Chapter III Final Na Revise

CHAPTER III
PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN
This chapter discusses the proposed design of the project. It includes the proposed
layout of the facilities based from the findings of technical study and its design plan,
design considerations from the various codes which serve as the basis for the proposed
design, the preliminary design of the project and the design standards and specifications.
A. Proposed Layout of Facilities
The proposed layouts of buildings for the design of the proposed tertiary hospital
in Brgy. Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas consists of three-storey hospital building, two-
storey commercial building, one-storey maintenance and engineering building, water
tank, parking area, perimeter fence, road network, drainage layout, material recovery
facility and wastewater treatment facility.
The design of the proposed structures is mainly with accordance to the National
Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP), National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP) and the rules and regulations set by the Department of Health (DOH) for the
proposed hospital building which is the „Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a
Hospital and other Health Facilities‟ and „Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals
and Health Facilities Planning and Design.‟
For people with disabilities (PWDs), the provision of ramps is given importance
with accordance to BP 344 which is the Accessibility Law.
The safety of the people is given priority by providing fire exits in conformity to
the Fire Code of the Philippines.

Proposed Design of Tertiary Hospital Chapter III: Proposed
Baquillas, C.J. M., Hermosa, N.P. A., Landicho O. F. Project Design
In order to provide the detailed site plan of the proposed structures, the
proponents prepared the Site Development Plan. It has a total land area of 20, 100 square
meters.
Figure 5 is the site development plan of the proposed tertiary hospital in Brgy.
Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas.
Figure 5. Proposed Site Development Plan of the Proposed Tertiary Hospital
According to Figure 5 which is the site development plan, the proposed project
shall include the construction of three buildings (i.e. three-storey hospital building, two-
storey commercial building and one-storey engineering and maintenance building),
parking areas, water tank, perimeter fence, road network, drainage layout, material
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recovery facility and wastewater treatment facility which are described and presented as
follows:
1. Three-Storey Hospital Building
The first structure which is the proposed three-storey hospital building is the main
structure of the proposed project. This proposed structure is designed mostly with
accordance to the Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a Hospital and other Health
Facilities (2004) and Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities
Planning and Design set by the Department of Health (DOH).
Figure 6 shows the perspective view of the proposed three-storey hospital building.
Figure 6. Perspective View of Proposed Three-Storey Hospital Building
Based from Figure 6, the ground floor is where the administrative, emergency,
laboratory, outpatient, housekeeping and radiology department can be located. Moreover,
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there is also public canteen, chapel, public and PWD toilet. This floor has a total floor
area of 2, 716 square meters.
For ease in terms of transportation in the upper floors for patients, staffs and
visitors, an elevator and stairs is provided. In case of fire emergency, four fire exits are
provided in order to prioritize the safety of the people inside the establishment.
In giving importance to the accessibility of PWDs to the entry and exit in the
hospital, ramps are also provided as well as to all levels of the floor.
The second floor of the hospital building on the other hand is where the obstetrics,
dialysis center, inpatient wards, private rooms, surgical department, Intensive Care Unit
(ICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are located. Public and PWD toilet are also
provided. This floor has a total floor area of 2, 666 square meters.
The third floor of the hospital building is where the private rooms, semi-private
rooms, male inpatient wards, training room and library are located. Public and PWD
toilets are also provided in this area. This floor has a total floor area of 2, 666 square
meters.
The proposed three-storey hospital building has a total floor area of 8, 048 square
meters.
2. Two-Storey Commercial Building
The proposed two-storey commercial building will provide convenience to the
visitors of the proposed three-storey hospital building. Putting up commercial buildings
in the area can also easily attract the public in utilizing the area.
Figure 7 shows the perspective view of the two-storey commercial building.
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Figure 7. Perspective View of Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building
The proposed two-storey commercial building includes a convenience store, and a
commercial rentable space at the ground floor and second floor. A comfort room for
public in both sides of the building is also available.
The exterior and interior of the building will be finished and well-painted. Tiles
will be used for flooring while glass panels will be used for safety and aesthetic purposes.
The total floor area of the building is 340 square meters.
3. Parking Areas
The project will include parking areas to provide sufficient spaces for parking of
vehicles in order to improve the traffic management of the hospital. According to the
Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a Hospital and other Health Facilities by the
Department of Health (2004), a hospital and other health facilities shall provide a
minimum of one parking space for every twenty-five beds. There will be a total of 27
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parking slots for the visitors, staffs, etc. A perpendicular and diagonal parking with a
dimension of 2.4m by 5m and 2.7m by 5.5m respectively for one parking space according
to NBCP will be provided.
4. Water Tank
The construction of additional facilities in the proposed project requires for an
efficient and uninterrupted water supply to its end users. A water tank will be placed in
the rooftop of the three-storey hospital building.
The number of staffs and personnel from various departments in the proposed
tertiary hospital is in accordance to the “Manual and Technical Guidelines for Hospitals
and Health Facilities Planning and Design” in order to design the water tank capacity. It
includes the number of doctors, nurses, patients, visitors, administrative, security, and
maintenance.
Table 6 shows the number of personnel per department in the proposed three-
storey hospital building.
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Table 6
Maximum Number of Personnel per Department in the Proposed Tertiary
Hospital
Department Maximum Number of Personnel

