Computer

Computer

The
term computer  is deriv
ed from the Latin
term computare
 ‘ ’, this
means
calculate
to  progra
 or 
mmable machine .
Computer
 A computer is a device
that accepts
information (in the
form
of digitalized data) and
manipulates it for
some result based on
a program or
sequence of
instructions on how
the data is to be
processed.
Computer

 Complex
computers also
include the means
for storing data
(including the
program, which is
also a form of data)
for some necessary
duration.
Basic Computer Operations

 1. Input: This is the
process of entering
data and programs in
to the computer
system in an
organized manner for
processing.
Basic Computer Operations

 2. Storage: The process
of saving data and
instructions
permanently is known
as storage. Data has to
be fed into the system
before the actual
processing starts for
faster access and
processing.
Basic Computer Operations

3. Processing:
 The task of
performing
operations like
arithmetic and
logical operations
is called
processing.
Basic Computer Operations

4. Output: This is the

process of producing
results from the data
for getting
useful information.
The output is stored
inside the computer
for further
processing.
Basic Computer Operations

5. Control: The manner

how instructions are
executed and the
above operations are
performed are
performed by control
unit. It takes care of
step by step
processing of all
operations inside the
computer.
Computer
Advantages of Using The Computer

1. Speed
- computer operates on data and commands at
incredibly fast speed
2. Storage
- computers can store enormous amount of data and
information in their memory
3. Reliable
- modern computers rarely breakdown and when they do,
they are easily repaired
Advantages of Using The Computer

4. Consistent
- if you input the same data into the computer using the
same program, it will give you the same result all the
time
5. Communicate
- computers have made it possible to talk and see other
people cheaply over the internet
Disadvantages of Using The Computer

1. Safety and Security

2. Health Risks

3. Environment

4. Use of Power

5. Privacy Violation
Uses of a Computer
1. Education
• College students spend 5-6
hours by average on the
internet
• significantly enhance
performance in learning of
students and helped them
improve the quality of their
academic research and of
their written work
• the advent of distance
learning
Uses of a Computer

2. Health and Medicine

• radically changing the
tools of medicine
• medical information can
now be digitized
• mental health
researchers are using
computers to screen
troubled person in need
of psychotherapy
Uses of a Computer

2. Health and Medicine

• A patient paralyzed by a
stroke has received an
implant that allows
communication between
his brain and a computer;
as a result, he can move
a cursor across a screen
by brainpower and
convey simple
messages
Uses of a Computer

3. Science and Research

• a new adventure among

scientists is the idea of
a “collaboratory”, an
internet based
collaborative laboratory
• Advances are tested
efficiently and shared
easily
Uses of a Computer

4. Business
• enhance productivity
and competitiveness
• rapid changes in sales
and marketing, retailing,
banking, stock trading,
etc
• a popular marketing
tool
• the world of cybercash
has come to banking
Uses of a Computer

5. Recreation and
Entertainment
• In movies, computer
generated graphics give
freedom to designers
• In sports, computers compile
statistics, sell tickets, create
training programs and diets
for athletes, and suggest
game plan strategies based
on the competitor’s past
performance
• Game consoles
Uses of a Computer

6. Telecommunication

• the centerpiece of
information technology
• the World Wide Web,
Internet and email
• Social networking sites
• Voice-Over-Internet
Protocol -- or VOIP –
and Video Chat
Uses of a Computer

7. Transportation

• Modern means of
transportation
• Traffic management/
controller
• Global Positioning
System (GPS)
• Mapping system
• Online booking
Uses of a Computer

8. Architecture and Engineering

• modern skyscrapers/
infrastructure
• 3-D Models
• Computer generated designs
• test structural and energy
systems and allow the
architect to implement
changes to increase
efficiency in the final
structure.
Uses of a Computer

9. Military and Defense

• UAV or unmanned air-

crafts
• Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles (ICBMs) that uses
GPS
• used to track incoming
missiles and help slew
weapons systems onto the
incoming target to destroy
them
Uses of a Computer

9. Military and Defense

• the incoming target to

destroy them
• Situational Awareness and in
Communications/Battle
Management Systems
• used in tanks and planes and
ships to target enemy forces,
help run the platform and
more recently to help
diagnose any problems with
the platforms
Uses of a Computer

10. Government

• Government Offices
• Rendering services
• Planning
• Monitoring
Elements of a Computer System

1. People
• The most important
element of a computer
system
• They run and operate the
computer
• They build and improve
computers
• They write the programs
and design desired
output from a set of
input data.
Elements of a Computer System

2. Software
• sets of instructions that
tell the computer what
to do to fulfill its task
• its purpose is to process
data into useful
information for people
Elements of a Computer System

3. Hardware
• the physical
components that you
can feel and touch
• it includes the CPU,
mouse, keyboard, printer,
speaker and the monitor
• it needs software to
function properly
Elements of a Computer System

