TITLE AUTHORS/ FINDINGS/RESULT CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION

YEAR

What Matters to Buckley, J et al. Earning a degree has the greatest impact on What students do before and during high Ensure that all students have rigorous,

Student Success: A (2006) postgraduate outcomes. Precollege school affects their postsecondary intensive precollege academic

Review of the characteristics such as academic preparation, academic performance. As Rendon (1998, preparation. Develop a comprehensive

Literature SES, and first-generation status affect one’s p. 61) put it, “students begin to drop out of national college readiness strategy that

potential for desirable outcome attainment. college in grade school.” If students do not addresses the educational needs of all

Institutional type influences post college attain grade level proficiencies— students.

outcomes in personal values. Undergraduate particularly in math and reading—by the

major has a significant impact on eighth grade, they are much less likely to

postgraduate earnings. The peer group is the acquire the needed skills in high school,

single most powerful influence on students’ which makes early intervention even more

academic and personal development. important (Gladieux and Swail 1998). And

Interacting with faculty is positively if students do not perform well in the right

associated with persistence, practical kinds of courses in high school, including

competence, and other measures of success 4 years of English and advanced

and desired outcomes. mathematics classes (such as algebra II,

 Community college students have different precalculus, trigonometry, and calculus),

goals and outcomes than their counterparts at interventions later can have only modest

4year institutions. effects on their chances to succeed and

Student effort and engagement in complete a baccalaureate degree.

educationally purposeful activities has a

cumulative positive effect on earnings, values

development, cognitive development, and

lifelong learning outcomes.

Changing Poverty Tanner, Matthew The future of microfinance is uncertain, but The reality of the BOP markets illustrates Soon, the small MFIs will be pushed out

and Inequity through (2008) the expansion of providing financial services that there is an enormous amount of of the sector because the competition from

Business to the BOP is inevitable. Microfinance has potential for MFIs to penetrate a large formal financial providers will be too

currently not been the most efficient nor the market. Both microfinance and the market much for them to handle. Large financial

most effective solution for providing loans to at the BOP are examples of how business firms like large MNC will be forced to

the poor; the high interest rates are a prime is tackling the problems of inequity and enter BOP markets because the traditional

example of this. The lack of competition in poverty. These powerful tools can both be markets will not offer enough room for

many of these impoverished areas is a major used to equalize the world´s playing field growth. The concept of providing

factor to high interest rates. Without the and will continue to evolve through financial services to the poor will evolve

opportunity to use other financial services, the business. rapidly within the next decade, but
 poor are forced to deal with inflated interest microfinance may not be the final

rates. solution. The idea of using the Islamic

form of banking has yet to emerge, but

this type of lending without interest may

soon replace microfinancing.

An Analysis of Headd, Brian Relatively new public data sources on It is the business locations or Whatever the mechanism our economy

Small Business and (2010) aggregate business dynamics provide a world establishments with large employment uses to heal the job market, big gains are

Jobs of facts that rival the statistics available to fluctuations that not only dominate net possible in a relatively short time frame.

fantasy sports league enthusiasts. The new employment results but tend to move When unemployment rates peaked in

data are creating a new view of the dynamics around the most in response to the previous downturns (above 7.5 percent in

of the labor market. One could argue that economy. Unfortunately from 2008 to 1958, 1975, 1982, and 1992), within 12

start-ups are incredibly valuable to the labor mid-2009, establishments with months, they had declined by 2.4 percent

market in the long term, and continuing firms employment swings of 20 or more (1958), 1.6 percent (1975), 2.3 percent

tend to overwhelm current employment trends employees on net lost 2.8 million jobs. (1982), and 0.8 percent (1992). It is

(or even vice versa) but in actuality, the possible that such a reversal has begun in

results shown in this report indicate that the current downturn as the

findings often depend upon how the analysis unemployment rate dropped from 10.1

is framed (or what data methodology is used).

 percent in October 2009 to 9.7 percent in

January 2010.