Administrative 30
Outpatient 28
Emergency 15
Radiology 17
Laboratory 15
Surgery 16
Housekeeping 17
Dietary Service 21
Pharmacy 16
Engineering and Maintenance 10
Source: DOH’s “Manual and Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities
Planning and Design”
Shown in Table 6 is the number of personnel for the proposed three-storey
hospital building.
From the hospital policy of DOH tertiary hospitals like East Avenue Medical
Center in Marikina City and Philippine Heart Center in Quezon City, the maximum
number of visitors per patient per day is 2 while in Batangas Medical Center the allowed
visitor per patient per day is 1. The maximum number of patients that the proposed
hospital will accommodate per day is 100 and the proponents used the 2 visitors per
patient per day. Thus, the total number of population in the proposed hospital is 485.
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Based from the expected values, the total number of end users to be considered is
485 persons per day. Also, according to World Health Organization (WHO) the normal
water requirement or the water consumption per capita in hospital is 115
Liters/person/day. Thus, the calculation for the water tank capacity is presented as
follows.
Using the computation set by the government authorities of the Philippines (i.e.
City Engineers Office) in calculating water tank capacity, the water tank that will be
needed is 4000 gallon capacity water tank.
The proponents will be using a horizontal cylindrical type round top and bottom
water tank with a diameter of 2.2 meters, a body length of 4.29 meters, and a total height
of 2.34 meters. The specifications that are referred to by the proponents are based on the
S-Tank brand. Also, the water tank to be installed is fabricated.
5. Road Network
In the site development plan, the proposed road network for the proposed facilities is
also included. Figure 8 shows the road section for the proposed project conforming to
DPWH standards.
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Figure 8. Access Road Section
Shown in Figure 8 is the access road section for the proposed structure. The two-
lane carriageway has a total width of 6.4 m with shoulder having a width of 1.5 m.
6. One-Storey Maintenance and Engineering Building
The proposed one-storey maintenance and engineering building will include the
services to maintain the proposed hospital building.
Figure 9 shows the perspective view of the proposed one-storey maintenance and
engineering building.
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Figure 9. Proposed Perspective of One-Storey Maintenance and Engineering
Building
Based from Figure 9, the proposed one-storey maintenance and engineering
building will include carpentry workshop, mechanical and engineering room, office, and
motorpool parking and repair. The total floor area of the proposed building is 320 square
meters with dimension of 40m by 8m.
7. Drainage Layout
For the proposed drainage layout of the proposed structures, the storm water
runoff accumulated within the site will be discharged and connected to the municipal
drainage system. Meanwhile, the wastewater discharged in the proposed hospital building
will be treated first at the proposed wastewater treatment facility to ensure the safety of
the constituents against polluted water.
Figure 10 shows the drainage system layout for the proposed project.
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Figure 10. Drainage System Layout
Shown in Figure 10 is the proposed drainage system layout for the proposed
structure. It can also be shown in the figure the location of septic tank, manhole, clean
out, catch basin and the flow of run-off water. The layout for the connection of
wastewater from hospital into the wastewater treatment facility is also shown. For the
design of the drainage cross-section, septic tank and manhole, see design procedures.
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8. Perimeter Fence
To ensure security of the people and the establishment, proposed perimeter fence
will be provided. Figure 11 shows the perimeter fence section for the proposed structures.
Figure 11. Perimeter Fence Section
With a height of 3m from the natural grade line, the perimeter fence will be made
of CHB wall. It will be composed of a 4 inches CHB with a smooth plastered finish. For
the CHB reinforcing bars the proponents used 10 mm rebar for both vertical and
horizontal reinforcement. See Appendix C for the details of the proposed perimeter fence.
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9. Material Recovery Facility
The material recovery facility will be located at the rear side of the proposed
hospital building with total floor area of 40 square meters with dimension of 10m by 4m.
Figure 12 shows the perspective view of the proposed material recovery facility.
Figure 12. Proposed Perspective of Material Recovery Facility
As shown in Figure 12, the proposed material recovery facility will include area
for biomedical wastes, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and composite wastes.
10. Wastewater Treatment Facility
The wastewater treatment system will be the Conventional Activated Sludge
(CAS). The treatment system will receive an influent flow of 28.16 cu.m. generated from
the hospital building daily.
The plan lay-out of the CAS System is shown in Figure 13.
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Figure 13. Plan Lay Out of CAS System
Figure 13 shows the plan lay out of Conventional Activated Sludge System with a
dimension of 24m x 10m floor area treatment facility. The facility is composed of
screening chamber, equalization tank, aeration tank, sedimentation tank, clarifier tank and
anaerobic digester. The system will have chlorine contact tank as an additional treatment
for the water to be reused and treated water tank for the storage of the water.
B. Design Alternatives/Trade-Offs
1. Design Criteria
Design Trade-off is a technique of reducing one or more desirable outcomes in
exchange for increasing or obtaining other desirable outcomes in order to maximize the
total return or effectiveness under given circumstances. The proponents decided to have
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two project alternatives on which one is chosen depending on the sensitivity analysis
which includes cost, environmental impact, aesthetics, speed of construction, and
maintenance.
1.1 Cost
Cost of the structure is one of the factors in deciding which design will govern. It
consists of construction material costs which are affected by availability, shipping costs,
and taxes, labor costs which are affected by the type of skills needed, the number of
available workers, and the local wage range and cost of transport and boarding workers
of local workers. The cost of material, labor and other indirect cost that will be used in
the proposed project will affect the construction phase of the structure and the allocation
of budget by the municipal. In the sensitivity analysis of the structures, the proponents set
35% degree of importance based on its significant effect on the completion of the
structure.
1.2 Environment Impact
Environment impact is also important to consider before taking on the construction
phase of the structure. The construction of the structure can cost high emissions that harm
the environment or the area nearby the construction, possible soil erosion and problems
with the flow of water and its quality. Environmental sensitivity analysis can also
increase the project cost of the structure during construction phase. In considering the
environmental impact in designing of the proposed project, it can lessen environmental
impact factors and possible problem that will lead serious impact to the structure and to
the environment. This is one of the considerations in choosing which design is preferable.
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In the sensitivity analysis, environmental impact comprises 10% degree of importance on
the overall criteria set by the proponents based on its impact to the structure.
1.3 Aesthetics
The proponents also considered aesthetics as criteria in choosing between design 1
and design 2. In the sensitivity analysis of the structures, the proponents set a 10% degree
of importance based on its significance to the overall criteria.
1.4 Speed of Construction
The proponents also considered the construction speed of the structure. Its purpose is
to ensure that the project will be completed on time. This will allow the head engineer
and contractor decide on how long will it take to complete the project while reducing
unexpected delays at the same time. The increase in project duration can also increase the
construction project cost due to the increase of indirect cost. in considering the speed of
construction of the structure, the proponents considered construction project schedule and
the step-by-step project management plan in determining the critical and non-critical
tasks/activity while preventing time-frame problems during the construction of the
structures. In the sensitivity analysis, environmental impact comprises 25% degree of
importance on the overall criteria set by the proponents based on its impact to the
structure.
1.5 Maintenance
The proponents also considered the maintenance of the structure for the sensitivity
analysis of the proposed structures. In the sensitivity analysis, maintenance comprises
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20% degree of importance on the overall criteria set by the proponents based on its
impact to the structure.
Design trade-offs considered in the project design went through sensitivity analysis
for each building as presented in the table. The criteria considered in the design
alternative before the construction of the project are cited in the table. Each design
alternative with corresponding degree of importance is assessed and rated based from the
criteria to be considered in choosing the most suited applicable design for the project.
Rating is in a scale of 1 to 2 where 2 is maximum-most important and 1 is minimum-least
important.
1. Sensitivity Analysis for the Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building
The proposed structure has 2 design alternatives. Design Alternative 1 uses a roof
steel truss while design alternative 2 uses roof concrete slab. With the same floor area
in each design, the proponents considered the type of roof to be used The proponents
presented a sensitivity analysis for the design alternative in order to choose what
alternative will govern in the project.
Table 7 shows the sensitivity analysis for the proposed two-storey commercial
building.
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Table 7
Sensitivity Analysis for the Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building
Criteria Degree of Alternative Design 1 Alternative Design

Importance 2
(%) Rating Percentage Rating Percentage
(%) (%)
Cost 35 2 35 1 17.5
Speed of 25 2 25 1 12.5
Construction
Maintenance 20 1 10 2 20
Environment 10 2 10 1 5
Impact
Aesthetics 10 1 5 2 10
Total 100 9 85 6 65
Cost
In terms of cost, alternative design 1 governs because it has a much lower cost
with Php. 22,230,729.09 than the Alternative Design 2 which is Php. 23,550,660.05.
With design A being steel roof truss, it typically remains a less expensive option
compared to design B which is a roof slab. The rating for design 1 is 2 while design 2 got
the low mark which is 1.
Speed of Construction
The speed of construction is also given importance for the criteria in the
sensitivity analysis. Because alternative design 2 will increase the construction project
cost due to its longer time frame, with the rating of 2 for alternative design 1 it governs
with the duration of 204 working days while design 2 got a mark of 1.
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Maintenance
Another criterion is the proper maintenance of the structure to be considered. The
alternative design 2 which is a roof slab doesn‟t need excessive maintenance compared to
alternative design 1 which is a roof steel truss. The maintenance consideration in terms of
cost is nearly greater in design 1 compared to design 2 which is a reinforced concrete.
With the rating of 2 for design 2 and 1 for design 1, the alternative design 2 governs in
terms of maintenance.
Environment Impact
For the environment impact, design 2 which is made of concrete, at the end of its
life can be crushed and recycled but the recycled material cannot be used for new
building concrete whilst the design 1 which is made of steel can be recycled and new
steel made from scrapped steel uses about one-third of the energy necessary for steel
from virgin materials. With that, alternative design 1 governs with a rating of 2 while
design 2 got a mark of 1.
Aesthetics
The aesthetics of the proposed structures is also considered. Figure 14 shows the
perspective of the alternative design 1.
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Figure 14. Perspective of Alternative Design 1 (Commercial Building)
From the figure shown, alternative design 1 has a roof steel truss. Figure 15 shows
the perspective of the alternative design 2.
Figure 15. Perspective of Alternative Design 2 (Commercial Building)
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The figure shown has a roof slab which is a modern design these days. With the
consideration of aesthetics, alternative design 2 got the highest mark which is 2 because
of its appealing design while design 1 got a rating of lowest mark which is 1.
The final structure to be adopted is Design Alternative 1 for the two – storey
commercial building with a total of 85% which is the summation of rates for each
criterion multiplied by the degree of importance.
Sensitivity Analysis for the Proposed Three-Storey Hospital Building
The proposed structure has 2 design alternatives. Design Alternative 1 has an H-
Shaped form design alternative 2 has a U-Shaped form. The two design alternatives
also differ from the arrangement of some rooms. The proponents presented a
sensitivity analysis for the design alternative in order to choose what alternative will
govern in the project. Table 8 shows the sensitivity analysis for the proposed three-
storey hospital building.
Table 8
Sensitivity Analysis for the Proposed Three-Storey Hospital Building
Criteria Degree of Alternative Design 1 Alternative Design

