1

Life after Prison: Self-Esteem of Former Female Inmates

Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
Psychology Department of Xavier University
(Ateneo de Cagayan) Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Psychology

by

Abucay, Karen D.
Noynay, Lasseny P.
Opema, Julie Anne D.
Panal, Diana Via D.
Patica, Irish Jane B.
Sotto, Dannica Adeline F.

March 2019
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Abstract

Self-Esteem among former female inmates is rarely studied though very crucial since it tackles
the perception of female inmates when prison is taken into context. The purpose of this research
is to study the two components of self-esteem: prison self-esteem and personal self-esteem of
former female inmates and determine how the prison context influenced their self-esteem. Prison
context, such as their social relationships, prison environment and prison experiences must be
considered. As suggested by the Social Identity theory and Looking-glass theory, social
environment is vital to an individual’s self-esteem. For the five (5) former female inmates of
Cagayan de Oro, this social environment is the prison. In-depth interview was the method used
to gather data from the participants. The results showed that prison self-esteem has three (3)
major themes common among the former female inmates, namely: Conformity, Ability to Think
Clearly and Unworried with their respective subthemes. The personal self-esteem has one major
theme only: Positive Self-Esteem. This posits that former female inmates shifted from negative
prison self-esteem to a positive personal self-esteem after imprisonment, giving the researchers
an idea of how these former female inmates reintegrate themselves back to their community and
how their prison experiences have affected their personal self-esteem.

Keywords: Perceived prison self-esteem, Personal self-esteem, Former Female Inmates

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I Page

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study……………………………………………………. 6

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………….. 8

Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………… 15

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………… 17

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………. 17

Significance of the Study……………………………………….. ………….. 18

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………. 19

Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………….. 20

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design…………………………………………………………….. 21

Research Environment……………………………………………………… 21

Sample and Sampling Procedure…………………………………………… 22

Research Instrument………………………………………………………… 22

Validity and Reliability of Instrument……………………………………… 22

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Research Procedure…………………………………………………………. 22

Data Analysis……………………………………………………………….. 23

Ethical Consideration……………………………………………………….. 24

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Problem One of the Research………………………………………………. 28

Problem Two of the Research……………………………………………… 31

CHAPTER IV

Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………………………. 39

References

Appendices

Appendix

A Letter to the City Parole and Probation Administration

B Informed Consent

C In-depth Interview Guide Questions

D Proposed Calendar of Activities

E Researchers Qualifications

F Some pictures during the sessions

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Over the years, it is a common knowledge that most of the inmates behind bars are male

individuals. Yet, the rate of female inmates is increasing as well. As of 2016, there were a total

of 142, 168 prison population in the Philippines and 12, 658 (8.9%) of them were females

(World Prison Studies.org). This rapid increase of population in female inmates has been said to

be one of the outcomes of this current administration’s implementation on “War on Drugs.”

Many cases of these female inmates are subjected due to their affiliation or relationship to their

partners who were involved in drugs. With this reason, they are charged with cases leading them

to be imprisoned (Zarya, 2015).

Despite being released into the community, the battle of surviving among former female

inmates does not end inside the prison; it even gets more difficult when inmates are finally out of

the prison. Their identity as a former inmate continuously affects them not only emotionally and

psychologically, but it also affects their social and economic life particularly to job opportunities.

An extensive body of research has established that a conviction or time in prison makes

individuals significantly less employable. It is not simply that individuals who commit crimes are

less likely to work in the first place, but rather, the conviction or time in prison act independently

to lower the employment prospects of ex-offenders (Center for Economic and Policy Research).

Moreover, Superintendent Von Tesoro, the chief prison officer of the Davao Prison and

Penal Farm believes that imprisonment is not a responsive and effective penalty for female

offenders. After having years of experience in running prison facilities, he believes that a
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female’s absence in the Filipino home could only create havoc on the family and jeopardize the

future of the children (Tesoro, 2011). In addition, most of the inmates were mothers prior to

imprisonment and the sense of losing their role as a mother has been found out to have a

significant impact to women inmates resulting to identity confusion and lowered self-esteem.

Kamoyo (2018) also mentioned that being in prison will really have an impact to an

individual’s self-esteem and this will continue to have an impact on the current situation they are

in because imprisonment serves as a constant reminder to their perceived social status. Most of

the inmates would see themselves negatively because of the society’s labeling and stigma. These

perceptions that have been subjected to the inmates have made them think lowly of themselves

and carry this perception even after imprisonment.

