VETERINARY

BASICS
Complied by team of
Dr Rameez Raja Kaleri
Dr Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani
Dr Raza Ali Mangi
Dr Ali Raza Jahejo
Dr Nizamuddin Jamali
 PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology attempts to explain the physical and chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin, development and progression of life. Each type of life,
from the very simple virus upto the largest tree or to the complicated human
being, has its own functional characteristics. Therefore the vast field of physiology
cane be divided into: ‘

1. Viral Physiology
2. Bacterial Physiology
3. Cellular Physiology
4. Human Physiology
5. Plant Physiology

ABSORPTION: Penetration of molecules or particles through a surface.

ACETYLCHOLINE: Chemical transmitter of nerve endings of parasympathetic

fibers, preganglicntc sympathetic fibers and motor nerves to skeletal muscle.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Transport of substances across a cell membrane
against the concentration gradient (from lower concentration to higher
concentration). It is up hill transportation and requires energy.
ADRENAL GLAND: Endocrine gland consisting of two separate tissues the cortex
and the medufla.-the outer portion (cortex) produces cortical steroids concerned
with carbohydrate metabolism, water and mineral metabolism. The inner portion
(medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones that affect
carbohydrate metabolism.
ADSORPTION: Concentration of molecules or particles on a surface
AFFERENT: Conducting nerve impulses from the periphery 1o the central
nervous system' sensory input.
ALBUMIN: Plasma protein especially responsible to maintain osmotic pressure in
blood.
ALKALOSIS: It is condition which is characterized by an increase in pH of blood
than normal.
ALVEOLI: Functional unit of lungs. These are epithelial made clusters along with
the alveoli duct. They form part of the respiratory membrane through which gas
exchange occurs.
AMYLASE: An enzyme that hydrolyse starch (amylase) into maltose.
ANAEMIA: A condition characterized by decreased no of RBCs or decreased
amount of haemoglobin in RBC.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE: It is also called as vasopressin. It is octapeptide
hormone released from neurohypophysis of pituitary gland that increase water
retention in the body through its action on kidney tubules.

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ANTRUM: Dilated part of the pyloric portion of the stomach between the body of
the stomach and the pyloric canal.
ATRIUM: The large chamber of heart which receives the blood from vein.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS): The sympathetic and
parasympathetic division of the nervous system.
AXON: Long protoplasmic process extending from a nerve cell body. It is
responsible to conduct impulse from cyton to other neuron.
BASOPHIL: Reddish purple to blue black ganulocyte involved in immune
reactions.
BILE: Bitter alkaline secretion of liver containing bile and pigments poured into
duodenum via bile duct responsible for emulsification of at droplets.
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER: Special mechanism that protect brain from
small variation in blood composition.
BOLUS: Rounded mass of food or other substance after chewing ready to be
swallowed.
BONE MARROW: Tissue within the cavities of bone that produce the
blood cells (red marrow) and which in later replaced by fat (yellow marrow).
BUFFER: Substance that tends to maintain the pH of solution within range
when small amount of acid or base are added to it. It is composed of strong
acid and its conjugate salt (base) or vice versa.
CALCITONIN: Peptide hormone produced by thyroid gland which lowers
plasma calcium and phosphorus level and inhibit the bone resorption.
CAPILLARY: It is the diffused network of thin walled blood vessels involved
in the exchange of substance at tissue level.
CARBOHYDRATE: These are the macromolecules of life, generally known
as hydrates (H2O) of carbon. Chief source of energy for living organisms.
CARDIAC FAILURE: Inability of the heart to pump the adequate amount
of blood.
CARTILAGE: Specialized fibrous connective tissue that forms a model of
the formation of most bones.
CATABOLISM: The process of break down of substances for derivation of
energy and other purposes.
CATALYST: The chemical substance which speed up the chemical reaction
require less energy of activation, without changing the duration * of final
equilibrium
CECUM: First part of large intestine, a large blind sac that forms a pouch into
which open the ileum and vermiform appendix.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS): Portion of nervous system comprising
the brain and spinal cord. It controls and monitor the whole of body.

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CEREBELLUM: Part of hind brain forming two hemispheres which are
connected by the pons, involved in the integration, equilibrium and finally
coordinated motor skills
CEREBRUM: The enormously developed anterior portion of the
telencephalon, formed by the frontal parietal, occipital, temporal and limbic
lobes
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: Fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain and
the central canal of the spinal cord. It is slightly alkaline, isotonic to plasma.
CHROMOSOME: The rod shaped structures in nucleus, made up of DNA
and protein and carrying genes.
CHYME: Soft, homogenous, cream or paste like material due to gastric
digestion on food and released from stomach to small intestine
CHYMOTRYPSIN: Digestive enzyme, secreted by pancreas into duodenum
that hydrolyses the peptide bond between the amino acids phenyfalanine and
serine.
COLOUR BLINDNESS: Inability to distinguish certain colours from the
others; inherited as sex-linked characteristic predominantely occurring in
males.
CONDUCTION: Propagation of impulses of an electrical potential from the
site of stimulation.
CORNEA: Translucent front part of the sclera of eye through which rays
enter the eye, highly convex and powerful refractive structure.
CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (CRF): Hypothalamic
secretion that stimulate the release of Adreno Cortico tropic hormone
(ACTH) from pituitary gland.
CORTISOL: Steroid hormone that influences the Protein and Carbohydrate
metabolism secreted by Zonareticularis of adrenal cortex. Effectively used as
anti inflammatory compound.
CRENATIQN: Shrinkage of RBC due to hypertonic environment.
DEAMINATION: Removal of an amino group
DEFECATION: Discharge of feces from the body through the anus.
DENATURATION: Destruction of the structure of a protein molecule by
heat, strong acid or base or by radiation.
DENDRITE: One of many processes arising from the cell body of a neuron
which receives stimuli and conducts them to the cell body or to other
processes.
DERMIS: Lower layer of the skin containing nerve ending for touch,
temperature, pain and rich plexuses of blood vessels.

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DIABETES INCIPIDUS: It is a disease which is characterized by the
excretion of large volume of dilute urine, due to a lack of antidiuretic
hormone (vasopressin).
DIABETES MELLITUS: It is disease characterized by the excretion of large
volume of glucose-laden urine, due to hyperglycaemia resisting from a lack of
insulin secretion.
DIAPHRAGM: Diaphragm is respiratory muscle. It is dome shaped muscle
which separating the thorax and abdomen. It increasing the size of the
thoracic cavity during inspiration.
DIENCEPHALON: It is the part of forebrain consist of the thalamus,
hypothalamus and pineal gland.
DIFFUSION: Net movement of particles from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration. The steeper the
concentration gradient, the greater the net movement.
DISACCHARIDE: Two mono saccharide sugars linked by a glycosidic bond
through the removal of molecule of water is enteral formula is C12H22O.
Sucrose, Lactose and maltose are disaccharides.
DIURESIS: Increased urine excretion.
DUODENUM: It is first part of the small intestine, into which the sk r ach
opens and which ends in the jejunum.
DURAMATER: It is thick, fibrous outermost of the three meningeal
membranes.
EFFERENT: Conducting impulses from the central nervous system to the
periphery.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG): Graphic tracing of the electrical
potentials of the heart recorded through electrodes (leads) placed on different
parts of the body.
ENDOCRINE GLAND: An organ producing hormones that are liberated
directly into the circulation to affect other cells elsewhere in the body. The
secretions of which reach the blood through a duct.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The system of endocrine glands that liberated
their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulation. It includes pituitary,
adrenals, thyroid, gonads, pancreas, thymus and placenta in the pregnant
females.
ENDOSTEUM: Thin connective tissue layer lining the walls of the bone
cavities.
ENZYME: An organic molecule that speeds up chemical reactions and
through its specificity selects appropriate metabolic pathways. It consist of a

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protein (apoenzyme) to which a non-protein moiety (co enzyme) is usually
attached.
EPIDERMIS: Outer layers of the skin.
EPIGLOTTIS: Flap of cartilage that acts as a lid to keep food from entering
the trachea.
EPINEPHRINE: A hormone produced by adrenal medulla. It is also called
as adrenaline and acts as neurotransmitter in certain brain pathways.
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS: It is anaemia of the fetus which is due
to the destruction of fetal erythrocytes by maternal anti Rh agglutinins.
Immature RBCs, erythroblasts replace the destroyed erythrocytes.
ERYIHROCYTE (RED BLOOD CELL): A nonnucleated haemoglobin
containing cell in which the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide are
transported.
ESOPHAGUS: It is muscular tube lined with mucous membrane that
connects the pharynx to stomach and serves as a passage for propulsion of the
bolus.
EXOCRINE GLAND: A gland that liberates its secretions through a duct
into the circulation. The part of the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes
is an exocrine gland. .
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID: Fluid outside the cells, consisting mainly of
the interstitial fluid and the blood plasma.
FATTY ACID: An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbon
atoms attached to a methyl group at one end and carboxyl group at the other
end.
FIBRINOGEN: It is large asymmetrical plasma protein found in high
concentrations in the blood which is essential for blood coagulation.
FOLIC ACID: One of the water soluble vitamins which is essential for the
normal growth and maturation of erythrocytesT It is also called as
pteroylglutamic acid.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH): A gonadotrephs
hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In the male FSH together
with testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis. In the female FSH stimulate the
maturation of the secondary ovarian follicle and the secretion of estrogen.
FOREBRAIN: One of the three primary'divisions of the brain, consisting of
the teiencephalon (cerebral hemispheres and corpus strjatum) and the
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland).
FUNDUS: Fundus is dome shaped bulge of the stomach above the level of
the junction of the esophagus and stomach.

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GALL BLADDER: A small storage sac for bile fastened to the liver, receives
concentrates and store the bile for release during meals to the duodenum via
the cystic duct to common bile duct.
GANGLION: A collection of nerve cell bodies, usually bounded by a sheath
or capsule which are located chiefly outside the central nervous system.
GASTRIC JUICE: An agent of digestion in the stomach secreted by gastric
glands situated in the thick stomach wall. It contains two main enzymes i.e.
Pepsin which breaks proteins down into short polypeptide chains and renin
which coagulates caseinogen to form casein. Gastric juice contains mucus and
has an acidic PH.
GASTR1N: A polypeptide hormone secreted by the gastrin cells of the
pyloric glands of the stomach and the defta cells of the islets of langerhans in
the pancreas, it circulates in the blood to stimulate the gastric glands to secrete
gastric juice.
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (GIT): The stomach and the intestine.
GLOMERULUS: A small knot of capillaries within the cortex of kidney,
which is surrounded by a bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is supplied with
blood by an afferent arteriole, which branches from the renal artery.
GLOTTIS: The opening through which air passes from the pharynx to the
trachea. It is situated infront of the esophagus.
GLUCAGON: A polypeptide pancreatic hormone, produced by the alpha y
cells of the islets of langerhans. It raises blood glucose by accelerating the
breakdown of glycogen
GLUCOCORTICO STEROID: This type of steroid hormone is secreted by
the in nermost layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona reticular is this hormone
influences the carbohydrate and protein metabolism
GLUCOSE: A six-carbon mono sacharide (C6H12O8) found in fruit and
other foods and in the blood of the animals. It is the chief source of energy
for most living organism.
GLYCEROL: It is an alcohol with three hydroxyl groups. (CH2QH -
CHOH) - (H2OH). Fats are esters of glycerol and fatty acids.
GLYCOGEN: Long chain polymer of glucose and the chief storage form of
carbohydrate in animals.
GOITER: Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually indicative of lack of
thyroid hormones and causing the swelling.
GONAD: Organ that produces the sex cells i.e. ovaries and teslis.
GONADOTRORC HORMONE: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH) both are gonadotropic hormones which

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stimulating the gonads to cause maturation of the ovum or sperm and
production of the sex hormones.
GRAY MATTER: A region of spinal cord or brain that contains the nerve
cell bodies.
GROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIN): Anterior pituitary
hormone, stimulating growth of tissues mainly through increased protein
metabolism.
HAEMATOCRIT: The Volume of red blood cells to plasma.
HAEMATOPOIESIS: Formation and development of blood cell
HAEMOGLOBIN: Haemoglobin is Oxygen carrying pigmented protein of
the erythrocytes. The protein portion globin consist of two alpha and two
peptide chains, each of which has an iron-containing heme group.
HAEMOLYSIS: Destruction of a red blood cell often due to piacement in a
hypotonic solution.
HAEMOSTATS: Cessation of bleeding by physiological coagulation or by
surgical means.
HEPARIN: Heparin is powerful anticoagulant produced by many eel! types
specially by most cells in the liver.
HINDBRAIN: One of the three primary division of the brain consist of the
cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.
HISTAMINE: A chemical substance mproducad by damaged cells,
eosinophils and mast ceils. It is potent vasodilator, increase gastric secretion,
smooth muscle contraction and capillary permeability.
HOMEOSTASIS: Integrate action of the systems of an organism that results
in the maintenance of the optimal internal environment
HORMONE: A chemical secretion produced by an endocrine gland and
liberated into the circulation to affect cells that have the appropriate receptors
to bind the hormone.
HYDROLYSIS: Breakdown of a molecule through the addition of a
molecule of water.
HYPERCALCEMIA: Increased level of blood calcium
HYPERCAPNIA: Increased carbon di oxide in blood and cerebrospinal
fluid.
HYPERGLYCAEMIA: Abnormally high level of blood glucose.
HYPOTHALAMUS: It is the part of forebrain that is concerned with
regulating the physiological state of the body. Hypothalamus regulates body
temperature, drinking, eating, excretion and other metabolic function.

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IMPULSE: Impulse is propagated electrical change, usually called the action
potential.
INHIBIN: A hormone secreted by the sertoli cells of the testis that inhibits
gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion by the hypothalamus.
INSULIN: Pancreatic hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of
langerhans. It lowers blood glucose by accelerating the passage of glucose info
cells for storage as glycogen or oxidation to yield energy.
INTESTINE (LARGE): Portion of the digestive tract from the cecum to the
anus consisting of the cecum, the colon, rectum and anus.
INTESTINE (SMALL): It is the portion of digestive tract from the pyloric
sphincter of the stomach to the cecum; consisting of the duodenum, jejunum
and ileum.
INTRINSIC FACTOR: It is glycoprotein secreted by the gastric mucosa
which is essential for the absorption of Vitamin B12. Lack of intrinsic factor
results in the pernicious anaemia.
ION: Electrically charged atoms, radical or molecule formed by the loss or
gain of one or more electrons.
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: Collections of special cells scattered
throughout the pancreas. They secrete insulin which is poured directly into
the blood stream.
JEJUNUM: Part of the small intestine that extend from the duodenum to the
ileum.
KETONE: An organic compound containing the carbonyl group attached to
two other carbon atoms. Ketones are formed in disturbances of fat
metabolism as seen in diabetes mellitus in which insulin is absent.
KETOSIS: Abnormally high concentration of blood ketone bodies, as seen
in untreated diabetics and starvation.
KIDNEY: Paired organ in the lumber region that filter blood and through
reabsorption and secretion. It modifies the filtrate to produce the excreted
urine.
LACTASE: An enzyme that digests milk sugar (lactose) to glucose and
galactose.
LARYNX: Cartilaginous structure that guards the opening to the trachea and
acts as the voice box. During swallowing it is closed off by the epiglottis, the
vocal cords are folds in the lining.
LEUKEMIA: A malignant disease of the blood forming organs, resulting in
greatly increased numbers of white blood cells and their precursors.

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LEUKOCYTE (WHITE BLOOD CELLS): The main function of WBCs
are to protect the organism against foreign invaders including bacteria, viruses
and toxins.
LEUCOPENIA: Decreased number of leukocyte in the blood.
LIPASE: Enzyme that hydrolyses lipids (fats) to fatty acids and glycerol.
LIPID: A collective term used to describe a group of substances in cells
characterized by their solubility in organic solvents such as ether and benzene
and their absence of solubility in water.
LIPOLYSIS: Breakdown of fat to fatty acids and gtycerol.
LIVER: Large dark red gland in the upper part of the abdomen on the right
side which is composed of thousands of small lobules which receive a copious
supply of blood though the liver sinuses. It acts as a blood reservoir and filter.
It plays a vital role in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.
LOOP OF HENLE: Continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule of the
nephron. It consists of a thin walled descending arm and a thick wailed
ascending limb.
LUNG: Paired organ in the thoracic cavity in which oxygenation of the blood
occurs and through which carbon dioxide is expelled to the external
atmosphere.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE: It is peptide hormone which is secreted by
gonadotlophs cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In male L.H. stimulate the
production of testosterone and in female L.H is required for ovulation.
LYMPH NODE: Small organized node of lymphoid tissue lying along the
course of the lymphatic vessels, it produces lymphocytes and antibodies and
act as a defence barrier against the spread of infection by engulfing bacteria,
virus and other foreign materials.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: The widely spread system of capillaries, nodes and
ducts that collect, filters and returns tissue fluid including protein molecules
to the blood.
LYMPHOCYTE: White blood cell produced mainly by the lymphoid organs
required for humeral and cell mediated immunity.
LYMPHOSD ORGAN: One of several organs that produces lymphocytes
i.e. spleen, thymus and lymph nodes.
LYSIS: The death and subsequent break down of a ceil. Under normal
conditions such ceils are engulfed by phagocytes and degraded by their
lysosomes.
MAST CELL: Connective tissue cell that contain histamine and in some
species serotonin.

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MEDULLA OBLONGATA: A part of the hind brain containing centres for
respiration, circulation and heart rate, it is the nuclei for several cranial nerves
and is path way for ascending and descending nerves.
MEGALOCYTES: They are large, immature red biood cells that are very
fragile and easily destroyed, resulting in anaemia.
MENINGES: The three membranes that protect and nourish the brain and
spinal cord.
MESENCEPHALON: The mid brain consisting of the
corporaquadrigemina, red nucleus, substantia nigra and the cerebral
peduncles.
METABOLISM: The chemical reactions that take place in ceSis. The
molecules taking part in these reactions are termed metabolites.
MIDBRAIN: One of the three primary divisions cf the brain consists of
corpora quadrigemina, red nueieus, substatia nigra and the cerebral
peduncles.
MONOCYTE: The largest type of white blood ceil. It has a large nucleus
and non granular cytoplasm. Monocyte escapes from the blood by amoeboid
movement through the capillary wall which digest foreign materials.
MONOSACCHARIDE: A simplest carbohydrate consisting of 3-8 carbon
atoms and forming the basic sub units from which large carbohydrates are
built. Have carbon and hydrogen atoms in ratio of 1:2, examples are glucose,
fructose etc.
MUCUS: Protective lubricating solution produced by epithelial cells of the
digestive tract and respiratory tract, it is viscous, insoluble and consisting
giycoproteins. It protect and lubricate the surface on which it is secreted.
MYOGLOBIN: A conjugated protein found in muscles and having a limited
ability to store oxygen.
NEGATIVE FEED BACK: A regulatory system in which an increase in
output feeds back to inhibit the input.
NEPHRON: Nephron is the structural and functional until of the kidney
which consists of glomeruius, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and
collecting tubule, there are two types of nephron i.e. cortical nephron and
juxtamedulalry nephron.
NEURON: A nerve cell which is the functional unit of nervous system. It is
specialized to respond to stimulate by electrical impulses that are rapidly
conducted along the axon of the neuron to reach other cells with which the
axon synapses.
NEUROTRANSMITTER: A chemical that is released from neuron endings
to cause either excitation or inhibition of an adjacent neuron or muscle cell.

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NOREPINEPHRINE: It is also called as noradrenaline. It is chemical
transmitter of the postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system and
in certain brain pathways.
OCCIPITAL LOBE: One of the lobes of the cerebral lacteous. The chief
function of which is visual discrimination.
OLFACTORY BUILD: Long bulbous structure on the under surface of-' the
frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere which serving as crude indicator of
smell.
OSMOSIS: Osmosis is a phenomenon involving diffusion through the
membrane water diffuses from regions of high water reconcentration to low
water concentration.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE: The force that moves across a semipermeable
membrane from the region of greatest water concentration to that of least
water concentration.
OVARY: Ovary is the female gonad in which the ova are formed and the
female sex hormones i.e. estrogen and progesterone is secreted.
OXIDATION: Addition of oxygen to a substance or the enzymatic removal
of hydrogen from a substrate.
OXYTOCIN: It is peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus. It
causes mild ejection from lacting mammary glands and contraction of the
uterus at parturition.
PANCREAS: Pancreas is endocrine and exocrine gland. It lying in abdominal
area behind and below the stomach. Exocrine secretions are the digestive
juices. Endocrine secretions are insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
PARATHYROID HORMONE: A large peptide hormone of the
parathyroid gland which regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism and the
deposition and resorption of calcium and phosphate salts in bone.
PAROTID GLAND: Paired salivary glands behind the mandible (lower jaw
bone). The ducts convey saliva to the mouth employing opposite the second
upper molar tooth.
PEPSIN: Gastric enzyme activated by low pH of the stomach to break down
protein components of cells and hydrolyse protein molecule to large
polypeptides.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: It is the part of nervous system
outside the brain and spinal cord; the ganglia and the cranial and spinal
nerves.
PERISTALSIS: Propulsive movements of the muscles of the adgestive tract
that propel the contents of the tract from the pharynx to the anus.
PHAGOCYTES: White blood ceils capable of ingesting particles i.e. bacteria

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PHARYNX: The part of alimentary canal between the buccal cavity and the
oesophagus. It has opening from the mouth and nasal passage at its anterior
end and Oesophagus and trachea at the posterior end. Eustachian tubes also
open into the pharynx.
PINEAL GLAND: A gland that arise from an out growth on the dorsal
surface of the fore brain. Its function is unknown although it does possess
secretary cells.
PITUITARY GLAND: It is also called as hypophysis. It is unpaired
endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus fry a stack. It consists of an
anterior and posterior lobe. It is regarded as the master endocrine gland
because of many of its hormones control the secretions of other endocrine
glands.
PLATELET: A small, fragile fragment of giant bone marrow cell, the
megakaryocyte. These non nucleated fragments are essential for blood
coagulation. Platelet also called as thrombocyte.
POLYCYTHEMIA: Increased number of red blood cells.
POLYSACCHARJDES: Longchains of sugars linked by glycosidic bonds,
varying according to the type of sugar, the amount of branching in the chain
and the type of giycosidic bond. Glycogen is most important polysaccharides.
PONS: A thick band of nerve fibres that passes across the medulla oblongata
to iink the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: A regulatory system in which an increase in output
feeds back to enhance the input resulting in a viscous circle. This is an
infrequently used regulatory device for physiological systems.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY LOBE: It is the part of the pituitary gland
connected by axons of the neuroendocrine cells in the supraoptic and para
ventricular nuclei to the hypothalamus. !t secrets oxytocin and vasopressin
hormone (Antidiuretic Hormone ADH). it is also called as neurohypophysis.
PROGESTERONE: It is female sex hormone, a steroid produced by the
corpus luteum and the placenta during pregnancy. It initiates the preparation
of the uterus for implantation of the ova, maintenance of pregnancy and
completes the development of the mammary glands during pregnancy.
PROLACTIN: A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It is
necessary for lactation in mammals.
PROSTATE GLAND: Single large gland in the male that secretes an alkaline
fluid into the semen in the vas deferens.
PROTEIN: Proteins are large molecule made up of 50 or more amino acids
linked by peptide bonds, which contribute cells structure and function. It
maintain osmotic pressure and transport blood gases.

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PROTHROMBIN: It is coagulation factor which is produced by the liver and
activated by thromboplastin to the thrombin.
PYLORUS: Opening of the stomach into the duodenum, surrounded by a
strong ring of muscle i.e. the pyioric sphincter.
RECEPTOR: A cell or organ that is specialized to receive DNA response to
stimuli for outside or inside the body of an organ. The eyes, ears and nose
are receptors thatrespond to, light, sound and smell.
REDUCTION: Removal of oxygen from a substance or the addition of
hydrogen to a substrate through enzymatic action.
REFLEX: Response to a stimulus below the level of consciousness.
RELAXIN: It is peptide hormone produced by the corpus luteum during
pregnancy. Relaxin relaxes the pubic ligaments and dilates the uterus during
the parturition.
RESPIRATION: Uptake of oxygen that is utilized to extract energy for
carbohydrates, fat or protein molecules via the respiratory chain of enzyme in
the mitochondria.
RH FACTOR: Blood protein first found in the blood of rhesus monkeys.
Rh-positive blood contains this factor, Rh-negative blood has normally no anti
Rh protein.
RHOMBENCEPHALON: It is the hind brain consisting of the cerebellum,
Pons and medulla oblongata.
SALIVA: Secretion of the salivary glands liberated into the mouth which /
contains enzymes, mucus, salts and water in different amount depend upon
the nature of the stimulus.
SALIVARY GLAND: Three paired glands i.e. the sublingual, submaxillary
and parotid giands which secrete saliva into the mouth.
SALIVATION: The liberation of saliva from the salivary glands into the
mouth in response to presence of food in the mouth or in response to a
stimulus pleasantly associated with food.
SEBACEOUS GLAND: A gland situated at the upper end of a hair foclicle
near the skin surface, that secretes an oily secretion sebum. Sebum keeps hair
and skin in good condition and has antiseptic properties.
SERUM: Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed. Serum can not
be clot.
SPLEEN: Large lymphoid organ used as blood reservoir and filter.
STENOSIS: Narrowing or construction of a passage or opening.
SUBSTRATE: Substance acted on by an enzyme

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TASTE BUD: Taste receptor distributed on the tongue, back of the .pharynx
and inside the lips and checks.
TELENCEPHALON: It is the part of forebrain which consisting of the
cerebral hemispheres and the corpus striatum.
TEMPORAL LOBE: One of the lobes of the cerebral cortex. The chief
function of which are sound discrimination and the perception of taste.
THALAMUS: An organ forming most of the diencephalon which integrates
sensory input from the eyes, ears and skin and sends them to the sensory
cortex of the cerebrum.
THALASSAEMIA: Inherited type of anaemia in which there is an abnormal
production of the alpha or beta chains of the globin portion of the
haemoglobin. Symptoms of anaemia seen in fetal life and early child hood.
THYMUS: Unpaired lymphoid organ under the sternum and near the great
veins of the heart which produces T-Cells, and may produce one or more
hormones including thymosin.
THYROID GLAND: Endocrine gland on the surface of the trachea which
secretes thyroxin and thyronine hormones, that regulate the rate of cellular
metabolism. It also secretes calcitonin hormone which involved in calcium
metabolism.
TRIGLYCERIDE: Large storage molecule of fat of lipid consisting of three
fatty acids attached by an ester linkage to a molecule of glycerol.
TRYPSIN: Trypsin is digestive enzyme that hydrolyses the peptide bond
between the amino acids serine and lysine.
UNIVERSAL DONOR: Type "O" blood which contains o agglutinogen on the
red'blood cells and can therefore be given to any recipient.