Reasons and Kvedaraite, Nida Undergraduate students are considered to be As a result, the promotion of student Unstable government policy in the area of

Obstacles to Starting (2014) one of the factors of growth of urban, entrepreneurship remains one of priority finance and regulation as well as the lack

a Business: regional, and country‘s economy whose effect directions of country’s activities, requiring of information on starting, setting up and

is directly related to students’ employment. to seek for a dialogue between the developing a business remain major

However, as shown by recently conducted institutions of higher education and the obstacles for establishing and developing

researches in the country (Ciburiene, representatives of the labor market, while a business and without eliminating them

Guscinskiene, 2009; Strazdiene, 2009; together innovatively approaching the any other encouragement of

Zuperka, 2010, 2011; Zidonis, 2012; entrepreneurship problems of highly entrepreneurship remains secondary.

Assessment of Youth Entrepreneurship qualified young specialists and developing However, governmental institutions, non-

Encouragement Measures, 2012), with an aid mechanism, which would enable governmental organizations and

changes in the labor market, youth is in a less them to successfully engage in business particularly educational institutions

advantageous position than the rest of the and other flexible (nontraditional) forms of should pay more attention to the

society in a sense of involvement in the labor employment. distribution of information on setting up a

market and business due to a lack of business among academic youth which

knowledge, abilities, financial and social can be provided through seminars,

capital, as well as professional experience. conferences, by organizing meetings,

 discussions with businesspeople and

sharing practical business experience and

inspiring stories of successful businesses.

Student Sieger, P et al., An analysis of the share of active As a general trend, entrepreneurial As a general message, we encourage

Entrepreneurship (2014) entrepreneurs according to study field intentions are found to be strongest in students to explicitly consider an

Across the Globe: A interestingly shows that active entrepreneurs developing countries and weaker in entrepreneurial career path. We do not say

Look at Intentions are more prevalent in the social sciences than developed countries. Thereby we that everyone should become an

and Activities in the natural sciences. As expected, the share emphasize that the absolute values for entrepreneur; but everyone should ideally

of active entrepreneurs is highest among developed countries are still quite high. consider if creating an own firm or taking

BECL students. Also gender-wise we see Personal career choice motives are found over an existing one is a viable option that

important differences. 7.9% of all male to be a driving factor behind career choice matches one’s skills, motives, and general

students are active entrepreneurs compared to intentions / entrepreneurial intentions as preferences. As universities more and

only 3.8% of all female students. Divided by well. The social and cultural context is more offer entrepreneurship-related

study field, we see that the share of female identified as an important antecedent of courses and lectures, we encourage

active entrepreneurs is less than half in all entrepreneurial intentions. Social pressure students to attend them to be better able to

fields. The gender gap among active from individual’s immediate environment evaluate entrepreneurship as a possible

entrepreneurs thus seems to be even larger as well as risk attitudes show a positive and career path.

than among nascent entrepreneurs.

 Interestingly, the share of male active negative relationship with entrepreneurial

entrepreneurs among SSC students is almost intentions, respectively.

as high as among BECL students (only 1.2%

difference).

Small Business Brown, The coordination of group’s activities The research data indicated that the value Examining the unfolding innovation

Innovation Christopher surrounding this innovation process was judgements used to make decisions were journey undertaken by the different

Management (2012) reached through negotiated sense making. very closely linked to the group’s groups (Operations, Accounts,

This shared knowledge could then be used by aspirational expectations concerning the Consultants and Senor Management) in

the group members to make sense of past innovation process. In the research this small business helped them and us

experiences and provide a framework for framework we redefined these aspirational understand the underlying interactions

interpreting situations and deciding present expectations as Innovation Process and sensemaking concerning one specific

and future actions. The underlying patterns of Outcome Criteria (IPOC). innovation process: the development of a

interaction developed over time, both intra- new financial accounting service

and inter-group, and were heavily influenced (FinAccount).

by dominant individuals especially the

founder and certain managers

Working while Pollard, E. et al., The research finds that students are portfolio The students and graduates interviewed in Your university/college will provide a