4. Data
 Philosophy
-things known or
assumed as facts,
making the basis of
reasoning or calculation
Elements of a Computer System

4. Data
 Computing
-the quantities, characters,
or symbols on which
operations are performed
by a computer, being
stored and transmitted in
the form of electrical
signals and recorded on
magnetic, optical, or
mechanical recording
media.
Elements of a Computer System

5. Connectivity
• a computer means that a
computer must be
connected to other
computers specially
through the internet
• using the internet, people
can share and access
data and greatly expands
ones capability and
reach
Elements of a Computer System

6. Procedure
• are step by step
instruction to follow
when using hardware,
software, and data
• list of procedures are
normally written in
manuals of hardware
and software
manufacturers
Basic Computer Hardware System

A. Central Processing Unit

• often called the brain of

the computer
• It follows special
command called
programs
• It processes the data
you enter into it using a
program
Basic Computer Hardware System

B. Keyboard

• used to type data into

the computer
• one way of telling the
computer what to do
• you can type in words,
numbers, commands
and programs
Basic Computer Hardware System

C. Monitor

• allows you to see what

your computer is doing
• a device which displays
the information in
pictorial
Basic Computer Hardware System

D. Mouse

• a pointing device

• used to enter data and

command into the
computer
Basic Computer Hardware System

E. Speaker

• a computer part that

converts electrical
signal to sound

• it allows you to listen to

various sounds when the
computer is working
Basic Computer Hardware System

F. Printer

• a machine that takes

what you have created
on your computer and
puts them on paper
Basic Computer Hardware System

F. Modulator-Demodulator
(MODEM)

• a communication device
that allows the computer
to receive and send data
and information to and
from other computers
• transmission of
information may occur
over telephone lines,
cables, satellite, and other
media
Basic Computer Hardware System

G. Auto Voltage Regulator

(AVR)

• a device designed to
regulate voltage automa
tically

• to take a
fluctuating voltage level
and turn it into a
constant voltage level
System Unit Box

A. Motherboard

• also called the system

board
• main base of the computer
hardware system
• all parts, components and
devices connects to it
• the host of the CPU, the
memory and all the other
essential elements
System Unit Box
B. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• it processes all the basic and

complex instruction given to the
computer
• It is placed on a special slot of
the motherboard, contained
inside a small chip called the
microprocessor

microprocessor - an integrated
circuit that contains all the
functions of a central processing
unit of a computer
System Unit Box

C. Memory

• It is where data and

programs are placed for
execution by the CPU

• directly connected to
the motherboard
through a slot called
socket
System Unit Box

3 Kinds of Memories

1. Random Access Memory

• also called main memory

• data and programs are
placed here when the CPU is
processing
• information in the RAM are
lost when power is turned
off
 System Unit Box

3 Kinds of Memories

2. Read Only Memory

• stores important programs

ex: to start the computer

• ROM information cannot be

changed even when power is
off
System Unit Box

3 Kinds of Memories

3. Complimentary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor

• stores the date, calendar and

current time of the computer
• powered by batteries so that
even when the computer is off,
information inside it remains
System Unit Box

D. Internal Storage

• hold the operating system

so that the computer is
able to access the input
and output devices
• where the data is kept for
future use
• retains information even
when power is turned off
System Unit Box

D. Internal Storage

2 Types of Internal
Storage
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
2. Solid State Drive (SDD)
System Unit Box

E. Power Supply

• power source of all

computer peripherals

• converts Mains AC to low-

voltage regulated DC
power for the internal
components of a computer
Kinds of Software

1. System Software
- programs that manages the computers’
resources including hardware peripherals
such as the printer, keyboard, mouse, and
other devices connected to the computer
- used as a base to launch an application
software and make them work with the
hardware resources
Kinds of Software

2. Application Software
- are the programs that people use for the day
to day tasks on the computer
System Software

1. Operating System
- A program that is
basically responsible for
the coordination,
management and sharing
hardware resources and
tasks in the computer
system
Ex: Windows, Linux and
Mac OS
System Software

2. Utility Software
- a program that performs
maintenance tasks for the
computer resources, such
as clean up and organizing
files and programs so that
they would load and work
faster
System Software

3. Device Driver
- a program that allows a
particular hardware device
to work and communicate
with the computer system
Application Software

1. Basic Application
Software
- Includes word processor,
spreadsheet, database and
presentation software

- and internet browser

Application Software

2. Specialized Application
Software
- Includes software for
graphics, multimedia,
audio, video, web
designing and many other
applications that focus on
a certain discipline or
profession
Input Devices

Input Devices

• ways for people to interact

with the computer
• allow the user to input
data and commands into
the computer
Input Devices