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UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT: Type |TA6' blbocfwni'ch lias "no aggiunmns in
the plasma and may therefore receive any type of blood.
URETER: Paired tube that serves a passage for urine from the kidney pelvis
to the urinary bladder.
URETHRA: Single tube that serves as a passage for urine from the urinary
bladder. It is longer in the males as it passes through the penis.
URINARY BLADDER: It is a sac that acts as a reservoir for urine which it
receives through the two ureters and which it discharges through the urethra.
VASOPRESSIN: It is also called as Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). it causes
water retention through its action on the Kidney tubules and increased blood
pressure through its action on blood vessels.
VISCERA: Large organs within the body cavities. Specially those in the
abdominal cavity.
VITAMIN: Active organic compound, that acts as coenzyme to catalyse a
reaction, essential part of diet as usually cannot be synthesized by the body.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS: See Leucocytes.
WHITE MATTER: Nerve tissue that consists chiefly of the fibres of nerve
cells and their whitish myelin sheaths. It forms the outer region of the spinal
cord.
YOLK: The food store consisting of proteins and fats in eggs. YOLK SAC:
The fetal membrane that surrounds and absorbs yolk.
ZONA PELLUCIDA: The thick dear membrane surrounding the egg. It is
surrounded by cumulus cells in the freshly ovulated egg, but these disperse as
the sperms pass between them and penetrate the zona by enzyme action.

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 ANATOMY
ANATOMY: is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and
structure of organisms. It is therefore in close correlation with Physiology,
which deals with normal functions of the body. The word Anatomy means
cutting a partor dissociating parts of the body.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Histology): is study of firmer details of
structure of minute organisms.
MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Gross Anatomy): is study of structure visible
to naked eye.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: is description and comparison of structure
of animals, which form basis of their classification.
PHILOSOPHICAL ANATOMY (Morphology): is the study constituted by
deductions concerning the general laws of form and structure derived from
comparative anatomical studies.
SPECIAL ANATOMY: is description of structure of single type or species.
VETERINARY ANATOMY: is a branch of biological science, which deals
with the form and structure of principle domesticated animals. It is usually
pursued with regard to professional requirements and is largely descriptive in
character.
Two methods of study are involved viz:
(1) Systemic
(2) Topo Graphics
SYSTEM METHOD OF STUDY: is regarded as consisting of system as
organs or apparatus which are similar in origin and structure which are
associated in the performance of certain functions.
The divisions of this method are:
i) Osteology (osteologic): The description of skeleton,
ii) Arthrology (Arthrologia): The description of joints.
iii) Mytlogy (Myoiogic): The description of muscles and accessory
structures.
iv) Splanchnoiogy (Splanchnologia): The description of viscera which
include; (1) Digestive system (ii) respira system {iii) urogenital system (a)
urinary organs (b) Genital organs.
v) Angiology: Description of organs of circulation.
vi) Neurology: The description of nervous system.

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vii) Aestftesioiogy: The description of sense organs and common
integument.
viii) Topographic anatomy: This is the method by which relative positions of
various parts of body are accurately determined. It requires a fair working
knowledge as systemic method.
APPLIED ANATOMY: Means consideration of anatomical facts in their
relation to surgery, physical diagnosis and other practical branches.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN: Vertebral column of animals is divided into five
regions.
1) Cervical =C
2) Thoracic =T
3) Lumbral =L
4) Sacral =S
5) Coccygeal = Cy
In fow! lumber and sacral vertebrae are fused therefore they are written as
(L.S). The vertebral formula of different animals are given below:
C T L S Cy
Ox 7 13 6 5 18-20
Horse7 18 6 5 15-21
Dog 7 13 7 3 20-23
Goat 7 13 7 4 18-21
Sheep 7 13 6 4 16-18
Fowl 14 7 LS14 18-21

SKELETON: of various domesticated animals consists of the following

bones:
Bones
Thoracic limbs 40
Pelvic Limbs (Fore limb) 40
Vertebral Column 54
Sternum 1
Ribs 36
Skull (including auditory occicles - orbital)
34

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205
General bones of part of skeleton of Ox, Horse, Dog.
ANATOMY:
ABDUCTOR (away + to lead): A muscle that moves a part away from the
sagittal plane or separates two parts.
ACETABULUM (Vinegar Cup): The cup shaped depression in nominate
bone that holds head of the femur.
ACRODONT (Extremity + tooth): having root less teeth used at their bases
to the jaw bone.
ABDUCTOR (Toward + to lead): A muscle that moves a part towards the
sagittal plane or draws two parts together.
ADHESION: The slicking together of dissimilar materials. The molecular
attraction exerted between surfaces in contact.
AGNATH (without + jaw): Any jaw less vertebrate.
ALAR (wing): Wing like.
AMPHIAR THROSIS (both + joint): A joint allowing limited motion. ,
AMPULA (Flask): A dilation of canal, such as a semi circular canal of inner
ear.
ANTICUNICAL (against + tolean): Said of a thoracic vertebrate having its
neural spine transitional between back ward leaning and forward leaning.
ANTLER (before + eye): The bony deciduous out growth from the head of
the deer.
ANTERIOR: The head end of the body is termed as anterior.
ARCHENTERON(First + gut): Embryonic digestive tube.
ARCHI CORTEX (Primitive + bark): The more medial part of cerebral
cortex.
AUDITORY (to hear): Related to hearing.
BRACHIAL (arm): Relating to the arm.
BRANCHIAL (gill): Relating to gills.
CANAL: A duct or groove that conveys fluids.
CAUDAL: Relating to tail.
CENTRUM (centre): Body of a vertebrae.
CEPHALIC (Head): Relating to head.
CERVICAL (Neck): Pertaining to the neck.

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CHONDRO CRANIUM (Cartilage + Skull): The part of head skeleton,
other than the splanchno-cranium that consists the cartilage or replacement
bone.
CHOROID (Skin like): Vascular layer of brain or eye.
CLITORIS: Sensitive female homolog of male penis.
CLOACA: A common passage way for products of the digestive and
urogenital system.
COTYLOID CAVITY: Or acetabulum is deeper articular cavity.
COLIC (Colon): Relating to colon.
CONJUNCTIVA (To connect): The membrane covering front of eye ball.
CONUS: The most anterior primitive heart chambers.
CORNEA: Transparent superficial part of eyeball.
CORTEX: The outer part of an organ.
CORPUS (body): Any mass or solid part of an organ.
(CREST): Crest is a very sharp ridge.
CYSTIC (Bladder): Relating to bladder or pouch.
DERMAL BONE: Bone that ossifies directly without replacing cartilage.
DIAPHYSIS (through + growth): The shaft of long bone.
DEPSIDE (two + arch): Having two openings in temporal region of skull.
DIARTHROSIS (two + joint): A freely moveable joint having a joint cavity.
DISTAL: Situated away from point of origin or located away from centra!
axis of body.
DORSAL (Superior): Said of the back or vertebral side of the body.
ENTEROCOELY (gut + hollow): The formation of coeiom by pouching
from the archenteron.
EPAXIAL (upon + centre line): Said of muscles of the trunk lying dorsal to
the lateral septum. '
THE VALVE LIKE CLOSURE OF THE GLOTTIS.
EPIPHYSIS (upon + growth): A separate ossification forming end of long
bone.
FACET: is term applied to articular surface of small extent, especially, when
these are not strongly concave or convex.
FISSURE: is narrow opening or cleft, spilt or furrow, which separates two
surfaces or hemispheres.
FORAMEN: is a perforation for transmission of vessels and nerves.

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FOSSA, FOVEA, GROOVE, OR SULCUS: are the terms applied to various
depression.
FRONTAL PLANE: is perpendicular to median and transverse planes. This
term is used for parts of limbs or for various organs on a similar sense.
GASTRALIA (belly): Bone supports some tetrapodies.
GASTROCOEL (stomach + hollow):The cavity of the gastrula.
GLOSSAL (tongue): Relating to tongue .
GYLOSSOPHRANGEAL (tongue + throat): Denoting ninth cranial nerve.
GLENOIO CAVITY: Is shallow articular depression.
HEAD (Caput): is a rounded articular enlargement at the end of the bone. It
may e jointed to shaft by a constricted.
HERMAPHRODITE (Hermes + Aphrodite): Part neck (column). An
individual having both male and female sex organs.
HYOID (u-shaped): The second archy visceral arch.
HYPAXIAL: Said of muscles of trunk lying ventral to the lateral septum.
(UNDER + GILL): Muscles of the throat derived hylogentically from
hypaxial musculature.
HYPOGLOSSAL (below + tongue): Denoting twel fth cranial nerve.
INFUNDIBULUM (Funnel): The ventral outgrowth of diencephalon that '
forms the neurolyophysis.
JUGULAR (throat): Relating to the throat or neck.
LINE: Is a very small ridge
LIGAMENT (band): A cord or sheet of connective tissue serving to join the
two or more skeletal parts.
LUMBAR: Pertaining to region between ribs and pelvis.
MEDICAL (OR) INTERNAL: The longitudinal median plane divide body
into similar halves. A structure or surface nearer to median plane is medial
(or internal) and an object or surface to the median plane is lateral or external
surface.
MESECTODERM: Mesenchyme derived from neural crests.
MYOCARDIUM (muscle+heart): Muscle layer of heart.
MYOMETRIUM (muscle + part): The axial muscle of one body segment.
MYOMETRIUM (muscle + uterus): The muscular part of the uterus.
NEOCORTEX (new + bark): The medial and in mammals the largest part of
the cerebral cortex.

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NEPHRIC (kidney): Relating to kidney.
NEURAL ARCH: The part of vertebra that arches over the spinal cord.
NOTCH: is an indentation for an arrow pass.
NUCHAL: Relating to neck.
OMASUM (paunch + tripe): a muscular part of ruminant stomach.
OMENTUM (membrane): A membrane that joins, one internal organ to
another.
OPTIC (vision): Relating to eye.
ORAL (mouth): Relating to the mouth.
OSTEON: A cylinder within cylinder structural unity of denotive or bone.
OSTIUM (mouth): A small opening into a duct or space.
OVIDUCT (egg + duct): The duct that conveys eggs to the cloaca or uterus.
OVISAC (egg + sac): A part of reproductive tract where eggs are relative, but
not nourished, prior to laying.
PARIETAL (wall): Relating to an outer wall as of chest or skull.
PEDUNCLE (small foot): One of the tracts supporting the cerebellum, the
constriction infront of fish tail. "
PENIS: The male organ of copulation of amniotes.
PERICARDIAL (around + heart): Surrounding the heart.
PERIOSTEUM (around bone): Fibrous membrane covering bone.
PERITONEAL (around + stretch): Relating to cavity containing digestive
viscera.
PROXIMAL: Located towards the central axis of the body (OR) express
relative distance of parts from long axis of body.
PULMONARY: Relating to lungs.
PYGOSTYLE: Blade like bone forming the posterior end of spine of birds.
PYLORIC: Relating to part of stomach adjacent to the intestine.
PROCESS: is a general term for prominence.
RECTUM (Straight): Terminal segment of the large intestine.
REPLACEMENT BONE: Bone that replaces cartilage as it ossifies.
RETE: A network of small vessels or fibers
RUMEN: Largest chamber of ruminant stomach.
SACRAL: Pertaining to the region, where spine articulates with pelvic griddle.

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SAGITTAL: Plane are parallel to the median plane or planes that divide
body into parts relatively right and left.
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP: are indicate of relative distances for the surface
of body, upper layers are superficial and lower layers are deep.
SPINE (or spinous processes): are appointed projections.
SINUS: is articular projection within a bone or bones lined with mucous
membrane and communicates with the exterior.
SKELETON: is the term applied to frame work of hard structures which
supports and projects soft tissues of animals.
STERNUM: The breast bone.
SUPINATOR: Muscles that rotates the palms and soles upward.
TRANSVERSE OR SEGMENTAL: Planes cut the long axis of the body
perpendicular to the median planes or cut an organ or limb at right angles to
its long axis.
TUBEROSITY: is a large randed, non-articular projection.
TROCHANTER: is term applied to a few non-articular prominences e.g.
trochanter-of femur.
TUBERCLE: is a small tuberosity.
TROCHLEA: is a pulley - like articular mass.
THORACIC: Pertaining to the chest, or region of ribs.
TRANSVERSE: Said of planes that divide the body into anterior (head ned(
and posterior (tailend) parts.
UTERUS (womb): Organ in which the egg or fetus develops.
VEIN: A large vessel that caries blood towards the heart.
VENTRAL: Said of the belly, or under side of the body.
ZYGAPOPHYSIS (yolk + away from growth): a process that joins one
vertebra to the next.

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 HISTOLOGY

ACROSOME: (tip + body): The structure that caps the head of sperm cell
and functions in fertilization.
ALVEOLUS (Small Cavity): A small lobular cavity.
AMELOBLAST (Enamel + germ): A cell that forms enamel.
ANASTOMOSIS (coming together): A communication between two blood
vessels.
AORTA: The main arterial trunk.
APONEUROSIS (away from + tendon): A tough flat sheet of connective
tissue (C.T) serving to distribute the tension of muscle.
ARTERY: A large vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
BASAL MEMBRANE: The thin membrane that separates epidermis from
dermis.
BASAL NUCLEI: The complex of ganglia in brain of mammals that
corresponds to the corpus striatum.
BLASTOCOEL (germ + hollow): The cavity of the blastula.
BLASTOMERE (germ + part): Any one of cells into which the egg divides
during cleavage.
BRONCHUS (wind pipe): An airway within the lung that is supported by
cartilage.
CALCAR (pur): Cartilaginous rod supporting a flight membrane.
CAPILLARY (relating to a hair): A microscopic blood vessel through which
the diffusion takes place.
CARDIAC (heart): Relating to the heart.
CARDINAL (led): Relating to the primitive system of veins that drains the
head, dorsal body wall, and kidney.
CEMENT: The acellular, fibrous bone that joins teeth to their sockets.
CHONDROCYTE (cartilage + cell): A cartilage cell.
CHOROID (Skin like): A vascular layer of the brain or eye.
CHROMAFFIN (colour + affinity): Denoting endocrine tissue that is
functionally related to the adrenal medulla but is diffuse.
CHROMATOPHORE (colour + to bear): A pigment cell.
CILIARY (Eyelash): Relating to hair like structure.

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CLEAVAGE: The cell divisions that convert zygote, to a blastula.
CYTOPLASM: Is a homogenous fluid, about four-fifth of which is water.
Two classes of proteins; albumin and globulins, are present, both consists of
many amino acids,neither basic nor acidic ones preponderating. The
cytoplasm is bounded by a cell membrane, which probably contains lipids.
Floating mitochondria and group of vaccuoles contains watery fluid which
stains easily with a dye called natural red.
CENTRIOLE: Is a granule which divides into two at cell division and appears
to play an important part in that process. The protoplasm round the centriole
is often denser than the cytoplasm as a whole and is called the archoplasm.
COELOM (hollows): Any body cavity that is derived (in vertebrates) by
splitting of the hypomere, and hence is lined by mesoderm.
COLLAGEN (glue + procedure of ): The substance of collagenous fibers,
Which are present in all connective tissue.
COMMISSURE (connection): A tract joining equivalent structures on the
two sides of central nervous system.
CORONA RADIATA (crown + radiating): The cells derived from the
ovarian follicles that surround the egg at ovulation; the branching of the
pyramidal tract in cerebral hemisphere.
CUTANEOUS (skin): Relating to the skin.
CUTICLE: A thing non cellular, external covering of the skin of some
animals.
DEFERENT (away + carrying). A duct that carries away, as sperm duct
DELAMINATION (from + layering): The formation of a tissue layer by the
separation and subsequent, aggregation of cells from a pre-existing tissue
layer.
DENTICLES (small teeth): Small tooth like structures, that may either
project from deronal armor and scales or occur independently as small scales.
DENTINE: Atssue of mesectodermal origin that contributes to teeth,
denticles, and some fish scales being usually softer than enamel but harder
than bone.
EC: Prefix meaning out, Outside.
ECTODERM (outside + skin): The outer-most of three embryonic germ
layers.
ENAMEL: The exceedingly hard, acellular tissue of ectodermal origin that
caps teeth, denticles, and some fish scales.
ENAMELOID: An enamel-like tissue derived from mesectoderm.

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EPENDYMAL (outer garment): Relating to the cells, that line cavities of
central nervous system.
EPIDERMIS (upon + skin): The outer part of skin, derived from ectoderm.
EPIMYSIUM (upon + muscle): The membrane surrounding a muscle.
EPITHELIUM (Upon + muscle): A layer of cells covering a surface or lining
a cavity.
FASCIA (band): Fibrous connective tissue
FASCIAL (face): Relating to the face
FASCICLE (small bandle): A bundle of nerve or muscle fibers.
FISSURE (a split): A cleft or groove, as on the ventral surface of spinal cord.
GANGLION (swelling): An aggregate of nerve cell bodies particularly when
located outside of the central nervous system.
HAEMOPOIESIS (blood + create): The production of blood cells.
HEPATIC (liver): Relating to the liver.
HYPSODONT (high + tooth): Having check teeth with high crowns, as for
ungulates and some rodents.
INNER CELL MASS: The inner part of the mammalian blastocyst, from
which embryo is derived.
INVAGINATION (in + sheath): The folding of tissue from the vegetal pole
of blastula inward to establish the archenteron of the gastrula.
INVOLUTION (to roll up): The migration of cells into the gastrula at the
blastopore.
ISOMETRIC (equal + Measure): Muscle contraction without shortening.
ISOTONIC (equal +strain): Muscle contraction without change of tension.
KERATIN (horn): A hard, nearly insoluble protein or albuminoid, present in
the epidermis and some of its derivatives.
LAMELLA (thin plate): A thin membrane or layer.
LINGUAL (tongue): Relating to tongue.
LYMPH (clear fluid): The fluid of the lymphatic system and tissue spaces.
MEDIASTINUM (medial): The septum in mammals that separates right and
left pleural cavities.
MEDULLA (pith): The inner part of an organ; the posterior part of brain
stem.
MERO BLASTIC (part + germ): Said of partial cleavage, that is, tract does
not penetrate the yolk mass.

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MESECTODERM: Mesenchyme derived from neural crests.
MESEN CEPHALIN (middle ♦ brain): The middle primary brain vesicle;
the mid brain.
MESENlCHYME (middle + infusion): Embryonic connective tissue
composed of branched loosely organized cells, often with the capacity to
migrate.
MESENTERY (middle + gut): A membrane that supports an internal organ
from the body wall.'
MORPHOLOGY (form + science): The science of relating and interpreting
observed structures.
MUCOSA (Juice): A tissue that contains or secretes mucus*.
MYELIN (marrow): The fatty sheath of a nerve fiber.
MYOCARDIUM (muscle + heart): The muscle layer of the heart.
NEPHRIC (kidney): Relating to kidney.
NEPHROCOEL (Kidney + hollow): The cavity of mesomere.
NEUROGLIA (nerve + glue): The supportive tissue of central nervous
system.
NUCLEUS (Kernel): The inner part, of a cell; an aggregation of nerve cell
bodies with central nervous system. OR Nucleus is a large globule, whose
substance is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. It consists watery
fluid as homogenous as the cytoplasm. It contains a special protein is colloid
solution (nuclei-protein or chromatin).
NUCLEI: Is an acidic substance, because the protein component is not
strongly basic while nucleic acid is quite strong acid.
ODONTOBLAST (tooth + germ): A cell that produces dentine.
OMENTUM (membrane): A membrane that joins one internal organ to
another.
OSTEOCYTE (bone + cell): A bone cell
OSTEODERM (bone + skin): A bone in the dermis of some reptiles.
OSTEON: A cylinder - within - cylinder structural unit of dentine or I bone.
PERICARDIAL (around + heart): Surrounding the heart.
PERICHONDRIUM (around + cartilage): The fibrous membrane covering
cartilage.
PERIOSTEUM (around + bone): The fibrous membrane covering bone.
PLASMA (something formed): The acellular component of blood or lymph.
PORTAL (gate): Said of a venous circuit that joins two capillary beds.

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PULMONARY (Lung): Relating to lungs
RETE (network): A network of small vessels or fibers.
RHINAL (nose): Relating to the nose.
SINUS (cavity or hollow): A cavity in a organ or tissue.
SINUS VENOSUS: The most posterior of the primitive heart chambers.
SINUSOID (cavity or hollow): An expanded capillary, as found in the liver
and certain glands.
SOMATIC (body): Relating to parts of the body other than the viscera.
STOMODEUM (mouth + road): Anterior invegination of the ectoderm that
comes to line the mouth.
SUPINATOR (to bend backward): A muscle that rotates the palms or soles
upward.
SYNAPSE (Junction): The junction of nerve with nerve or nerve with muscle
for the transmission of an impulse.
TENDON (cord): A tough cord or band of connective tissue serving to join a
muscle to a bone.
THROMBOCYTE (clot + cell): A kind of blood cell associated with clotting
process.
TROPHOBLAST (nourish + germ): The outer wall of the mammalian
blastocyst.
TUNICA (coat): A surrounding layer, as of a testis or blood vessel.
VEIN: A large vessel that carries blood toward the heart.
VENTRICLE (Small Cavity): As cavity of heart or brain.

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 POULTRY

Those Species of birds that render economic services to man

and reproduce freely under his care.
ABATTOIR: A slaughter house used for animals.
ABNORMALITY: Deformity in birds or eggs which can lead to rejection of
either when grading.
ACUTE: A disease which has a short and relatively severe course
ADULT-BIRD: Fully grown mature birds such as Layer, cock or cockerels
etc.
ANTHELMINTIC (VERMIFUGE): A product which removes worm
parasites from animals.
ANABIENT TEMPERATURE: Prevailing or surrounding temperature
under which birds exist.
ASPERGILLOSIS: Brooder pneumonia caused by the fungus
Aspergilius.
AUTOPSY: Inspection and partial dissection of a dead body to determine
the cause of death of animal.
AVIAN: Concerning birds and poultry.
BACTERICIDE: Product which kills bacteria.
BACTERIOSTATE: An agent which retards bacterial growth.
BRAILING: A technique used to prevent the the birds from flying. This may
be accomplished by tying one wing in a closed position with a bandage type
material.
BREED: A group of birds having a common origin and characteristics such
as body shape that distinguish them from other groups within the same
species.
BREECHING STOCK: Poultry producing eggs used for hatching.
BROILER: Young fast growing birds of either sex which mature at six to ten
weeks of age and weighing 1.5 to 2.5 kg usually of the meet type strain.
BROODER: It is a larger reflector (hover) under which young chicks may
kept to provides the heat.
BROODING: A young bird kept under hover where it must be provided a
source of artificial heat provided with feed and water in comfort management.

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BROODY: The condition of a hen when she is prepared to sit on eggs for
the purpose of incubation and when she becomes receptive to carrying for the
young. Both changes have taken place in the henis body and she ceases to lay
eggs during this period.
CANDLING: The process of examining an infect egg to determine interior
quality, shed soundness or stage of embryonic development. This is
accomplished in a dark place by holding the egg infront of a strong beam of
light and reciprocally turning the egg.
CANNIBALISM: The habit or vice of an animal in which they begin eating
on another animal.
CAPON: Castrated surgically male chicken.
CAPONETTES: Male chickens that have had their reproductive organs
(testes) made useless by the injection of estrogenic hormones. The testes
decrease in size and the secretion of testosterone hormone is inhibited.
CARCASS: The body of a dead animal whether slaughtered or died
naturally.
CURUNCLE: The red and blue fleshy unfeathered area of skin on the upper
region of the neck of a Turkey.
CHICK: a young chicken, pheasant turkey, geese, ducks or other game bird
from one day to eight weeks of age either sex.
CHRONIC: A disease of long duration.
CLUTCH: A batch of eggs laid by hen on consecutive days.
COCCIDIOSTAT: A drug incorporated in feed at iow levels and fed
continuously to prevent coccidiosis.
COCK: Mature male chicken about one year of age.
COCKEREL: A young male chicken from day of hatch to approximately one
year of age.
COMB: A fleshy outgrowth on the top of the head of a chicken, generally red
in colour and of various types and shapes.
CONFINEMENT: Practice of rearing birds completely housed so that they
spend their total time indoors.
CONGESTION: Excessive accumulation of blood in a part.
CONTAGIOUS: An infectious disease that may be transmitted readily from
one individual to another.
CULLING: It is a process of eliminating non-productive or undesirable
animals.

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DEBEAKING: Trimming of the beak involving removal of the upper one
third to one half of the mandible in growing and mature birds or about one
fourth of both mandibles in day old chicks and poults, to prevent cannibalism
DISEASE: Any departure from a normal stage of health.
DOWN: Soft fluffy type of feather located under the contour feathers and
serving the bird as an insulating material.
DRAKE: Mature male duck
DRESSING: Process of preparing poultry ready for consumer after ;
slaughtering, evisceration, cutting up and packaging.
DUBBING: Removal of comb, usually in single comb type birds; may I some
times include removal of wattles. This is usually performed in I young birds
from day of hatch to five or six weeks by the use of scissor,I with minimal
bleeding if trimmed close to head. .
DRINKER: A container used for providing water for birds.
DROPPINGS: Waster matter dropped from bodies of bird so called poultry
manure.
CROP: Enlarged gullet at the base of neck of bird in which feed is
temporarily stored before it passed to gizzard. .
DEBEAKER: A machine used in the removal of the beak of poultry.
DUCK: Mature female duck
DUCKLING: Young duck either sex, from day of hatch to about six weeks of
age.
EAR-LOBE: A rounded, some times pig merited area of skin below the
external ear canal of chicken.
EGG DIPPING:-The process of submerging eggs in an antibiotic solution
under specific conditions of time and temperature. The purpose is to reduce
or eliminate certain microorganisms on or within the egg.
ENCEPHALOMALACIA: A condition characterized by softefiing of the
brain in young poultry which is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin E in the
diet.
ENZOOTIC: A disease confined to a certain locality.
ETIOLOGY: Study of the cause of disease
EVISCERATION: Removal of internal organs during processing with
recovery of heart, liver and gizzard.
EXCRETA: Excreted material waste matter of animals.
FECUNDITY: The ability of an individual to produce egg or sperms
regularly.

