of some
microbial infections (Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000; Yadav,
2010).
Tannins and phenols were not detected using common
test tube method which collaborate the report of Yadav et
al. (2011). This may be so because tannins and phenol
present in minute amount and cannot be sensed by
common test tube method. However, they were detected
when high performance liquid Chromatography was used.
Table 3 shows the elemental composition of oil from cassia
occidentalis seed.
The result revealed that the oil contain Na (0.0135 ±
0.0005 mg/100g), Mg (1.9965 ± 0.0005mg /100g), Mn
(0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g), Zn (0.375 ± 0.0042mg/100g),
Cu (0.0265 ± 0.0007mg/100g) and Cd (0.0035 ±
0.0005mg/g).
The result indicate that Mg (0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g), was
the predominant element in the sample. Mg is an important
mineral element in connection with circulatory disease
such as ischemic heart disease (Sheeba, 2009). High Mg
concentration is expected since Mg is a component of
leave chlorophyll in plants.
Cu is an essential trace element in human body and exist
as an integral part of Cu protein cerulosmin, which is
concerned with the release of iron from the cell to the
plasma and is involved in energy metabolism (Sheebe,
2009). The Cu content in the sample was 0.0265±
0.0007mg/100g.
Another microelement essential for human nutrient is Mn;
it acts as activator of many enzymes (MCDonald et al.,
1995). Cassia occidental oil sample has Mn content of
0.054 ± 0.0014mg/100g.
Zn is involved in normal immune system. The Zn content
in the sample was 0.375 ± 0.0042mg/100g, comparable
with most values reported by Rastogi et al., (2001).
Na content (0.0135 ± 0.0005mg/100g) in the sample was
low which suggested the possibility of incorporating it into
diets of obese patients (Rimoldi 2000). The concentration
was lower than Mg content, which agreed with the result
reported by Eujoba (2012) for plant seed oil.
Cd content (0.0035 ± 0.0005mg/100g) was observed in the
sample. High concentration of Cd causes kidney, liver,
heart and eye problem (Timothy, 2019).
Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed
Cr in trivalent state is an essential trace element that
potentiates insulin action and those influences
carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism (Kim et al.,
2012). Cr was not detected in the oil sample.
Pb causes reproductive dysfunction which decreased
sperm quality and altered sperm morphology and low
androgen levels (Kim et al., 2012). However, Pb was not
detected in the oil sample.
The oil obtained are liquid at room temperature (250C)
which means the oil is unsaturated and it may be
composed of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
(AOAC, 2000; Yadava and Satnami 2011). To know some
of the important industrial application and also ascertain
the quality for domestic use of the oil, parameters such as
saponification, acid, free fatty acid, iodine, specific gravity
and refractive index (Table 4) were investigated.
The saponification value of the oil was 183. The lower the
saponification value the larger the molecular weight of fatty
acid in the glycerides. The value 183 falls within the range
given by codex standard (Table 5).
The value of iodine in the oil was 25.9 in the natural state
is known as the iodine number. It is an index to the degree
of unsaturation of the oil. Oil with high iodine number is
known as drying oil. Drying oils used in paint and varnish
industry have relatively high iodine value (about 190).
Semidrying oils, such as soya bean oils, have intermediate
iodine values (about 130). Nondrying oils, such as olive oil,
used for soap making and in food products, have relatively
low iodine values (about 80). This means oil extracted from
cassia occidentalis seed is not a drying oil.
The free fatty acid (uncombined acid with glycerin) of the
oil was also determined (Table 4) by neutralizing the oil
with an alkali (KOH) which indicates the amount of soap
stuck in the oil. This also expressed its commercial value
that is the amount that will be loss if it is to be used for
cooking when refining (Ayodele, 2004). The result
obtained (12.9 mg/g) was lower compared to the one
obtained in some vegetable oil (Table 5), it might be so
because the seed used was matured, properly dried and
well stored for analysis.
Often time’s people do not think of refraction index of
vegetable oil. May be that is why there is not as much
information on the index of refraction of vegetable oil as
there are in other substances. Refraction is the change of
direction of light rays as it travels through one substance
to another. This occurs when the light travels at different
speed through materials with different densities. The
speed of light in a vacuum is 299, 792, 458m/s, which is
represented by a letter c. The equation for speed of light in
a material equals speed of light in a vacuum divided by the
index of refraction (v = c/n). The index of refraction is a
constant that can be used as a ratio in the relationship
between the angle of incident and the angle of refraction

known as Snell’s law. The refractive index of the oil was
1.460 which matches that of arachis oil (Table 5).
The amount of peroxides of fats and oil indicate the degree
of primary oxidation and therefore it’s likely to become
rancid. A lower number of peroxide indicates a good
quality of oil and preservation status. Unsaturated free
fatty acid reacts with oxygen and form peroxides, which
determine a series of chain reactions that generate the
production of smelling volatile substances. Those
reactions are accelerated by high temperature, light and
oxygen exposure (Yadava and Satnami, 2011).
CONCLUSION
The results revealed the presence of medicinally active
constituents in the oil of cassia occidentalis seed studied.
The phytochemical compounds identified in the oil have
earlier been proved to be bioactive. Some of these
compounds have been confirmed by previous researchers
to have medicinal as well as physiological activity and
therefore could be said to be responsible for the efficacy
of the oil in treatment of different diseases. The oil extract
could be seen as a potential source of useful drugs.
This study revealed that cassia occidentalis oil is one of
sources of vegetable oil. The result of some of the
important test (phytochemical and physiochemical) for
vegetable oil revealed that the oil was nondrying with
iodine value 95.02 which was below semidrying, as soya
bean oil and half intermediate iodine values (about 130)
and slightly above nondrying oil, have relatively low iodine
values (about 80) such as olive oil, used for soap making
and in food products. From the point of view of the
parameters analyzed, Cassia occidentalis oil fulfills the
partial qualities of edible oil, good for soap production,
lubricant and for the production of biodiesel.
The elemental analysis has further shown the appreciable
amount of minerals contained in the oil. This can be used
as a source of mineral in diet and also as part of drugs in
pharmaceutical industries.
The continued traditional medicinal use of this oil is
therefore encouraged while it is suggested that further
research should be carried out to isolate, purified and
possibly characterize the active constituents responsible
for the activity of this oil.
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in Soil and Plant with Distance Away from the Edge of
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
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use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
taken along Song – Yola Highway Adamawa State
provided the original author and source are cited.
Nigeria International Journal of Ecology and
Development Research 5(1): 053-061,

Phytochemical Screening, Elemental Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of the Oil from Cassia Occidentalis (Coffee senna) Seed