Importance 2
(%) Rating Percentage Rating Percentage
(%) (%)
Cost 35 2 35 1 17.5
Speed of 25 2 25 1 12.5
Construction
Maintenance 20 2 20 1 10
Environment 10 2 10 1 5
Impact
Aesthetics 10 1 5 2 10
Total 100 9 95 6 55
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Cost
In terms of cost, alternative design 1 governs because it has a much lower cost
with Php. 628,651,093.05 than the Alternative Design 2 which is Php. 660,904,039.14.
Design 1 got the highest mark which is 2 while design 2 got the lowest mark which is 1.
Speed of Construction
The speed of construction is also a criterion for the sensitivity analysis. Because
alternative design 2 will increase the construction project cost due to its longer time
frame it got the mark of 1 while the alternative design 1 got the rating of 2. Design 1
governs with the duration of 291 working days.
Maintenance
Also, the proper maintenance of the structure should also be considered. The
alternative design 1 has a high quality of maintenance compared to design 2. Therefore
the maintenance consideration in terms of cost is nearly greater in design 1 compared to
design 2. With this, the design 1 got the highest mark which is 2 while design 2 got the
lowest mark which is 1.
Environment Impact
For the environment impact, the construction time is one of the important factors
to be considered. The longer the time of construction, the higher impact it has in the
environment such as noise and air pollution and waste disposal. Related to this design 1,
has a much lesser time frame than the design 2 so it has a lesser impact to the
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environment. There alternative design 1 governs with a rating of 2 while design 2 got
lowest mark which is 1.
Aesthetics
The aesthetics of the proposed structures is also considered. The proponents
considered the form/shape of the building in terms of aesthetics. Figure 16 shows the
perspective view of the alternative design 1.
Figure 16. Perspective View of Alternative Design 1 (Hospital Building)
Based from Figure 16 shown which is the perspective view of the alternative
design 1, it has a form of H-shape and a roof slab type. It is a three-storey tertiary hospital
building with a total floor area of 8, 048 square meters.
Figure 17 shows the perspective view of the alternative design 2.
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Figure 17. Perspective View of Alternative Design 2
As shown in Figure 17 which is the perspective view of the alternative design 2, it
has a form of U-shape and a roof slab type. It is a three-storey tertiary hospital building
with also a total floor area of 8, 048 square meters.
With the consideration of aesthetics, alternative design 2 got the rating of 2 and it
governs because of its appealing design. The rating for design 1 in terms of aesthetic is 1.
The final structure to be adopted is the Design Alternative 1 for the proposed three-
storey hospital building with a total of 95% which is the summation of rates for each
criterion multiplied by the degree of importance.
C. Design Considerations
All of the proposed structures will be based on the National Building Code of the
Philippines (NBCP) and National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP) and
DOH‟s Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a Hospital and other Health Facilities
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(2004) and Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities Planning
and Design set by the Department of Health (DOH). The design of the other
supplementary utilities will be based on codes and standards which will be specified in
the proceeding sections of this chapter.
1. For All Hospital Buildings
According to Guidelines in the Planning and Design of a Hospital and other
Health Facilities‟ (2004), a hospital and other health facilities shall be planned and
designed to observe appropriate architectural practices, to meet prescribed functional
programs, and to conform to applicable codes as part of normal professional practice. The
following should conform to the design of the proposed three-storey hospital building:
a. Fire Protection
There shall be measures for detecting fire such as fire alarms in walls and
smoke detectors in ceilings. There shall be devices for quenching fire such as fire
extinguishers or fire hoses that are easily visible and accessible in strategic areas.
b. Occupancy
A building designed for other purpose shall not be converted into a
hospital. The location of a hospital shall comply with all local zoning ordinances.
c. Lighting
The lighting in all areas in a hospital and other health facilities shall be
provided with sufficient illumination to promote comfort, healing and recovery of
patients and to enable personnel in the performance of work.
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d. Ventilation
Adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure comfort of patients,
personnel and public.
e. Safety
A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a safe
environment for patients, personnel and public. The building shall be of such
construction so that no hazards to the life and safety of patients, personnel and
public exist. It shall be capable of withstanding weight and elements to which
they may be subjected.
Exits shall be restricted to the following types: door leading directly
outside the building, interior stair, ramp, and exterior stair. A minimum of two
exits, remote from each other, shall be provided for each floor of the building.
Exits shall terminate directly at an open space to the outside of the building. The
provision of fire exits for the proposed three-storey hospital is with accordance to
the Fire Code of the Philippines.
f. Patient Movement
Spaces shall be wide enough for free movement of patients, whether they
are on beds, stretchers, or wheelchairs. Circulation routes for transferring patients
from one area to another shall be available and free at all times.
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Corridors for access by patient and equipment shall have a minimum
width of 1.44 meters. The proponents used 3.00 meter width for the proposed
three-storey hospital building,
Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed, stretcher and equipment
transport may be reduced in width to 1.83 meters.
A ramp or elevator shall be provided for ancillary, clinical and nursing
areas located on the upper floor.
A ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance of the hospital not on
the same level of the site.
According to the implementing rules and regulations of Batas Pambansa
Blg. 344 which is the Accessibility Law, in giving importance to PWDs, for the
stairways of buildings, the height of handrails shall be 700-800 mm from the
floor. Also, the maximum slope of ramps shall be 1:12 but length shall not exceed
6.00 m without landing.
g. Material Specification
Floors, walls and ceilings shall be of sturdy materials that shall allow
durability, ease of cleaning and fire resistance.
h. Parking
A hospital and other health facilities shall provide a minimum of one (1)
parking space for every twenty-five (25) beds.
i. Space
Adequate area shall be provided for the people, activity, furniture,
equipment and utility.
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Based from the data gathered in DOH‟s “Manual on Technical Guidelines
for Hospitals and Health Facilities Planning and Design and Guidelines in the
Planning” and “Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health
Facilities Planning and Design”, Volume 4 of Schematic Plans and Technical
Requirements of a 100 bed hospital, the minimum space area required in sq.m for
a tertiary hospital and the facilities with its corresponding area for the proposed
three-storey hospital building is shown in the Table 9.
Table 9
DOH’s Minimum Space Area Required for a 100 Bed Capacity Tertiary
Hospital and with its corresponding area for the Proposed Three-Storey Hospital
Building
Facilities Minimum Space Area Area (sq.m)

Required (sq.m) as per
DOH’s requirement
Administrative Service Facilities
Lobby 42 200
Affiliates Room and Library 48 48
Office of the Chief of Hospital 36 36
Accounting Room 24 24
Office of the Chief Nurse 24 24
Office of the Admin Officer 24 30
Business and Finance 105 169
Office
Commission on Audit 21 24
Office
Office of the Department 10.5 24
Head
Conference Room 48 48
PWD Toilet 9 9
Breastfeeding Room 14 14
Radio Room 6 10
Clinical Service Facility
A. Emergency
Minor Operating 18 24
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Room
Treatment Cubicles 23 36
Nurse Station 15 18
Observation Room 42 42
Toilet 3.5 4.5
Waiting Area 0.65/person 6.6
Wheeled Stretcher 1.08/stretcher 5.4
Area
Doctor's On Duty 21 21
Room
B. Nursery
Nurse Station 15 24
Septic Nursery and Work 15 20
Room
Neonatal Intensive Care 78 78
Unit
Breastfeeding Room 10 10
C. Surgery
Stretcher Nook and 1.08/stretcher 25
Transfer
Scrub-Up 4.65 6
Surgical Supervisor's 5.02/staff 24
Area
Anesthesiologist's Area 5.02/staff 24
and Storage
Staff Toilet 13.5 18
Storage Room 4.65 18
Major Operating Room 33.45 48
Sterilizing Room 4.65 6.75
Recovery Room 7.43/bed 48
Intensive Care Unit 7.43/bed 260
Visitor's Lounge 0.65/person 40
Sterile Instrument and 4.65 18
Supply Storage
D. OB-GYNE
Labor and Delivery 54 72
Room
E. Medical Records
Medical Records 24 24
Room
I. Medical Social Service
Medical Social Service 15 15
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Office
Ancillary Service Facility
A. Radiology
Radiographic X-Ray Room 20 20
Control Booth 3.36 4
Dark Room 14 14
Ultrasound Room 14.64 24
Radiologists Office 19.95 20
Film File Storage 8.75 9
B. Laboratory
Bacteriology and Serology 18 20
Section
Hematology Section 18 18
Blood Doning 10.5 20
Waiting Area 30.5 32
Pathologists Office 16 16
C. Pharmacy 15 48
D. Outpatient
OPD Waiting Area 54 60
OPD 18 36
Admitting/Information
Counter
Office of OPD Chief 24 24
Consultation Room 24 24
(Dental)
Consultation Room (ENT) 18 24
Consultation Room (Eye) 18 24
(Medical/Surgery)
Consultation Room (OB- 18 24
GYNE)
(Family Planning)
(Pedia/Under six)
(Neurology)
(Orthopedics)
(Cardiology)
Ultra Sound 18 24
Toilet Facilities 36 48
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Minor Operation Room 28 28