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FEEDERS: Container for providing feed for a poultry flock.
FLOCK: A group of birds.
FOWL: Any bird but more commonly refers to the larger ones.
GANDER: Mature male goose
GiBLETS: Liver, heart and gizzard of slaughtered bird.
GOOSE: Mature female goose
GOSSLING: Young goose either sex, from day of hatch to about eight to ten
weeks of age.
GRIT: Hard insoluble minerals like sand, limestone, oyster shell, those helps
in grinding birds feed.
GROSS: A change in tissue which can be seen with naked eye.
GYNANDROMORPH: Both male and female plumage on the same bird. A
sex mosaic, One side (right) having male characteristics & plumage and the
other side (left) having female characteristics and plumage.
HATCH: Process which bring young birds from eggs by natural or artificial
incubation.
HATCHER: A machine or that portion of the incubator that is used for the
last 2-3 days of incubation and hatching of the eggs.
HATCHING: The process by which the fully developed fetus (chick) leaves
the protected environment of the egg and emerges into the birth, world.
HEN: A female fowl, mature which lays eggs.
INCUBATOR: A machine developed to provide the proper environment for
the development of the fertile egg and embryo into a chick or poult.
INFECTION: Invasion of the tissue by pathogenic organisms resulting in a
disease state.
INFECTIOUS: A disease produced by living organisms.
INGESTION: The taking in of food and drink.
INTRAVENOUS: Within the vein or veins.
LAYING: The expulsion of an egg. The term is commonly associated with
hens in active egg production.
LEG BAND: Aluminum or plastic bands that may be placed around the
shanks of birds for the purpose of identification. The bands may be in various
colours and numbered.
LESION: Visible change in size, shape, colour or structure "of an organ.

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UTTER: The accumulation of materials used for bedding farm animals e.g.
wooden dust or rice husk etc. are commonly used. The depth of litter should
be at least 2-4 inches.
MALNUTRITION: Any disorder of nutrition, commonly used to indicate a
state of inadequate nutrition.
MANURE: Faeces of birds.
HOVER: Brooder, boxes or metalic dome equipment used for providing
heat to young chicks.
HYBRID CHICKS: Resultant chicks from cross-breeding.
INOCULATION: Introducitoh of disease organism into a body to induce
immunity.
MASH: A form of a complete feed that is finely ground and mixed so that
birds can not easily separate out ingredients, which provides a well balanced
diet.
MINERAL SUPPLEMENT: A rich source of one or more of inorganic
elements needed to perform certain essential functions.
MECONIUM: The first excreta or a new horn animal.
MOULTING: The shedding and replacing of feathers in birds.
MORBIDITY: Sick rate of animals.
MORTALITY: Death rate of the animals.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: A progressive disorder marked by atrophy
and stiffness of the muscles.
NECROPSY: An examination of the internal organs of a dead body to
determine the cause of death, also called as the autopsy, postmortem.
ORAL: Given by mouth.
OVOTESTIS: Development of tissue on the inner right dorsal wall of the
female fowl, which normally only has a one functional ovary on the left side.
If the left ovary is destroyed the right side may develop this organ.
OVULATION: The maturation and release of an ovum.
PECTORAL: Pertaining to the breast
PELLET: A form of a complete feed that is compacted and extruded to
about 1/8 inch in diameter and 1/4 inch long, usually fed to poultry.
PEROSIS: A disease of chicks marked by bone deformities and associated
with deficiency of certain dietary factors such as: Folic acid, Chorine, Biotin
or Manganese. It is also called as Slipped tendon or hock disease.
PINIONING: Amputating the last joint of one wing.

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POTENTIATION: Process used to increase blood levels of specific
antibiotics generally by temporarily decreasing dietary calcium intake.
POULARDE: A bird that has had the ovary removed or destroyed and as a
result acquires male type plumage. This may occur at the time of molt and if
the ovary is reactivated the cock-like bird could lay eggs.
POULTS: A young turkey, after the sax-can be determined.
POULTRY: Species of birds that render economic services to man and
reproduce freely under his care. It includes all chickens, Turkeys, Ducks and
Geese as well as Swans Guineas, Pigeons, Pea fowl, Ostriches and Pheasants.
PREDISPOSE: To confer a tendency toward disease.
PROPHYLAXIS: Preventive treatment against disease.
PULLET: A female chicken less than a year old. Generally the term is
applied through the first laying year.
PULSE RATE: Normal for poultry ranges from 200-400 per minute.
ROASTER: A young chicken (meat type) weight more than 1.5 Kg
ROOST: A resting or lodging place for fowls.
ROOSTER (cock): An adult male chicken.
SETTER: a separate machine or that portion of an incubator utilized of eggs
from the onset of the incubation process to approximately 2-3 days prior to
hatching.
SETTING HEN: A broady hen in the act of incubating eggs.
STRESS: External forces producing behavioural upsets
TENECTOMY: Cutting the tendon that controls wing movement The cut is
made on the front side of the wing where its crosses the last joint.
UNIPAROUS: Producing only one egg or one offspring at a time
VACCINE: A suspension of attenuated or killed micro organisms (bacteria,
infectious virus, rickettsiae) administered for the prevention, improvement or
treatment of infectious disease.
VECTOR: The carrier fo a disease.
VENT: Cloaca of a bird.
WIGN BAND: Aluminum or plastic bands that are placed in the wing web I
area of the bird at day one of age. These may be of various colours and
numbered
ZOONOSES (Pleural is Zoonoses): Those diseases and infections that are
naturally transmitted between animals and humans.

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 ANIMAL NUTRITION

NUTRITION: The science enclosing a series of process by which food or

feed is taken in and absorbed in to the body of an organism which serves for
purpose of growth, work, maintenance and repair of the vital process.
BALANCED RATION: It is that ration which supplies several nutrients to
animal in proper ratio and amount which are actually required by the animal.
BREEDING RATION: It is that ration which is given to bull in addition to
maintenance ration for breeding purpose.
CAROTENE: A yellowish orange coloured hydro-carbon compound found
in many plants milk, body fat, which can be converted into vitamin A in the
body.
CONCENTRATE: May be defined as feed stuffs which are rich in TDN and
low in fibre content. Their main function in animal body is to supply the
energy to the animals.
DIET: Feed ingredient or mixture of ingredients including water, which is
consumed by animal.
DIGESTION: The act or process of converting food into chemical
substances that can be absorbed and assimilated or the subjection of a
substance to prolonged heat and moisture so as to disintegrate and soften it.
DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS: May be defined as those nutrients which are
easily digested and absorbed by the organism
FEED (Feed Stuffs): Any material of natural or artificial origin, feed to
animals for the purpose of sustaining them.
FEED EFFICIENCY (Feed Conversion): The ratio expressing the number of
units of feed required for one unit of production (meat milk, eggs) by an
animal.
FEED LOT: An area of land on which animals are fed or finished for
market. .
FLUSH: The practice of feeding females more generously approximately two
weeks before breeding.
FODDER: The fresh or cured plant containing all the seed heads. If any
grown primarily for forage It has been applied for more specifically to Corn
and Sorghum.
FOOD: May be defined as a material which supplies nourishment to the
body or provide nutrient to the body.

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FORAGE: Vegitative plants in a fresh, dried or ensiled state which are fed to
live stock.
FORMULA FEED: Two or more ingredients proportionally mixed and
processed according to Specialization.
HAY: Green forage harvested during the growing season and preserved by
drying for subsequent use during fodder scarcity period. '
INGREDIENT: A component part or constituent of any combination or
mixture making up a feed.
LEGUME: A plant member of leguminae family alfa, alfa clovers and similiar
crops, with the character of farming nitrogen fixing nodules of its roots, in this
way making possible the use of atmospheric nitrogen.
MAINTENANCE RATION: May be defined as that ration which is given to
animal for keeping good body health without gaining or loosing body weight.
MOLASSES: The thick, viscous by-product resulting from refined sugar
production or the concentrate partially dehydrated juices from fruits.
MON PROTEIN NITROGEN (NPN): nitrogen originating from other than
an amino acid sources but may be used by bacteria in the rumen to synthesize
protein NPN sources includes compounds like urea and anhydrous ammonia
which are used in feed formulation for ruminants.
NUTRIENT: May be defined as any feed constituents or group of feed
constituents in general, same in chemical composition that aids in the support
of life.
Function of nutrients:
 Nutrients provides, heat to maintain body temperature.
 Nutrients help to maintain physiological process.
 Nutrients help to repair worn out tissues.
 Nutrients are required for the production of milk, meat, wool and eggs.
PASTURE: A fenced area of domesticated forage, usually improved, on
which animal are grazed.
PRODUCTION RATION: It is that ration which is given to animal in
addition to maintenance ration for performing. The some type of work e.g:
buffaloes in milk, poultry in eggs.
RANGE (Range Land): Large, naturally, vegetated area of relatively low
productivity unfenced, grazed by live stock Range areas are too dry, poorly
drained, rough, elevated or other wise unsuited for farming.

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RATION: May be defined as 24 hours allowance of feed or mixture of feed
stuffs making up the diet, whether given at one time or in portions of different
times.
ROUGHAGES: Feeds that are relatively bulky, high in crude fiber low in
total digestible nutrients, opposite of concentrates their main function in
animal body is to satisfy the hunger of animal
RUMINATE: The act of regurgitating (back word flow) previously consumed
feed and chewing a soft mass of coarse feed particles, is called bolus of cud.
This process is important to stimulate additional salivation and to further
reduce feed particles size to allow passage of the material from the rumen.
SlLAGE: Green plant material preserved in a moist state in the absence of
air.
TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS (TDN): A term used to express the
energy value of feed stuffs or feed mixture. It is determined by the summation
of the digestible C.P + digestible C.F + digestible E-E times, 2.25 and +
digestible NFE, digestible nutrients represents approximate amount of heat or
energy presents in the feed stuffs.

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 DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

Dairy (s place where milk and milk products are made or handled.
Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purpose. Dairy Technology is defined as that branch of dairy science which
deals with the processing of milk and manufacturing of the milk products.
BLENDED MILK: Milk which has been modified in its composition so as to
have definite and stated percentage of any one or more of its constituents.
BUTTER MILK: The butter milk is a by product of the churning of sour
milk / cream during which butter is separated and remaining liquid is called
butter milk.
BUTTER: Butter may be defined as a concentrate, which is obtained by
churning cream, gathering the fat into a compact mass and then working.
CAROTENE: Yellow colour pigment and precursor of Vitamin A which
gives Yellow colour to milk.
CATALASE ENZYME: An enzyme which may cause the decomposition of
Hydrogen per oxide to water and inactive oxygen. In mastitis the bacteria and
leucocyte increase the catalase content of milk.
CHEESE: Cheese is a fresh or ripened milk product composed of varying
amounts of coagulate milk protein, fat, water and salts.
COLOSTRUM: The milk produced by an animal after parturition and for
the 3-10 milking, the composition of colostrum differs from normal milk that
it is lower in water, sugar and fat, and higher in, albumin, globulin and
minerals.
CONCENTRATED MILK: Concentrated milk is fluid unsweetened or
sweetened resulting from the evaporation of a considerable portion of the
water from milk.
CREAM: Cream is portion of milk which is rich in fat and contains not iess
than 18% milk fat.
CULTURED BUTTER MILK: It is a fluid product resulting from the action
of mesophil lactic acid producing bacteria or similar culture in pasteurized
skim milk.
DAIRY CHEMISTRY: It deals with the chemistry of milk and milk products
it includes analysis, composition. Physical and chemical properties, nutritional
aspects changes during processing, usefulness of dairy products.
DESICCATOR: A container to cool the warm sample in the absence of free
air

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EGGNOG: It is a milk product consisting of a mixture of milk or milk
products of at least 6.0% butter fat, 1.0% egg yolk solid, sweetener and
flavouring
ENZYME: An organic compound that brings about changes in other organic
compounds without itself being changed.
EVAPORATED MILK: Milk from which water has been evaporated and
has been heat treated to render it bacteriologically safe and stable.
FLAVOURED MILK: Drink popular with children and many adults are
made by flavouring milk with chocolate or fruit juices.
GOAT MILK: Goat milk is the secretion of mammary glands practically free
from colostrum obtained by the complete milking of healthy goats.
HEAVY CREAM: Heavy cream is cream which contains not less than 36%
milk fat.
HOMOGENIZED MILK: Homogenized milk is that milk in which the fat
globules have been broken mechanically by homogenizer. to such an extent
that they do not rise to the surface to form a cream layer.
HYDROGEN PER OXIDE: This is common preservative being used in
milk industry. One part in 10000 parts of milk is sufficient
KEFIR: Kefir is a sour milk product of the Caucasus in which Lactobacilli
and streptococci combines with a lactose fermenting yeast to give souring and
the formation of alcohol
KUMISS: Kumiss is the well known sour alcoholic drink of the people of
westen Siberia. It is prepared from mare milk which contains more lactose
than cows. After prolonged fermentation kumiss may contain up to 3%
alcohol.
LACTO PER OXIDASE: This enzyme act on hydrogen per oxide but
differs from catalase in liberating the oxygen in the active or nascent form. It
is inactivated by a temperature of 80"C
LACTOSE: It is the chief carbohydrate of milk. It is in the true solution in
milk. It is a disaccharide which on hydrolysis yields galactose and glucose. It is
not soluble in water as other sugars i.e. dextrose, cane sugar.
LECITHIN: A phospholipid in milk.
LIGHT CREAM: Light "cream which contains not less than 18% but less
than 30% milk fat.
LIGHT WHIPPING CREAM: Light whipping cream is cream that contains
not less than 30% but less than 36% milk fat.
LIPASE: Milk lipase is a mixture of several enzymes, a lipase is an enzyme
which acts on fats, freeing the fatty acids from their union with glycerol. It is
the cause of rancidity in dairy products.

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LOW FAT MILK: Low fat milk is milk from which a sufficient portion of 1
milk fat has been removed to reduce its milkfat content to not less than 0.50%
and not more than 2.0% .
MARKET MILK: It refers to fluid whole milk that is sold to individuals
usually for direct consumption.
MENISCUS: Curve in the fat column.
MILK: Milk may be defined as the normal secretion of the mammary glands
of mammals. Milk means the normal whole clean and fresh secretion
obtained by complete milking of the udder of buffalo during the period
between 15 days before and 5 days after calving.
MILK FAT: The milk fat is a mechanical mixture of several different fats. It
occurs in milk in extremely finely divided condition called fat globules and
present in milk in an emulsion form, when milk is shaken or agitated fat
globules unite to form butter lumps.
MIXED MILK: Milk obtained from more than one type of animals i.e. cow,
buffaloes mixed together.
PASTEURIZED MILK: Milk which has been heated at various
temperature below boiling point for variable length of time but sufficiently to
kill most of the active organisms present in it then immediately cooling to a
low temperature.
PASTEURISATION: It is the Process of heating every particle of milk
Pasteurization. In pasteurization milk is heated below boiling point at most of
pathogenic organisms and acid forming bacteria are killed at 72°C within 15
seconds or 63°C for 30 minutes.

PHENOL: a derivative of coal tar as carbolic add.

PHOSPHATASE: This enzyme is essential to the life of the bacteria
producing it. It has the property of liberating phenol from alcoholic esters of
phosphoric acid and the measurement of this free phenol indicates weather
or not milk has been pasteurized.
PHOSPHOLIPID: Belonging to the fats but contains a phosphoric acid and
choline radical.
PROTEASE: a protease is an enzyme which catalyse the hydrolysis of
proteins to produce protein fragments that is peptone, proteoses, amino acids
and ammonia. They aid in the ripening of certain cheeses.
RECOMBINED MILK: Recombined milk is reconstituted skim milk to
which butter oil has been suitably added to produce a milk with a desired fat
contents and with normal solid not fat contents.

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REDUCTASE: The quality of milk is determined by means of this enzyme
in the methylene blue reduction test. It reduces the methylene blue in the
presence of an aldehyde.
SANfTIZATION: Sanitization is the application of any effective method or
substance to a clean surface for the destruction of pathogens and other
organisms as far as practicable.
SEPARATED MILK: The rnilk from which most of the fat has been
removed by passing it through a cream separator. The amount of fat is usually
0.5 -0.1 % consisting of smaller globules that do not rise to form a cream
layer.
SKIM MILK: Milk from which all or a part of cream has been removed by
skimming
SOLVENT: The liquid used to dissolve a substance
SOLUTE: The dissolved substance
SOUR CREAM: Sour cream is a fluid or semi fluid derived from the souring
by lactic acid producing bacteria which contains not less than 0.20% acidity
expressed as lactic acid.
SOUR MILK: The milk is soured by adding starter or with the action of
lactic acid producing bacteria /culture eg Yoghurt or curd.
STANDARDISED MILK: Standardized rnilk is the milk in which without'
altering other constituents, Fat content is adjusted to predetermined value
between 2-3.5%.
STARTER: Starter means a culture of desirable microorganisms in some
nutrient material which is usually milk
STERILIZED MILK: Milk which can be heated above boiling point to kill
all types of organisms in it.
TONED MILK: It can be defined as addition of reconstituted skim milk to
• locally produced buffalo milk in order to reduce its fat contents or
increasing the content of solid not fat.
TURBID: Solution not clear.
U.H.T. MILK: Milk heated at ultra high temperature i.e. 143°C for 2 seconds
and packing it aseptically. It has shelf life of 2-6 months without refrigeration.
VISCOSITY: Resistance to flow offered by a liquid.
WHIPPED CREAM: Whipped cream is whipping cream into which air or
as has been incorporated.
WHIPPING CREAM: Whipping Cream is cream which contains not less
than 30% milk fat.

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WHOLE MILK: Freshly obtained unchanged milk is called whole milk or
milk from which none of its contents have been removed or taken out.

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 MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the branch of biological science which deals existence,

growth, multiplication and the activities of minute organi The microorganisms
are visible only with the help of a microscope more than 2000 times
magnifications.
Microbiology was coined by louis Pasteur. It deals witt morphology,
classification and physiology of the microorganisms with general conditions of
their activities which is dependent or transformation of matter in nature.
Microbiology is divided into various branches.
1) Bacteriology: Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
2) Virology: Virology is the study of virus.
3) Immunology: Immunology is the study of immunity an factors. '
ACTINOMYCOSIS: An infectious disease caused by Actinomyces isr in
human being and by Actinomyces bovis in cattle.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: The state of heightened specific immunity
acquired by exposure to a particular foreign antigen.
ADENOVIRUS: One of a group of viruses found in all parts of the w causing
disease of upper respiratory tract and conjuctiva.
ADJUVANT: A substance that can be added to a vaccine to slow dc its
absorption and increase its effectiveness.
AGGLUTINATION: A combination of antigen and antibody to form
relatively large clumps or flakes visible to the naked eyes.
ALLERGY: a hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to particular
allergen reexposure eliciting an altered capacity to react.
ALPHA TOXIN: a membrane active toxin produced by some strains
staphylococcus aureus.
ALPHA VIRUS: An RNA virus transmitted by insect vectors some varieties
cause encephalitis in human beings.
MONIFICATION: The formation of ammonia by the action of bacteria
proteins.
APHYLAX1S: An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction of an organism to
foreign protein or other substances.
ANTIBODY: The immunoglobulin product of B-cells and plasma cells that
combines specially with the antigen that activated the cell.

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ANTIGEN: a substance that activates T-cells or B-cells is able to combine
specially with the products they make.
ANTIVENOM: a proteinaceous material used in the treatment of poisoning
by animal venom.
ARBOVIRUS: Any group of viruses including the causative agents of low
fever, viral encephalitis and certain febrile infections.
ARENA VIRUS: Any group of morphologically similar, ether sensitive
viruses that seems to contain RNA.
ASEPSIS: Freedoms from infections
ATTENUATED VIRUS: is one whose pathogenicity has been reduced by
serial animal passage or by other means.
BACILLARY DYSENTERY: a form of dysentry caused by bacteria of the
bacillus form usual,shigella species.
BACILLUS: In general any rod - shaped bacterium.
BACTERICIDAL: Destructive to bacteria, leading to their irreversible loss
viaability,
BACTERIOPHAGE: a virus with specific affinity for bacteria.
BASOPHIL: a polymorphonuclear leucocyte which function in a similar way
to mast cells in the inflammatory response.
B-CELLS: a lymphocyte that originates in the bone marrow and matures
strains without influence of thymus.
CAPPING: The movement of adherent antigenic material to polar region of
a lymphocyte before it is internalized.
CELL-CULTURE: a growth of cells in vitro, although the cells proliferate
they don't organize into tissue.
CELL-ENVELOPE: The outer layers of the Gram negative bacterial cell
composed of the outer membrane and a peptidoglycan layer.
CENTRIFUGATION: The process of separating the lighter portions o
solution from the heavier portions by centrifugal force.
CHEMOTAXIS: The movement of cells in a particular direction response to
a chemical agent.
CLONE: a population of cells or organisms descended by mitotic division
from a common ancestor.
COCCUS: a spherical bacterial cell usually slightly less than 1 u diameter.

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COLIFORM BACTERIA: Gram-negative rods including Escherichia coli
and similar species that normally inhibit the colon. Coliform groups are
Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella species and other related bacteia
COLONIZATION: The process by which strains of bacteria become m of a
host as normal flora.
COLONY: a collection or group of bacteria in a culture derived from m
increase of an isolated single organism or group of organism.
COMPLEMENT: a complex series of proteins occurring in normal sera that
interact to combine with antigen antibody complex, producing lysis when the
antigen is an intact cell.
CORONA VIRUS: Any group of morphologically similar ether sensitive
viruses, probably RNA viruses causing infections bronchitis in bin
gastroenteritis in swine.
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS: An infection by crypto coccus neoformans (may
involve the skin, lungs or other parts but has a predilection for brain and
meninges.
CYANOBACTERIA: A major sub division of the prokaryotes all of which
carry out oxygenic photosynthesis.
DANE PARTICLE: A viral particle found in the serum of hepatitis B
patients, believed to be either the causative virus or a subunit of it.
DEATH PHASE: The stage in which-the viable bacteria in a population
decreases at an exponential rate.
DEFECTIVE VIRUS: A virus that cannot be completely replicated or cannot
form a protein coat.
DEGRANULATION: The process of losing granules said of certain granular
cells such as mast cells.
DEINTEGRATION: The process by which a viral genome is removed from
the host genome.
DNA REPLICATION: The process of copying the DNA double helix
exactly.
ELIPSE PHASE: In virology, that is period of the infective cycle during
which infected bacterial cells contain no detectable infective bacteriophage.
ENDOGENOUS INFECTION: Infection caused by reactivation of
organisms present in a dormant focus as occur in tuberculosis, histoplasmosis,
coccidiodomycosis etc.
ENDOSYMBIOSIS: The state achieved between a virus and its host cell in
which cellular division is inhibited but the cell is not immediately destroyed.

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ENTEROVIRUS: One of a sub group of the picornaviruses infecting the
gastrointestinal tract and discharged in the excreta including polio virus and
echoviruses.
ENVELOPE: An encompassing structure or membrane
EOSINOPHIL: a polymorphonuclear leucocyte important in resistance to
some parasitic infections
EPISOME: In bacterial genetics, any accessory extrachoromosal.
replicating genetic element that can exist either autonomously or integrated
with the chromosome.
ERYSIPELAS: a contagious disease of skin and subcutaneous tissue due to
infection with streptococcus pyogens and marked by redness and swelling of
affected area.
EUCARYOTIC: a complex cell type containing a highly structured
membrane bounded nucleus.
EXOTOXIN: a toxin substance formed by bacteria that is found outside the
bacterial cell or free in the culture medium.
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE: Microorganisms that are able to grow under
either anaerobic or aerobic conditions.
FILAMENTOUS PHASE: a type of long, slender bactenophage particle
replicating by a non lytic pathway
FLAGELLA: Plural of flagellum. organs of motility in some unicellular
microorganisms.
FLAVIVIRUS: a subcategory of togaviruses. The type species in the yellow
fever virus.
FUSIFORM: Spindle-shaped, descriptive of certain bacteria.
GENOME: The complete set of hereditary factors as contained in the
haploid assortment of chromosomes..
GENUS: a taxonomic category subordinate to a tribe and superior to a
species.
GRAM NEGATIVE: Losing the strain or decolorized by alcohol in Grams'
method of staining a primary characteristic of certain microorganisms.
GRAM POSITIVE: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol
in Grams method of staining, a Primary characteristics of certain
microorganisms.
GRAFT: Tissue transplanted surgically from one part of the body to another
or between individuals!
HALOPHILE: a microorganism that requires a high concentration of salt for
optimal growth.