This led the researchers to the questions: “What happens to the lives of former female

inmates after being released from the prison?”, “How are their self-esteem while inside the

prison and how are their self-esteem after they are released?”. Boduszek et. al (2016) defined

self-esteem as an evaluation of an individual to themselves to the extent of how they see their

self as capable and worthy. Abraham Maslow as well defined self-esteem as a need and an

individual’s own feelings of worthiness. Also, self-esteem is considered as a predictor for

behavioral and psychological outcomes of an inmate since self-esteem not only affects how one

sees their self, but to the extent of how they see and relate to others as well. In addition, self-

esteem is considered to be a resilience factor that is important as a psychological resource of

adaptation which is significant to the lives of former inmates who will adapt from imprisonment

to being released (Chui & Diehl, 2018).

Moreover, self-esteem is one of the most affected aspects in a life of a former inmate.

Most of them, if not all, were deprived from their basic rights and have experienced unjust
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condition and treatment while they were inside the prison. It is a critical aspect that would

deteriorate given the unfair situation the former female inmates were going through, that in some

cases would badly affect one’s evaluation of self and the motivation to fulfill his or her fullest

potential as an individual. Experiencing all of these usually results to a diminished level of how

they see and evaluate themselves. On extreme cases, some inmates would just accept their

situation and would think that they deserve such degradation; this degraded sense of self will be

adapted and carried with them even upon release from the prison.

Thereby, the researchers took interest on self-esteem because it is a psychological

concept that is until now one of the most studied topics for researches, not only in the field of

Psychology but in other fields as well. The researchers specifically focused only on former

female inmates because gender is an important factor which influences growth and self-esteem

(Amuche & Mayange, 2013). Additionally, the researchers chose former female inmates rather

than male inmates because there are insights of a woman that are different from men given that

their experiences inside the prison are also varied.

Even though a lot of studies already had conclusions on gender stereotypes even on the

aspect of self-esteem, yet it is still hard to find studies that had specifically focused on former

female inmates’ self-esteem. Moreover, recent studies about the self-esteem of female inmates

are also limited since most researches are only intended for male inmates because their

population is larger than female inmates. Given this scarcity of information, this motivates the

researchers to explore and delve into the experiences of the former female inmates especially

coming from the local community and to contribute to the growing knowledge of psychology.

Furthermore, this study aims to understand and explore the perceived prison and personal

self-esteem of the former female inmates who have been released. Most importantly, studying
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self-esteem is continually being relevant until today because this affects the cognitive and

motivational aspects of an individual (Johnson, n.d). Understanding the context of this

psychological concept will not only help the researchers but also the community as well to

become more open and sensitive to the concerns of these former female inmates.

Review of Related Literature

The following section presents the related literature, readings, and related studies which

are relevant to the study. Topics are divided into Prisons, Former female inmates, and Self-

Esteem.

Prisons. Prisons are built to rehabilitate, correct, cure criminals of crime (Bruce, 2017)

and treat criminals to become useful citizens (Adu, 2007). However, prisons are uncomfortable

and is considered as a stressful environment (Bukstel & Kilman, 1980; DeRosia, 1998; Johnson

& Toch, 1982a; Kuipers, 1996; Liebling, 1999 as cited in Greve, W., & Enzmann, D., 2003). A

report given by Mika’il Deveaux on the trauma of imprisonment experiences, that is backed up

by research and reviewed by Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law, states that prison

culture does more harm than good. Prison culture breeds violence, it includes harm on the

psychological well-being of inmates. Country’s prison where criminalities are expected to end

have become revolving doors that many of the residents and prisoners, returned time and again

(Adu, 2017).

An international treaty from UN named the Optional Protocol to the United Nations

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

(OPCAT) visited some prison facilities in the country and one of the overarching concerns they

have found is the extreme overcrowding. Prison facilities in Metro Manila and even in provincial
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jails have capacities that are limited to accommodate all of the inmates. This congestion of place

does not only breed inhumane treatment to inmates but as well affects their health while inside

the prison facility. Moreover, these overcrowded and underfunded prison facilities are not only a

burden to the inmates but to the prison managers as well which is becoming one of the

problematic concerns of a prison facility (Jones, 2014).