A. Mouse

• acts as a pointing device

• used to choose and open

programs and data files
Input Devices

Types of Mouse

1. Mechanical Mouse
• also known as a ball
mouse
2. Optical Mouse
• uses light source as a
means to detect
movements (LED or Photo
Diode)
3. Laser Mouse
• uses infrared laser diode to
detect movement
Input Devices

B. Trackball

• a pointing device that uses

a ball house in a socket to
detect rotation

• the user uses the thumb to

move the ball and thereby
the mouse pointer on
screen
Input Devices

C. Keyboard

• converts numbers, letters and

other characters to signal that
the computer can understand

Ergonomic Keyboard
• a computer keyboard that is
designed to minimize muscle
strain when typing thereby
reducing the risk of injury
Input Devices

D. Scanner

• an input device that copies

the images and text on a
piece of paper and then
converts them into signal
that the computer can
store and process
Input Devices

Barcode Reader
• an electronic device
designed to
read barcodes

Credit Card Reader

• used to scan credit card
information to process a
purchase transaction in
stores
Input Devices

E. Digitizing Tablet or
Graphic Tablet

• an electronic device that

allows one to draw images
by hand
Input Devices

F. Web Camera

• also known as webcam

• functions just like a digital

camera

• allows the user to place

images video into the
computer
Input Devices

G. Microphone

• a voice and sound input into

the computer

• allows user to speak and the

computer will accept and
record your voice into the
computer to enable it for
processing
Input Devices

H. Joystick

• A pointing input device like a

mouse

• A control device that pivots

around to move in any
direction

• Usually used in video games

that involves aircraft control
Input Devices

I. Game Pad / Joy Pad

• a handheld game controller

for computer games

• it has buttons with which

to control actions on the
screen
Output Devices

Output Devices

• any peripheral that

receives data from a
computer, usually for
display, projection, or
physical reproduction
Output Devices

A. Monitor

• a visual display device to

present information in the
form of text, graphics or
videos
Output Devices

Types of Monitor

1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

• basically a vacuum tube containing
an electron gun at one end and a
fluorescent screen at another end
• used most commonly in the
manufacturing of television screens
• a stream of intense high energy
electrons is used to form images on
a fluorescent screen
Output Devices

Types of Monitor

2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

• consists of a layer of color or

monochrome pixels arranged
schematically between a
couple of transparent
electrodes and two polarizing
filters
Output Devices

Types of Monitor

3. LED (Light-Emitting Diodes)

• a flat panel display making
use of light-emitting diodes
for back-lightning instead of
Cold Cathode Fluorescent
(CCFL) back-lightning used in
LCDs
• the display is of LCD only but
the back-lightning is done by
LEDs
Output Devices

B. Printer

• a computer output device

that produces a permanent
copy on paper of any
information from the
computer
Output Devices

Types of Printer

1. Dot Matrix Printer

• prints by hammering or
striking an ink-soaked cloth
ribbon against a paper, like a
typewriter
• it can easily create carbon
copies
• cost per page of printing is
relatively cheap
Output Devices

Types of Printer

2. Inkjet Printer
• operates by propelling or
spraying different sizes of
very small and precise
amount of ink onto a paper or
other media
• printing quality is better than
the predecessor
• Ink comes from a cartridge
of liquid ink
Output Devices
Types of Printer

3. Laser Jet Printer

• a printer that produces high

quality prints or graphics on
paper
• based on the principle of
electron printing and
photography
• the source of ink is a toner
• It prints faster compared to its
predecessors
Output Devices
Types of Printer

4. Plotter

a. Pen Plotter –
• a graphics printing device which operates
by moving a pen over the surface of a paper
b. Electrostatic –
• draws images on paper with
an electrostatic process.
• most frequently used for Computer-Aided
Engineering (CAE)
• producing raster images via either a Liquid
Toner or a Dry Toner model.
Output Devices

Types of Printer

5. Thermal Printer

• produce prints on thermal

by selective heating
wherein heated areas turns
creating an image
Output Devices

C. Speaker

• a device that converts

analog audio signals into
the equivalent air
vibrations in order to make
audible sound
Output Devices

D. Headphone

• a pair of small loudspeaker

drivers that are designed
to be worn on or around
the head over a user's ears
Output Devices

E. Data Projector

• a device which projects

the visual output of a
computer onto a remote
screen
• it is widely used in
classrooms and
auditoriums for instruction
and slide presentations
Input / Output Peripherals

Input / Output Peripherals

• these are computer

peripherals that functions
as input and output
devices that provide input
data as well as produces
output information
Input / Output Peripherals

A. Modulator-Demodulator
(MODEM)

• a communication device
that allows the computer
to receive and send data
and information to and
from other computers
Input / Output Peripherals

B. Headset

• a head-worn unit
containing
a microphone and one or
two speakers
Input / Output Peripherals

C. Touch Screen

• a display that can sense

the incidence and position
of a touch within the
screen area
 End.