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HAPTEN: a specific protein free substance whose chemical configuration is
such that it can interact with specific combining groups on an antibody.
HELPER VIRUS: a virus that aids the development of defective virus by
supplying or restoring the activity of 3 viral gene or enabling a defective virus
to form a protein coat.
HERPES VIRUS: Any of a large group of DNA viruses found in many
animal species with a nucleocapsid about 100 mu in diameter composed of
162 capsomeres and some times enclosed in a loose membrane
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: Acquired immunity in which the role of
circulating antibodies'( immunoglobulin) is predominant.
HYDROPHILIC: Readily absorbing moisture or mixing with water or
dissolving in water.
HYDROPHOBIC: Not readily mixed with water.
HYPERSENSITMTY: a state of altered reactivity in which {he body reacts
with an exaggerated response to foreign agent.
ID 50: Median infective erose being that amount of pathogenic
microorganisms that will produce infection is 50% of the test subjects.
IDIOTYPE: The pat of the V-region of antibody that including the binding
site.
IMMUNE COMPLEX: Antibody and antigen combined together.
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY: a state inherited or acquired in which the
immune system is deficient in a particular type of immune response.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN: a protein produced by B-cells and plasma cells.
Antibodies are immunoglobulins and consist of units comprising two units
identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
IMMUNOLOGY: The branch of biomedical science concerned with the
response of the organism to antigenic challenge, the recognition of self one
from self and all the biological, serological and physical chemical aspects of
immune phenomenon.*
INTERFERON: a group of proteins made by cells in response to viral I
immune infection or immune stimulation. They provide important 1
immunologically non-specific protection against virus infection.
INVASEVENESS: The ability of a microorganism to enter the body and to
spread more or less widely throughout the tissue.
IRIDOVIRUS; Any of a group of large morphologically similar DNA viruses
that infect the larvae of various insects.
KILLER CELL: a cell that can destroy tissue cells if they are first coated with
specific antibody.

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KUPFFER CELLS: Fixed macrophages embedded along the sinusoids of the
liver.
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: Bacteria of several groups specially the
streptococci and lactobacilli with fermentative metabolism producing large
amounts of lactic acid as a by product.
LAG PHASE: a brief period in the course of a bacterial culture specially at
the beginning during which the growth is" very slow or scarcely appreciable.
LD 50: Abbreviation for the median lethal dose, one that is fatal to 50°^ of
the test animals.
MACROPHAGE: Cell found in tissues descended from the blood
monocyte. It is very active phagocyte.
MAST CELL: a cell which adsorbs IGE onto its surface and releases
initiators of inflammation following contact with specific antigen. It is
responsible for the symptoms of anaphylactic allergy.
MEMORY CELLS: Specific lymphocytes primed by contact with antigen that
react more rapidly upon second contact with the same antigen. They may
persist for many years.
MESOPHILE: An organism that grows best at temperatures between 20°C
and 45°C.
MONOCYTE: a phagocytic cell derived from a bone marrow stem cell.It
circulates in the blood and is the precursor of macrophages.
MUMPS: a contagious myxovirus disease and conferring a resultant persistent
immunity.
MYCOPLASMA: Any member of the genus Mycoplasma.
MYXOVIRUSES: a general name for a large group of viruses including the
viruses of influenza, para influenza, mumps and new castle disease.
NATURAL IMMUNITY: The capacity of the normal animal to respond
immunologically by producing an active immunity following natural exposure
& antigen such as deistic. .
NEUTROPHIL: a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with chromatin and
cytoplasm containing five inconspicuous granules.
NORMAL FLORA: Those microorganisms normally resident on the skin
and mucous membranes that don't cause adverse changes by their activities.
O.ANTIGEN: The antigen that occurs in the lipopolysacchride layer of the
wall of gram-negative bacteria.
OSPONIN: An antibody that renders bacteria and other cells susceptible to
phagocytosis.

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OPSONIZATION: The rendering of bacteria and other cells subject to
phagocytosis.
ORTHOMYXOVIRUS; a subgroup of the Myxoviruses that includes the
viruses of human and animal influenza.
PAPILLOMAVIRUS: Any of a subgroup of the papova viruses causing
papillomata in cows, dogs, pigs and various other animals.
PARAMYXOVIRUS: a subgroup of the Myxoviruses, including the viruses
of human and animal influenza, mumps and new castle disease.
PARATYPHOID: A salmonella infection in which the symptoms are similar
to frose of true typhoid fever but the causative agent is a different species.
PHAGOCYTOSIS: The engulfing of microorganisms other cells arri foreign
particles by phagocytes.
POLYMYXOVIRUS: A DNA virus group, some of which have been 1
implicated in tumors of non-rumen animals.
POLYVALENT VACCINE: A bacterial vaccine prepared from cultures of
more than one strain or species of bacteria.
PROCARYOTE: An organism possessed of a simple cellular structure in
which the genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
PROVIRUS: The genome of an animal-virus integrated (by crossing over)
into the chromosome of the host cell and thus replicated in all of its daughter
cells.
PSYCHROPHILE: An organisms that grows best at low temperatures.
RADIO IMMUNOASSAY: Determination of antigen or antibody
concentration by means of a radio active labelled substance that reacts with
the substance under test.
RECEPTOR: a molecule which functions as a selective binding site for
another molecule of a different type.
REOVIRUS: a group of ether resistant RNA viruses formerly classified as a
subgroup of the echoviruses.
REPLICATION: Formation of new copies of a structure used in relationship
to the copying of new double helicles of DNA.
RETROVIRUS: RNA viruses all of which cause, their host cells to express
the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
RHABDOVIRUS: Bullet shaped or bacilliform RNA viruses including th6
viruses of vesicular stomatitis and rabies.
SALMONELLOSIS: Infection with certain species of the genus salmonella
usually caused by the ingestion of food contains the organisms or their
products and marked by the violent diarrhea tenesmus and paratyphoid fever.

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SEPSIS: The presence in the blood or other tissues of pathogenic
microorganisms or their toxins.
SEROLOGY: The study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.
SPECIES: a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus and superior to a
subspecies or variety.
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY: Immunity against a particular disease e.g. scarlet
fever or against a particular antigen.
SURFACE ANTIGEN: An antigen associated with the surface of a cell,
binding antibody to the surface.
TAXONOMY: The orderly classification of organism into appropriate
categories.
T-CELL: a lymphocyte that ordinate in the bone marrow and passed through
the thymus during its early maturation into an antigen reactive cell.
T-HELPER CELL: a class of T-lymphocytes that contribute to reactions of
other lymphocytes.
THERMOPHILE: An microorganism that grows at temperatures above
40°C.
T-LYMPHOCYTE: a lymphocyte functional in cell mediated immune
responsiveness.
TOLERANCE: The state of immunological unresponsiveness as is normally
the case with respect to the body's own tissues.
TUBERCLE: Any small, rounded nodule produced by infection with
mycobacterium tuberculosis.
VACCINATION: Administration of an antigenic materials-derived from a
microorganism or virus to induce the development of active immunity.
VACCINE: a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms
administered for the prevention, or treatment of infections diseases.
VIROID: An infective agent smaller than a virus consisting of nucleic acid
alone.
VIRION: The complete viral particle, found extra cellularly and capable of
surviving in crystalline form and infecting a living cell.
VIRULENCE: The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism as indicated
by case fatality rates and its ability to invade the tissues of the host.
YELLOW FEVER: An acute infectious disease due to a virus, transmitted to
human beings the acquire the infection either from human beings or from
animals.

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 PATHOLOGY

Pathology is the science which deals with the study of disease and is usually
summarized as the functional and morphological changes in the,tissues and
fluids of body during disease.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY: Deals with general mechanisms involved in
most disease processes.
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY: Deals with reactions of specialized tissues to
abnormal stimuli.
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY: Deals with Structural abnormalities of
cells and tissues detected by gross and microscopic examinations.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY: Is concerned with biochemical and
microbiological procedures performed on body fluids for diagnosis.
ACQUIRED DISEASE: The disease which has particular causes.
ATROPHY: Wasting, diminution in size and function of an organ or tissue.
.
ACUTE INFLAMMATION: It is the reaction of vascularized’living tissue to
local injury OR It is cellular response of living cells to local cell injury.
ANAEMIA: Disorder due to deficiency of erythrocytes, or low quantity of
haemoglobin content or both.s
ASTHMA: A condition marked by attacks of difficult breathing because by
spasmodic contraction of bronchi.
ATELECTASIS: In complete expansion or collapse of any part of the lung
or whole lung.
ACUTE: Condition of disease having short time period.
ABSCESS: A localized collection of pus, formed by the reaction of pyogenic
organism.
ANEURYSM: Local dilation of blood vessel, usually artery due to local I
fault in the wall, through defect, discare or injury.
APLASIA: Complete absence of an organ due to deficiency of the
development.
AUTOPSY: Examination of dead body for diagnostic purpose (seeing with
own eye).
APOPLEXY: Haemorrhage into an organ.
BIOPSY: Excision of tissue from living body for microscopic examination.

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BRADY CARDIA: Slowness of heart beat.
BENIGN: Tumour which is not t malignant and simple.
CALCIFICATION: Hardening of an organic substance by deposit of
calcium salt within it.'
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE: Communication of disease from body to body
(to touch)
CRISIS: Turning point of disease.
CYST: Are hollow tumours containing fluid and soft material.
COAGULATION: Is a process of solidification or semi-solidification of a
body fluid.
CONGENITAL DISEASE: The disease present from birth.
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: It is continued inflammation with attempts
of healing
CHRONIC: Condition / disease having slow process and long time.
CANCER: Any malignant, cellular tumour.
CARCINOMA: A malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells.
DISEASE (Dis - Ease): Deviation from normal health.
DEGENERATION: Deterioration in quality or function.
DIAGNOSIS: Art of distinguishing one disease from another.
DYSTROPHY: Any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition it may occur
in muscles, tissue or any organ.
DYSPEPSIA: Gastric discomfort after food.
DYSPHORIA: Restlessness.
DYSPLASIA: Alteration in size, shape and organization of cells.
ETIOLOGY: Study of causation of disease.
EMPYEMA: A collection of pus in a cavity or space.
EMACIATION: Excessive weakness or wasting of body tissue.
EMPHYSEMA: An abnormal presence of air in some part of body.
ENDEMIC: Recurring in a locality.
ENEMA: Injection of liquid in rectum.
EPIDEMIC: Simultaneous disease affecting many people on animals it an
area.
EMBOLISM: Obstruction of the blood vessels by the impaction of solid
body (eg. thrombi, fat globules).

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EMBOLUS: An agent which blocks artery or vein, it may be foreign
material/air bubbles, micro organism or fat.
GANGRENE: Necrosis accompanied by putrefactive changes.
GRANULATION TISSUE: This is newly formed vascular C.T, which is
produced in all reparative process associated with inflammation.
HYPERTROPHY: An increase in size.and volume of functioning cells.
HAEMATOMA: Swelling fluid with blood / presence of clotted blood in an
organ, tissue or space.
HAEMORRHAGE: Escape of blood from vessels.
HYPOPLASIA: This denotes arrested or incomplete development.
HAEMATEMESIS: Vomiting of blood.
HAEMOPTYSIS: Haemorrhage from the lungs
HYPERAEMIA: Excess of blood in an area.
HYPERPLASIA: Excessive formation of cells.
HAEMOPHILIA: Condition peculiar to males in which very milk injury
gives rise to extensive haemorrhage.
HEALING: Is process in which destroyed or lost tissues are replaced by
viable tissues.
HEPATOMEGALY: Enlargement of liver.
HEPATOMA: Tumour of liver.
INFLAMMATION: Reaction of living tissue to injury (infection or the
irritation), denoting a series of changes of defensive and repairative in nature.
INFECTION: Successfully invasion, establishment and growth of micro
organisms in tissue of host.
INFILTRATION: Abnormal accumulation within a cell of a substance which
are either not normally be found with in such cells or not in such proportion.
INFARCTION: Death of a section of tissue because the blood supply has
been cut off.
ISCHAEMIA: Deficient blood supply.
INFECTIOUS: A disease caused by specific pathogenic organisms capable of
being transmitted to an other, individually by direct or indirect contact.
INCUBATION : The period from entry of infection to appearance of first
symptoms.
LESION: Indicates macroscopic and microscopic changes, which occur in
cells and tissues during disease.

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LEUCOPLAKIA: A disease marked by development of white or grayish
patches on the mucous membrane of tongue and gums.
LEUKEMIA: Malignant disease of blood in which the number W.B.C is
highly increased.
LYMPHOMA: Any timorous condition in lymphoid tissues.
LYMPHOCYTOPENIA: Reduction of the no: of lymphocytes in the blood
LYMPHOCYTOSIS: An excess in no: of normal lymphocytes in th( Wood.
MUCUS: Viscous fluid secreted by mucous gland. MUCOPRULENT:
Containing mucus and pus.
METAPLASIA: Conversion of one type of tissue in to another (eg cartilage
into bone).
METASTASIS: Transference of disease from one part of body tc another
usually by blood or lymph.
MALIGNANT: Tumour which works in progress can not recover and ends
in death.
NECROSIS: Localized death of cells or tissue int he living body.
NECROBIOSIS: Gradual process of changes produced before death of the
ceils or tissue.
NECROPSY: Examination of dead body. NEOPLASM: Formation of new
cells (tumour).
OEDEMA (Dropsy): Abnormal infiltration of tissue spaces or serous cavities
with fluid. (OR) Presence of excessive fluid in the intersitiai] spaces or in the
body cavities.
PATHOGENS: Means any disease producing micro organisms on material.
PUS: It is an exudate, which is rich in dead and viable leukocytes, cell debris
with dead and viable microorganism.
PLEURAL EFFUSION: Refers to presence of serous fluid in pleural sac.
PNEUMOTHORAX: Refers to presence of air or gas in pleural sac.
PNEUMATURIA: refers to presence of air or gas in urine.
PROLIFERATION: Multiplication or reproduction of cells.
PUTREFICATION: Enzymatic decomposition, specially of proteins, with
foul smelling compounds.
PAPILLOMA: A benign tumour producing fingure-like projections.
PYELONEPHRITIS: Inflammation of kidneys and it's pelvis.

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SHOCK: Is an state in which blood supply to the tissues is inadequate to
meet the metabolic demands or the depression of vital power an account If
severe injuries or of great emotion of mind.
SWELLING: Transient abnormal enlargement of body part or area.
SYMPTOM: Any subjective evidence or sign of disease condition.
SYNDROME: A set of symptoms occurring together, or sum of signs of any
condition or disease.
SPASM: A sudden violent and involuntary muscular contraction.
SARCOMA: A malignant tumour made up of a substance like embryonic
connective tissue.
TUMOUR: An abnormal growth of tissue in which cell multiplication is
uncontrolled and progressing (or) abnormal growth of tissue which resembles
to normal tissue in structure, but which fulfil no useful function and grows at
expense of body.
TRAUMA: A wound or injury.
THROMBUS: The blood clot, formed inside blood vessels during life.
THROMBOSIS: Coagulation of blood (or it's constituents) during the life I
in any part of the cardiovascular system.
TUBERCULOSIS: Infectious disease due to species of mycobacterium and
is marked by formation of tubercles and necrosis in tissue.
TUBERCLE: Small wounded, granulomatous lesion produced by
myobacterium, it is characteristic lesion of tuberculosis.
TRACHYCARDIA: Abnormally rapid heart rate.
TRACHYPNEA: Very rapid respiration
ULCER: A breach on the surface of skin, or the surface of any mucous or
other membrane of a cavity of body, which does not tend to head.
VACCINATION: Introduction of antigenic material for purpose producing
active artificial immunity.
VACCINE: Suspension extract of dead on attenuated bacterial cells used
chiefly in prophylactic treatment of certain infections by production active
immunity.
WARTS: Are small solid growth, arising upon the surface of the ski mucous
membrane. The belong to the class of tumour and technically known as
papilloma.
ZOONOTIC: A disease of man transmitted through animal.

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 PHARMACOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology is the study of interaction of drugs with living system,
Pharmacology is also called as the study of drugs which includes physical and
chemical properties of drugs, compounding, biochemical and physiological
effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, transformation,
excretion and therapeutic and other use of drugs.
CARICIDES: A fluid or powder consisting of two or more insecticides
diluted at a recommended rate for use in a dip tank or spray to kill
ectoparasites.
IEROSOLS: Drugs are incorporated in a suitable solvent and packed under
pressure. Certain wound dressing agents and topical insecticides re used.
AGONIST: drug that possess affinity for a particular kind of receptors in the
cells and ability of produce a positive desired effect.
ALKALIES: Alkalies are used as disinfectants. The effect of alkalies is elated
to OH ion concentration. Alkalies inhibit the most of the species if bacteria.
It is also effective against virus.
ALCOHALS: Alcohals are good antiseptics and disinfectants. Ethyl alcohol is
most commonly arid widely used. Ethyl-alcohols is used in concentration of
70% for cleaning and disinfecting the skin, syringes, instruments etc.' -
ANAESTHETICS: Drugs which produce insensibility to pain.
ANALGESICS: Analgesics are the drugs used for relief mild and non specific
pain. These drugs are widely used in animals for relief of pain.
ANTACIDS: Drugs which adjust or neutralize the excessive acidity in the
stomach or reduce the acidity by inhibiting the gastric secretions e.g: calcium
carbonate, soda-bi-carbonate etc.
ANTAGONIST: Drugs that interact with the receptors or other
component of the effect or mechanism to inhibit component of the effect or
mechanism to inhibit the action of an agonist.
ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS: The drugs which destroy and eliminate
parasites (Helminths) are called as anthelmintic. Anthelmintic may
anticestodal, antinematodal, antitrematodal etc.
ANTIBIOTICS: Antibiotics are the drugs which are produced by one specie
of micro organism and kill or inhibit the growth of others. Some antibiotics
are bacteriostatic where as others are bactericidal. Bacteriostatic drugs do not
directly kill organisms but inhibit the grows and multiplication of susceptible
organisms. E.g: Tetracyline chloremphenicol, Lincomycin. Bactericidal drugs

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irreversibly damage an kill susceptible organism e..g penicillin streptomycin
etc.
ANTIBIOTIC SPECTRUM: Antibiotic spectrum is the range of activity as
compound. An antibiotic may be narrow or broad spectrum.
ANTIBIOTIC SYNERGISM: When two or more antibiotics are used in
combination, they may either exert greater bactericidal activity than give
singly.
ANTIDEPRESSANT: Drugs that produce psychic stimulation elevate time
mode of depressed patient. '
ANTIEMETIC: Drugs which sooth the gastric mucosa, relieve gastric pain
and control vomition and nausea e.g. atropine, koalin chlorpromazine etc.
ANTISEPTICS: Antiseptics are substances which kill or prevent tl growth of
microorganisms, which applied locally on living tissue.
ANTISILOGOGUES: Drugs which decrease the secretion of saliva e.g:
atropine.
APHRODISIACS: drugs or agent which increase the functional activity or
reproductive system in male and female. They also increase the body vigour
e.g: reproductive hormones.
ASTRINGET: Drugs which diminish secretion by producing shrinkage of
tissue specially mucous membrane or precipitating the protein e.g: tannic
acids.
BACITRACIN: It is active against bacteria of skin including streptococci,
staphylococci and clostridia, Bacitracin are sued as feed additive, ointments
and solutions for local use.
BITHINOL: It possess anthelmintic, bacteriostatic and antifungal properties.
It is highly effective against taeniasis, and railientina in dogs, cats sheep,
chicken etc.
BOLUSES: They are large compressed tablets or balls. Bolus provide a good
convenient means of administering drug in the solid form to horse and cattle.
BORIC ACID: Boric acid is weak germicide. It is non-toxic and non-irritant,
therefore it can be applied as antiseptic to delicate tissues such as eyes. It is
used as drying substance in the form of dusting powder.
CAPSULES: Capsules are made of a mixture of gelatin and glycerin.
Capsules are hard, soft, tasteless, easy to swallow and disintegrate rapidly in
the stomach.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE: It is widely used against liver-fluke in sheep
and cattle. It irritate the tissue therefore not more than 15ml is injected at one
site.This kills about 90% of mature flukes, it has also effect on some
immature fluke.Toxicity symptoms include diarrhea and convulsions.

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CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES: Those drugs which act directly on myocardium
and increase the force of cardiac contractions.
CARDIAC TONICS: Drugs or agents which improve the efficiency of the
heart in a slow and steady manner by increasing the tone nutrition of the
cardiac muscle e.g: digitalis.
CARMINATIVES: These are aromatic drugs which are used to expel the
gases from the stomach and intestine which are caused by the excessive
fermentation of feed stuff e.g. ginger, turpentine oil, carbolic acid etc.
CATHARTICS: The drugs which causes the evacuation of the bowel.
CHOLINERG1C DRUGS: These are the drugs which mimic the
parasympathetic stimulation.
CHEMOTHERAPY: It is the treatment of disease by pure chemical which
have specific effect on the pathogenic organisms without causing injurious
effect in the host,
CHLORAMPHENICOL: It is a white crystalline powder, bitter in taste
slightly soluble in water. Aqueous solution in water can be kept for one
month at room temperature. It is largely bacteriostatic and can bi bactericidal.
It acts by blocking protein synthesis. It is active against both G-ve and G+ve
and some viruses.
CHLORAL HYDRATE: It has been used I/V to produce surgical
anaesthesia in large animals, it is not satisfactory anaesthetic because it has low
pain relieving power and anaesthetic dose depress the respiratory centre and
vasomotor centre. It is highly irritant therefore care must be taken.
CHLORINE: Chlorine gas is potent poison and is used for disinfection.
Solution of chlorine in water have been used to clean wound to inhibit the
growth of bacteria.
COAGULANT: An agent that causes coagulation or clotting.
CREAMS: Creams consist of a drug in a water of emulsion, used for external
application.
DICHLOROPKEN: It kills the worms. It is used in dogs and cats against
tenia and dipilidium. It should be given after overnight fasting. Its toxicity is
low but may cause vomition.
DISINFECTANTS: They are the substances which prevent infection by
destruction of micro organism.Disinfectants are sued for sterilization of non
living objects.
DIURETICS: Drugs which produce an increase flow of urine purpose to
reduce the extracellular fluid volume and accompanying oedema, e.g:
potassium nitrate, aluminium hydroxide etc.
DOSE: The amount of proper portion of a medicine to be given at one time.

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 DRUG: Drug is any substance other than food stuff or mechanical agent
which produce changes in a living organism when used therapeutically then it
is a medicine, it produce harmful effects than this is poison.
DRUG ALLERGY: It is the situation in which antigen antibody reaction is
the base for unusual' response. The reaction may manifest itself as immediate
(anaphylaxis) or delayed hypersensitivity. Skin reaction are more common
which range from mild ash to severe dermatitis.
DRUG INCOMPATIBILITY: It means lack of agreement between drug or
improper combination of drugs which interferes with the elegance, usefulness
or safety of a prescription.
DRUG POTENCY: Potency of drug refers to the dose that must be
administered to produce a particular effect of given intensity. Potency is
influenced by pharmacokinetics.
DRUG SYNERGISM: This is a term applied to the combined action of two
drugs with similar pharmacological properties. The effect produced is greater
than the sum of the effect of each drug given singly.
DUSTING POWDERS: They are mixture of drugs in powder form used for
their absorbing or lubricating property.They are sued as antiseptics and
astringents.
ECBOLICS: drugs or agent which are used to increase the contraction of
pregnant uterus to help the expulsion of the fetus e.g. oxytocin, ergot, jalap
etc.
ELIXIRS: Elixirs are sweetened, sweetness and flavour helps to mask the
disagreeable odour. They are solvent of many drugs.
EMETICS: drugs or agent which excite the emesis cause vomition e.g:
sodium chloride, apomorphine etc.
ERYTHROMYCIN: Erythromycin is produced by streptomyces erethrens.
It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis. It is specially effective for the treatment
of staphylococcal infection of the respiratory tract, which are resistant to the
penicillin.
EXPECTORANTS: Drugs or agent which increase the respiratory tract
secretions and thereby reduce the viscocity of mucous and help its expulsion
e.g: Potassium Iodide, Ammonium Carbonate, Ipecac etc.
EXTRACTS: These are concentrated preparations of mostly vegetable drugs.
Percolation and maceration processes are used to prepare the extracts.
Percolation involves passing of a solvent over derived drug material while
maceration consist of soaking medicinal plant in solvent at room temperature
or high temperature.
GALACTAGOGUES: Drugs which stimulate, increase and maintain the
milk secretions e.g. Lactogenic hormone, prolactin etc.

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GENERAL ANAESTHESIA: Drugs that produce complete loss of
consciousness with abolition of pain sensation and most of refiex action eg
cyclopropane, ether, thiopentone etc.
GERMICIDE: Any agent which kills the germs.
HALOGENS: Halogens are potent antibacterial agents due to their affinity
for protoplasm e.g. Iodine, Chloride etc
HEMATINICS: Drugs which improve the quantitative and qualitative
condition of blood as regard to its numbers of RBCs as well as its
haemoglobin percentage in anaemia e.g. Vitamin B,2, folic acid, liver extract
etc.
HEMOSTATICS: Drugs or agent which are used to stop and control
bleeding. They are local (styptic) and systemic coagulants, e.g: Vitam K.
HEXACHLOROETHANE: It is highly effective against faciola hepatic. A
infection in sheep and goat. It is secreted in the bile ducts. In iow
concentration it only irritates the parasites but the higher concentration is
lethal to mature flukes. It should never be given to fasting animals as it may
damage the liver itself. This drug is given orally in the form of suspension.
HEXACHLOROPARAOXYLENE: It is excellent drug for the treatment of
liver flukes in sheep. It is effective against only adult worms. It is combine
with phenothiazine and is used for the treatment of liver flukes and Gastro
Intestinal trematodes in ruminants.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: It is beneficial of mechanically removing pus
and cellular debris as well as in providing limited germicidal activity it is more
valuable in infected tissues as cleaning agent and deodorant than a germicide.
HYPNOTICS: Hypnotics are drugs which depress the CNS of animals
moderately and produces normal sleep. During hypnosis animals are less
responsive to external stimuli Hypnotics are used in all species but their
major use is in dogs and horses. E.g: Barbiturates, Chloral hydrates,
Chlorobutanol etc.
IDIOSYNCRASY: Individual or peculiar susceptibility to some drug protein
or other agent.
INHALATION: Drugs in this route are used in the form of gases and
vapours (volatile).
IODINE: Iodine is used as antiseptic commonly in the form of 2% tincture
of iodine. When tincture of iodine is applied on the skin, it produces
minimal irritation,spread evently, dries slowly and kills 90% of the bacteria
present within three minutes.
IRRITANT: Irritant are drugs that reduce inflammation at their site of
application. They interfere with essential metabolic activity in the cells.

