Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Cause
because + sentence because of + subj / Verb+ing / the fact that...
e.g. I am happy because the sun is shining e.g. I am happy because of the sun.
( por que ) ( a causa de )
as + sentence due to + subj / Verb+ing / the fact that...
since + sentence owing to + subj / Verb+ing / the fact that...
for + sentence (very formal) as a result of (very formal)
e.g. I am happy, as it is sunny today. e.g. I’m happy due to / owing to the sunny
Since it was cloudy, we didn’t go out. weather.
e.g. Professionals can sometimes be extremely e.g. Greater evaporation a s a result of global
impatient, f or their positions are at times rather warming could increase the risk of wildfires.
stressful. e.g. U2 Postpones remaining tour dates due to
( ya que, synonyms of ‘because’ ) family illness (newspaper headline).
( a causa de, synonyms of ‘because of’ )
Result Exemplification
so / so that Because of this for example
For this reason That’s why for instance
Consequently As a result , including
Then Therefore , such as
Thus In this way e.g.
This means that Namely (a saber)
e.g. She studied hard. Therefore , she passed the exam. e.g. There are two problems:
She studied hard, so she passed the exam. namely , the expense and the time.
e.g. High level positions are at times rather stressful; as a e.g. I have read lots of books,
result , professionals can sometimes be extremely including / such as Huck Fim,
impatient. Robinson Crusoe and Dubliners.
( por lo tanto, como consecuencia, por eso ) ( tales como )
e.g. He wrote, for example , an article
on this topic in 1988.
Conditions Introduction of a topic
if we win, we’ll go to Kelly’s to celebrate! As for
We won’t go unless he arrives soon. As regards
Even if she studies hard, she won’t pass the exam. With respect to
(Contrast) Regarding
In the case (that) you need me, I’ll be at Tom’s. In relation to
We’ll give you your bicycle only if/as long as/ As far as …...... goes
providing (that)/ provided (that) you do well on your As far as …...... is concerned
exams. (= if but to s tress the condition for the result) e.g. As far as pollution is concerned , …
e.g. As for pollution, …
(en cuanto a, en relación a)
Contrast and opposition
but I studied but I didn’t pass the exam.
On the one hand …. on the other (hand) Nevertheless
e.g. On the one hand the book is amusing (distret). On the other However
hand , it is rather long. Still
e.g. High level positions are stressful at times; on the other hand , Yet
the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed. Even so
(por un lado .... pero por otro) though (at the end)
In/by contrast (to) + nom/V+ing e.g. The shopping centre is
Contrary to + nom/ V+ing small. Nevertheless , I
unlike + nom/V+ing usually find everything I
e.g. In contrast to other horror films, this one was quite amusing. need there.
(en contraste, a diferencia de)
e.g. It is, however , difficult to
identify. e.g. It is difficult to
In theory, in practice
identify, though.
(sin embargo)
Addition
and e.g. High level positions are stressful at times, and can be harmful to your health.
Besides In addition to (this / noun/ V+ing)
Moreover , (more formal) As well (as) (this/ noun/ V+ing)
Furthermore , Along with (this/ noun/ V+ing)
Additionally , Besides (this/ noun/ V+ing)
In addition , e,g. I have a car, as well as a motorbike.
also / Also , I have a motorbike, a s well .
, too. e.g. Along with being stressful, high level
Apart from positions can also be harmful to your health.
e.g. Let’s go home. It’s cold here. Besides , it’s (además de)
starting to rain.
e.g. High level positions are stressful at times; Not only …. but also
Moreover , they can be harmful to your health. e.g. He is not only handsome b ut also
e.g. In addition , the new technology could have intelligent.
applications in homeland security. (además) e.g. Not only are high level positions stressful at
a
rgumentative connectors m ay be used. In fact, they times, but they also can be harmful to your
could be in the same group. health.
*The subject after b ut also is usually omitted if b
ut and
also remain together, and the subject is the same for both
clauses (parts) of the sentence.
Argumentation
In the first place , Secondly , Finally , Lastly ,
Firstly , In the second place , In conclusion , In short ,
First of all , Thirdly , In brief , To sum up ,
To begin with , Apart from that , To summarize , To conclude ,
To start with , On top of that, / what... e.g. Lastly , I will discuss family
At first sight , e.g. And on top of that values.
e.g. At first sight , this may there is the legacy. How do Last but not least , (por último, pero no
seem a reason to refuse this I bring forward all the por eso menos importante)
theory. things I’ve already After all ,
e.g. First of all , why isn’t our created? e.g. “he is our president, a fter all ”
own government responsible a
ddition connectors may be Anyway , Anyhow, In any case ,
used. In fact, they could be in the e.g. Anyway , there is another factor
for protecting our ports? same group.
to consider.
In a nutshell (en dos palabras/resumen)
The former, … the latter (lo primero, lo segundo)
e.g. Marketing and finance are both covered the course. The former in studied in the first term and
the latter in studied...
The following
A note on According to Comparison
typical mistakes: High level positions are stressful, and can be
*According to me, this rent’s too high harmful to your health too .
*According to his opinion, the Socialists are Just as high level positions are stressful, they
going to win can be harmful to your health.
High level positions are stressful ar times;
We use ‘according to’ when we want to say that similarly , they can be harmful to your health.
our information comes from another person, Similar to other important professions, high
book, etc. level business positions are stressful at times.
What do these people believe in comparison
e.g. According to Joan, her boss is a real tyrant to buddhists?
According to the timetable, the train gets in
at 8.27 Both (los dos, ambos) / alike (=equally)
e.g. They are both interesting.
e.g. Parents and teachers alike demanded
reforms
Time
after, afterwards, before, when, meanwhile, while, in the meantime, as, by the time (that), son, as
soon as, since, during, for, until, whenever, the first time (that), the next time (that), the last time
(that), every time (that), after a while, after that, until, previously, immediately, last, at last, lately,
eventually, finally, at first, first, second, third, in the feature, in the past, next, now, currently,
nowadays, at present time, for, during, just, yet, already, etc.
(muchos no son conectores textuales)
Expressing opinions ● Personally, I …
● In m y o
pinion …
● As f ar a s I ’m c oncerned …
● I’ve n ever t hought a bout i t, b ut I s uppose …
● I d on’t r eally l ike … , b ut i f I h
ad t o c hoose …
● It’s v ery d ifficult t o s ay, b
ut I t hink …
● It’s n ot s omething I f eel s trongly a bout, b
ut …
● I’m n ot s ure …
● Probably …
● Perhaps …
● Actually, I f eel q uite s trongly t hat …
● I’m q uite c ertain t hat …
● I k now f or a f act t hat . ..