Studying: a Follow- (2013) workers, often juggling different jobs and this research were dedicated and number of services to help find student
up to the Student work experiences at the same time, and tend motivated, and worked hard to fit working work, work placements and graduate

Income and to have several jobs or work experiences over alongside their studies. The nature and the work, so find out about these and tap into

Expenditure the entirety of their studies. They work hard amount of the work that they combined them as early as possible. You may want

but try to balance their work experiences (paid with studying could change over time on to start your job-search in your home

and unpaid) with their study commitments – their course – as their finances changed (a location before you arrive at

where possible increasing their work hours change in support package and/or change university/college, as you may be able to

when their study commitments reduce during in expenses), as their savings diminished, set up vacation work in advance and some

vacations or in the early years of study, and and as the perceived study employers allow students to move their

vice versa. Balance is the key, and although hours/commitment required changed over jobs to branches close to where they

students would advise others to work the course of their student journey (within study. Family, friends and even tutors can

alongside their studies they stress the and across years of study). They appeared be a good source of information about job

importance of keeping a focus on higher to be very knowledgeable about their opportunities. As a new student, talking to

education studies and where possible of finances and the income they needed, and existing students can provide an insight

limiting the numbers of hours worked, made work decisions with little or no into the local labour market and can help

particularly in term-time, to a maximum of 15 university or parental support within this to identify potential employers. You can

hours a week context. Students were often able to then target these employers with

identify benefits from their work beyond speculative applications. Where

the purely financial, particularly in terms possible look for work that has some
of the skills they developed which relevance to your course or your career

indicates that they were able to reflect on goals, either by exposing you to the type

these experiences and frame them in of role and/or work environment that you

positive and helpful ways. It is worth aspire to, or the type of people you would

noting that the students at the heart of this be working with (colleagues or clients).

research are a sub-sample of HE students – This may help to shape your career

those who undertake paid work at some decisions by providing a taster of what it

point alongside their full-time studies. The would be like, provide direct experience

sample selected reflects the range of to use in job applications and provide

student characteristics associated with useful contacts for finding future work;

working while studying and the types of and also may enhance the quality of your

jobs undertaken, and so captures a studies by providing material to use in

diversity of viewpoints and experiences assignments, and provide access to

among working students. However, these knowledgeable experts. This could be

students may well be different from those paid work but is more likely to be a short

students who do not work while studying, unpaid placement. Large national

both in terms of measurable background chains can provide paid employment that

characteristics (such as living/relationship is particularly suitable for students. These

arrangements, gender and student status as companies have experience of employing

indicated by the main SIES study) and in students and understand the need to

terms of characteristics which cannot increase and decrease hours across the

easily be observed such as self motivation. year. Some companies may offer

It could be argued that these working contracts with built-in flexibility. Be

students have a different approach to aware of the need to balance your work

studying and to work, and are more alongside your studies, and do not lose

proactive, self-starters. It would therefore focus of your study goals. Where possible

be useful to explore the views and find the number of hours and working

experiences of those who have not pattern that suits you and the demands of

undertaken any work (paid work and/or your course. Many students find weekend

unpaid work experience) and to track their work and vacation work more

transition into the labour market to see if manageable, and when working during

and how they differ from the working term-time try to keep working hours to a

group and whether their experiences of maximum of 15 hours

finding work after graduating and

perceived success differ.

Student Attitudes To Tokarski, K. et This study – Student Attitudes to Long-term process-oriented observations It should be noted that the comparability

Entrepreneurship al., Entrepreneurship – has provided us with to reveal a change in attitude to of questionnaire results between

(2009) some initial exploratory empirical results. entrepreneurship between the beginning individual countries may be limited due

These results suggest that in the countries and end of study are important. A to the lower sample size in Latvia, Italy

examined – Germany, Romania, Latvia, Italy supranational analysis could provide an and Austria compared with Germany and

and Austria – there are differences in both interesting picture of a range of areas Romania. Nor should the study's findings

the attitude to entrepreneurship and in the which it would be timely to explore in all be unduly extrapolated. They are

image of the entrepreneur. their various ramifications. A thorough intended, rather, to provide a starting