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KERATOLYTICS: Agents that soften Keratin and loosen cornified
epithelium. These agents are used in the treatment of corns, warts and fungal
disease of the skin e.g. Salicylic acid.
LAVAMESOL: These are broad spectrum antehelmintics for all animals and
are effective against nematodes in lungs and gastrointestinal tract by oral route
or subcutaneous. They act as blocking the metabolic pathway responsible for
the formation of ACT. The worms are paralysed and expelled.
LIDOCAINE: Lidocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic which is now
common use as an antiar rhythmic drug.
LIME: Lime is one of the cheapest disinfectant, it is used of disinfects the
animal houses as powder or thick solution .It may cause cracks in skin &
hooves. .I
LINIMENTS: These are liquid or semi liquid preparation of drug dissolved
in water or alcohol. It applied over the skin by rubbing and innuctions. They
are mostly used to relieve muscle or tendon pain.
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS: Local anaesthetics block the conduction I
nerve impulses when applied locally to nerve tissue in effective concentration.
Local anaesthetics provide relief from pain by blocking the conduction of
sensory nerve impulses from affected part to the cortex of the brain.
LOTION: Lotions can be used as antiseptics and gargles. It is applied to skin
without rubbing.
LYE: Lye contains 94% Sodium Chloride. It is very effective disinfectant and
kills most of pathogens including foot and mouth disease viruses! bacteria. It
also kill parasites of domestic animals.
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE: Magnesium Sulphate in dilute, aqueous
solution has been injected I/V to produce surgical anaesthesia in animals If it
is used alone it has not been satisfactory. Magnesium Sulphate is slowly
absorbed from intestine but rapidly excreted by the Kidney. Magnesium
Sulphate provides more rapid onset of central depression which prevent
more reflex excitement.
MALATHION: An organic phosphorus insecticide used for the control of
external parasites in cattle. It is relatively safe since it is detoxified by the
Liver.
MANDELIC ACID: A urinary antiseptic, effective in acid urine.
METHYCILLIN: A semi synthetic penicillin resist to pencillinase.
METROLOGY: It deals with the study of weight and measures as applied to
the preparation and administration of drugs.
NATAMYCIN: Art antibiotic used for the treatment of ring worm in cattle.

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NEOMYCIN: Neomycin is amino glycoside, bactericidal antibiotic. It is
effective against E-Coli, Salmonella, klesbciella, shigella. Enterobacteri and
proteins species, it is administrated orally, parentally, and topically. Neomycin
is similar in action as streptomycin.
NEMBUTAL (Pentobarbitone): A white crystalline powder, soluble in water
and used for its narcotic and anaesthetic effects.
MICLOFOLAN (Rilevon-M): It is also called as menichlopholon and \t
analog of hexachlorophene. It is affective against mature flukes in sheep and
cattle. It is excreted in milk for 5-days.
NICLOSAMIDE: Niclosamide is effective against tape worms, in mar dog
and cats. Purgatives is not need. It inhibit the absorption of glucose of tape
worms and the metabolism which results in killing of worms over night fasting
is recommended to administration.
NITROFURAZONE: A drug of value in the control of coccidiosis. It can be
given in mash to poultry.
NOXYTHIOLIN: A drug useful when antibiotic resistant organism
contaminate a wound.
OINTMENTS: These are semi solid greasy preparations applied local to
skin or mucous membrane. They are spread over the skin or may be rubbed
to it. Basic used are wool fat, lord, petroleum etc.
OXYCLOZANIDE: It is effective against liver fluke and is less toxic, there
are no special dietary to enquirements.
PARENTERAL: Parental means administration of a substances other than
gastrointestinal tract It includes various injections such as l/venous;
I/muscular, I/dermal etc.
PENICILLIN: Penicillin is narrow spectrum antibiotic. It is produced by
various strains of penicillin notatum and penicillin chrysogenium. Most
commonly the penicillin is given intramuscularly.
PESSARIES: They are compounds of drugs made up with a basis ( coco
butter and some antiseptic elements which are used into the natural cavities of
the body so that they dissolve slowly. They are mainly used for uterus and for
teat canals of the mammary gland.
PHARMACODYNAMICS: It is the study of physiological and biochemical
effects of drugs and their mechanism of action, it is concerned with the
characterization of action and effects of the drugs in normal animal. It is also
called as experimental pharmacology.
PHARMACOGENETICS: It is the study of effect of genetic constitution of
drug action.

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PHARMACOGNOSY: A descriptive science which deals with the properties
and identification of crude drugs and is related to the knowledge chemical
and physical characters and source of drugs.
PHARMACOKINETICS: It deals with the fate of drugs in the body
including the process of absorption, distribution; localisation in tissues,
biotransformation and excretion of drugs.
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS: It is the application of drugs in the
diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease.
PHARMACY: Pharmacy is concerned with the collection, preparation,
compounding, standardization, and dispending of drugs.
PHENOL (Carbolic Acid): It is protoplasmic poison. It destroys various
types of cells but some bacterial cells are resistant to dilute solution. It is used
chiefly to cauterise infected areas such as infected umbilicus of new born
animals It is used as antiseptic in dilute solution but it is highly .irritant. It is
valuable disinfectant but too expensive to be used in this purpose,
PHENOTHIA2INE: Phenothiazine is thiodiphenylamine and is used in the
form of dispersible powder. Phenothiazine is effective against most of the
nematodes. It is used of the control of the stomach worms and nodular
worms. Phenothiazine given pink colouration to the milk, although such milk
is safe for human consumption but is discarded merely due to colouration.
PHENYL BUTAZONE: An analgesic for the relief of pain associated with
inflammation of joints and muscles. It can be given orally or Intra Venous.
PILLS: Pills are prepared by mixing powdered drugs with sticky substances
(honey and glucose). Pills are composed of active drugs and mostly used in
small animals like dog and cat
POLYMYXIN: Polymyxins-8 are highly active against G-ve organisms i e
Brucella, Pasteurella etc. These are bactericidal and act by altering cell
permeability. It is used in ointments or solutions tor topical use.
POSOLOGY: Posology deals with the study of dosage of medicines.
POWDER: Powder is the simplest form and may represent one drug or a
mixture of various drugs. Lactose is used in mixing the- powders and
development of taste
PURGATIVES: Purgatives are drugs which cause marked in intestinal
mortality resulting in defecation e.g. Jalap, Castor Oil etc.
SANTONIN: Santonin is vermifuge and worms are expelled alive, the
anthelmintic activity is due to gamma lactose ring. It paralysis the parasite. In
therapeutic doses is effective against the ascarids of horse, cattle dog and cat.
the treatment may be continued for 2 or more days.

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SEDATIVES: Sedatives are used to quiet the animals that is excited by the
change in its surrounding or by some usually procedures as physical
examination of animals.
SIALAGOGUE: Drugs which increase the secretion of saliva. The aim of
sialagogue is to improve the digestion or appetite
SIDE EFFECTS: The term is used of therapeutically undesired but
unavoidable effects of drug. They are predictable on the basis of known
pharmacology of the drug. Side effects are not regarded as ill effects.
SPRITS: Sprits are usually alcoholic solutions of volatile drugs. Their action
is mostly due to their alcoholic content (90%) rather than the drug contained.
STOMACHIES: The drugs increase the flow of gastric juices used for the
improvement of appetite. They act on taste buds under the tongue and
pharynx, e.g. Ginger, mustard oil etc.
STREPTOMYCIN: Streptomycin are narrow spectrum antibiotics. It is
amino glycoside and is commercially prepared as white crystalline substance.
Streptomycin is active against G-ve organisms but some G+ve leptospira are
also affected.
SULPHONAMIDE: Sulphonamide are derivatives of sulphanilamide. One
those sulphonamide have antibacterial activity which have free para amino
group. Sulphonamide resist the growth of bacteria and allow the normal
phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy the invading microorganisms.
SYRUPS: Syrups are nearly saturated (85%) solutions of sucrose in water
other syrups include orange, lemon etc. They are demulcent or soothing to
the mucous membrane and are often used as vehicle in cough medicines.
They also contain flavouring agent.
TABLETS: Tablets are common is use and are made by compressing the
powders mechanically. Tablets contain one or more active drugs and an in
active binder. Some drugs in tablet form may be irritating to stomach or may
be destroyed by gastric juices.
TETRACYCLINES: Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics. These are
effective against G-ve as well as G+ve organisms. They are also effective
against spirocheats, rickettsial, certain large viruses and antiprotozal activity is
also observed.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX: It is the measures that relates the degree of safety
of particular drug under given conditions. It is calculated by dividing LD-50
(Median lethal dose) by ED-50 (median effective dose).
TINCTURES: Tinctures are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of volatile
drugs 20-90% dilute alcohols are used for tincture formation.

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TOLERANCE: When a drug is administered regularly over a period of time
a staqe will come where animal fails to respond to the ordinary dose of a drug
so increased doses are required to maintain as steady level of response.
TOXICOLOGY: It is the study of poisoning. It is concerned with the
adverse toxic effects of therapeutic agents administered in excess and
substances having only a toxic action.
TRANQUILLIZERS: Tranquillizers are also called as ataracfic agents.
Ataraxia means not disturbed, perfect peace or calmness of mind. The
tranquillizers are not sedative in strict sense of sedation caused by chloral
hydrate or barbiturates.
URINARY ANTISEPTICS: Drugs which prevent the multiplication of
microorganisms in the urinary passage directly through antibiotics and
indirectly by altering the urine reaction i.e: pH. Eg Antibiotics, Acidifiers,
Alkalises etc.

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 PARASITOLOGY

Parasitology is the science of studying the dependence of one organism

(parasite) on the other (host) for existence and protection. (OR)
Parasitology is science which deals with parasitism, which inturn indicates
association which is formed, between animals of different species.
Parasitology is now a multi-disciplinary subject which embraces the field of ,
biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, immunology, pharmacology, etc. but
emphasis has been made on morphology, biology, its pathogenic effect and
control measures.
ACARUS: This is a term that refers to a parasitic mite which belongs to order
Acarina, class Arachinda, and phylum Arthropoda.
ACARINA: This is an order of class arachnida. It includes the mange mites,
harvesting mites, follicular mites, flour mites, etc.
ACARICIDES: Chemical/drugs /medicines which are effective against
ectoparasites such as ticks and mites are called acaricides.
ANTHELMINTICS: Chemicals / drugs / medicines effective against
helminths such as Cestodes, Trematodes and Nematodes are known as
anthelmintics.
ANTIMONY: A metallic element which belongs to a class of heavy metals.
Antimony compounds are used in veterinary medicine against parasites.
ARACHNIDA: This is one of the classes in phylum Arthopoda. Ticks and
mites are the examples that belong to this class.
ASUNTOL: This is chemical product belongings to the organo-phosphate
compound. Asuntol is used as spray to kill ticks.
AVIAN MALARIA: A kind of malaria caused by Plasmodium gallinaceum
in poultry. Fever and congestion of comb are the main symptoms of this
world-wide infection.
AMOEBIASIS: Amoebiasis is an infection cause by Entamoeba histolytica
(a protozoan parasite). Amoebic dysentery is the main symptom in this
disease.
AMOEBIASIS CUTANEOUS: Infection of E. histolytica in the skin, usually
on chest and face, this occurs as secondary infestation.
AMEOBiASIS HEPATIC: Infestation of E.histolyica in the liver causing
liver abscess.
AMOEBIASIS INTESTINAL: Infestation of E. histolytica in the large
intestine.

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AMOEBIASIS PULMONARY: Infestation of E. histolytica, in the lungs.
ANAEMIA: A condition where the level of RBCs is less than normal.
Anaemia is one of the frequent symptoms in parasitic infections.
ANAPLASMA: These organisms found in the red blood cells of the cattle.
Anaplasma cause the anaplasmosis, which is characterized by fever, anaemia
and jaundice. Infection is transmitted by ticks or mechanically by bitting
insects or even by contaminated hypodermic needles or surgical instruments.
ANAEMIA HAEMOLYTIC: Anaemia caused by the destruction of RBC as
in case of malaria where red blood cells are destroyed by the plasmodium
parasite.
BEBESIA: A protozoan parasite belonging to the order Haemosporidia, class
Prioplasma. and phylum protozoa. !t is also called as Piroplasm. The parasite
is found in the Rbc of the host animal and cause "Red Water fever" in cattle.
The parasite is carried to the host animal through ticks.
BALANITIDIUM: A protozoan parasite belonging to phylum protozoa. It
causes infestation of large intestine where it causes ulceratjon of the wall of
intestine, giving diarrhoea and finally dysentery. The parasite is reported to be
found in large intestine of man, monkey and pigs. The infective stage of these
parasites reach the host through contaminated drinking water.
BILHARZIOSIS: Name of tropical disease caused by three Trematode
species of genus Schistosome also known as Bilharzia worms.The adult
parasites are found in the portal mesenteric veins. One species (Schistosome
haematobium) is preferably found in the veins of urinary bladder and an
other species (Schistosome nasalis) is found in the nose of cattle and
buffaloes. There are some 18 species of schistosome parasites which are
virtually found in all domesticated animals, and men.
BIRD LOUSE: Lice belonging to order Mallophaga attacking birds are
known as bird louse. These lice eat on the feathers of the host birds and shed
the cells from the skin of the bird.
BIRD MALARIA: In tropics, Plasmodium gallinaceum. Plasmodium dura
and certain other plasmodium species cause malaria in birds The disease is
transmitted by mosquito bites. The birds suffer from severe anaemia and lay
greenish droppings
BLACK DISEASE: It is a combined attack of immature liver fluke and
clostridium oedematious bacteria. This is the infectious disease found in
cattle and sheep. The animal shows necrotic hepatitis The host is generally
found dead in early morning. The unchewed food between the teeths or lips
is generally seen after death which is an indicative of death during eating.
BLACK WATER: A type of fever caused by Piroplasmal parasite such Fever
as babesia where haemoglobin from Red Biood Cells is released into plasma
and makes the urine dark

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BLOW FLIES: A group of flies belonging to phylum arthropoda, class
insecta. They are responsible to cause Blowfly myiasis in sheep. The flies lay
their eggs in the wool where they may cause Tufts of the wool.
BOT FLIES: They are the flies belonging to the phylum arthropoda. class
insecta. The maggots of these flies live a parasitic life on the skin of the horse,
and sheep.
BUFFALO FLY: A fly (Lyperosia exigus) of phylum arthropoda., class
insecta which produce irritation in the buffalo.
BUFFLAO GNAT: They are also known as black flies.The swarms of these
flies attack cattle. The serious bites of the buffalo knats can lead to death.
BONOSTOMIASIS: This is a disease caused by Bonostomum.
CANINE BABESIOSIS: A disease caused by Babesia canis which is a
protozoan parasite. This is also known as Tick Fever in which ticks play the
role of vector.
CANINE FILARIASIS: A disease in dogs caused by Dirofilariasis immitis,
commonly called Heart, worm. The larval stage of this worm is transmitted
through mosquitoes, the host where the adult parasite develope right part of
the heart but the kidney and urinary tract may also be affected.
CANINE NASAL MITES: Mites such as Pneumonyssoides caninum, have
been recovered from the nose region of the dogs Such mites cause irritation
around the nose which stimulates the host to rub its nose against any object.
The rubbing may result into the oozing out of the blood.
CARRIER: An intermediate host responsible to pass the infective stage to
another host is called carrier.
CHAGAS DISEASE: The disease caused by Trypanosome cruzi is called
Chagas disease. This is seen in children and young animals where it reaches
through blood sucking bugs. The disease causes death after heart failure.
CHEYLETIELLA: This is the scientific name of mite which infects the dogs
skin and is a serious cause of irritation and itching.
CILIA: Fine small threads like locomotory organs of many parasites
belonging to class ciliata of phylum arthropoda. The locomotion with cilia
generally is faser eg: Balantidium coli.
CLAWS: Nail-like locomotory organs of lice.
COCCIDIAN PARASITES: Parasites belonging to class coccidia of phylum
protozoa. These parasites are also known as eimeria parasite. These parasites
are one of the major burning problems of poultry in Pakistan (See Eimeria
for detail).

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COCCIDIOSIS: The infection of the Eimena parasite which enter the host
due to ingestion of food or drinks contaminated with oocysts. The symptoms
of the infection include anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhoea.
CESTODES: Cestodes are long segmented and tape like hence called, tape
worms, they are dorsoventrally flattened. The size vary from a few millimeters
to several meters. Adult worms are found in the intestinal canal of animal and
man e.g: T. saginata, Echinococcus granulosis etc.
COCCIDIOSTAT: Drugs which are used against coccidial infections are
called Coccidiostat. The drugs are administered through mixing in food or
water.
COMMENSALISM: A type of relationship between host and parasite where
the parasite receives benefit without causing any damage to the host.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: Diseases which could be communicated
from one organism to the other are termed as communicable diseases. The
alternate term used for communicable diseases is Zoonosis. The Hydatid cyst
disease (Hydatidosis) is one example in which the disease is communicated
from animals to humans.
DEFALCATION: Coming out of faecal material is known as defalcation. In
most of the parasitic infection cases examination of faeces is one of the best
diagnostic aid. Such as in Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, and Ascariasis.
DEFINITIVE HOST: Animal in which the parasite becomes mature and
starts reproducing.
DEPILATION: The destruction of hairs as in case of mange mite infestation.
DEPLUMING SCABIES: A type of parasite induced mange in poultry birds.
During this condition, the affected birds eat their feathers from skin
attachment.
DERMATITIS: Inflammation of skin known as dermatitis. This condition is
generally observed in Eczema.
DESQUAMATION: A condition in which the host infested by parasitic
mites, scall off the upper most surface of skin.
DETERGENTS: chemicals that are used for cleaning the body of
animals.Regular application of detergent prevents animals from ecto-parasitic
infestation.
DIPS: Dips refers to the range of chemical substances which are used against
ectoparasites. Variety of dips are available and are administered in many
ways.
DIFILARIASIS: It is a parasitic disease caused by Difilaria immitus
commonly known as "Dog Heart Worm". The larvae is transmitted by :
mosquitoes or gnats to the dogs where tie adult parasite lives in the right side

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of heart. The parasite produces endocrinitis, cough, weakness of hind leg,
tough beating anemia and emaciation. The presence of this parasite is
confirmed by thin and thick blood films.
DRACUNCULIASIS: A parasitic disease produced by tape worm.
Dracunculis medenesis. The parasite is commonly known as Madina worm
and Guinea worm. The parasite is reported to infect man, dogs and cattle in
various parts of the globe.
DUSTING POWDER: The poultry birds infested by ecto-parasites are
generally treated with dusting powders. The powder contains anti parasites
which are effective against lice, ticks, and fleas.
DWARF TAPEWORM: This is an alternative name of a nematode parasite
Hymenoleps nana. The adult parasite lives in the gastro-intestinal tract of
humans where the infection reaches through contaminated food.
EIMERIDAE: These are mainly intracellular parasites of the internal
epithelium. Schizogony and gametogeny occur within the host, and
sporulation or maturation of the fertilized zygote, usually takes place outside
the host. Although. three genra Eimeria,, Isospora and cryptosporidium are
of considerable, veterinary importance.
EHRLICHIA: Member of this genus Rickettsia are found in the blood
Leucocytes a intra-cytoplasmic inclusions and characteristically product a
short febrile illness associated with leucopenia. The most important! species
are E.Phagocytophila and E.Canis.
ECHINOCOCCUS: Echinococcus is the smallest of all the tape worms! but
also the most dangerous for man and animals. The size off Echinococcus is
1.1-6 m.m in length. The scolex which is equipped with a double row of
hooks (enables the parasites to attach themselves and deeply between the
intestinal Villi).
ENDOPARASITES: Those parasites which live inside the body of the host.
e.g: Round Worms, Tape Worms, etc.
ECTOPARASITES: Those parasites which live outside of the body of the
host. Example: Lice, Tick, Flea, etc.
ENGORGED: Distention of a feeding female tick with blood. It does not
occur in male tick.
EPISTOME: The roof of gnathosomal tube is called Epistome in hard ticks
which are totally covered by a hard body surface.
ENTOMOLOGY: Entomology is the branch of science which deals with the
study of the insects. This term is commonly known as the study of arthropods
which lead parasitic life on animals example : Tick, Lice, Flea, etc.
FACULTATIVE PARASITE: Lives a parasitic life when opportunity arise or
which can live entirely as saprophyte.

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FORAMINIFERA: An order of Sarcodina protozoans with slender branchial
pseudopodia that are extruded through holes in their calcareous shells.
FESTOON: Rectangular raised areas separated by grooves occurs on the
posterior edge of hard ticks of certain species.
FILARIFORM: This term applied to the oesophagus of a larval nematode,
when it is compared with the length of the larvae and is not dilated posteriorly
into a bulb. It is also applied to the larvae when its Oesophagus shows these
characteristics.
FLAGELLUM: A whip like extension of certain cells with a basal body at its
base, whose beat causes locomotion or movement of fluid over the cell.
FLEAS: The fleas are small wingless, blood sucking parasites. The body is
laterally depressed. All adult fleas feed only on blood and thus cause intense
irritation and often allergic dermatitis. Fleas also act as carrier of disease.
FLIES: Flies belong to class insecta and due to their different feeding habits
they are known as piercing or biting species The purpose of piercing and
biting is to suck the blood of the host, during sucking the pain is given to the
host and inject poisonous or irritating substance by their mouth parts,
Example: Black flies, sand flies etc.
GIARDIA LAMBIA: This organism is bilaterally symmetrical and possess
eight flagella. It possesses a large adhesive, disc on the flat ventral surface of
the body which facilitates attachment to the epithelial cells of the intestinal
mucosa. Garidia causes the chronic diarrhoea in domestic animals called
Limbliasis.
GLOSSINA: This genus is considered here as a number of the family
muscidae. Members of this group of biting flies are commonly termed as
tsetse flies.
HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS: This is a round or oval parasite 6.0-20
um in diameter. It present in the lumen of the caecum and liver.It bears a
single flagellum. In young turkeys it cause the disease known as infectious
enterohepatitis, histomoniasis or black head.
HYDATID CYST: If the germinal layer instead of producing a number of
scolices, produce brood capsules in which scolices develop it is known as an
echinococcus or hydatid cyst.
HORSE FLIES: Horses Flies are large with powerful wings and large eyes
losses are due to annoyance and loss of blood Horse flies transmit the disease
surra, nagana, anthrax, anaplasmosis etc.
HORSE FLiES: Horses Flies are large with powerful wings and large eyes
losses are due to annoyance and loss of blood Horse flies transmit the disease
surra, nagana, anthrax, anaplasmosis etc.

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 HABITANT: The place where an organism normally lives or where
individuals of a population live.
HAEMOCELE: In arthropods the body cavity or haemocele is an expanded
part of the blood system.
HELMINTHIC: These parasites are multicellular, bilaterally symmetrical
animals having three germinal layers. Helmintic includes cestodes, nematodes
and trematodes.
HELMINTHOLOGY: Helminthology is the branch of science which deals
with study of helminthic.
HOST: An organism which provides shelters and food to other organisms.
HYPOBIOSIS: Arrested growth or development of larval or adult parasites.
HYPOPHARYNX: In insects a tubular out growth from the base of labium
which bears the salivary ducts.
HYPOPUS: Immobile nymphal stage in ticks and mites wi.th ventral suckers
of claspers for attachment to insects or other animals,
HYPOSTOME: Lower part of mouth of ticks with retroose teeth with which
the tick anchor itself to host.
HIPPOBOSCA: Members of this genus have wings and are commonly
known as forest flies. Adult flies are 1.0 cm long and are generally pale
reddish brown with yellow spots on the abdomen. Hippobosca may be a
source of great irritation and annoyance to animals.
INFECTION: Establishment of a parasite within a host.
INFESTATION: It refers to the presence of external parasite.
INTERMEDIATE HOST: The organisms which harbours the larval stages
of the parasite. In some cases larval development are completed in two
different intermediate hosts.
INSECTS: The body is divided into three regions i.e: head, thorax and
abdomen. In the head region a pair of antenae is present which is sensory in
function. From thorax region three pair of legs arise so the insects are known
as hexapod. The body is covered with a hard covering called as exoskeleton
E.g: Flies, Lice etc.
KINETOPLAST: A small granule in trypanosomes and related protozoa
which stains with nuclear dyes. It is modified part of the mitochondrion and
contains DNA.
KEDS: Keds are wingless insects and have six legs. It is about 1/2cm long.
Keds are brown or reddish colour and covered with short bristly hairs.They
such the blood of host and causing the anaemia. Most damage is done
however by intense irritation,rub and scratch thus damaging the fleece.

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LEISHMANIA: Members of this genus are intracellular parasites of
macrophages in man, dog and wide variety of wild animals. The disease they
cause leishmaniasis has both cutaneous and visceral forms. Their vectors are
blood, sucking sand flies in which the parasites undergo morphological
transformation and multiplication.
LIVER FLUKE: It is also called as Fasciola hepatica a parasite, flat worm,
chiefly occurring in cattle,, sheep, goats, and buffaloes. The adults are about
18-30 mm long and 4-13 mm broad. They are flat and resemble a lateral leaf
in outline. Their colour is dirty grey to brownish. The mature liver fluke live
in the bile ducts of the liver and immature forms in the tissue of the liver itself
some times they occur in other organs. In cattle it causes a chronic
inflammation of the liver and bile ducts accompanied by digestive
disturbances, loss of condition and genera! reduction in productivity.
LICE:The lice are small and wingless insects. They are of variable size and
colour but all are flattened dorsoventrally. Most are blind but a few species
have primitives eyes which are merely photosensitive spots. Lice can be
divided into two more groups i.e. sucking lice and biting lice. Sucking lice
have small pointed head and terminal mouth parts. They are slow moving
and each leg have a single claw. They are found in mammals e.g.
Linognathus, haematopinus etc. Biting lice are smaller than the sucking lice.
They have much larger head which is rounded anteriorly. They are usually
found in birds e.g: Darnalina, Felicola etc.
LABRUM: Labrum is also called as upper lip and is attached to the face.
LABIUM: Labium is also known as upper jaw.Its surface is adopted for
cutting or grinding purpose.
MANGE: Mange is $km disease which is usually caused by mites often,
produces an expanding area of scaby skin which has lost its hair.
MASTIGOPHQRA: A protozoan class whose members have flagella for
locomotion, sometimes called as flagellates.
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION: When a parasite is transferred from
one host to another without undergoing development in the vector. It usually
refers blood sucking insects.
METACYCLIC: It is usually applied to the infective forms of trypanosomes
which appear at the end of the cycle of development in the vector.
METAPODOSOMA: The portion of body on which two hind pairs of legs
are located.
METAMORPHOSIS: A sudden change in structure after the completion of
embryonic development.