E. Mortuary
Morgue 7.5 28
Locker Room and Toilet 6 24
Nursing Service Facility
Nurse' Station 12.6 16
Utility Area 6.3 12
Patient Room 7.43/bed 126
Private Room with Toilet 7.43/bed 24
Isolation Room with Toilet 9.29 24
Dietary Service Facility
Dietitian's Office 22 24
Receiving Area 16 24
Cold and Dry Storage 24 24
Food Preparation Area 4.65 36
Special Diet Room 8 24
Staff Dining Room 87 96
Toilet 1.67 12
Garbage Disposal Cubicle 1.67 4.5
Engineering, Maintenance and Housekeeping Service Facility
A. Linen and Laundry
Housekeeping Area 5.02/staff 24
Laundry and Linen Area 5.02/staff 12
Source: DOH’s “Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities
Planning and Design and Guidelines in the Planning” and “Design of a Hospital and
other Health Facilities”
It can be shown in Table 9 the minimum space area required for a 100 bed tertiary
hospital and it served as the standard area for the proposed three storey hospital building.
From the National Building Code of the Philippines, Section 104, it states that all
buildings or structures shall conform in all respects to the principles for safe construction
and must be suited to the purpose for which they are designed. Therefore, certain
considerations on the design of structures must be done.
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For the proposed buildings to be built in the proposed project, the considerations
used in the design are discussed as follows:
1. Type of Construction
For the purpose of the Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be
classified and identified according to the types specified in Section 401 of NBCP.
As for the proposed three-storey hospital building, two-storey commercial
building and one-storey drugstore building, the classification for their construction is
Type IV. This type of buildings shall be made of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry
construction. The walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-
resistive construction.
Subject to the provisions of Chapter 4, the Secretary shall prescribe standards for
each type of construction and promulgate rules and regulations relating to the structural
framework, exterior walls and openings, interior walls and enclosures, floors, exits, stairs
and roofs.
2. Character of Use or Occupancy
Based from Section 701 of NBCP, all buildings proposed for construction shall be
classified according to their use or the character of its occupancy.
The proposed three-storey hospital building can be categorized into Group D
which is institutional - Division 2 (Nurseries for full-time care of children under
kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes with non-ambulatory patients, and
similar buildings each accommodating more than five persons).
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The proposed two-storey commercial building is classified in Group E which is
Business and Mercantile – Division 2 (Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings,
drinking and dining establishments having an occupant load of less than one hundred
persons, printing plants, police and fire stations, factories and workshops using not highly
flammable or combustible materials and paint stores without bulk handlings).
Accessory buildings and structures such as the elevated water tank is classified in
Group J (Accessory) – Division 2.
3. Sanitation
Utilities for the maintenance of sanitary system, including approved water supply and
sewerage system, shall be provided through the buildings and premises to ensure a clean
and healthy environment.
The following are considered in the design of sanitary facilities in the proposed
project:
i. Water Supply System
A hospital and other health facilities shall use an approved public water supply
system whenever available. The water supply shall be potable, safe for drinking and
adequate, and shall be brought into the building free of cross connections.
From Principle No. 1 of the Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
(NPCP), it states that all premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall
be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe
60
water supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage. The design for the
water supply system of all the proposed buildings will be based from the NPCP.
ii. Wastewater Disposal System
For the wastewater disposal of the hospital building, it will be discharged and treated
to the proposed wastewater treatment facility.
Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and premises shall
conform to the provisions of the Revised National Plumbing Code. This consideration is
set by Section 903 on Sanitation of the NBCP.
iii. Storm Drainage System
As stated in Section 904 of the NBCP, rain water drainage shall not discharge to the
sanitary sewer system. Adequate provisions shall be made to drain low areas in buildings
and their premises.
The drainage pipe installation and sewerage system of any premises and/or
connection with any public disposal or any acceptable terminal shall conform to the
Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
iv. Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage
Excerpt from PD 856, “Code on Sanitation of the Philippines” Chapter XVII, Section
80 states the special precaution for radioactive excreta and urine of hospitalized patient.
The following requirements should be observed:
61
(a) Patients given high doses of radioactive isotope for therapy should be given toilet
facilities separate from those used by "non-radioactive" patients.
(b) Radioactive patients should be instructed to use the same toilet bowl at all times
and to flush it at least 3 times after its use.
v. Comfort Rooms and Sanitary Facilities
According to the general provisions of the Sewage Disposal IRR (1995) Of Sanitation
Code, all eating establishments, similar to the proposed two-storey commercial building
and other similar business establishments catering to the traveling public shall be
provided with adequate number of comfort rooms and sanitary facilities conveniently
located and in conformity with the following requirements:
(a) Approved plans by the Local Health Authority
(b) For the Structural Requirements:
i. Size of toilet rooms- No toilet room shall have a floor area
less than one and a half (1.5) square meters nor height less
than 2.5 meters.
ii. Lighting and Ventilation- If windows shall be provided, the
window area shall not be less than one-fourth (1/4) the
floor area.
iii. Floors and walls- The walls shall be evenly plastered,
smooth and easily cleanable, finished in light color or can
be provided with tile wainscoting of a minimum height of
62
1.2 meters evenly laid. The floors and walls shall be made
of non-impervious materials like concrete and constructed
to be easily cleanable and smooth.
iv. Doors- Doors of toilet compartments shall be self-closing
and shall not open directly to any food preparation area or
to areas where utensils are washed and stored.
(c) Sanitary Facilities:
i. Water Closet
ii. Lavatory Facilities
iii. Urinal
iv. Garbage Cans
D. Project Design
This section presents the preliminary design of the proposed buildings based on
the application of the design considerations.
1. Three-Storey Hospital Building
For the proposed three-storey hospital building, the area and dimensions of the
facilities were in accordance to Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health
Facilities Planning and Design set by the Department of Health (DOH).
The proposed layout of the proposed three-storey hospital building is presented in
Appendix C. It has a total floor area of 8, 048 square meters
63
2. Two-Storey Commercial Building
Table 10 shows the facilities for the proposed two-storey commercial building.
Table 10
Facilities for the Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building
Facilities Dimension (m)

Grocery Store 15x5
Male Toilet 5x4

Female Toilet 5x4
Commercial Rentable Space 5x8
Commercial Rentable Space 2.5x4
Commercial Rentable Space 5x4
Janitor‟s Area 2.5x4
Storage 2.5x4
Shown in Table 10 are the facilities for the proposed design of two-storey commercial
building. Located at the ground floor is a convenience and commercial rentable spaces.
There are also commercial rentable spaces at the second floor. There will be a toilet
provided for male and female in both levels of the building. To maintain proper
housekeeping in the building, there is a janitor‟s area and storage room in the proposed
building. It has a total floor area of 340 sq.m.
The proposed layout of the proposed two-storey commercial building is presented in
Appendix C.
64
3. One-Storey Engineering and Maintenance Building
Table 11 shows the facilities for the proposed one-storey maintenance and
engineering building.
Table 11
Facilities for the Proposed One-Storey Engineering and Maintenance Building

Office 5x6
Bio-medical Equipment Room 8x8
Mechanical and Electrical 8x8
Room with Tool Storage
Carpentry Workshop 6x8
Locker Room 6x3
Toilet 5x2
Motorpool Parking and Repair 18x8
Shown in Table 11 are the facilities for the proposed one-storey maintenance and
engineering building with a total floor area of 320 square meters.
The proposed layout of the proposed one-storey maintenance and engineering
building is presented in Appendix C.
4. Material Recovery Facility
Table 12 shows the facilities for the proposed material recovery facility.
Table 12
Facilities for the Proposed Material Recovery Facility

Bio gradable Wastes 2.5x4
Non-Biodegradable 2.5x4
Wastes
Biomedical Wastes 2.5x4
Composite Wastes 2.5x4
65
As shown in Table 12, the proposed material recovery facility will have a total
floor area of 40 square meters. It will have 4 divisions for different kind of wastes which
includes biomedical, biodegradable, non-biodegradable and composite wastes.
The proposed layout of the proposed material recovery facility is presented in
Appendix C.
5. Wastewater Treatment Facility
Table 13 shows the facilities for the proposed wastewater treatment facility.
Table 13
Facilities for the Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility

Equalization Tank 2.75x3.5x4
Secondary Settling Tank 3.5x4x4
Sedimentation Tank 1 & 2 2.75x3.5x4
Chlorination Tank 3.5x4x4
Treated Water Tank 3.6x4x4
Anaerobic Digester 3.5x4x4
Shown in Table 13 are the facilities for the proposed wastewater treatment
facility. It includes equalization tank, sedimentation tank 1&2, chlorination secondary
settling tank, treated water tank, anaerobic digester and also, control room is also
included with dimension of 5m by 5m.
The proposed layout of the proposed wastewater treatment facility is presented in
Appendix C.
66
E. Design Standards And Specifications
The proposed buildings together follow general design standards and codes in
attaining the good and safe structures for the end users.
Majority of the structural works of the proposed buildings were planned and
designed based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 and American
Concrete Institute.
Structural Analysis
The structural analyses of the proposed structures were done with the aid of
STAAD.Pro.V8i SS5 to determine the most stressed structural members to be designed.
Design parameters used in the calculation of structural members such as fy, f’c, reduction
factors, load combination etc. was based from the NSCP 2015. Detailed computation of
the structural members is presented on Appendix G. The STAAD results were also
presented in Appendix F.
Loadings
The National Structural Code of the Philippines was the basis of all computations
and analysis presented in this study. The wind loads, occupancy loads, dead loads, live
loads, moments and others shall be based on the said Code. The design loads was the
basis for the design of the size of the beams, number of reinforcements, column size, etc.
Load combinations were observed also to comply on the standards of the Code. The load
and resistance factor design used on which the structures and all portions shall resist the
most critical effects from the load combinations presented in Section 208.6.1 of the
67
NSCP entitled “Earthquake Loads” states that structures shall be designed for ground
motion producing structural response and seismic forces in any horizontal direction. The
modification of the seismic load will generate new load combinations that were used in
the design.
Wind Load
Shown in Table 14 is the basic parameters used to determine the wind loads for
the proposed two-storey commercial building. Using the Table 207B.2-1, NSCP 2015,
Determining C&C Wind Loads Enclosed and Partially Enclosed.
Table 14
Basic Parameters used for the Wind Load of the Proposed Two-Storey Commercial
Building
Roof mean height(h) 8.75 m
Building width (W) 17 m
Basic Wind Speed (V) 250 kph
Exposure Category C
Enclosure Classification Enclosed Building
Topographic Factor (Kzt) 1.0
Occupancy Category IV (Standard Occupancy
Structure)
Wind directionality factor (Kd) 0.85
Gust effect factor of rigid buildings (G) 0.85
Internal pressure coefficient (GCPi) ±0.18
Velocity pressure exposure coefficient 1.0
(Kz and Kh)
68
Earthquake Load
Shown in Table 15 is the basic parameters used to determine the earthquake loads
for the proposed structures.
Table 15
Basic Parameters used for the Earthquake Load of the Proposed Structures
Three-Storey Two-Storey
Hospital Building Commercial
Building
Occupancy Category (I) Essential (IV) Standard
Facilities Occupancy
Structure
Seismic Importance Factor (I) 1.5 1.00
Soil Profile Type SD, Stiff Soil Profile SD, Stiff Soil
Profile
Seismic Zone Zone 4 Zone 4
Seismic Zone Factor 0.40 0.40
Seismic Source Type A A
Near Source Factor (Na) 1.00 1.00
Near Source Factor (Nv) 1.00 1.00
Seismic Respondents 0.44 0.44
Coefficient (Ca)
Seismic Respondents 0.64 0.64
Coefficient (Cv)
Configuration Requirement Irregular Structure Regular Structure
Structural System Coefficient 8.5 8.5
Design Procedures
The structural analysis for the proposed structures will follow the ultimate design
procedure and it will proceed as follows:
69
Seismic Loading Analysis
The proposed structures were designed and constructed to resist the effects of
seismic ground motions as provided in NSCP Section 208. For the computation of
earthquake load for the proposed hospital building see Appendix G.
Computation of earthquake load for the proposed two-storey commercial building:
T – Period of Vibration
hn– height of the building=7 m
; Ct = 0.0731 (for ordinary reinforced concrete) (Eq. 208-12 NSCP 2015)
For the weight in each floor level:

