FOUR-WHEEL STEERING MECHANISM - REVIEW
RAJAT ARORA (LCO15175)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh.
rajatarora.997@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper manages, the issues associated with two-
wheel controlling system and how those can be
overwhelmed by executing four-wheel directing
component. India's territory fluctuates generally, an
ordinarily utilized two-wheel controlling framework
is less steady than four-wheel directing framework
which is best furnished while managing it[1]. It
progresses its strength and control at higher speed,
nonpartisan directing, mobility, turning span. In this
paper endeavors are made to make a financially
savvy and proficient system of four-wheel guiding
utilizing rack and pinion and a halfway shaft. It
enables the driver to change from two-wheel to four-
wheel as per its necessity.
KEY WORDS: two-wheel steering, four-wheel
steering, rack and pinion, maneuverability,
intermediate shaft, over steer, under steer.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Broadly utilized two-wheel directing framework slacks
in dependability amid high speeds, path changing turns
into a troublesome undertaking, it additionally faces
issue while parallel stopping. Since the front wheels are
over weight, as motor is put at outskirts position,
because of these front tires destroy rapidly. As wheels
are overburdened, it tends to under cow. While a
substantial front gives sufficient beginning torque on
wet streets, in every single other condition torque from
a front wheel steer vehicle is mediocre compared to a
back wheel steer vehicle. This is expected to non-
uniform weight dispersion. The backside of a front
wheel steer vehicle is significantly lighter than its front
end, which implies the back tires don't grasp the street
great. Since directing and motor power is taken care of
by the front wheels, the last once in a while will in
general trade off the former.
The power produced front the motor, in some
cases will in general dismantle the either to one side or
to one side. This is alluded to as torque directing.
As per news distributed in The Hindustan Times
dated 28.dec.2016 which unmistakably expressed that
India positions first in Street passings on the planet,
where India represents 10 percent of worldwide street
mishaps with more than 1.46 lakh fatalities every year,
most elevated in world [2 By research done by NPTEL,
Bank Bazar, Low man law office mechanical
disappointment that causes street mishaps reports
controlling framework to be on third position [3].
Mumbai-pune freeway street mishap ponder directed by
JP Exploration India finished up top contributing
elements impacting event of mishaps.
TABLE 1: THE TOP CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
INFLUENCING OCCURANCE OF ACCIDENTS
which expressed speeding and path changing together
contributes about 70%.
Subsequently, there is a need to build up a four-wheel
controlling component that can kill these variables and
increment effectiveness in driving.
Many top models of vehicles like Mazda 929, Nissan horizon,
Honda, and so on have advanced their innovation and
effectively structured and built up four-wheel guiding
component for their autos. These instruments are blend of
electrical,electronic and mechanical systems[4]. Some
comprising of incline gear course of action, in this manner
cost of such frameworks is high and can't be selected by the
normal range vehiclesthat rides out and about.
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 Numerous different specialists have given the
arrangement by giving all wheel steer, which does not
satisfy the reason. Another idea is additionally put which
is intended for discretionary four-wheel controlling to
typical two-wheel guiding with the utilization of incline
and substantial directing framework evolving get
together, which made it exorbitant and not easy to use.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
The four-wheel steering mechanism is developed so that
both front and rear wheel actively participate during
turning, lane changing. The four-wheel steering system
can be developed in three different systems are:
1.Mechanical four-wheel steering
2. Hydraulically four-wheel steering
3.Electro-mechanical four-wheel steering
Different mechanical based four-wheel system
already existing in vehicle is:
The bevel gear is used in the four-wheel steering
mechanism. As two bevel gears are considered, one bevel
gear is attached to the steering column of the front
steering box and the other bevel gear is attached tothe
intermediate shaft [3]. Use of bevel gear causes system
more expensive, while it should be precisely mounted to
avoid wear of tyre. Along with bevel gear universal joints
with steering knuckle are used.
The bigger bevel gear mounted on a hollow shaft
which is extended up to rear rack and pinion assembly
connected by means of universal coupling Hence, rotary
motion is transferred from front to rear pinion shaft.
On this shaft a Mechanism is fitted at mid which will help
to make and break the rotary motion between front and
rear to achieve two modes of steering i.e. Two-wheel
steering and Four-wheel steering [4].
Universal joints may cause wear if joint is not
properly lubricated and it should be maintained. Another
mechanism used the wheels are steers by using chain
drive mechanism. In the chain drive mechanism, two
sprockets are involved which can be connected by chain.
In two sprockets, one is bigger than other. Bigger
sprocket is attached to rear pinion shaft and smaller is
mounted on the front pinion shaft [5]. Due to a greater
number of components it willcomplex in construction.
So, to overcome this problem we use mechanism of spur
gear for efficient cost, it also reduces fluctuating motions
and easy to construct.
We have made both rear wheel and fronwheel
movable by the help of Ackerman steering system and
due to that we have also connected both these by the
help of link that are further connected to motor. To give
the turning to the vehicle. We have used motor in terms
of steering because of the compact size of the modal. For
turning or as we can also say that for turning we have
utilize a DC engine wherein gear are orchestrated to
most extreme torque can be applied over the connection
to move the Ackerman System. We have use L-type
connect to play the Ackerman component and we
associate a straightforward connect to the L-type
connect to make the instrument allowed to more.[6]
utilization of DC engine can't utilize is perilous &
dangerous conditions. It& starting expense is
additionally high. It likewise makes the plan substantial
and vigorous in development.At the point when the
controlling is guided the power is exchanged to the front
rack and pinion directing gearbox, and an angle gear
game plan is made to exchange the ability to the back
rack and pinion directing gearbox. Slope gear is utilized
to transmit the rotating movement oppositely, so the one
angle gear is presented in the front guiding bar. Other
slope gear is associated with the exchange pole. Two
backings are utilized to help the exchange pole. Exchange
pole is associated with the back rack and pinion
controlling apparatus box. Back rack and pinion
controlling apparatus box is fixed to the vehicle body by
screws and nuts and the closures of the directing box are
associated with the back wheel center point where the
tires are mounted. As the controlling is guided the back
wheels likewise turn by the courses of action made and
the back wheel turn the other way by the game plans in
the incline gear.[7].The vehicle arrives in a circumstance
where it needs all the four wheels to be coupled to the
front controlling wheel, a switch is given alongside the
driver situate in order to draw in the back directing
instrument to the front guiding system by pulling up the
switch Therefore this connecting with switch connects
with the front controlling wheel to raise directing
component by the mechanical linkages gave in the
middle of these two directing instrument. When the
every one of the four wheels of the vehicle get coupled to
the controlling wheel the guiding wheel does its capacity
and makes all the four wheels of the vehicles to direct at
the same time and the task of four-wheel guiding is
performed. When this procedure is over the wheels are
conveyed back again to the straight position and the
switch is dismantled down to withdraw the back guiding
instrument with the controlling haggle vehicle again
turns into a typical two wheel directing system.[8]
Because of mechanical linkages it can makes more
vibration and clamor driver. It can't be balanced. It
likewise created wear and backlash.
3. PROPOSED DESIGNFOR FOUR-WHEEL STEERING
MECHANISM:
To expand its proficiency and for cost decrease
in the current frameworks, a discretionary four-wheel
controlling instrument is been assigned which enables a
driver to utilize it at whatever point required and
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turns, path evolving, speeding, driver can successfully
and no sweat change it to four-wheel controlling which
encourages it to play out these exercises all the more
securely and absolutely.
Besides, it is a finished mechanical component which
contributes of goad gear in rack and pinion get together,
making it simple to produce and financially effective.
In fig1 demonstrates the situation of the
mechanical gatherings. Position 1(for front wheels) and
1 (for back wheels) comprise of rack and pinion
congregations each. Where the goad gear is utilized.
Apparatus utilized is dependably in work with the rack.
Where position 2 shows unique course of action, which
permits taking part in four-wheel guiding instrument.