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MIRACIDIUM: A minute ciliated larval stage in the life of flukes. It is
roughly triangular in shape, the anterior end being broader and may have an
anterior spine for boring into the intermediate host.
MORPHOLOGY: The science of structure includes cytology, histology and
anatomy.
MYIASIS: Invasion of body tissues by parasitic fly larvae.
MITES: The mites are small, short legged, flat organism most being less than
0.3 mm long, though a few blood sucking species may attain 1.0 cm when
engoged. They are in prolonged contact with the skin of the host causing
various forms of the condition generally known as mange or scab. The genera
sarcoptes, psoroptes, chorioptes, demodex and psorergates are involved.
MOSQUITO: Mosquitoes vary from 20-10.0 mm in length and have slender
bodies, prominent eyes and long legs. The mouth parts consist of a
conspicuous, forwarded, projectng elongated proboscis adapted for piercing
and sucking Mosquito is the carrier of avian malaria caused by plasmodium
while yellow fever is also transmitted by the mosquito. The most important
species of mosquito are Anopheles, culex and Aedes.
MANDIBLES: Mandibles also knows as upper jaw. Its surface is adopted for
cutting or grinding purpose
MAXILLAE: Maxillae is known as lower jaw and helps the upper jaw in
cutting or grinding the food. There are maxillary palps seen on the maxilla
which are sensory in nature and are used to monitor the food for the insect.
NEMATODES: Nematodes are cylindrical, tapering at either end. Body is
covered by colourless or somewhat translucent layers called as Cuticle.
NOCTURNAL: Those parasites which are active in night period. E.g
Mosquito, begbugs.
NYMPH: The immature form of an insect that under goes a gradual
metamorpohosis.
NORMAL HOST: The organism in which any particular species of parasite
is usually parasite Example: E.Histolytica
NAGANA: Nagana is an unscientific but convenient name for
trypanosomiasis which is transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina species). The
causal organisms are Trypanosome brucci, T.Vivax, T. Simiae and T.
Congolense.
OBLIGATE PARASITE: Those parasites which can obtain their food
material only from living organisms.
ONE HOST TICK: Tick that completes all its moults on the same individual
host animal.

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OOCYST: A cyst formed by a macrogamete after it has been fertilized by a
microgamete.
OOKINETE: The motile zygote of certain members of the sporozoa.
ORNATE: Coloured, patterned tick.
OVIPAROUS: Reproduction in which eggs are released by the female.
Development of offspring occurs outside the maternal body.
OVOVIVIPAROUS: Reproduction in which eggs develop within the
maternal body without nutrition by the female parent.
PARASITE: An organism which live temporary or permanently on or within
other living organisms for the purpose of obtaining food and shelter.
PARASITISM: An association in which the parasite derives benefits and the
host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury.
PATHOGEN: The parasite which causes the disease.
PHORETIC MITES: The mites utilize insects and other arthropods as
means of dispersal.
PIROPLASMOSIS: It is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite i.e: Babesia
bigemina through a tick.
PLEOMORPHIC: When two or more distinct forms occur in one life cycle.
PODOSOMA: The portion of body on which the legs are inserted
PROPODOSOMA: The region of the body which covers the first two pairs
of legs behind gnathosoma.
PROTOZOA: The protozoa are unicellular animals in which the various
activities of metabolism, locomotion, etc are tarried out by organelles of cell.
Protozoa causes important disease like malaria, trypanosomiasis. amoebiasis,
coccidiosis etc.
PROTOZOOLOGY: Protozoology is the combination of three words i.e:
proto+zoo+logy The word proto means first, zoo means animal and logy
means study So it means that protozoology is the study of unicellular (single
cell) animals.
PSEUDOPODA: Processess formed from the surface of cells in locomotion
.which are not permanent structures.
REDIA: A larval stage in the life cycle of flukes. It is produced by a sporocyst
larvae and inturn given rise to many cercarial.
SARCODINA: A class of protozoa includes Amodba, Radiolara, etc which is
characterized by pseudopodia.
SCHIZOGONY: A form of reproduction in which as the cell grows the
nucleus divides but cytoplasmic diffusion is delayed until growth is
completed.

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SPERMATHECA: A sac in the female reproductive organ for the storage of
sperm.
SPOROCYST: A larval stage in the life cycle of flukes,it originates from
miracidium.
SPOROGONY: The process of the formation of spores or sporozoites, in
which sporozoa are formed by the division of the zygote.
SPOROZOA: A class of parasitic protozoa.
SPOROZOITE: The infective form of sporozoan parasites sporozoites
develop by fission of the zygote.
SYMBIOSIS: The permanent association of two different organisms, which
are so dependent on each other that one can not exist without the other.
SCOLEX: The head of cestodes provided with suckers cuplike, slit like) and
some times,with hooks which serves as organ of attachment.
STROBILA: The body of the cestodes which consisting of a series of
segments (proglottids).
TOXOPLASMA: Taxoplasma is intracellular parasite of many types of cell
including neuron, microglia, endothelium, liver, leucocytes, etc. of rr^n and
animals in acute infection may be found free in the blood and peritoneal
exudate and disease cause toxoplasmosis. The most important species are
T.canis, T. Hominis, T. Musculi and T. Canicula.
TRYPANOSOMES: Members of this parasite found in blood plasma, tissue
fluid and lymph nodes. Trypanosomes are elongated spindle shaped protoza
ranging from 8-39 um long The parasites multiply in the spleen, lymph nodes
and bone marrow from which they pass out into the blood stream. This
results in anaemia, severe loss of condition and the development of cold
swelling (oedema) in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
TRICHOMONAS FOETUS: The organism is pear-shaped approximately
20x10 um and has a single nucleus and four flagella. The organisms inhibit
the preputial cavity and transmission to the cow during coitus.In the cow
abortion before the fourth month of pregnancy is the commonest sequel. '
TICKS: Ticks are well-developed blood sucking parasites. They belong to
class Arachnida of phylum arthropoda. They not only suck the blood from
the host but also transmit bacterial, viral and protozoal disease. Ticks are
generally divided into two families i.e. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks
(Argasidae). Hard ticks are so called because of the presence of a chitinous
covering or scutum which extends over the whole dorsal surface of the body
of the male but in female and in larva and nymph it extends for only a small
area behind the head. Example: Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor etc.
Soft ticks are so called because they lack of scutum, included in this family are
the bird ticks. Example: Argas, Otobius etc.

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TEMPORARY PARASITE:Those parasites which visits its host for a short
period i.e: warble flies and ticks.
TAENIA SAGINATA: They are 5-15 mm in length. The scolex has neither
rostellum nor hooks. They may occur any where in the striated muscles,
heart, tongue and masseter and intercostal muscles. The adult tape worms
may produce diarrhoea and hunger pains. T.Saginata eggs may develop
severe myocarditis and heart failure.
VECTOR: An agent which transfers a parasite from one host to another.
WARBLE FLIES : The warble flies are 12-15mm long and of a plump
bumble - bee like shape. The female lays about 500-1000 eggs, each is about
1 mm long warble flies and their larvae harm their host by causing
restlessness, reduction in growth, damage to the gullet and paralysis of the
hind quarters.
XENODIAGNOSIS: Where the vector is used in the diagnosis of disease
i.e: change disease. Bugs are-allowed to suck blood from the patient and later
they are examined for the presence of the parasite.

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 ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS

Animal breeding is the branch of biological science, which deals with

selection, rearing, crossing and hybridization of the farm aniamls to improve
their quality. It may also be defined as an applicaiton of the genetic principles
in improvement of farm animals.
Genetics is the branch of science which deals with the similarities and
differences shown by the related animal.
ABERRATION: A change from the normal. It is often used in reference to
choromosonal abnormalities.
ACQUIRED CHARACTER: This term applies to possibility of an
environmentally induced change in body becoming hereditary. It has not
been proved to occur.
ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE: Genetic or hereditary variance
dependent upon additive gene effects, i.e: a gene has given plus or minus
effect, regardless of which other member of the pair or allelic series may be
present.
ALLELES: Alternative forms of genes. Since genes occurs in pairs in body
cells, one gene of a pair may have one effect and another gene of that same
pair (allele) may have a different effect on the same trait.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: A statistical technique for apportioning
variance to its sources. In genetics and animal breeding it is used to determine
relative influences of heredity and environment on variation in traits.
ANCESTOR: Animal of a previous generation that has passed on genes
through a line of descent.
AN EUPLOIDY: animals or plants that possess one more or one less than
the normal number of chromosomes.
ATAVISM: Re appearance of an ancestral trait or character after a skip of
one or more generation. It h also referred to as reversion.
AUTOSOMES: Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
BACK CROSS: The crossing of the F1 offspring with either of the P1 or
parental breeds.
BREED: A ground of animals, the individuals of which possess in common
certain well defined characteristics and which are able to reproduce these
characteristics in their offspring with a reasonable degree of surety.

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BREEDING VALUE: The genetic worth of an animals genotype for a
specific trait. It is one-half of the genetic ability a sire or dam transmits to its
offsprings.
CELL: Basic structural until of living matter. Cells are composed of a viscous
material called protoplasm which contains a nucleus which containing the
genetic material i.e. chromosomes and the remaining portion is called
cytoplasm.
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION: Any deviation from the normal of a
species in chromosome number or morphology.
CHROMOSOME: Dark staining rod like or rounded bodies within the
nucleus. They are the carriers of genetic or hereditary material In the diploid
cell chromosomes occur in pairs.
CISTRO: A unit of function i.e. a segment of DNA that determines s tingle
polypeptide chain of a protein molecule.
CLOSE BREEDING: The mating of close relatives such as parents and
offspring or full brothers and full sisters.
COFFFICIENT OF VARIATION:The standard deviation of a trait in all
Individuals of a population expressed as a percentage of the mean.
COLLATERAL RELATIVES: Individuals not related directly e.g. aunts,
uncles. Cousins.
CONFORMATION: Externally visible or measurable variations in shape or
body proportions of animals
CORRELATION: Association between characteristics of individuals
COVARIANCE: Viriation that is common between two traits. It may res
from joint hereditary or environmental influences.
CROSS BRED: An animal produced by crossing two or more pure breeds.
CROSS BREEDING: Mating systems in which hereditary material from two
or more pure breeds in combined.
CROSSING OVER: The exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes
during synapsis of meiosis prior to the formation gametes. In this way the
homologous chromosomes may exchange genes.
CONGENITAL: A traits acquired before birth and present at birth.
CYTOPLASM: Non nuclear portion of the cell
DELETION: Genetically it refers to the absence of a portion of
chromosomes so that certain genes are missing
DETERIOUS GENES: Genes which are either homozygous heterozygous
state have undesirable effects on individuals viability usefulness.

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DIHYBRID: An individual that is heterozygous for two pairs of gen such as
individual AaBb.
DIPLOID: Cells with two members of each pair of chromosomes. This is
termed the 2nd condition and is characteristic of body cells.
DOMINANT: Genes that have an observable effect when present in or one
member of chromosome pair.
DUPLICATION: The process in which a chromosome is attached to
portion of its own homologous chromosome. Thus giving duplicate genes.
DYAD: Two sister chromatids that are joined together (synapsed) giving a
tetrad.
ENVIRONMENT: All the external factors within which an anima genotype
acts to determine its genotypic traits.
EVlRONMENTALVARIANCE: The variance in absolute terms, for any
character in population, which is due to environmental influences.
EPISTASIS: Genetic effects due to interactions among two or more pairs
non allelic genes.
EPISTATIC VARIENCE-: The residual portion of hereditary variance due
to non allelic gene interactions not accounted for by additive or dominance
effects.
EUPLOIDY: The normal state in which an organisms chromosome number
is an exact multiple of the haploid number characteristics of the species.
FAMILY: This term used to denote relationship. In animal breeding used
denote a line of descent but more often to represent a group of animals
having a genetic relationship.
GAMETE: Reproductive or germ cell. In animals the male gamete is the
term and female gamete is the ovum. Gametes carry the reduced or number
of chromosomes.
GENE: Classical term for basic unit of heredity.Functionally it is equivalent to
the cistron.
GENETIC CORRELATION: Associaiton among traits of individuals due
additively genetic influences.
GENE FREQUENCY: The proportion in population of the loci of given
allelic series occupied by particular gene.
GENETICS: The science concerned with determining the mode of
inheritance or the transmission of biological properties from generation to
generation in plants, and animals.
GENOTYPE: The complete genetic make up of an individual.

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GRADE: An animal that is not a pure bred but commonly showing
characterisics of a particular breed usually one of their parents was pure.
GRADING: A system of breeding pure bred sires of given breed to non
descript, scrub or native females and to their female offspring generation after
generation.
HAPLOID: It refers to cells that possess half pairs of chromosomes.This
usually refers to the sex cell of one of the sexes.
HEMOPHILIA: An inherited condition in which the blood does not clot
normally. An animal with such a condition is some times referred to as a
bleeder.
HEREDITY: The transmission of genetic or physical traits from the parents
to their offspring.
HERITABILITY: The portion or fraction of observed or phenotypic
variance which is caused by differences between the genes
HETEROSIS: The increase vigour of the offspring over that of the parents
when unrelated individuals are mated. Heterosis is also called as Hybrid
vigour.
HETEROZYGOUS: An individual which possess unlike genes in a pair
found in body cells e.g: Aa individual.
HOMOZYGOUS: An individual which possess like genes in a pair found in
body cells, e.g BB & bb individuals.
HYBRID: The progeny of parents that are genetically unlike such individual
is heterozygous of many pairs of gene.
INBREEDING: A system of mating in which mates are more closely related
than average individuals of the population to which they belong.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: The law formulated by Mendel. It
defers to behaviour at meiosis of genes located on different chromosome
pairs.
LETHAL GENE: A gene which results in death of an individual at some
stage of life.
LINE BREEDING: A form of inbreeding in which an effort is made to
maintain high relationships in subsequent generations with a favoured
ancestor.
LINKAGE: Two or more genes located on the same chromosomes that they
tend to be transmitted together.
LOCl:The region of a chromosome or pairs of homologous chromosomes
where a particular gene is located.

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MATING SYSTEM: The decision about which male will be allowed to mate
with female or group of females among the available breeding
MEIOSIS: A type of cell division responsible for producing the sex cells
which normally possess the haploid number of chromosomes.
MEAN: It is an estimation of the average value for a population.
MITOSIS: A type of cell division in which cells with the diploid (2n) number
of chromosomes produce daughter cells which also have the diploid (2n)
number of chromosomes.
MULTIPLE ALLELES: A series of more than two alleles which occupy the
same location on homologous chromosomes.
MUTATIGN: A sudden, heritable change in genetic material mutation is due
to a change in DNA at a particular point in a chromosome.
MUTON: Smallest genetic unit capable of change or mutation. A single base
in nucleotide.
NICKING:rThe production of progeny that are superior to the parents which
produce them. It is some times called as heterosis.
NUCLEUS: The portion of the cell which carries the chromosomes and thus
the hereditary material.
OUT BREEDING: The mating of unrelated animals within a breed. This
system involves the mating of animals that are less closely related to each
other than the average relationship of the group.
OUT CROSSING: The mating of an individual to another within the same
breed which is not closely related to it.
OVER DOMINANCE: A genetic situation in which individuals heterozygous
for a gene pair are superior in some manner to any homozygote of the pair or
series.
PARENTAL GENERATION: The first generation of a genetic experiment,
individuals in the first generation are often considered to be pure or
homozygous.
PEDIGREE: A record of animals from which a given individual is descended
.The definition is always extended to include animals, which-are collaterally
related to an individual. In animal breeding the term pedigree information
includes identification of ancestors and collateral relatives, and information
on their performance or the progeny records.
PHENOTYPE: The external appearance or some other observable or
measurable characteristics of an individual.
PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE:Total variance including that due to both
environmental and hereditary effects.

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PLEIOTROPY: A genetic situations in which one gene affects more than one
quantitative or quantitative character of an individual.
POLLED: A naturally hornless animal.
POLYPLOID: The duplication of chromosomes in body cells so that the
individual possess 3n or 4n etc numbers of chromosomes.
POPULATION GENETICS: Afield of inquiry in which genetics as related
to a group or population is considered in contrast to genetics of individuals.
PREPOTENT: The ability of a parent to stamp its characteristics on its
offspring so that they resemble that parent. Homozygous dominant
individuals are prepotent.
PROGENY: The young or offspring of the given individuals.
PURE BRED: is an animal both of whose parents are duly registered in herd,
flock or stud Book of a given breed.
QUALITATIVE TRAITS: Traits usually determined by few genes which
have a sharp distinction among phenotype.
QUANTITATIVE TRAITS: Traits determined by many genes which have
no sharp distinction among phenotypes.
RANDOM MATING: A system of mating where each male has the equal
opportunity of mating with any female in the group.
RECESSIVE: A gene whose phenotypic expression is covered up (masked)
by its own dominant allele.
RECOMBINATION: Occurance in offspring of genetic combinations not
found in parents.
REGRESSION: Amount of change in one trait associated with a unit change
in another trait in a population.
REVERSION: The appearance of a trait in an individual which was
possessed by distant relatives but not by recent ones.
SEGREGATION: Separation of members of a pair of hereditary factors at
meiosis in germ cell formation.
SELECTION: The causing or allowing certain individuals to produce the
next generation. Both natural selection or artificial selection are operative in a
population on any external influence in a population either naturally or
artificially imposed which enhances opportunities for individuals of some
genotypes to contribute genetic material to subsequent generations and there
by to change gene frequencies.
SEX CHROMOSOMES: One pair of chromosomes in the individual are
related to the sex of an individual. In mammal the female possess two x-
chromosomes whereas the male possess x and y chromosomes.

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SEX LINKAGE: Refers to genes that are carried (linked) on the non-
homologous portion of the x-chromosomes. Both sexes carry genes for such
traits.
SIRE: The father of an individual.
SOMATIC CELLS: Refers to body cells or tissues.
SPECIES: A group of animals possessing in common one or more distinctive
characteristics and which are fully fertile when intermated.
SPERMATID: A haploid cell type which develops directly into sperm cells
without division during the process of male gametogenesis.
SPERMATOGENESIS: The formation and. production of spermatozoa.
STAG: A male of any species castrated after sexual maturity or after
development of secondary sexual characteristics.
STANDARD DEVIATION: The square root of variance for a trait
measured in all individuals of population.
STEER: A male animal among cattle that was castrated before the
appearance of the male secondary sexual .characteristics.
SYNAPSIS: the coming together of paired chromosomes during the first
meiotic division.
TEST CROSS: A mating test to determine if an individual is a carrier of a
recessive gene.
TRANSLOCATION: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to
another which is not homologous to it.
TRANSMITTING ABILITY: The average genetic superiority or inferiority
which is transmitted by a present to its offspring.
TRIPLOID: An individual that is heterozygous for three different pairs of
genes such as: AaBbCc. These do not occur in mammals or birds except as
an abnormality.
TYPE: A word used in animal husbandry relative to appearance of animal,
but having several connotations. It is also used to indicate distinctive kinds of
animals i.e: Beef type, dairy type, five wool type, coarse wool type etc.
VARIANCE: A statical term which indicates the amount of variation within a
population. It is approximately equal to the average of the sum of the squared
deviations from the mean.
VARIATION: Differences among individuals in measurable or observable
traits. Variation may be continuous (quantitative) or discontinuous
(qualitative) in nature.
ZYGOTE: A cell formed at fertilization by the union of sperm and ovum. A
fertilized egg.

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 LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

Livestock farm management is both an art or science. This involves basic

scientific principles to suit the situation to perfection so that maximum
profitability and productivity can be achieved.
Livestock management involves the integrated applications of. principles of
animal breeding, feeding, housing and disease control in a manner suitable
for particular situation. It also involves doing a large number of small jobs at
proper time and in proper manner.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: It is the branch of biological science which deals
with the systemic feeding, breeding, housing, management and health of
animals.
BOVINE: Refers to the ox or cow.
BREED: Group of animals having a common origin and identifying
characters that distinguish them a belonging to a breeding group.
BUCK: It is entire adult male goat species which is used for breeding
purpose.
BULL: It represents the entire male of cattle and buffalo which is used for
breeding purpose.
BULLOCK: The castrated male of cattle and buffalo.
BURRO: A donkey or an ass.
CALF: A sexually immature individual of certain large mammals.
CALVING INTERVAL: The period between birth of two successive calves
from one cow.
CANINE: The dog family including dog, wolves, jackals and others.
CAPRINE: Refers to the goat.
CARPET WOOL: Wool that contains a mixture of wool fibres and hair
fibres.

CAST EWE: An aged ewe culled from the breeding block.

CASTRATION: Removal of the testes or gonads is called castration.
CATTLE: Refer to the mature bovine animal.
CLASSING: The examination of sheep, usually preparatory to mating for
selecting those no longer required in the flock.
COAT: The hair covering of the body of an animal.

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COLT: A young male horse to about four years of age.
CONFORMATION: Externally visible or measurable variations in shape or
body proportions of animals.
COW: A mature cattle female usually after one or two pregnancies.
CREEP: An area railed off in the lambing pen to which only the lambs have
access
CRUTCHING: The, removal of wool from the base of the tail around the
anus and down to the posterior aspect of the hind legs as far as the hocks.
CULLING: The process of discarding animals that are no longer productive
or are undesirable for breeding.
DAM: Female parent the mother of an animal.
DEHORN: The removal of horns from an animal or to treat the young
animals so that horns do not develop.
DENTITION: Teeth by an examination of the lower incisors an estimate can
be made of the animals age.
DOCKING: The removal of part or all of the tail usually in the young lamb.
DOE: It is the entire adult female of goat or deer.
DRAFTING: The separation of sheep in a flock into two or more groups,
usually in a yard with the aid of a drafting crush (race).
DRY PERIOD: Period of non-lactation between two periods of lactation.
EAR TAG: A metal or plastic strip used to identify an individual animal.
EQUINE: It refers to the horse.
ERUCTATION: Belching up of wind from the stomach.
EWE: A female sheep of any age.
FAMILY: A group of animals within a breed, that usually trace to some noted
ancestor.
FELTING: The interlocking of wool fibre which may caused by the heat,
moisture and friction.
FILLY: A young female horse or pony.
FINE WOOL: Wools of an average diameter less than 23 um from Merino
sheep.
FLUSHING: Increasing the level of feeding just before mating in order to
increase the number of ova shed.
FOAL: A new horn horse or pony.
FOSTER: The substitution of another lacting ewe for a lambs normal
mother.

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GELDING: A castrated mature male horse or pony.
GESTATION: It means the pregnancy. The period from mating to the birth
of the young.
GOAT: A general term which denotes goat species i.e: male, female and
young one.
GRADE: An individual one of whose parents is a pure bred usually the sire
and the other a scrub or grade.
HEIFER: A young cattle female to about the age at which her first calf is
weaned.
HIDE: It is the skin of large animals such as: cattle, buffalo etc.
HINNEY: The offspring resulting from mating a female ass or jennet to a
horse male or stallipn. It is the reciprocal of the mule
HORSE: A general term which denotes horse species i.e: male, female and
young one.
IN-LAMB: An ewe that is pregnant.
JACK: An uncastrated male donkey (ass).
KEMP: Thick, slightly curved hair usually mixed with wool in a fleece.
KID: The young one of goat species usually under one year of old.
LACTATION: The period of milk secretion usually begins at parturition and
ends when offspring are weaned or in the case of dairy cattle the animal is
dried up.
LAMB: A young sheep of either sex to about a year of age.
LIVESTOCK UNIT: A subjective live weight unit usually 330-400 kg used to
represent the overall live weights of livestock of fixed age, sex or species.
LIVESTOCK: Collection of farm animals or maintenance of domestic
animals.
MAIDEN EWE: An ewe that has not been mated.
MARE: A mature or adult female of horse or pony.
MULE: The sterile offspring of a cross between the jack and the mare.
NEONATAL: The new born animal.
OX: A castrated cattle male.
PELT: The skin and wool together is called as pelt.
POLLED: A naturally hornless animal.
PONY: A small type horse about 57 inches at the withers.

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PROVEN SIRE: A bull with atleast 10 daughters which have completed
lactation records and which are born of dams with completed lactation
records.
PURE BRED: An animal both of whose parents are duly registered in the
herd, flock or stud book of a given breed.
RADDLE: A dye or marker applied to the brisket or belly of a ram that
marks the rump of a ewe during mating.
RAM: The adult male of sheep which is used for breeding purpose
RIG: A male sheep that has not been properly castrated.
RUMINANT: An animal with a functional rumen compartment in the
stomach plus three other compartments
SCOURING: The process by which the Greace and dirt are removed from
the wool through warm solution, soap and sodium chloride.
SCRUB: An animal having little or no improved breeding or an animal of
mixed or unknown breeding.
SELECTION: Choice of animals for future breeding.
SERVICE: Also joining, mating, mounting and covering. The mounting of a
bull on a female resulting in the deposition of semen in the females genital
tract.
SHEARING: Means removal of hair/wool from the sheep.
SHEEP: It is a general term which is signified the sheep family including the
male, female and young ones.
SIBLING: Brothers or sisters offspring of the same male and female parents.
SIRE: Male parent, the father of an animal.
SKIN: It is the skin of small animals such as sheep, goat, etc.
SLAY: A female of sheep whose ovaries have been removed.
SPECIES: A group of animals possessing in common one or more distincive
characteristics and which are fully fertile when intermated.
STAG: A male of any species castrated after sexual maturity or after
development of secondary sex characteristics.
STAPLE: A lock of wool of the fleece.
STALLION: A mature entire male horse used for breeding purpose.
STEER: A male bovine castrated before reaching sexual maturity also
referred to as a bullock.