@Roof Level= 1304.95 kN
@Second Floor Level= 3312.86 kN
@Ground Floor Level= 2521.84 kN
Total Weight(W)= 7139.66 kN
For the base shear:
V should not be less than
70
V should not be less than
V should not exceed
Therefore use:
Vertical Distribution of Force:
where Ft=0; T 0.7
Shown in Table 16 are the summary of the seismic analysis proposed structures:
two-storey commercial building and three-storey hospital building and the allowable
storey drift of each structure. The table shows the lateral applied force that will act in
each level of the structures. It was used in determining the most critical member of the
three structures.
71
Table 16
Resulting Tabulation of Forces for Seismic Analysis
Commercial Building
Level Hx(m) W(kN) WxHx Fi+Ft Vx(kN) Mx(kN-m) Storey Drift
(kN-m) (kN)
Roof
8.5 1304.95 81479.14 325.98 325.98 488.97 0.0357
Level
2nd Floor
5 3312.86 173053.75 486.81 812.79 2360.12 0.0210
Level
1st Floor
1.5 2521.84 86751.51 111.17 923.96 5371.64 0.0063
Level
∑
7139.66 40804.71 923.96
Hospital Building
Level Hx W WxHx Fi+Ft Vx Mx Storey
Drift
(m) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN) (kN-m)
Roof
Deck 18.1 4501.61 81479.14 1707.10 1707.10 7169.83 0.0761
Level
3rd Floor
13.3 13483.47 179330.15 3757.22 5464.32 30119.97 0.0559
Level
2nd
Floor 8.5 12542.47 106611.00 2233.65 7697.97 63817.13 0.0357
Level
Ground
Floor 13499.81 40499.43 848.52 8546.49 101523.19 0.0126
Level 3
∑ 44027.36 407919.72 8546.49
Wind Load Analysis
For the wind load analysis for the proposed two-storey commercial building:
 Using Equation 207E.3-1, p2-67 of NSCP 2015:

o Velocity pressure, qz = 0.613KzKztKdV2(N/m2);V= m/s
72
where V = 250kph = 69.44 m/s
qz = 0.613(1.00)(1.00)(0.85)(69.44)2
qz= 2.512 kPa
Windward Center Half Leeward
Cp 0.7 -1.21 -0.5
 Using Equation 207C.4-1, Wind Pressure for low-rise buildings

P = qh(GCpf) – qh (GCpi) (N/m2)
P = 2.512(0.85) (0.7) – 2.512(0.18)
P = 1.04248 kPa (windward)

P = 2.512 (0.85) (-0.5) – 2.512 (-0.18)
P = -0.61544 kPa (leeward)
Presentation of Critical Sections
Critical sections are load carrying members which are considered to possess the
maximum load applied. Determining these sections are important for the analysis of the
design to provide safe dimension for their use. In this section, the location and
73
designation of the critical structural members for each structure are identified and their
dimensions and required reinforcements are given.
For the analysis of the critical structural members for each structure, sample
computations are presented in the following pages.
Analysis and Design of Slab
The design of critical slab of the proposed structures was based in accordance with
NSCP 2015 (Sec. 407-408).
Loadings for the slabs were determined from the Minimum Design Loads Chapter
2 of NSCP 2015. For live loads, Table 205-1 was used for proposed three-storey hospital
building and proposed two-storey commercial building. Dead loads were determined from
Table 204-2 which are:
Slab self-weight = 2.943 kPa
Miscellaneous Load = 1 kPa
Floor Finish=1.1 kPa
Ceiling Finish = 0.24 kPa
Electrical and plumbing allowance = 0.25 kPa
Partition Load = 0.25 kPa
The specified compressive strength of concrete (fc‟) used is 28 MPa and Standard
Specification for Carbon Structural Steel (ASTM A35) yield strength of reinforcing steel
(fy) is 420 MPa. Furthermore, 12-mm diameter bars are used for reinforcements with 20
mm slab cover.
74
Design of Critical Slab (Proposed Three-Storey Hospital Building
Figure 18 shows the critical slab for the proposed hospital building.
Figure 18. Critical Slab (2S-10)
Shown in Figure 18 which is the red filled slab area is the critical slab for the
proposed hospital building which can be found at the second floor level, gridlines J to K
and gridlines 8 to 9. It is designated as 2S-10. It has a dimension of 3m x 4m which is the
hall way area of the proposed structure. The critical slab was obtained with the aid of
STAAD.Pro.V8i SS5.
75
Sample Computation:
I. Determine the design parameters:

Short Span (S) = 3.00 m f’c = 28 MPa
Long Span (L) = 4.00 m fy = 420 MPa
Using 12 mm rebars Ad= 133.10

ɸ = 0.9 β1= 0.85
Concrete Cover = 20 mm
II. Determine the ratio, m
m=
m=
III. Determine the minimum slab thickness, t
t= =
t= 78 mm
since
IV. Determine the effective depth (d1, d2)

Effective depth, ;
= t – cover
= 125mm – 20mm - ᴓdef. bars/2
= 99 mm
= t – cover - ᴓdef. bars – ½ ᴓdef. bars
= 125mm – 20mm – 12mm – 6mm
= 87 mm
V. Determine the loadings, LL and DL
Live Load (LL) = 3.8 kPa NSCP 2015
Dead Load:
Slab Weight 23.54 kN/m3 (0.125mm) = 2.943 kPa
Floor Finish = 1.10 kPa
Ceiling Load = 0.24 kPa
Mech. & Elec. Load = 0.25 kPa
Miscellaneous Load = 1.00 kPa
DEAD LOAD (DL) = 5.53 kPa
76
VI. Compute for the factored load, Wu

FACTORED LOAD (LRFD)
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Wu = 1.2 (5.53 kPa) + 1.6 (3.8 kPa)
Wu = 12.716 kPa
VII. Solve for Moments using Moment Coefficient Method (ACI Code):
Ca = 0.069
Cadl = 0.028
Call = 0.045
Cb = 0.022
Cbdl = 0.009
Cbll = 0.014
A. Short Span, Middle Strip
at continuous edge:
Ma = (Wu) (Ca) ( )
Ma = 7.90 kN-m
at midspan:
Madl = (Wudl) (Cadl) ( )
Madl = 1.67 kN-m
Mall = (Wull) (Call) ( )
Mall = 2.46 kN-m

Ma = Madl + Mall = 4.14 kN-m
Ma = 4.14 kN-m
B. Long Span, Middle Strip
at continuous edge:
Mb = (Wu) (Cb) ( )
Mb = 4.48 kN-m
at midspan:
Mbdl = (Wudl) (Cbdl) ( )
77
Mbdl = 0.96 kN-m

Mbll = (Wull) (Cbll) ( )
Mbll = 1.36 kN-m

Mb = Mbdl + Mbll = 2.32 kN-m
Mb = 2.32 kN-m
VIII. Compute for Strength Design:
A. Short span, middle strip
at continuous edge:
* (√ )+
* (√ )+
( )
( )
Therefore use for
78
Using 12 mm bars:
Say
or
Choosing the smallest
Therefore,
at midspan:
* (√ )+
* (√ )+
79
( )
( )
Therefore use for As
Using 12 mm bars:
Say
or
Therefore,
B. Long span, middle strip

at continuous edge:
80
* (√ )+
* (√ )+
( )
( )
Using 12 mm bars:
Say
or
81
Therefore,
at midspan:
* (√ )+
* (√ )+
( )
( )
82
Using 12 mm bars:
Say
or
Therefore,
Table 17 shows the summary of the design parameters used for the proposed
hospital building. The detailed computation for the design of slab for the proposed
commercial building is shown in Appendix G.
Table 17
Summary of Results for the Critical Slab
Middle Strip Column Strip

