​Crop production

​Cropping system (crops are planted and

​managed in one or a combination )

​Consist only a single species of crop tht planted in an area

​without intercropping with another species

​The crop are managed until they are harvested, felled and
​replanted

​Then the trees are felled (zero burning) and the land are
​replanted with the same crop species but newly-
​Maintained until 25-30 years or until their economic yield ​developed clones orvariation ( to increase the quality of
​are declined ​yield)

​Sime darby. Sawit kinabalu

​For easier management,operation and processing of crop ​Done by private companies especially ​IOI
​Mono-cropping
​FELDA

​Paddy ​Planted as a sole crop on moderate scale and

​harvested after3-6 myths depend on the
​For short term crops (annual) ​Maize ​species, and the same species of crop are
​replanted as a singl crop for the following
​Peanut
​season
​Rubber

​Oil palm ​They are planted in large scale often in

​For plantation crops (perennial) ​thousand ha and managed as a sole crop on
​Coco
​commercial basis
​Coffee

​Two or more crop species are planted in an area per ​The crop are either arrange in alternate rows or in
​season ​harphazard fashion ( orchard style)

​Have similar or diff maturation period ​(Perennial + annual)

​Maize + hill/dry-land paddy

​Peanut + tapioca crop ( in the row)

​Mixed cropping ​Examples
​Diff. Fruit species +spices+veg

​Coconut + fruit trees+wet paddy (in low-lying area)

​Small holder ​Tht use the various product either for their
​Practiced by ​own consumption. Sale, cottage industry or
​Private companies
​export

​One crop species (spp) is planted on a land in a season

​and diff. Crop sp for the next season ( a diff crop spp per
​season )

​Smallholder
​Practiced by
​Farmer

​Normally for annual

​Reduce the outbreak of pests and disease

​Advantages
​Enable the nutrient from various level of soil absorbed by
​the successive crop tht have diff depth of root sysem

​1st season - maize (shallow rooted)

​To enrich the soil

​Rotational cropping (crop rotation)
​2nd season - groundnut ( legume spp)
​Bcs the vegetative part which are hig nutrient content are
​Sequence
​chopped and ploughed as green manure ​Crop chosen in the sequence must have diff
​depth of root system
​Okra
​3rd season- vege
​Chilies

​4th season-tapioca - deep rooted

​Normally planted in rainy season (main season) in area

​without irrigation facilities

​Tobacco

​In wet paddy fied ​Roselle

​Long bean
​Few crops are planted during the off-season(when paddy
​field are dry)
​Vege ​Sawi

​Chillies

​Cattle is allowed to grazing the dry paddy field during off

​If no crops planted ​season

​Short term crop (annual/biennial) is planted between the

​rows of perennial/main crop ( eg; oil palm ) while waiting ​The short term crop can be source of cash for
​the main crop to produce yield ​smallholder/farmer

​After this period, the inter-rows is shaded by the canopy

​Cash crop is planted only during the first2-3 years after ​of the yield so the cash crop cannot produce viable/good
​the main crop is planted ​yield

​Enable the smallholder to get cash in short term while ​As a quick income for the smallholder depend on the
​Main purpose ​waiting for the main crops’ yields ​farm income for daily expenses

​Cash cropping ​Oil palm

​Rubber
​Main crop ( perennial)
​Cocoa

​Fruit spp

​Example
​Maize

​Pineapple

​Cash crop grown in between ​Tobacco

​Okra

​Vege ​Long bean

​Chillies

​Industrial crop

​Food crop ​They are inter-planted with the forest spp

​Popular and viable(good) cropping practice ​ hich are main crop (sentang , jati, kapur
w
​Fruit trees ​baji) . Livestock also integrated in this system
​Medicinal plant

​There are the disease outbreak of a crop

​Spp crop are varies reduce the risk of loss of income if
​Sudden drop of price of a crop commodity

​Forest spp and agriculture crops are inter-planted or

​planted at a diff section

​Salak
​Fruit trees
​Durian

​Palm

​Ixora
​Landscape plant
​Agro-forestry ​Helicornia

​Bougainvillea
​Examples

​Goat ​Free grazing

​Livestock ​Sheep ​Free grazing

​Cattle ​Feed lot system

​Tilapia

​Fresh-water fish ​Japanese carps

​Grass carps

​Baling river eco resort (salak inter-planted with dabai )

​Attract local and overseas tourist ​Mt. kinabalu

​Lead to Agra-tourism

​Can be major earner for the management , state, and

​country

​Crop spp, animal/poultry & fish rearing are combined in

​an integrated manner for more sustainable agriculture

​Commercial crop especially are planted as a main source

​Crop spp ​of revenue of the country

​Cattle ​Reared in feed-lot system

​Goat
​Livestock
​Sheep

​Example in a commodity ​Poultry

​Integrated farming ​Aquaculture(fresh water fish)

​Factorise to process the yield ​Factory of processing noni(mengkudu juice)

​Housing

​Argo-tourism& fam-day facilities ​Chalet ​Balung river eco resort

​Crop can be (feed) of livestock

​Livestock can produce manure

​Pathway
​Crops and livestock also can be a source of
​Manure effluent to pond by biodigester ​food for human
​Pond have nutrient content from manure and can be as
​viable irrigation system to crops

​These crops are suitable for humid tropical climate

​Mono-cropping(only one crop spp)
​Yield are processed & exported to industrialised nations
​for the manucfature of industrial products

​Commercialised farming (tropical plantation agriculture) ​Practised by private company

​Crop-livestock integrated farming
​Livestock are reared in free- grazing / under shelters(feed
​lot system)/ in open pastures in plantation crop

​Green manure

​Avoid build up of pest and diseas

​Helps balance the fertility of soil

​Crop rotation ​No chem are used to control pest

​Relies on non-chem technique
​Depend on natural enemy or on plant tht repel insect

​Use organic fertilizers

​Compost

​Biological pest control

​Not contain nutrient

​Bcs big roots cannot grab on it tht can cause the crop to
​Just for annual / biennial (small crop) ​collapse
​Growing media
​Perlite

​Example ​Coco peat

​Florova peat moss

​Organic

​N ​Urea
​Straight ​Contain primary/one nutrient
​P ​Single super phosphate (ssp)

​Granule
​Mixture ​Contain more than one nutrient ​Ammonium phosphate

​Compound ​Multiple nutrients in each granule ​Ammonia (NH3)

​Chemical
​Powder

​Organic farming ​Liquid

​Fertilizers

​Pre-planting

​Application ​Growth

​Production

​Production of leaves
​N
​Give good green coour

​Production of new roots

​NPK
​P
​Make seeds, food & flowers

​K ​Make strong stem & keep growing fastly

​Substance or mixture used to prevent , destroy any pest

​Active ingredients

​Contain ​Inert ingredients

​Contaminant and impurities

​Organic ​Lemon grass ​Serai wangi

​Fungicides
​Type
​Pesticides ​Insecticide

​Chem ​Herbicide

​Bactericide

​Rodenticide

​Ia-very toxic- black ​Can cause death

​Ib- toxic-red ​Can cause death

​Class ​II-harmful-yellow ​Can cause death

​III-caution-blue

​IV-normal-white