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STRAIN: A group of animals within a particular breed possessing common
characteristics which distinguish them from other individuals within that same
breed.
SUCKLING: The act of giving milk to her young by the ewe.
TENDER WOOL: Wool with a weakness producing a break in the staple.
TUPPING: Mating of ewes.
WEANING: Separation of the young from their mothers so that they can no
longer be sucked.
WETHER: A male sheep castrated before sexual maturity.
WITHERS: Top of the shoulders.
YEARLING: An animal of either sex somewhere between the ages of 12-20
months.
ZEBU: Breed of cattle, characterized by a hump on the shoulders and loose
folds of skin on the develop, which is very well adapted to tropical areas.
ZERO GRAZLING: A system of management where all feed is transported
to the animal which is confined.

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 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

Reproduction is the mechanism by which the thread of life is substained. It is

the process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material, allowing
organism to grow and repair itself. In this sense reproduction enable the
individual organisms to maintain its own life. Or Reproduction is also the
process by which genetic material is passed from generation to generation. In
this regard, reproductipn maintains the life of the species.
The male and female reproductive systems are organized into organs that
may be grouped by function. The testes and ovaries also called as gonads.
The function of gonads is the production of gametes i.e. sperm cells and ova
respectively. The gonads also' secrete hormones. The ducts transport, receive
and store gametes. Other reproductive organs called accessory glands,
produce materials that support gametes.
ABDUCTION: It means the movement of a limbs in a side way direction
away from the central plane of the body.
ABORTION: It is the expulsion of dead fetus of recognizable size at any
stage of gestation. Now the term abortion has come to means expulsion of
non viable or dead fetus of the recognizable size.
AGALACTIA: The absence of milk in the udder after young one or
parturition.
ALLANTOtS: The allantois is an outer growth «f the endometrium of the
embryonic hind gut aod spread into the chorion vesicles and make contact
outwardly with the chorion to form the vesicular.
MENORRHEA: Absences of the mensus.
AMNION: It is the inner most of the three fetal membrane. It is continous
with the skin at the umblicus (navel) and completely encloses the tetus but is
separated from actual contact with it by amniotic fluid of the amnion.
ANDROGEN: Those hormones which influence the growth and
development of male sex organs and male characteristics.
ANESTRUS: A period of sexual in-activity between two estrous cycles.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: It may be defined as deposition of male
germ cells (spermatozoa) in the female reproductive tract by artificial rather
than by natural mating.
ATRESIA: Degeneration of unruptured ovarian follicles.
BALANITIS: Inflammation of the gland penis.

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BIRTH: The act of expelling the young from the mother.
BLASTULA: Stage of embryonic development in which cells are arranged to
form a single layered hollow sphere.
CAESAREAN SECTION: Delivery of fetus through a surgical incision of the
abdominal wall and uterine walls.
CAPACITATION OF SPERM: Maturation of sperm within the
reproductive tract of the female which permits fertilization.
CARUNCLE: Maternal cotyledon an specialized area on uterine lining in
ruminants where placenta attaches.
CHORION: It is the outermost of the three foetal membranes. The chorion
is a strong fibrous membrane, whose outer surface is closely moulded to the
inner surface of the uterus.
COITUS: Sexual union between male and female.
CONCEPTION: The act of becoming pregnant by the impregnation of the
ovum by the spermatozoon.
CORPUS ALBICANS: The degenerating corpus luteum, invaded by
connective tissue and the cell components are broken down and reabsorbed
by tissue.
CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM: The rupture point on graffian follicle
averts on the surface of ovaries and small haemorrhagicum occurs which is
called corpus haemorrhagicum. It develops into corpus luteum in 2-3 days.
CORPUS LUTEUM: This is formed by the cells lining the empty follicular
activity. It produces progesterone which quiets the reproductive system and
maintain pregnancy. If fertilization don't occur then Corpus Luteum regresses
and stop secretion if of progestrone.
CRYPTOCHIDISM: The condition where by either one or both of the
testes may fail to descend into the scrotum during maturity
DIESTRUS: The final stage of estrus. If pregnancy does not occur the
reproductive tract goes into a period of rest.
DYSMENORRHOEA: Painful menstruation.
DYSTOKIA: Abnormal or dtfficult birth.
ECTODERM: The external primitive germ layer of the embryo. From it are
developed the skin, nervous system, organs of special sense, pineal gland and
adrenal glands.
EJACULATION: Sudden or rhythemic discharge of sperm and seminal fluid
(semen) from the male.
EMBRYO: Period in the development of an individual between conception
and the completion of organ formation.

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EMBRYOLOGY: Study of the development of the embryo within the body
of female.
EMBRYO PATHY: Disease or abnormality in the embryo.
EMBRYOTOMY: Multilation of the fetus to facilitate removal from womb,
when natural birth is impossible.
ENDODERM: Innermost of the three germ layers of the embryo.
ENDOMETRITIS: Inflammation of the endometrium.
ENDOMETRIUM: Inner lining of the uterine wall.
EPIDIDYMIS: It is a tube like structure within the scrotum, which is about
33 to 35 meter in length. The function of epididymis are concentration,
transport, maturation and storage of sperms.
ESTROGEN: Estrogen are steroid hormone which is secreted by the ovary
i.e: theca internal cells of the graffian follicle or placenta. It produces sign of
estrum in cyclic animals.
ESTRUS: Pertaining to the entire cycle of reproductive changes in the non
pregnant female mammals.
ESTRUS: Estrus also known as heat. The behavioral changes in which the
sexual receptivity of female increases.
ESTRUS CYCLE: The physiological events which begin with the beginning
of the one estrus and end at the beginning of second estrus period are called
Estrus Cycle. It is an interval b/w two estrus periods.
EUTOKIA: It is normal birth process.
FERTILITY: Ability of an animal to produce offspring.
FERTILIZATION: The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to
form a zygote.
FETUS: Period in the development of an individual between completion of
organ formation and birth.
FOLLICLE: Ovarian structure containing the egg and its accompanying cells.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE: A hormone produced by
pituitary gland, which promotes growth of ovarian follicles in the female and
sperm in the male.
FREEMARTIN: An sterile sexually mal developed female born as a twin
with a male found primarily in cattle but may occasionally occur on other
species.
GAMETE: Reproductive or germ cell In animals the male gamete is the
sperm and the female gamete is ovum.

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GESTATION PERIOD: The period which start from fertilization or
conception to parturition.
GYNAECOLOGY: It is the science which deals with the disease of female
animal.
HORMONE: Specific chemicals secreted from endocrine glands which
influence the activities of other organs in the body.
HYDROCELE: A swelling due to accumulation of serous fluid in the tunica
vaginalis of the testis or in the spermatic cord.
HYDROCEPHALUS: It is a condition in which a large amount of fluid
collects within the brain cavity of the skull. It may be present before birth in
which the large size of the head may cause an obstruction to parturition.
INFERTILITY: Capacity for reproduction is reduced but not eliminated.
INSEMINATION: Deposition of Semen in the female reproductive tract.
INTERSTITIAL CELLS: Cells located between the seminiferous tubules of
the testes which secrete androgen. They are also called as Leyding cells.
IN UTERO: Within the uterus.
LABIA (Lips): These are thick muscular structures constituting the external
opening of reproductive tract. They are covered with fine hair at their
junction with mucosa.
LACTATION: The period of milk secretion . Usually begins at parturition
and ends when offspring are weaned or in the case of dairy cattle the animal is
dried up.
LIBIDO: Loss of sexual desire or sex drive.
LUTEINIZATION: Formation of the corpus Iuteum.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE: A hormone produced by the anterior lobe of
pituitary gland. It controls the development of corpus luteum and production
of progesterone in the female and secretion of testosterone the male. L.H
causes ovulation in female animal.
MAMMARY GLAND: Paired specialized gland of female mammals for lie
secretion of milk. Development at puberty and further development at
lactation during gestation is under hormonal regulations.
MENOPAUSE: Cessation of menstruation due to aging.
MESODERM: Middle layer of the three germ layers of the embryo and give
rise to muscles, bones and other structures.
METRITIS: Inflammation of myometrium.
MONORCHID: A male animal which has only one testicle in the scrotum.
Some times also called as ridgling.

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NULI PARA: Those females who have never conceived or carried young
one.
NYMPHOMANIA: Excessive sexual desire in the female. In dairy cows the
most common symptom is prolonged or constant estrus every day in heat.
OBSTETRICS: It deals with the management of pregnancy and parturition.
OOGENESIS: The process by which the development of ovum is taking
place in ovarian follicle.
ORCHITIS: Inflammation of the testis. It may be the result of infection or
trauma or if the skin is broken it may lead to infection.
OVA: Pleural of ovum.
OVARIAN AGENESIS: Absence of one or both the ovaries.
OVARY: Female sex organ which is oval or almond shaped. It produces ova
after sexual maturity.
OVIDUCT: Convolulent tube leading from each horn of uterus to the
corresponding ovary.
OOGENESIS: Formation and development of the ovum.
OVULATION: Release of a mature ovum from the ovarian follicle.
OVUM: Reproductive cell or gamete of the female.
OXYTOCIN: This hormone is secreted from posterior pituitary gland causes
uterine contraction which helps in parturition and it causes milk let down.
PARA PHIMOSIS: A constriction preventing the penis from being
withdrawn into the penis.
PARTURITION: It is the expulsion of fetus and fetal membrane from the
uterus through the maternal passage by natural forces. The process is called
calving in cow, lambing in ewes, kidding in goats, farrowing in sows and
pupping in bitches.
PENIS: It is a male organ which is composed of eractile tissue. It has a root,
body and free end or glans penis. It is the passage of urine and semen.
PHIMOSIS: A narrowing of the orifice of the prepuce, preventing normal
protrusion of the penis congenital phimosis occasionally seen in dog, cat and
horses.
PLACENTA: The vascular tissue in the uterus which allows exchange of
nutrients and waste products between the mother and fetus.
PLURIPARA: Those females who have conceived two or more times and
have two or more gestation periods.
POLY ESTROUS: Species in which females have more than one estrual
cycle per year.

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POLYTOCCUS: Those animals in which normally 3-15 or more ova
released at each ovulatory estrous such as dog, cat and sow.
POSTHITIS: Inflammation of the prepuce.
PREGNANCY: Being with child i.e. from conception to parturition.
PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: The determination by manual examination
via: the rectum of the cow's internal genitallia whether or not she is pregnant
or in calf.
PREPUCE: The free end of penis where cavity is formed.
PRIMIPARA: Those females who have conceived and have only one
gestation period.
PROGESTERONE: This hormone is produced by lutein cells of corpus
luteum. Placenta and adrenal cortex. It maintains the pregnancy and
development of mammary glands.
PROLAPSE: Abnormal protrusion of an organ such as: prolapse of vagina,
uterus etc.
PSEUDO PREGNANCY: It means false pregnancy. Non pregnant animal
behaves like pregnant animals i.e: Bitch.
PUBERTY: The time of adolescence when male and female animals become
capable of producing gametes.
PYOMETRA: Progressive accumulation of pus in the uterus.
RELAXIN HARMONE: Relaxin harmone is secreted by ovary. This
hormone is necessary for relaxation of cervix, uterus and pubic symphysis
and inhibition of uterine contraction.
SALPINGITIS: Inflammation of the oviduct. Some times it causes the sterlity
in cattle.
SCROTUM: An external pouch that contains the testes and their accessory
ducts.
SEMEN: A mixture of sperm and accessory fluids produced by the testicle
and accessory organs and glands.
SEMINAL VESICLE: A gland attached to the urethra near the bladder and
which produces fluids to carry and nourish the sperm.
SEX CELLS: Reproductive cells ova in females and spermatozoa in males.
SPERMATOGENESIS: The process by which sperms are formed in the
seminiferous tubules of testicles.
SPERMATOZOA (sperms): Mature male sex cells containing the haploid
number of chromosomes.
STERLITY: Complete loss of fertility.

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SUPERFECUNDATION: The condition produced in a female ovulating
two or more ova during one estrum and mated with two or more males
during that estrum with ova being fertilized by spermatozoa from each male.
SUPERFETATION: It is produced when a pregnant animal earring one or
more more fetuses comes in heat and is bred again and second conception
occurs in the uterus already containing fetus.
SUPEROVULATION: Shedding of an abnormally large number of ova.
TERATOLOGY: It deals with abnormal development and malformation of
antenatal individuals.
TESTES: Paired primary reproductive organs of the male. They produce
both sperm cells and male sex hormones.
TESTOSTERONE: The male sex hormone secreted by the interstitial cells
of the testes. It controls libido and secondary sexual characters as well as
involved in sperm production
UNIPARA: Those animals iii which normally one ovum released at ovulation
and one fetus develops in the uterus such as cow and mare.
URETHRA: The organ of the female which serves as dual function of
urinary elimination and for the transmission of sperm cells to the female at
mating.
UTERUS: The organ of the female in which embryos develop during the
period from conception to birth.
UTERINE INVOLUTION: The process by which uterus returns to its
normal size and tone after parturition.
UTERINE PROLAPSE: Protrusion or eversion of uterus from vulva.
VAGINA: It is a musculo-membranous sac, which extends from the cervix to
the point of junction of urethra with reproductive tract It serves as a
copulatory organ and provides passage for the expulsion of fetus during
parturition.
VAGINITIS: Inflammation of the vagina.
VASA DEFERENTIA: The tubes in the male which transport sperm from
the epididymis to the urethra.
VENEREAL: Caused or propagated by mating.
VESTIBULE: Space at the entrance of canal i.e. at the vulva. .
ZYGOTE: The cell formed at fertilization by the union of the sperm and
ovum. A fertilized egg.

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 MEDICINE

Medicine can be defined as the art of healing. The theory of medicine lays
down the principles on which the disease acts on the body and remedies
produce their effects. Medicine deals with the diagnosis, treatment or control
of diseases of animals.
Medicine can further divided-into two branches.
1. CLINICAL MEDICINE
It is the branch of medicine which converts the art of achieving correct
diagnosis and treatment of sick animals.
2. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
It is the art of maintaining health of animals by adopting preventive or control
measures against disease well before their occurances.
ALBUMINURlA: It is the passing of protein (mainly albumin) with the urine.
In neonates albuminuria is due to intake of colostrum.
ALOPECIA: It is deficiency or loss of hair, which can be congenital,
premature or senile. It may be the result of hormone imbalance, a dietary
deficiency or selenium poisoning.
ANAEMIA: A condition in which the blood is deficient either in quantity or
quality. In latter case there may be a decrease amount of haemoglobin, or
decrease number of RBCs.
ANAPHYLAXIS: a hypersensitive state of the body to a foreign protein, so
that the injection of second dose after ten days bring about an acute reaction
which may be fatal and produces the symptoms of shock in animals.
ANOREXIA: Lack or loss of the appetite for food.
ANURIA: a complete absence or stoppage of urine. Anuria seen in
urolithiasis or acute tubular necrosis.
APHAGIA: Inability to swallow.
ANXIETY: Feeling of fear.
APNOEA: Stoppage of respiration which occur when the blood is artificially
supplied with too much oxygen.
ARTHRITIS: It is an inflammation of tissues associated with joint caused by
bacterial, fungal or viral infections and characterized clinically by signs of
lameness, local pain at palpation and apparent swelling at the joints.
ASCITES: Accumulation of a clear straw coloured fluid in the abdominal
cavity causing enlargement of the abdomen.

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ATAXIA: Failure of muscular co-ordination; irregularity of muscular action.
ATRESIA: The absence of a natural opening or its obliteration by
membrane. Atresia of the rectum is found in newly born lamb, calves and
foals.
AUSCULTATION: It is a method of diagnosis by which the condition of
internal organs is determined by listening to the sounds they produce.
Auscultation is performed by means of stethoscope.
BACTEREMIA: Is the presence of microorganisms in blood for a transient
period without production of any toxin and clinical illness.
BLOAT: Bloat is a condition in which the rumen becomes distended with
gas. Bloat is due to increased use of clovers and Lucerne.
BRONCHITIS: Is an inflammation of the lining mucous membrane of the
bronchioles. It may occur as an extension of inflammation of trachea and may
followed by pneumonia or pleurisy or both.
COMA: It is a state of profound unconsciousness, in which the patient can
not be roused, but there are no reflex movements when the skin is pinched or
when the eye balls are touched.
CONSTIPATION: An implied chronic condition of infrequent and often
difficult ejaculation of faeces. It is due to interfere with the normal peristaltic
movements of the bowels such as use of too dry, bulky or concentrated foods.
CONTAGION: The communication of the disease by direct or indirect
contact.
CONTAGIOUS: A disease communicated from one animal to another by
contact or discharges.
CONVULSION: Involuntary contractions of muscles resulting from
abnormal cerebral stimulation from any cause occur with or without loss of
consciousness.
COUGH: Cough is a sudden noisy expulsion of air through the glottis to
clear mucous and other material from the trachea bronchial tree.
CREATINURIA: It is the presence of creatinine in urine ,which is usually
seen when there is excessive endogenous muscle breakdown e.g: muscular
dystrophy.
CRUST: Crust is dried exudate that accumulates»and adhere to the skin
surface and hair.
CYANOSIS: a blueness of the skin or mucous membrane due to insufficient
oxygenation of the blood, often found in cardiac insufficiency or occulsion of
main veins.

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CYSTITIS: It is the inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually caused by
bacterial infection and characterized by dysuria, pyjjria, haematuria and
bacteriuria.
DEHYDRATION: Removal or loss of water from a body or tissue. This
condition arises when the fluid intake fails to replace fluid loss, this occur
when there is bleeding, diarrhoea, polyuria or vomiting.
DERMATITIS: It is simply an inflammation of skin i.e. dermis and
epidermis.
DERMO MYCOSIS: Any skin disease which is caused by a fungus.
DIARRHOEA: It is not a disease in it self but merely a symptom and is
characterized by an increase in frequency and fluidity of the stools, a sudden
change of diet or the feeding of unsuitable mouldy, rancid or fermenting
material will give rise to diarrhoea.
DISEASE: It is the condition in which an individual shows an anatomical,
chemical or physiological deviation from the normal.
DYSPNEA: Dyspnea or respiratory distress is a clinical sign that implies
laboured or difficult breathing.
DYSURIA: Dysuria is painful or difficult urination dysuria is a common sign
of urolithiasis in animals.
DYSENTERY: Inflammation of the bowel with ejaculation of blood and
mucus with or without diarrhoea.
FCCHYMOSIS: An effusion of blood into the tissues causing irregular
patches visible on the surface of an organ or tissues.
ENCEPHALITIS: It is an inflammation of brain (tissues and vessel wall)
mainly caused by virus some times bacteria.
ENTERITIS: Inflammation of the intestines (intestinal mucosa) resulting in
diarrhoea and some times dysentry, abdominal pain, dehydration and acid
base imbalance.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: The study of the diseaseoutbreaks; with an effort to
tracing down the original inciting cause.
EPISTAXIS: Epistaxis is actual haemorrhage originating from the nostrils
either primarily because of vessel damage in nasal cavity nasopharynx and
lungs or secondary to some systemic disease.
ERYTHEMA: It is redness of the skin, the surface blood vessels of which
become gorged with blood.
ETIOLOGY: a science dealing with the causation of disease.
FEVER: Fever is an elevation of body temperature caused by stimulation of
thermoregulatory centre under the influence of pyrogens circulating in look.

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FIBRILLATION: This is an increase but regular cardiac rythum (non
coordinated contraction of atrium and ventricle).
FISSURE: Fissure is a linear crack on skin surfaces which penetrate more
deeply usually upto subcutaneous tissues.
FOLLICULITIS: It is an inflammation of hair follicles usually involving
secondary bacterial infection.
GASTRITIS: It is an inflammation of the wall of stomach, generally
disorders of motility and secretion which is clinically characterized by sign of
dyspepsia and vomitting.
GLANDERS: It is bacterial disease which is caused by Actino bacillus mallei,
gram +ve organism. It is highly contagious and characterized by formation of
nodules and ulcer involving upper air passage, lungs and cutaneous tissues.
GLYCOSURIA: It means the presence of glucose in the urine. It is seen in
diabetes mellitus and in all animals after severe shock.
HAEMATURIA: It is the passing of (whole) red blood cells in the urine
Haematuria indicates traumatic injury in the urinary tract. This condition
commons even in cystitis, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, renal ischemia etc.
HEMIPLEGIA: It is the paralysis of either right or left side of the body.
HEMOGLOBINURIA: It is the presence of haemoglobin in the urine,
making of the colour of urine from deep red, dark brown to black in colour
haemoglobinurea seen in Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis, leptospirosis and copper
intoxication.
HAEMOPTYSIS: It is the expectoration of pure blood or sanguineous
sputum from mouth.
HAEMORRHAGE: It is the loss of whole blood from vascular system
externally or internally, resulting in development of signs of peripheral
circulatory failure and anaemia.
HEPATITIS: It is the inflammation of liver which is characterized by the
evidence of Jaundice, abdominal pain. Gastro-intestinal tract disturbances
and occasionally nervous signs.
HYDROTHORAX: It means a collection of fluid or exudate in the chest i.e.
in the pleural cavity. This is one of the results of certain forms of pleurisy.
HYPERAEMIA: means congestion or the presence of an excessive amount
of blood in apart.
HYPERSENSITIVIY: Once an animal has been sensitised by an ntigen,
further contact with this will boost the immune response but also rovoke
tissue damaging reactions.
HYPERTHERMIA: It is elevation in body temperature either due to
excessive heat production or absorption or deficient heat loss. The cause of

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this condition are purely physical i.e. high environmental temperature and
humidity.
HYPOTHERMIA: It is lowering of the body temperature then normal This
condition develops either due to excessive heat loss or its insufficient
production.
HYPOXIA (Anoxia): It is failure of the tissue to receive an adequate supply
of oxygen.
IMPETIGO: It is a skin disease which is characterized by the formation of
painless pustules, shallow, thin walled and usually projecting upwards above
the level of the surface of skin. It is caused by staphyfococcus spp. and
occasionally by streptococcus spp.
INCUBATION PERIOD: The period elapsing between the time infection
occurred and when symptoms first appear.
INDICANURIA: It is the presence of indicants in excessive quantity in urine.
Presence of indicants in urine indicates an increase absorption of this
detoxification product from the large intestine as seen in sever constipation.
INFECTION: Invasion of pathogenic organisms into body tissues so that the
tissues are affected and altered.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: One which is caused by a lining agent such as
bacteria, protozoa, viruses or fungi and may or may not be contagious.
JAUNDICE: It is clinical sign and is referred to the expression of a yellow
discolouration of the serum and staining of soft tissues. Eg. Sclera, mucous
membrane and skin resulting from, hyper blirubbiunemia the rate of
production of bilirubin exceeds the rate of elimination.
KERATITIS: Inflammation of the cornea.
KETONURIA: It is the passing of ketone bodies in the urine, ketonuria is
commonly seen in starvation, acejonaemia and pregnancy toxaemia.
LAMENESS: It consist of a departure from the normal gait caused by disease
or injury in some part of the limbs and is usually accompanied by pain.
LACHRIMATION: Secretion and dischar-ge of tears.
MASTITIS: Inflammation, of the mammary glands.
MORBIDITY: Condition of being sick, ratio of sick to well individuals.
MORTALITY: It is the death rate. *
MYOGLOBINURIA:It is the presence of myoglobin in the urine. Its
presence in the urine is a good indication of severe muscular dystrophy "eg.
Azoturia.
NAUSEA: a feeling of sickness without actual vomiting.

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NEPHRITIS: It is the inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma usually
caused by bacterial infection and characterized by. pyuria, haematuria, dysuria
and bacteria.
NEPHROSIS: Nephrosis include degeneration change in renal parenchyma,
characterized by oliguria and uraemia in acute cases and polyuria,
dehydration ,and loss of weight in chronic cases.
NODULE: Nodule is a circumscribed, large, solid elevation greater than 1cm
in diameter on skin which does not deform at palpation. It involves deeper
layer of skin.
OLIGURIA: OllguTia is the reduction in daily out put of urine. Oliguria is
seen in terminal stages of all forms of nephritis, congestive heart failure and
peripheral circulatory failure.
ORCHITIS: Inflammation of a testis which is marked by pain, swelling and.
feeling of weight. It may be the result of infection eg. Brucellosis, tuberculosis.
trauma.
OSTITIS: In; immationof the bone.
PACHYDERMA: It is thickening of all layers of skin even including the
subcutaneous tissues.
PALPATION: It is the method of examining the surface of the body and the
internal organs as to their size, position, shape etc. by the method of feeling
with the hand laid upon the skin surface.
PAPULE: a papule is a circumscribed, small, solid elevated lesion of skin up
to 1 cm in diameter, which does not extend beneath dermis.
PARAPLEGIA: It means paralysis of hind legs and posterior part of the*
body and may be accompanied by paralysis of muscles.
PARALYSIS: Paralysis means loss of nerve control over any body .functions,
loss of sensation and loss of special senses but the term is usually restricted to
mean loss of muscular action due to interfere with the nervous system.
PEDICULOSIS: It is the presence of lices or other ectoparcites that are
generally host specific.
PERCUSSION: It is a method of making an examination of the deeper parts
of the body by means of striking the area over lying such organs either with
the fingers of one hand or with an instrument known as plessor.
PERIIONITIS: Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually secondary to
disease of one of the abdominal organs.
PITYRlASIS: It is the presence of bran like scales that appear on the
surface of skin.