SLAB
As (mm2) S (mm) As (mm2) S (mm)
cont. edge 330.00 250 220.00 250
short span midspan 330.00 250 220.00 250
disc. edge 110.00 250 73.33 250
long span cont. edge 290.00 250 193.33 250
83
midspan 290.00 250 193.33 250
disc. edge 96.67 250 64.44 250
Presented in Table 17 is the summary of the design of critical slab for the proposed
hospital and commercial building. The proponents used 12 mm diameter for the top and
bottom bars.
Figure 19 and 20 shows the reinforcement details for the design of slab for the
proposed three-storey hospital building.
Figure 19. Slab Cross-Section
Figure 20. Slab Reinforcement Details
84
From Figure 19 and 20 shown, the proponents used 12 mm diameter bars for the
reinforcement of slab and with a slab thickness of 125 mm.
Analysis and Design of Beam
The analysis and design of the most critical beam of the proposed structures was
done with the aid of STAAD.Pro.Vi8SS5 and the design of beam was in accordance to
NSCP 2015 (Sec. 409) and ACI-38. The proponents used design parameters fy = 420
Mpa and f’c = 28 Mpa ,ß1 = 0.85 for 28 MPa concrete and 50 mm concrete minimum
cover for the bottom bars and top bars.
Shown in Figure 21 is the critical beam obtained from STAAD analysis for the
proposed three-storey hospital building. See Appendix F for the STAAD reports and
Appendix G for the detailed computation for the proposed commercial building.
85
Figure 21. Critical Beam at 2nd Floor Level along Gridline 6 between Gridlines G
and H
Shown in Figure 21 is the highlighted location of the critical beam for the
proposed hospital building which can be found at second floor level along gridline 6
between gridlines G and H. The dimension of the beam is 400mm x 700mm.The critical
beam was obtained with the aid of STAAD.Pro.V8i SS5.
Table 18 shows the STAAD reports for the proposed hospital building.
86
For the most critical beam at Ground, Second and Third Floor Beams:
Table 18
Summary of Shear and Moment in the most Critical Beam for the proposed hospital
building (Ground, Second and Third Floor Beam)
LOAD CASE END 1 MIDSPAN END 2

V M M V M
1.2DL+0.5LL+1.0E 248.622 171.904 -318.623 -361.952 738.554
Sample Computation
Beam End 1
I. Determine important beam details.
Mu =171.904 kN-m
fc' = 28 MPa
b = 400 mm
fy = 420 MPa
h =700 mm
ϕ = 0.9
concrete cover = 50 mm
β1 = 0.85
using 20 mm Ø rebar
Es = 200000 MPa
using 10 mm Ø stirrups
II. Compute for effective depth

d = height - concrete cover - diameter of stirrups - 0.5(rebar diameter)
d = 700 mm - 50 mm - 10 mm - 0.5(20 mm)
d = 630 mm
III. Computing for Nominal Moment Capacity

171.904
Mn = = = 191.004 kN-m
0.9
IV. Solving for maximum steel ratio

3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
3  0.85(0.85)(28) 
 max   
7 420 
87
 max  0.02064
Therefore, use   0.02064
V. Computing for Ultimate Moment Capacity

 fy 
    
 f 'c 
 420 
  0.02064  
 28 
ω = 0.3096
ØMnmax = (ϕ)(fc‟) (ω)(b) (d2) (1 - 0.59ω)
ØMnmax = (0.9) (28) (0.3096) (400) (630)2 (1 - 0.59(0.3096))
ØMnmax = 1012.379 kN-m
VI. Check if Singly or Doubly Reinforced

ØMnmax < Mu
1012.379 kN-m > 171.904 kN-m
Therefore, design as singly reinforced
VII. Computing for Coefficient of Resistance

Mu
Rn 
bd 2
171.904 x10 6
Rn 
0.9(400)(630) 2
Rn = 1.2108 MPa
VIII. Computing for Steel Ratio

0.85 f ' c  2 Rn 
 1  1  
fy   0.85 f ' c 
0.85(28)  2(1.2108) 
 1  1  
420   0.85(28) 
ρ = 0.00296
ρmin = or = 0.0031497 or 0.00315
3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
 max  0.02064
ρmin < ρ < ρmax
Therefore, use 0.00296 for As
88
IX. For Tension Reinforcement
a. Solving for number of bars

Ad = = = 314.16 mm2
(0.00296 )(400)(630)
No. of bars = = = 2.37 say 3 pcs
314.16
X. Checking the Spacing
S = 400 - 2(50)- 2(10)- 3(20) = 110 mm > 25 mm; Okay!
The proponents recommend the use of 2 – 20 mm diameter for compression

and 3 – 20 mm diameter for tension.
Beam Design – Midspan

I. Determine important Beam Details
Mu = 318.623 kN-m fc' = 28 MPa
b = 400 mm fy = 420 MPa
h = 700 mm ϕ = 0.9
concrete cover = 50 mm β1 = 0.85
using 20 mm Ø rebar Es = 200000 MPa
II. Computing for effective depth

d = 700 mm - 50 mm - 10 mm - 0.5(20 mm)
d = 630 mm

Mn = Mu/ϕ = (318.623)/0.9 = 354.026 kN-m
IV. Computing for maximum steel ratio

3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
3  0.85(0.85)(28) 
 max   
7 420 
 max  0.02064

 fy 
    
 f ' c 
89
 420 
  0.02064  
 28 
ω = 0.3096
ØMnmax = (ϕ)(fc‟) (ω)(b) (d2) (1 - 0.59ω)
ØMnmax = (0.9) (28) (0.3096) (400) (630)2 (1 - 0.59(0.3096))

ØMnmax < Mu
1012.379 kN-m > 318.623 kN-m

Mu
Rn 
bd 2
318.623 x10 6
Rn 
0.9(400)(630) 2
Rn = 2.2442 MPa

0.85 f ' c  2 Rn 
 1  1  
fy  0.85 f ' c 
0.85(28)  2(2.2442 ) 
 1  1  
420  0.85(28) 
ρ = 0.00562
ρmin = or = 0.0031497 or 0.00315
3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
 max  0.02064
ρmin < ρ < ρmax
IX. Computing for Area of Steel

For Tension Reinforcement
Ad = = = 314.16 mm2
(0.00562 )(400)(630)
314.16
90

S = 400 - 2(50)- 2(10)- 5(20) = 45 mm > 25 mm; Okay!
The proponents recommend the use of 2– 20 mm diameter for compression

Beam Design – End 2

I. Determine important beam details.
Mu = 738.554 kN-m fc' = 28 MPa
b = 400 mm fy = 420 MPa
h = 700 mm ϕ = 0.9
concrete cover = 50 mm β1 = 0.85
using 20 mm Ø rebar Es = 200000 MPa
II. Computing for effective depth

d = 700 mm - 50 mm - 10 mm - 0.5(20 mm)
d = 630mm

738.554
Mn = = = 820.616 kN-m
0.9
IV. Computing for maximum steel ratio

3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
3  0.85(0.85)(28) 
 max   
7 420 
 max  0.02064

 fy 
    
 f 'c 
 420 
  0.02064  
 28 
ω = 0.3096
ØMnmax = (ϕ)(fc‟) (ω)(b) (d2) (1 - 0.59ω)
ØMnmax = (0.9) (28) (0.3096) (400) (630)2 (1 - 0.59(0.3096))
91

ØMnmax < Mu
1012.379 kN-m > 738.554 kN-m

Mu
Rn 
bd 2
738.554 x10 6
Rn 
0.9(400)(630) 2
Rn = 5.2019 MPa

0.85 f ' c  2 Rn 
 1  1  
fy  0.85 f ' c 
0.85(28)  2(5.2019 ) 
 1  1  
420  0.85(28) 
ρ = 0.014153
ρmin = or = 0.0031497 or 0.00315
3  0.85f ' c 
 max   
7 fy 
 max  0.02064
ρmin < ρ < ρmax
IX. For Tension Reinforcement

Ad = = = 314.16 mm2
(0.014153 )(400)(630)
314.16

S = 400 - 2(50)- 2(10)- 12(20) = 32 mm > 25 mm; Okay!
The proponents recommend the use of 2– 20 mm diameter for compression

92
Design of Stirrups
Vu = 361.952 kN
1
Vc  f ' cbd
6
1
Vc  28 (400)(628)
6
Vc  221.538kN
Vc 0.75(221.538)
  83.08kN
2 2
Vc < Vu Therefore, stirrups is necessary.
Vu
Vs   Vc

361.952
Vs   221.538
0.85
Vs = 204.288 kN
Spacing, using 10 mm rebars
Av f y d 2(25 )( 420 )(630 )

S 
Vs 204.288
S =203.454 mm say 200 mm

d 630
S  = 315 mm say 310 mm
2 2
S max  600 mm
Therefore, use 10 mm dia. vertical stirrups @ 200 mm spacing

Adopt 400 mm by 700 mm reinforced concrete beam for roof beam. Use 10 mm
diameter stirrup spaced at 4 pieces at 50 mm, 2 pieces at 100mm and rest at 240 mm
on center near joint.
Figure 22 and 23 shows the details for the beam of the proposed hospital building
93
Figure 22. Longitudinal Beam Section
Figure 23. Transverse Beam Section