Former Female Inmates. It has been recognized how important females’ role are in the

society. Females play a substantial role in economic and national development in many countries

by performing their social and economic activities. They made great contributions as mothers

which is their domestic role in molding future generations (Ibrahim, et al., 2013). Another study

by Amanda (2008) stated that typically women serve as the primary care of their children, and it

is reported that at least one third of mothers are single parents before they were imprisoned,

which may disrupt the family unit. The sense of losing their role as a mother has been found out

to have a significant impact to female inmates resulting to loss of identity and low level of self-

esteem (Corston report as cited by Amanda, 2008). According to Bloom et al., (2003), that low

self-esteem is frequently the outcome of abuse, mental illness, and other different factors that are

significant to female inmates.

Although female inmates only constitute a small percentage compared with the number

of men in prison. However, their numbers have dramatically risen over the last few decades

(Greene & Pranis, 2006; Jeffries, 2014; McIvor, 2010; Newbold, 2007 as cited by Jeffries &

Newbold, 2016). A report published in Philippine Daily Inquirer by Ramos (2017), mentioned

that because of the current war on drugs implemented by the President of the country, the

number of inmates are doubled. Around 67 percent of inmates are in custody due to drug related

cases and 13 percent of that percentage comprises the number of female inmates which is
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roughly 10, 291 inmates all over the nation. Despite the overcrowding issue and the increasing

number of population in the prison facilities in the country, there is a women-friendly facility in

Davao City named the Ray of Hope Village and it offers bungalow type of shelters instead of

prison cells. Adoracion Avisado, which is a former judge and is now an executive director of

Transformative Justice Institute, who is involved in the implementation of the prison facility,

exclaimed that female inmates cannot be rehabilitated the same way the male inmates are treated

because females have different needs compare to them.

Another study by Barlow (2014), stated that male and female inmates are different when

it comes to their needs in prison. Female inmates are unlikely to receive any psychological

services and rehabilitation that are relevant to them because the population of male inmates are

larger than them. Programs that try to integrate gender-specific needs are less funded because the

traditional gender-neutral model is more preferred. Voohris (2010) added that without integrating

gender-specific needs, women inmates tend to be over-classified and the most significant risk

considerations and needs that are appropriate to them are neglected. Furthermore, inadequate

information about women inmates has led to an absence of resources for women inmates

(Barlow, 2014).

Furthermore, females who enter and exit in criminal justice system are extremely

disempowered. Commonly, the profile of former female inmates is the one who is

disempowered, unfortunate in dysfunctional violent relationships and exploited by a society that

is incapable in supporting their needs. They inherently acquire lower status in society and

committing a crime ranks them far below the average woman (Barlow, 2014). Aside from being

misunderstood by the society, female inmates lack self-confidence in facing the humiliation upon

returning to their communities (Wright et al. 2007). Moreover, Ormita & Perez (2012)
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discovered that imprisonment has an effect to an inmate’s psychological state through their

multiple case study of six incarcerated women from Manila City Jail. Not only was that impact,

but their social relationship even to their family is affected as well; and most importantly, the

way they see their self was diminishingly low.

Yet, it is also worthy to note that there are still inmates who would see the prison

experience into the other side of the coin and that is to see things on the lighter and positive

perspective for there are inmates who would consider being imprisoned as transformational and

helpful to rehabilitate them. Rowe (2011) mentioned on her narrative study on the self and

identity of female inmates that there are some of them who see imprisonment as part of their

growth, freedom and even recovery.

Life after Imprisonment. Reintegration into the community after imprisonment is

difficult for female inmates because they face different challenges when they are released. These

challenges include finding jobs, little family support, and serious mental health and medical

problems (Davis et al., 2012). According to Dogde and Pogrebin (2001) that former inmates may

treated as outcasts once they are released into the community. Another challenges of social

integration after imprisonment, a study entitled Stress and Hardship after Prison by Western, et

al., was conducted on 2014 to look into the lives of former inmates. The research studied the

condition of former inmates specifically their motivation to desist criminal lifestyle while

receiving program intervention from Parole and Probation institutions (Nelson, Deess, and Allen

1999). The study showed that social reintegration is most effective in the first months of return

(Redcross et al. 2012). While long-term effects of imprisonment on communities depend partly

on the many individual experiences of the first months after prison release (Western, et al.,

2014).
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Stress and Hardship after Prison study also defined steps in social integration which

emphasized family relationships. Ties to family, a stable residence, and a means of subsistence

allow full participation in community life and fulfilment of the socially-valued roles of family.