4. CONSTRUCTION:
The square chart underneath that is drawn for the 4
wheel directing instrument, demonstrates the parts of a
guiding framework. The main segment of the directing
framework is guiding wheel. It is associated with the
front wheels through the guiding shaft. Tie pole is an
association between the haggle’s framework. 1 st pair of
rack and pinion is arranged on the tie bar. The pinion is
associated with the guiding shaft. As guiding wheel turns, FIG 2: RACK AND PINION
Pinion will move alongside the rack. The rack and Pinion
plan appended with a moderate shaft. That pole is cut
into the two sections however it is dependably in
connected position whether it is completely drawn in or
somewhat locked in. It is an extraordinary course of
action used to shift the length. The pole is additionally
associated with the sleeve joint. Sleeve joint has
serrations on the inward side up to the specific
separation. Sleeve joint is utilized to build the length of
the pole. It is additionally associated with the second pair
of rack and pinion. As shaft transmits the torque, Pinion
will turn and back wheels of the guiding framework will FIG 3: SPECIAL ARRANGEMET
move in left or right. Position 1 and 1'as in fig 2 contains with rack and pinion, a
rack and pinion is a kind of straight actuator that involves a
STEERING 1ST PAIR OF RACK FRONT couple of apparatuses, (here goad gear) which changes over
WHEEL & PINION WHEELS
rotational movement into direct movement .
In above structure goad gear is utilized as it have a powerful
2ND PAIR OF
SLEEVE
SPECIAL
ARRANGEM-
transmission productivity, which makes them perfect for
RACK &
JOINT
PINION ENT safeguarding effectiveness of the framework. Assembling of
goad gears is straightforward when contrasted with
different riggings and therefore cost effective, and fills the
REAR WHEELS
need.
These two gatherings are associated by a moderate shaft. As
BLOCK DIAGRAM: appeared in fig 1, position 2, a pole is cut into two separate
parts. Cut pieces of the pole have serrations on it, as in fig 4,
up to the specific separation. There is a gap present in a
pole.
With the help of the rod, engagement and disengagement of
the rear side rack and pinion occurs.