Based from Figure 22 and 23, at midspan the proponents used 2-20 mm rebar for
compression and 5-20 mm rebar for tension. Meanwhile at the supports the proponents
used 2-20 mm rebar for compression and 12-20 mm rebar for tension. For the vertical
stirrups, the proponents used 10 mm rebar with spacing of 240 mm on center joint. See
Appendix G for the detailed computation of critical beam for the roof floor level of the
proposed hospital building.
Analysis and Design of Concrete Column
The analysis of the most stressed column was done by the use of
STAAD.Pro.Vi8SS5 and the design was based according to ACI 318-05.
94
Figure 24. Location of the Critical Column (Hospital Building)
The highlighted column shown in Figure 24 is the location of the critical column
for the proposed three-storey hospital building which is designated as C1 and is located
along gridline 11 and G. It is considered as the critical column for the structure since it
has the largest axial force which is obtained from the STAAD analysis. The dimensions
of columns are all 400 mm x 400 mm with 11– 20 mm diameter reinforcements spaced at
0.320 m with 10 mm diameter ties.
Sample Computation:
I. Determine the design parameters

fç‟= 28 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
Column dimension = 400mm x 400mm
Ag = 1600000 mm2
Pu = 1522.595 kN
95
ρ = 0.02
Ø = 0.7
II. Determine the area of rebars (As ) using minimum steel to concrete ratio of ρ =
0.02
For minimum As; ρ = 0.02
As
 0.02
Ag
As
 0.02
160000 mm2
As  3200mm2
III. Determine the area of steel reinforcement (Ad), assume using 20 mm rebar
Ad = (r)2
Ad = (10)2
Ad = 100 π
IV. Determine the number of rebars
3200
N= = = 10.19 say 11 pcs.
100
V. Checking ρ to determine if it‟s within the range of  min and max
As 11(100 )
   0.0216
Ag 160000
 min = 0.01
max = 0.08
VI. Checking for maximum allowable load carried by the column

Pu = 0.8 ɸ[0.85fc‟(Ag - Ast) + Asfy]
Ag = 1600000 mm2
Ast = 11(100п) = 3455.752 mm2
Pu = 0.8(0.7)[0.85(28)(160000 - 3455.752) + 3455.752(420)]
96
Pu = 2899.215 kN > 1522.595 kN

Therefore, the design is safe !
VII. Maximum Spacing of Ties
Using 10mm diameter ties:
A. 16db = 16(20) = 320 (Governs)
B. 48dt = 48(10) = 480
C. Least column dimension = 400
Use 11-20mm rebar spaced at 320mm O.C.

Figure 25 shows the reinforcement details for the column of the proposed hospital
building.
Figure 25. Column Details

Shown in Figure 25 is the column detail for the proposed hospital building. It is
labelled as C1 with a dimension of 400 mm by 400 mm. The proponents used 11-20 mm
diameter vertical bars with 10 mm diameter ties spaced at 0.320 m on center.
97
Analysis and Design of the Foundation in accordance with NSCP 2015 (Sec. 413)
Figure 26. Location of the Critical Footing (Hospital Building)
The highlighted footing in Figure 26 shows the critical footing for the proposed
three storey hospital building and is located along gridline 11 and G. It is considered as
the critical footing for the structure since it carries the largest axial force. The footing is
designated as C1F1 which is a square footing with the dimension of 2.8 m x 2.8 m with
13 – 20 mm diameter reinforcement both ways.
Sample Computation:
I. Determine the design parameters
fç‟= 28 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
PDL + PLL = 1107.294 kN
Pu = 1522.595 kN
98
Cover = 75 mm
qa  200 kPa (Geotechnical Investigation Report, See Appendix E)
 concrete  23.54kN / m3
 soil  18kN / m3 (Geotechnical Investigation Report, See Appendix E)
db = 20 mm rebars
Assuming depth of footing = 500mm
II. Compute for the effective bearing capacity, qe
qe  200  (23.54)(0.5)  (18)(2.5)
qe  143.23kPa
III. Determine the area of footing required and its dimension, Af
DL  LL 1107 .294
Af  
qe 143 .23
A f  7.7309 = 2.7804m say 2.80m x 2.80m square column
IV. Solve for the ultimate bearing capacity, qu
Pu 1522 .595
qu    194.209 kPa
Areq (2.8)(2.8)
V. Determine the required depth based

on wide beam shear, d
Vu  qu ( Ashaded )
Vu  194.209(2.80)(1.20  d )
1 
Vc  0.75 f ' cbd 
6 
1 
Vc  0.75 28 (2.8)( d ) 
6 
Vu  Vc
99
1 
194 .209 (2.80)(1.20  d )  0.75 28 (2.8)(d )
6 
d  195.269 mm <415
VI. Determine the depth based on

punching shear:
Vu  qu ( Ashaded )

Vu  194.209 (2.8) 2  (0.4  d ) 2 
1 
Vc  0.75 f ' cbo d 
3 
1 
Vc  0.75 28 (0.40  d )(4)(d ) 
3 
Vu  Vc
 1 
194.209 (2.8) 2  (0.4  d ) 2  0.75 28 (0.4  d )(4)(d )
3 
d  367.927 mm < 415 mm
VII. Solve for the total depth of footing, Hc

Hc = 367.927 mm + 1.5(20mm) + 75mm
Hc = 472.927 mm < 500 mm (okay)
Therefore, use 500mm as thickness of footing

VIII. Solving for moment
Mu = (194.209)(2.8)(1.2)(0.6)
Mu = 391.525 kN-m
IX. Determine the required steel area
Effective depth, d = 500 - 75 - 20/2 = 415 mm
 Asfy 
Mu  0.9 Asfy  d  
 2(0.85)( f ' c)(b) 
100
 As (420 ) 
391 .525  0.9 As (420 ) 415  
 2(0.85)( 28)( 2800 ) 
As = 2545.0406 mm2
As 2545 .0406
   0.00219
bd (2800 )(415)
1.4 1.4
 min    0.00333
fy 420
min   Therefore, use 

min
As  minbd  0.00333(2800)(415)
As = 3869.46 mm2
X. Determine the number of rebars, using 20 mm bars
As 3869 .46
N   12.32 say 13 pcs.
Ad (10) 2 
Figure 27 shows the reinforcement details for the footing of the proposed hospital
building.
Figure 27. Reinforcement Details of Footing
Figure 27 shows the reinforcement details of the footing. The dimension of the
column is 400 mm by 400 mm with 11 – 20 mm diameter main bars and 10 mm diameter
101
ties. For the footing dimension, adopt the 2800 mm by 2800 mm by 500 mm thick of
footing slab and use 13-20 mm diameter bars reinforced both ways.
DESIGN OF TRUSS (Commercial Building)
Figure 28 shows the truss details for the proposed commercial building.
Figure 28. Roof Truss Details
Shown in Figure 28 is the roof truss detail for the proposed hospital building. The
proponents used L50 x 50 x 5 angle bar for the top chord, bottom chord and web
members and for the purlin, the proponents used C10 x 15 purlins spaced at 850 mm on
center. For the analysis of the force members of the truss, the proponents used
STAAD.Pro.V8i SS5 to determine the most critical member to be designed. See
Appendix F for the STAAD reports.
102
Sample Computation:
A. Roof Live Load Computation
Tributary area
Maximum tributary length (truss spacing) = 2.5 m
Maximum tributary width (purlin spacing) = 0.85 m
A = Maximum tributary length x Maximum tributary width
A = (2.5 m) (0.85 m) = 2.125 m2 (most critical)
Roof Live Load (Lr)

From Table 205-3 Minimum Roof Live Loads (NSCP 2015), when tributary area
is 0 to 20 m2, use Uniform load (kPa) = 0.75, therefore,
Lr = 0.75 kPa x 0.85m
Lr = 0.6375 kN/m
Dead Loads
Computation of Truss Self Weight
Using L50 x 50 x 5 for top chord, bottom chord and web members.
W (kg/m) 3.77
Area (mm2) 480.26
Depth (mm) 50
Width (mm) 50
Thickness (mm) 5
I (103 mm4) 109.84
S (103 mm3) 3.05
r (mm) 15.11
x or y (mm) 14.04
103
W = (3.77) kg/m (9.81 m/s2)/1000

W = 0.04 kN/m
 Roof Dead Load Calculation

Roof sheet = 0.05 kPa (NSCP 2015 Table 204-2)
Purlins = 0.1 kPa (International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, IJRET)
Bracing = 0.0015 kPa (International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, IJRET)
Insulation = 0.0009 kPa (NSCP 2015 Table 204-2)
WDL = 0.1524 kPa
Roofing Dead Load = 0.1524kPa (0.85m) = 0.12954 kN/m
D = Truss Self-Weight + Roofing Dead Load
D = 0.04 kN/m + 0.12954 kN/m
D = 0.16954 kN/m
Total Combined Loads:
Using LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) Load combination, equation 203-
3.
Windward Side
Py = 1.2D + 1.6Lr +0.5W
Py = 1.2(0. 16954 kN/m) +1.6(0.6375kN/m) + 0.5(2.20 kN/m)
Py= 2.32 kN/m

Check for slenderness ratio:
√ √
Allowable compressive stress

Since ,
Use * +
104
( )
( ) ( )
* ( ) +
Pactual= 12.981kN (C) (See Appendix F for STAAD Results)
Allowable Compressive Load:
Pallow= 65.34 kN
Pactual< Pallow Safe!
Allowable Tensile stress:

Fa= 0.6 Fy=0.6 (248MPa) = 148.8 MPa
Pactual= 10.832 kN (T) (See Appendix F for STAAD Results)

Allowable Tensile Load (Fa= ):
Pallow= Fa (A)
Pallow= (148.8 MPa) (480.26 mm2)
Pallow=71.46 kN
Pactual< Pallow Safe!
105
Therefore, use L50 x 50 x 5 for top and bottom chord, web members and
vertical members
DESIGN OF PURLINS (Commercial Building)
Sample Computation:
Design Parameters:
Span, L = 2.50 m
Roof Slope Angle, α = 8.37°
Using C10x15 for purlins:
Weight (kg/m) 22.8