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1
PLEURISY: Inflammation of the pleura which may occur as a complication
of pneumonia tuberculosis in cattle and other infections occasionally from a
chest wound.
PNEUMONIA: Inflammation of lung tissue, characterized clinically by the .
presence of cough, nasal discharge abdominal respiration, lung sound and
anoxia.
POLYPNEA: It is an increase in respiratory rate than normal. It can be either
physiological (pain, fear, anxiety) or pathological i.e. disease of lungs, heart
and chest cavity.
PROGNOSIS: It is an opinion as to the probable course and out come of a
disease prognosis may be graded as favourable unfavourable doubtful, poor,
hopeless.
PULSE: The rhythmic expansion of an artery which may be felt with the
finger.
PUSTULE: It is a small fluctuating, elevated accumulation of pus upto the
diameter of 1 cm and involve only superficial layers of skin.
PYEMIA: It means the presence of pus in he blood stream.
PYURIA: It is the presence of purulent debris (pus cells) in the urine. Pyuria
is usually associated with the presence of bacteria in the urine and is an
indications of development of sepsis.
REFRACTORY: a wound or disease that does not respond to treatment.
RENAL ISCHEMIA: It is the reduction in blood flow through kidney
resulting from circulatory failure characterized by initially oliguria followed by
anuria and uraemia.
RHINITIS: It is the inflammation of mucous membrane of nose
characterized by periodic sneezing, noisy breathing and nasal discharge.
SCAB: It is dried form of exudate and other inflammatory products collected
at latter stage on any skin wound.
SEPTICAEMIA: It is the presence of.pathogenic organisms and their toxins
in blood, characterized by the development of leucocytosis fever and other
signs of toxaemia
SERODIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis made by means of the reactions taking " place
with blood serum.
SEROTHERAPY: The treatment of the disease by the infection of serum
from convalescents or animals immunized against the disease.
SIGN: It is an objective evidence .of a disease. It is the disease evidence that
is observed by a veterinarian, live stock, owner, attendant or others

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SNEEZING: It is a sudden expulsion of air through the nostrils, designed to
expel irritating material from upper air passages.
STRANGURIA: It is slow and painful urination.
SYMPTOMS: Any functional manifestion of a disease often restricted to
subjective evidences of disease.
TRACHYCARDIA: An increase in heart rate which is commonly seen in
exercise, pain, excitement hyperthermia and fall in blood pressure.
TOXAEMIA: It is the presence of toxins in blood characterized by anorexia,
lethargy and depression it does not include toxicity caused by toxic plants,
organic or inorganic salts and poison of animals.
ULCER: a break in the continuity of epidermis i.e. an area with complete loss
of epidermis and some time part of under lying dermis with exposure of
underlying dermis tissues.
URAEMIA: It is the presence of excessive urinary constituents in the blood.
This term is used when there is complete loss of function of most nephrons
which occur in- terminal stages of acute or chronic renal insufficiency.
URETHRITIS: Inflammation of the urethra.
UROLITHIASIS: Urolithiasis is the formation of calculi in urinary tract
(kidneys, ureters, urethra or bladder) caused by organic or inorganic solutes
and characterized by abnormalities in urination.
URTICARIA: Urticaria is an allergic condition characterized by the
appearance of transient swelling in the form of wheels on the skin and
mucous membrane.
VESICLE: a vesicle is a small, fluid filled, cellular elevated lesions of skin
upto 1 cm in diameter which contains serum or lymph.
VIRAEMIA: The presence of virus in the circulating blood.
WHEEL: It is a circumscribed area of swelling caused by local edema and
erythema as seen in urticaria / allergies.
XANTHOMA: a collection of cholesterol under the skin producing a yellow
discolouration.
XEROPHTHALMIA: Dryness and ulceration of the cornea which may lead
to blindness associated with lack of vitamin a.
ZOONOSIS: a disease which is transmissible between animals and man.

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 SURGERY

Surgery is the branch of medical science which brings about or attempt to

bring about a restitution to the normal of a diseased state by instrumental,
manual or mechanical means OR Surgery js the art and practice of treating
injuries, deformities and other disorders by manual operations or
instrumental appliances.
The fundamental goal of surgical intervention is to restore the patient to
normal state of health. Surgery is intended for the allegation, correction or
elimination of lesions arising from disease, trauma and congenital defects
through manual mechanical or operative means.
ABSCESSES: These are the localized collection of pUs caused by pyogenic
organisms.
ACE PROMAZINE: It is a tranquillizer of choice for large and small
animals. It is a central nervous system depressant and possess antiemetic,
anticonvulsant, hypothermic, hypotensive and antispasmodic properties.
ACNE: Acne is an abscess involving the sebacious gland. The infection is
caused by staphylococci bacteria.
AMAUROSIS: Amaurosis is blindness without any apparent lesion in the
eye. It may be temporary or permanent. It is the result of toxaemia, lesion in
the branch etc.
AMETROPIA: This term used to denote a condition of abnormal refraction
of the eye due to hypermetropia, myopia, or astigmatism, in which parallel
rays are focussed either infront or behind the retina.
ANAESTHESIA: Anaesthesia is a term used to denote loss of sensation to
any part or whole of the body produced by agents, which depress the activity
of nervous tissue either locally or centrally. It is reversible process.
ANAESTHETIC AGENT: It is a substance which produces both
unconsciousness and absence of response to noxious stimuli in a reversible
manner.
ANALGESIA: Is a state produced by drugs in which, there is temporary loss
of the sense of pain without a loss of consciousness.
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: These drugs are used a to decrease upper
air way and serious secretion and induce vagotonia e.g. atropine sulphate.
ATROPINE SULPHATE: It is used as antisialagogue. It increases the heart
rate by blocking the vagus nerve. Blood pressure is usually un changed and
respiratory volume is slightly increased after its administration.
BALANITIS: Inflammation of gland penis.

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BALANOPOSTHITIS: Inflammation of the gland peris and prepuce.
BLEPHAROSPASM: It is a state of partial or complete closure of eyelids. It
may be due to foreign particles irritating the cornea conjunctivitis,
photophobia etc.
BRUISE: A bruise is a mild degree contusion. It is characterized by rupture
of capillaries in the skin giving rise to a reddish blue or purplish colouration
of skin.
BRACHYGNATHISM: When the upper jaw is much longer than the lower
jaw the upper incisors'over hang the lower ones.
BURNS: A burn is an injury cause by hot solids flame etc.
BURSITIS: Inflammation of a bursa causes synovial effusions into the bursal
cavity. The resulting swelling may be painful.
BUTACAINE: It is a surface anaesthetic agent specially suited for the
anaesthesia of the eye, nose and throat It is unsuitable for injection or for
epidural anaesthesia.
CALCULI: Calculi formation in the urinary tract is seen in ail species of
domestic animals. Calculi made up of phosphate, which are seen in alkaline
urine and those made up of oxalates and carbonates are seen in urine having
an acidic reaction.
CAPONIZATION: Castration of male fowl is called caponization.
CARBUNCLE: This condition produced by small boils rupturing
subcutaneously and draining inadequately through may tiny openings on the
skin. They are caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. It is
commonly seen in diabetic patients.
CASTRATION: Castration means removal on the testicles or removal of the
Ovaries. But common usage the term is confined only to the removal of
testicles.
CATGUT: Cat gut is the most commonly used absorbabte sutjre material. It
is prepared from collagen derived from the submucosa of the proximal wall
intestine in sheep or cattle. Cat gut is therefore available as plain cut gut and
chromic cut gut.
CHOKING: Choking is the obstruction of oesophagus.
COMPLETE FRACTURE: It is a fracture in which the bone, is broken
completely through its thickness e.g. single fracture double fracture multiple
fracture.
COMPOUND FRACTURE: A fracture which is communicating with an
open wound on the skin.
CONJUNCTIVITIS: Inflammation of the conjunctiva is one of the most
common eye disease.

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CONTUSION: A contusion is produced by blunt objects and results in
damage to subcutaneous tissues without breaking the continuity of the skin
surface.
COXITIS: Inflammation of the hip joint which are usually caused by pulling
heavy loads or by accidental slipping.
CYST: A cyst is a sac containing liquid or semi solid substance cyst has an
inner lining of secreting membrane. Occasionally cyst may contaih a solid
structures like tooth hair,
DEBRIDEMENT: It is a method of treating a wound containing lot of
damaged tissue debris and foreign matter by excision around its sides and
depth. It can be resorted to in treating badly lacerated wound.
DENSITY: (Radiographic Density) The blackness in a radiography is defined
as density. Greater densities represent areas where more x-rays has fallen on
the film.
DENTAL CARIES: Caries is a progressive destruction of the tooth
substance. It is caused by bacterial activity which is favoured by accumulation
of food particles on the tooth carries is initially recognized as a dark spot on
the tooth.
DENTAL FISTULA: Pus in the antrum. It is produced by the
communication of the root of a tooth with the out side.
DERMALENE DETAIL: Detail is a quality of the radiograph based on the
sharpness OF the out lines and contrast between various structures recorded
in it.
DERMALENE: This is a non-absorbable suture used for skin closure. It is
silk coated with tanned gelatin or other protein substance. The protein
coating prevents in growth of granulation tissue into the suture material.
DETOMIDINE: It is used primarily for sedation in horse animal may
remain standing in low doses.
DEXON (Polyglycolic acid): Dexonis a completely synthetic material, a
homopolymer of glycolic acid. The suture are sterile non-collagenous, non-
pyogenic, flexible and braided. Absorption is minimal until 14'days and
complete by 100-120 days.
DEXTRAN: It is derived from glucose polysacchride and is effective in
restoring blood volume in case of haemorrhage or shock.
DEXTROSE-5%: It is used in the treatment of .water deprivation and heart
failure. It is an isotonic solution containing water and some energy and is
good for replacement of water loss alone.

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DIATHERMY: It is a method of heating the tissues in depth by passing
through electric current. It has been used with success in arthritis, certain skin
diseases, paralysis etc.
DISLOCATION: Dislocation is the separation of articular surfaces of bones,
when there is only a slight change in the relation ship of the articular surfaces
of bones it is called a partial dislocation or subluxation.
DAPPING: Covering the skin of the patient with" sterilized towels excluding
the actual site of operation.
ELECTRO DIAGNOSIS: To stimulate contraction in muscles of the fore
limb, one of the electrodes is placed on the skin anterior to the dorsal
vertebrae.
ENTEROTOMY: It refers to surgical incision through the intestine.
EPIPHORA: It is a symptom characterized by excessive flow of tears. It may
be due to conjunctivitis, atresia or obstruction of the lacrimal passages.
EPULIS: Tumours originating from the gums and alveoli are generally called
epuiis. These are usually benign tumours and can be removed surgically.
FISTULA: a fistula is a tubular inflammatory tract open at both ends
connecting two surfaces covered by epithelium. It may be caused by injury,
destructive inflammatory process or may be congenital defect.
FRACTURE: A fracture is a break in the continuity of hard tissue like bone,
cartilage etc.
FURUNCULOSIS: It is characterized by groups of boils in different parts of
the body. A boil is an abscess involving the hair follicle caused by the
staphylococci.
GLAUCOMA: Glaucoma is a disease condition of the eye* characterized by
marked rise in the intra ocular pressure. It may result from increased
production or decreased drainage of aqueous humour.
GONITIS: Inflammation of the stifle joint. It may be acute or chronic. It is
more common in bullocks.
HAEMATOMA: a haematoma is a collection of blood in an abnormal
cavity. It is usually caused by injury to a superficial vein.
HAEMORRHAGE: Means bleeding inside or outside of the body cavity.
HAEMATINICS: Are drugs which stimulate the formation of red blood cells
and haemoglobin.
HAEMOSTATICS: a substance which check internal haemorrhage.
HERNIA: hernia is the protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity
through a normal or abnormal opening.

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HIP DYSPLASIA: Hip dysplasia is a general term used to denote a badly
formed hip joint due to development abnormalities. It causes unequal wear
and tear of the different components of the hip joint and arthritis of the joint.
HYDROCELE: The collection of fluid between the layers of tunica vaginalis
is called hydrocele.
HYDROPHTHALMOS: It is an enlargement of eye ball associated with
increase in the quantity of aqueous humour.
HYPERMETROPIA: It is a condition of abnormal refraction of the eye in
which parallel rays come to a focus behind the retina.
HYSTERECTOMY: A surgical operation for removal of the uterus. Usually
the ovaries are removed at the same time.
IMPETIGO: It is a mild contagions disease which is characterized by a
number of vesiculs-pustular eruptions appearing on different parts of the
body caused by staphylococci.
INCOMPLETE FRACTURE: It is a fracture which does not extend through
complete thickness of the bone E.g. Green stick fracture, fissured fracture,
deferred fracture etc.
INFLAMMATION: It is a purposeful reaction of living tissues to the action
of an irritant. The purpose of inflammation is to destroy or remove the
irritant and to repair the damaged tissues.
IRITIS: Inflammation of the iris.
KAMREE OR KUMRI: It is a chronic disease of horsing causing loss of
strength in the hind limbs.
KERATITIS: It is the inflammation of cornea.
KERATOMA: Keratoma is a tumour consisting of honey tissue, growing
from the inner aspect of the wall of the hoof when the foot is examined the
white line of the foot appears pushed inwards by the tumour.
KNUCKLING: An excessively flexed condition of the fetlock joint is called
knuckling. It is due to the contraction of the flexor tendons.
KYPHOSIS: Kyphosis is an upward curvature of the vertebral column.
LAGOPTHALMOSIS: A condition in which eye can not be completely
closed.
LAMPAS: Lampas is an inflammatory thickening of the mucous membrane
of the hard plate appearing as a ridge imemdiately behind the j upper
incisors.
LAMINITIS: Laminitis is the inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the
foot It is more common in the fore-foot, some times all the four feet are
affected.

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LAPAROTOMY: Laparotomy means opening of abdominal cavity or it is
the incision in the abdominal wall reaching the abdominal cavity.
LIGATURE: Material tied around a structure with the aim of blocking its
blood vessels or abstracting its lumen. The act of tying it off (ligation).
LYMPHANGITIS: It is the inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.
MILK STONES: These are calculi formed from calcium salts contained in
milk.
MORAINE: It produces good sedation and has good analgesics properties
center. It depress the respiratory center and produces Brady cardia. The
Brady cardia can be prevented or reversed with atropine.
MYIASIS: Myiasis is a condition which is caused by infestation of the «nimal
body by flies or their larvae (maggots).
MYOPIA: Myopia is a condition of abnormal refraction of the eye in which
parallel rays got focussed infront of the retina.
NACROSIS: Nacrosis is the local death of tissues characterized by the
distortion and in some cases dis-integration of the cells.
NARCOTICS: It provide good sedation and excellent pain relief and are
reasonable in expensive e.g. Apomorphire, Morphine, Sulphate etc.
NYLON: Nylon is a synthetic product. It is non-capillary. Strong and has a
smooth surface. It is some what stiff and therefore a little difficult to bandle
and to put secure knots.
ODONTOMA: Odontoma is a tumour composed of tooth tissue. It is
usually originate from the tooth, when the tumour is present extraction of the
tooth becomes very difficult or some times impossible.
OPEN JOINT: It is a condition caused by open wounds penetrating into the
joint. The wound is caused by sharp objects like nails, stones, broken glass
etc.
OSTITIS: It is the inflammation of bone which is due to concussion or
sprain of ligaments at their points of insertion. The inflammation may be of
periosteum and bone.
OTORRHOEA: It is the inflammation of external .ear. .
OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY: Surgical removal of ovaries along with uterus
to prevent development of uterine diseases.
PARAPHIMOSIS: Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the penis into the
sheath.
PATELLAR DISLOCATION: Dislocation of the patella may b« caused by
direct. Violence or powerful muscular contraction.

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PARALYSIS: Paralysis is the loss of function of muscles i.e. their inability to
contract in response to normal stimuli paralysis may be due to lesions in the
brain, spinal cord, nerves or in the muscle.
PHLEBITIS: Inflammation of the vein which is caused by trauma , infection,
toxins etc.
PHIMOSIS: Phimosis is the inability to protrude the penis through the
prepuce. The urine is passed in a thin stream or in drops. Phimosis may be
congenital.
PROGNATHISM: When-the lower jaw incisors are longer the condition is
called as prognathism.
PTERYGIUM: It is a condition where there is growth of conjunctiva
extending towards the cornea. It can be removed surgically after ligation.
PYOMETRA: Pyometra is a condition which is characterized by the
acpumulation of pus in the uterus.
QUADDING: Partially chewed food materials mixed with saliva may drop
out of the mouth while chewing.
QUITTOR: Quittor is a condition resulting from necrosis to the lateral
cartilage and is noticed by the presence of sinus openings in the coronet
region.
RADIOGRAPHY: Radiography is a science which deals with the use of X-
Rays for therapeutic and diagnostic purpose.
RANULA: Ranula is a transparent cyst occurring under the tongue close to
the Phrenum linguae. It is a retention cyst originating from the ducts of the
sublingual salivary gland.
RETINITIS: Inflammation of the retina.
SCALD: a scald is an injury which is caused by the hot liquids or steam.
SCOLIOSIS: Scoliosis is a curvature of the vertebral column to a side.
SHIVERING: Shivering is an involuntary contraction of muscles thereby
causing irregular movements of.certain part of the body.
SHOCK: Shock is a clinical condition which is characterized by decreased
blood flow to vital organs due to imbalance between size of vascular bed and
the inability of the body tissues to metabolise nutrients only.
SINUS: A sinus is a tubular, inflammatory tract leading from a deeper
inflammatory area with one or more external openings upon mucous or
cutaneous surface.
SPAVIN: An exostosis in the hock region below the level of the tibiotarsal
articulation is called spavin. It is a typical example of an osteo-arthritic
disease.

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SQUINT: It is a condition when there is abnormal deviation in the position
of the eye ball.
SUPPURATION: The formation of pus in the tissues is called as
suppuration which usually caused by pyogenic bacteria e.g. streptococci,
staphylococci, E.Colie etc.
SYMBLEPHARON: It is a condition where the bulbar conjunctiva is
adherent to the palpebral conjunctiva. This may be congenital or may result
from blepharitis.
THERMOCAUTERY: A red hot iron applied to a bleeding point usually
causes arrest of haemorrhage unless the vessel is very large. This method is
very useful for small vessels.
THOROUGHPIN: Distension of the tarsal sheath due to chronic synovitis.
The swelling is noticed at the hollow of the hock to either sides of
tendoachilis.
TORTICOLLJS: Torticollis or distortion of the neck is seen the horse due to
the animal falling with the head and neck under the body. The head is kept
lowered, lightly twisted and turned to a side. Their is severe pain in the initial
stage.
TOURNIQUET: A tourniquet is a cord tied around an extremity like tail,
penis, limb etc as to control bleeding, a tourniquet is applied proximal to the
bleeding point.
TRANQIUZERS: Drugs which cause sedation without drowsiness.
TUMOUR: Tumour means formation of new tissue which is caused by a
purposeless multiplication of living cells.
ULCER: An ulcer is an inflammatory lesion of the skin of mucous
membrane with loss of surface epithelium.
UVEITIS: Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body and choroid.
VESICAL CALCULI: Stones in the urinary bladder may or may not ' exhibit
symptoms depending on their position.
VETAFIL: This is non-absorbable suture made out of a synthetic fibre. It is
non-irritant, non-capillary and easy to handle. Vetafil is a potent product.
WIND GALLS: Distension of the great seramoidean sheath which is
characterized by a soft swelling above the level of the proximal sesamoid
bones.
WOUND: Wound is a traumatic separation of skin, mucous membrane or
organ surface OR a wound is a break in the continuity of soft issues caused by
trauma.

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YOKE GALL: A yoke gall is a localised acute inflammation of the skin and
subcutaneous tissues on the neck of cattle due to constant friction caused by
the yoke.

SOME DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA

ACTINOBACILLOSIS (Wooden Tongue): Catties are mostly while sheep

are rarely affected. This is caused by Actinobacillus ligniersi a rod shaped,
gram - ve aerobic organism (-ve).
ACTINOMYCOSIS: Cause is actinomyces Bovis a gram +ve rod shaped,
anaerobe non sporulating organism, present in the mucosa of mucous and
pharynx of man and animal.
ANTHRAX: It is an acute septicemic disease caused by Baciuus Anthracis a
gram + capsulated, spore forming rod shaped aerobic organism.
BACILLARY HAEMOGLOBINURIA: Catties are mostly affected but
rarely sheep and swine the casual organism is clostridium Hemolyticum.
BLACK DISEASE: It is an acute-infections toxaemic disease of sheep mostly
and occasionally cattle caused by clostridium Norvi type B (or Clostridium
oedematiens).
BLACK QUARTER: It is an acute disease of cattle and sheep, caused by
clostridium chauvoei a rod shaped gram +ve and sporulating non capsule
forming saccharolytic anaerobe.
BOTRYOMYCOSIS: It is a granulomarons lesion caused by staphytococcus
Aureus and is more common in horse specially at the shoulder and sternal
region.
BOTULISM: It is a highly fatal intoxication by toxins of Clostridium
Botulinum.
BOVINE LYMPHANGITIS: Chronic infections disease of bovines in which
there is abscess formation of superficial lymph gland condition is caused by
Yersina pseudo tuberculosis rodentium type III.
BRAXY: It is an acute toxaemic and fatal disease of sheep caused by
Clostridium septicum.
BRUCELLOSIS: It is a disease caused by different strains of Brucella among
cattle sheep, pigs horse goats and man. Different sjtrains are Brucella Abortus
Brucella Sius, Brucella Ovis, Brucella Cariis.
COLIPACILLOSIS: Severe condition affecting the new born animals caused
by E. Cli.

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CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA: Highly infectious
disease of cattle caused by polymorphic organism Mycoplasma Mycoises.
ENTEROTOXAEMIA: It is an acute toxaemia of sheep and cattle, caused
by clostridium per fringes type D.
EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS: Chronic contagious disease of horse
caused by gram +ve and dimorphic fungus Histoplasma farciminosum.
GROUPS OF BACTERIA: A simple but useful working classification or
grouping is that based on combination of overall shape (coccus and bacillus)
and reaction to gram stain. Those bacteria which do not retain the violet of
grams stain (haematoxylin eosin and aniline methylene violet) are called gram
negative, but those which do retain the violet are called gram + Positive.
HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA (Pasteurellosis): Common in cattle and
buffaloes and rare in sheep and goats, disease is caused by pasteurella
Multocida and Pasteurella Hemolytica.
JOHN'S DISEASE: Chronic fatal disease of ruminants caus'ed by an acid fast
organism Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
LEPTOSPIROSIS: It is disease of dogs and large domesticated animals
caused by several specie of leptospirae.
LISTERIOSIS (Circling Disease): is acute disease of man and animal caused
by Listeria Monocytogenes a gram +ve and rod shaped non sporulating.
PARATYPHOID: Very common among young animals of all species and
causes high mortality in dairy farms. The organisms responsible are
Salmonella Typhimurium and salmonella Dublin in calves and sheep S.
Cholarae sius and S Typhimurium in pigs and S. Typhymurium in horses.
STRANGLES: is an acute disease of horse characterised by inflammation of
upper respiratory tract with abscess formation in lymph nodes. Causative
organism is streptococcus Equi.
TETANUS (Lock Jaw): A highly fatal infections disease, caused by exotoxin
clostzidium Tetavi a gram + ve sporulating anaerobe.
TUBERCULOSIS: It is caused by an aerobic, acid fast rod shaped organism
mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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GRAM POSITIVE GRAM NEGATIVE
COCCI COCCI
Staphylococcus Gonococcus
Streptococcus Meningococcus
Pneumococcus
BACILLI BACILLI
Anthrax bacillus Influenza bacillus
Diphtheria bacillus and other Bord pertussis
Brucella abortus and melitensis
Corynebacteria Vigrosis Cholera
Tetanus bacillus Members of the
other clostridia Coli-typhoid dysentery
Actinomycosis group
Nocardia Fried landers bacillus
Streptomyces Plague bacillus
Tubercle bacillus Proteins and
other mycobacteria Pseudomonas.

APPENDIX – I

NORMAL RECTAL TEMPERATURES

ANIMAL RANGE (°F) AVERAGE (°F)

Horse (Adult 99.0 – 100.5 99.7
Draught)
Foal 99.5 – 101.5 100.5
OX (over one year) 100.0 – 102.5 101.3
Calf (upto one year) 101.5 – 103.5 102.5

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Sheep 102.0 – 104.0 103.0
Goat 101.5 – 104.5 102.9
Dog(Small) 101.5 – 102.5 102.0
Dog(Large) 99.5- 101.5 100.4
Cat 100.0-102.5 101.3
Cattle 100.3 – 104.0 102.2
Buffalo 99.0 – 102.0 100.5
Camel 97.2 – 101.1 99.5
Fowl 105.0 – 109.4 107.2

APPENDIX – II

NORMAL PULSE RATE (BEATS / MINUTES) PULSE RATE

TEMPERATURES

ANIMAL PULSE RATE

Camel 25 - 32
Horse 28 - 40
Calf (Yearly) 70 - 80
Calf (Young) 100-120
Cattle 55 - 80
Sheep 70 - 90
Goat 70-90
Dog (Small) 90-120
Dog (Large) 65 - 90
Cat 110-130

APPENDIX – III

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 NORMAL RESPIRATORY RATES (RATES / MINUTES)

RESPIRATORY RATE TEMPERATURES

ANIMAL RESPIRATORY RATE

Horse 10-14
OX (Adult) 10-30
OX (Yearly) 15-40
Sheep 20-30
Goat 20-30
Dog 15-30
Pig 8-18
Cat 20-30
Cattle 16-22
Buffalo 10-14
Fowl 15-30
Camel 5-12

APPENDIX – IV

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF MILK OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS

AND HUMAN MILK

Total
Species Fat% Proteins% Lactose% ASH% Solids Water%
DS%
Cow 3.7 3.2 4.8 0.72 12.4 87.6
Buffalo 6.5 3.8 5.1 0.76 16.6 83.4
Goat 4.0 3.7 3.6 0.78 11.8 88.2
Sheep 8.5 6.7 4.3 0.96 20.5 79.5
Camel 2.9 3.9 5.4 0.77 13.0 87.0
Ass 1.4 1.9 6.1 0.48 9.90 90.1
Mare 1.59 2.14 6.73 0.42 10.88 89.12

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Humans 3.3 1.3 6.8 0.20 11.50 88.5

APPENDIX –V

COMMON LATIN TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Latin English

a Ante Before
a.c -- Before meal, After
meal
a.a Ana Of each
ad, lib Adlibitum As desired
aq Qua Water
b.i.d Bis in Die Two times a day
c Cum With
cap Capulia Capsule
eq.pts Equatis Partes Equal Parts.
ft Fiat Make
haust Haustus To drench orally
m Misce Mix
n.r Non-repeatater Not to be received
o.d Omine Die Once a day
p.v Pulrus Powder
q.i.d Quarter in die Four times a day
q.s Quaritim Sufficit Quantity Sufficient
s.i.d Semel in die Once a day
signers Signa Write on label
s.o.s Si opas si If necessary
s.s Semissive Half
stat Statum Immediately
tab Tabella Tablets
t.i.d Ter in die Three times a day

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