Fig 1: Line Diagram Of Four-Wheel Steering Mechanism

line diagram, FIG 4: SERRATED ROD

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 5. OPERATION OF PROPOSED DESIGN: 2) NPTEL https://nptel.ac.in/courses/ 105101008/
1. Two-wheel steering mechanism: 582_ Accident/ point 2/point.html
Regularly, it will guide front two-wheels as done in 3) Economic times https://auto.economictimes.
the greater part of the vehicles. The cow pole will be indiatimes.com/ news/industry/india-ranks-first
associated with the course of action of rack and pinion
in-road-deaths-in-the-world/56221070
which will change over round movement of guiding wheel
into straight movement and therefore coordinates the 4) Existing cars with four wheel steering http://what-
front wheel, yet as the pole isn't embedded inside the when-how.com/automobile/four-wheel-steering-
serrated pole, along these lines the movement isn't 4ws-automobile/
exchanged to the rack and pinion game plan at position 1' 5) Four Wheel Steering System -IrjetPDFhttps://
which is additionally associated with back wheels. In this irjet.net › archives
manner movement is just exchanged to front haggles just 6) RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of
front wheels get steer.
Engineering and Science
2. Four-wheel steering mechanism:
In fig 1, at position 2, shaft is as of now connected PDFwww.researchinventy.com › papers
completely when the vehicle is directing on front two 7) Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering
wheels. It isn't associated with rack and pinion game Mechanism - irjesPDFwww.irjes.com › vol6-issue4
plan for back wheels, fig1, and position 1'. Version-2
8) DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR WHEEL STEERING
At the occasions, when driver needs his vehicle to SYSTEM FOR A CAR K.Lohith1 Dr. S. R. Shankapal2 ,
guide on back wheels as well, bar as appeared in fig 3, must
M. H. Monish Gowda3 1- M. Sc. [Engg.] Student, 2-
be pulled, which makes the two shaft halfway connected
with and draws in its conclusion to rack and pinion President, 3- Assistant professor Automotive
gathering for back wheels, fig1, position 1'. & Aeronautical Engineering Department, M. S.
Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore – 5
Accordingly speed is been transmitted and contact 9) Active Four Wheel Steering Shaikh Mohammad
gets set up, which thus controls back wheels. Along these Shakir1, Shashank Mahadik2, Praveen
lines, this adaptability causes driver to drive easily. Singh3,Abhishek Sawant4, Sarjeel Sayyed5
6. CONCLUSION: 1,2,3,4Student,Theem College of Engineering,
1. Complete mechanical system and use of spur gears, Boisar, Maharashtra, India. 5Faculty, Theem
makes it cost effective and simple to manufacture. College of Engineering.
2. As spur gears are used, makes it more reliable and
durable.
3. As spur gear’s power transmission efficiency is
good, this makes it ideal for application.
4. System allows driver to take small and sharp turns
quickly.
5. It increases maneuverability.
6. It neutralizes the steering and thus eliminates
factor of over steer and under steer.
7. During high speed conditions, it helps to maintain
stability of a vehicle.
8. This mechanism reduces steering efforts on front
wheels, thus wearing of tyres is also reduced.
9. Simple construction of mechanism makes system
easy to install.
10. The rod provided in an intermediate shaft to
engage in four-wheel steering system makes it
user-friendly.

REFERENCES:
1) Overview of four-wheel steering systemhttps://
cartreatments.com/four-wheel-steering-system-
overview/

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