Sx (103 mm3) 220.9
Sy (103 mm3) 19.2
rx (mm) 98.41
ry (mm) 18.10
Dead Loads:
Roofing = 0.05 kPa
Purlin = 22.8kg/m (9.81x10-3m/s2) = 0.22 kPa
Total DL = 0.27 kPa
Live Load:
LL = 0.75kPa
Wind Loads:
Design wind pressure,
P = 1.04248 kPa
Ps=-1.04248 kPa
106
Normal Loads per linear meter

DL = 0.27 kPa(1m) = 0.27 kN/m
LL = 0.75 kPa(1m) = 0.75 kN/m
WL = 1.04248 kPa(1m)cos8.37° = 1.03 kN/m
Tangential Loads per Linear Meter
DL = 0.27 kPa(1m)sin8.37° = 0.039 kN/m
LL = 0.75 kPa(1m)sin8.37° = 0.11 kN/m
Design Load Combination
Wy = 1.2DL + 1.6LL + 0.5WL
=1.2(0.27 kN/m) + 1.6(0.75 kN/m) +0.5(1.03 kN/m)
Wy = 2.039 kN/m
Wx = 1.2DL +1.6LL
= 1.2(0.039 kN/m) +1.6(0.11 kN/m)
Wx = 0.2228 kN/m
Normal Bending Moments
Maximum Moment about X-axis:
Mux = wuxL2/8 = (0.2228 kN/m)(2.5m)2/8 = 0.1741 kN-m
Maximum Moment about Y-axis:
Muy = wuyL2/32 = (2.039 kN/m)(2.5m)2/32 = 0.3982 kN-m
Compute for ΦbMpx:
ΦbMpx = (0.90)(248 MPa)(22.09 x10-5 m3) = 49.30 kN-m
Compute for ΦbMpy:
Since the load is applied at the top flange, use only half of the capacity to account for
torsional effects.
ΦbMpy = (0.90)(248 MPa)(1.92 x10-5 m3)/2 = 4.28 kN-m
Using the expression:
Mux/ΦbMpx + Muy/ ΦbMpy ≤ 1.0
107
(0.1741 kN-m)/ (49.30 kN-m) + (0.3982 kN-m)/ (4.28 kN-m) = 0.10 < 1 - SAFE
Therefore, use C10x15 Purlins
Drainage Design
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface‟s water and subsurface
water from an area with excess water. A good drainage system allows the free flow of
water and in most cases prevents accumulation that can lead to flooding. It also prevents
the accumulation of stagnant water, which can encourage mosquitoes to breed. The
purpose of the storm water drainage system is to drain excess rain and groundwater from
impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks
and roofs. The proponents enhanced the site to prevent unnecessary stagnation of water
on the site.
Rational method is used in the run-off analysis in the determination of the proper
dimension of the concrete channel.
The magnitude of peak flows has to be accommodated will depend primarily on
the intensity of rainfall, the size, soil configuration and the land use of the catchment
area. The catchment area to be considered is in the site of Brgy. Don Luis, San Jose,
Batangas and has a total land area of 20,100 sq.m. The value of run-off coefficient for
sub-urban areas based on the values of coefficient of run-off of Design Guidelines
Criteria and Standards is determined to be 0.45. For the municipality of San Jose,
province of Batangas, the highest rainfall intensity was recorded with a value of 496.4
108
mm/day or 20.683 mm/hr. The proponents performed the following methods to determine
the dimension of the drainage to be used:
By using the Rational Method
Where: Q = Discharge ( ⁄ C = Runoff Coefficient
i = Rainfall intensity ( ⁄ Ac = Catchment Area (km2)
Using the Manning’s Equation
Where:
V = Velocity ( ⁄ n=Manning‟s n (Roughness Coefficient)
Hydraulic Radius
Table 19 shows the summary of the values Manning‟s roughness coefficient for
different type of material.
Table 19
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (n)
Type n
Concrete (Finished) 0.012
Asphalt 0.016
Earth Channel (Gravel) 0.025
Natural Channel (Clean) 0.030
Floodplain (Light Brush) 0.050
Use n = 0.012
109
Area 1 to be used is 12, 326 sq. m. (0.012326 km2) for the western part of the
hospital building.
Assuming the Drainage is fully wetted:
Solution:
For the size of drainage in the northern part of the hospital building:
For the minimum dimension of concrete pipe culvert commercially available, use
diameter of 300 mm.
Therefore, use concrete pipe culvert drainage with diameter of 300 mm.
Figure 29 shows the cross section of the reinforced concrete pipe culvert to be
used in the design of drainage.
110
Figure 29. Open Channel Cross-section
Shown in Figure 29 is the cross section of the culvert pipe to be used. It has a
diameter of 300 mm, and a fill of 0.30 m.
Septic Tank Design
For the design of septic tank, the proponents refer to septic tank calculation from
“Plumbing Design and Estimate” by Max Fajardo 2nd Ed. For the detailed computation of
the design of septic tank for other proposed structures see Appendix G.
Sample Computation:
Calculation of septic tank dimension for the proposed hospital building (Left Wing)
TDFU = 494
1 FU = 7.5 gallons
V= 494DFU x 7.5 gal/1 FU
111
V= 3705 gal x 1cu.m/264 gal

V= 14.03 cu.m say 14.10 cu. m
V=L x W x H
14.03 m3 = 2W x W x 2m
W= 1.87 m say 1.90 m
L= 2 (1.87 m)
L= 3.74 m say 3.80 m
chamber sizing
By design, the length of the chambers is as follows:
Length of Digestion Chamber = 100% of 3.80 m = 3.80 m
Length of 1st Leaching Chamber = 50% of 3.80 m = 1.90 m
Length of 2nd Leaching Chamber = 50% of 3.80 m = 1.90 m
*total length of septic tank = 7.60 m
Specify Dimensions: 7.60 m x 1.90 m x 2.0 m
Figure 30 shows the details of septic tank for the proposed hospital building(left
wing).
112
Figure 30. Septic tank details
For the detailed computation of the design of septic tank for the proposed hospital
building in right wing direction, see Appendix G.
113

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CHAPTER III

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN

A. Proposed Layout of Facilities

storey commercial building, one-storey maintenance and engineering building, water

facility and wastewater treatment facility.

and Health Facilities Planning and Design.‟

with accordance to BP 344 which is the Accessibility Law.

the Fire Code of the Philippines.

Don Luis, San Jose, Batangas.

Figure 5. Proposed Site Development Plan of the Proposed Tertiary Hospital

storey commercial building and one-storey engineering and maintenance building),

1. Three-Storey Hospital Building

Planning and Design set by the Department of Health (DOH).

Figure 6. Perspective View of Proposed Three-Storey Hospital Building

laboratory, outpatient, housekeeping and radiology department can be located. Moreover,

area of 2, 716 square meters.

2. Two-Storey Commercial Building

The proposed two-storey commercial building will provide convenience to the

visitors of the proposed three-storey hospital building. Putting up commercial buildings

Figure 7 shows the perspective view of the two-storey commercial building.

Figure 7. Perspective View of Proposed Two-Storey Commercial Building

The proposed two-storey commercial building includes a convenience store, and a

public in both sides of the building is also available.

The total floor area of the building is 340 square meters.

to NBCP will be provided.

The construction of additional facilities in the proposed project requires for an

the rooftop of the three-storey hospital building.

storey hospital building.

Department Maximum Number of Personnel

Planning and Design”

Shown in Table 6 is the number of personnel for the proposed three-storey

water requirement or the water consumption per capita in hospital is 115

needed is 4000 gallon capacity water tank.

S-Tank brand. Also, the water tank to be installed is fabricated.

Figure 8. Access Road Section

6. One-Storey Maintenance and Engineering Building

services to maintain the proposed hospital building.

Figure 9. Proposed Perspective of One-Storey Maintenance and Engineering

Based from Figure 9, the proposed one-storey maintenance and engineering

meters with dimension of 40m by 8m.

the constituents against polluted water.

Figure 10. Drainage System Layout

Figure 11. Perimeter Fence Section

9. Material Recovery Facility

Figure 12. Proposed Perspective of Material Recovery Facility

for biomedical wastes, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and composite wastes.

10. Wastewater Treatment Facility

The wastewater treatment system will be the Conventional Activated Sludge

the hospital building daily.

The plan lay-out of the CAS System is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Plan Lay Out of CAS System

Design Trade-off is a technique of reducing one or more desirable outcomes in

which includes cost, environmental impact, aesthetics, speed of construction, and

1.2 Environment Impact

Environment impact is also important to consider before taking on the construction

environmental impact in designing of the proposed project, it can lessen environmental

In the sensitivity analysis, environmental impact comprises 10% degree of importance on

The proponents also considered aesthetics as criteria in choosing between design 1

of importance based on its significance to the overall criteria.

1.4 Speed of Construction

tasks/activity while preventing time-frame problems during the construction of the

structures. In the sensitivity analysis, environmental impact comprises 25% degree of

analysis of the proposed structures. In the sensitivity analysis, maintenance comprises

impact to the structure.