In the context of this comparison, the knowledge of students' attitudes to point for further research in this field. An

answers typically given by Latvian students entrepreneurship could be the basis, for especially interesting (influence) variable

are particularly striking. For example, they example, for developing detailed in this connection is whether students

were less inclined to see themselves as approaches to improving entrepreneurship feel (very) inclined to start up a business

potential entrepreneurs, and also felt that the studies or for launching actual start-ups or or are already active as entrepreneurs.

subject of entrepreneurship would not gain spin-offs from tertiary institutions in

much in importance in the future. When individual countries. In the round, the

answering the questions about the qualities study has disclosed interesting differences

of entrepreneurs, Latvian students were less between countries in western and eastern

inclined than those from other countries to Europe. These concern much less the
 attach the epithets „autonomous” and image of the entrepreneur in general as

„conscientious” to entrepreneurs. Interesting particular aspects of students' attitudes to

and significant differences also came to light entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.

when analysing the replies of Romanian

Students.

Entrepreneurial Zaman, This study followed the psychological The results of the t-test showed that This study is limited to the Peshawar

characteristics Muhammad characteristics school of thought to study six entrepreneurially inclined students are region and only two universities are

among university (2013) entrepreneurial characteristics related with comparatively more innovative, have risk chosen for the study, the sample size is

students: entrepreneurship, like innovativeness, risk taking attitudes, are motivated for fairly limited, and out of it a small

Implications for taking propensity, tolerance for ambiguity, achievement, more self confident, with number of students opt for starting a new

entrepreneurship need for achievement, locus of control and high internal locus of control. However, venture and considered potential

education and self confidence. As discussed above all the the result shows that there is not much entrepreneur. This study presents some

training in Pakistan sub-scales measure different dimensions of difference between the inclined and non- limitations, first the cross sectional nature

entrepreneurship, measuring the same inclined students with regard to tolerance of the study, second the sample size is

concept so there may be some for ambiguity. The reason behind this limited to understand the entrepreneurial

interrelatedness among the sub-scales. The could be that Pakistani society shows a characteristics among students in a

correlations among these scales obtained in tendency for avoiding uncertainty and comprehensive manner. The observation

the study were statistically significant. ambiguity of students, at regular intervals, over their
 whole educational period would have

provided some understanding and

insights into the effects of entrepreneurial

education on the entrepreneurial

characteristics.

A Study among Amad, S. et al., The majority of respondents were females On the whole, the respondents to this It is strongly recommended that

University Students (2012) (82.4%) compared to males (only 17.6%). study have a favourable perception universities play a more proactive role by

in Business Start- Similar to the scenario of population of towards entrepreneurship and are highly introducing a special entrepreneurial

Ups in Malaysia: Malaysian university students, the campus is motivated to be involved in short course to students, in particular,

Motivations and mainly monopolised by female students. entrepreneurship. This is understood as final year students. This can be served as

Obstacles to Become Most of the respondents’ age ranged between the majority of the respondents were from a preparation for the students that

Entrepreneurs 20-25 years (98.7%) and they are the eldest business management studies. This emphasises the pre-start and start-up

(30.1%) in the family. On top of that, the corroborates a study by Zahariah, et al. stages of business creation as these are

majority of the respondents were hailed from (2010) who found that half of Malaysian always the most challenging stages when

rural area (54.2%), were studying in business business students surveyed had intentions someone embarks on a business venture.

management (39.2%) and have some to be entrepreneurs. Also, the respondents

working experience in private sector revealed some possible

(69.16%) though it is less than a year obstacles/challenges they might face

(94.17%) (Based on 120 respodents who had while starting up a new venture as well as

previous working experience). Asked to how the government can do to support

indicate father’s or mother’s or guardian’s entrepreneurship.

occupation, the respondents reported that

their fathers/guardians were employed staff

and mothers/guardians were unemployed

(full time housewife), with 39.2% and 51%

respectively. A total of 52.3% of the

resposdents believed that their

parents/guardians did not influence their

future career.