Recent research on incarceration and family life extends the study of desistance by examining

relationships with romantic partners (e.g., Comfort 2008; Wakefield and Wildeman 2013). Still,

romantic relationships can be destabilizing, particularly where partners are dependent on drugs

or involved in crime (Leverentz 2011; Wyse, Harding, and Morenoff 2014). These cases

suggests that, rather than romantic partner, parents, grandparents, siblings and children of their

own who are away from criminal lifestyle, are more important sources of emotional and material

support (Martinez and Christian 2009; Leverentz 2011).

In addition, regular income is basic to social reintegration since it meets a variety of other

needs. Gaining regular income through employment also helps build pride, social status, and a

daily routine (Sullivan 1989). However, average earnings are extremely low after incarceration

and unemployment has been found to exceed 30 per cent (e.g., Kling 2006; Western 2006). With

low wages and high unemployment, parolee programs must address welfare needs like sources of

income (Harding et al. 2014).

The transition from prison to community is in many ways a criminal justice process. The

formal social control of imprisonment concludes and, for many, community supervision by a

probation or parole officer begins. Imprisonment itself might influence the transition to

community through the effects of prison conditions on former inmates’ self-esteem (Western et

al., 2014).

Self-esteem. Self-esteem is commonly conceptualized as a component of the self-

concept. Generally, it signifies an individual’s whole positive evaluation of the self (As cited in
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Cast & Burke, 2002) and is an individual’s personal emotional response towards themselves

(Heatherton and Wyland 2003). This is also a strong factor that affects personal development

which is something that the researchers would like to understand deeper for this will not only

affect the quality of the present situation of an individual, but will continuously alter one’s life if

not understood well.

Self-esteem is crucial and is a cornerstone of a positive attitude towards living. It is very

important because it affects how one thinks, acts, and even how a person relates to other people

(Bruce, 2017). Self-esteem, according to Nathaniel Brandon, is the “immune system of

consciousness.” He further elaborated, “Just as a healthy immune system does not guarantee that

one will never become ill, but makes one less vulnerable to disease and better equipped to

overcome it, so a healthy self-esteem does not guarantee that one will never suffer anxiety or

depression in the face of life’s difficulties, but makes one less susceptible and better equipped to

cope, rebound and transcend (Ragan, 2017; Brandon, 1994, p. 18).”

In general, self-esteem is defined by how much individuals value themselves. It is a

subjective emotional response towards self, (Heatherton & Wyland, 2003) and an evaluative

component of self-knowledge. Baumeister et al., (2003) states that self-esteem is a spectrum that

ranges to an accurate, justified definition of self or how much value individuals place on

themselves. Moreover, self-esteem is not just the outcome but indeed the cause of life’s major

successes and failures. The results of high self-esteem includes willingness to speak up in

groups, likability, and among others. While low self-esteem leads to difficulty speaking up,

externalize behavior, and delinquency. Also, this is supported by Cast and Burke (2002) wherein

positive effects to individuals as well as to society in general is related with high level of self-

esteem. An individual with enhanced self-esteem can effectively cope in stressful situations and
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can maintain good health while psychological distress, depression, and antisocial behavior are

outcomes of low self-esteem (Battle 1990; Baumeister 1998; Tennen and Affleck 1993; Crocker,

Luhtanen, Blaine, and Broadnax 1994; Trzesniewski, Donnellan, and Moffitt 2006; as cited in

Boduszek, et,. al, 2016). It is widely known that the idea of fostering an individual’s self-esteem

will be helpful for both the society and the individual (Cast & Burke, 2002). In the Philippine

context, Filipinos are susceptible to the emotional necessities that leads asal or conduct. Amor

propio is a damdamin (emotional) norm which controls our sense of self-esteem (Ylagan, 2012).

Amor propio best translates as self-love. Furthermore, transgressions of self-esteem can

contribute to hiya/shame to a woman. With them who violate the laws, this can be a contributing

factor of a low self-esteem.

According to La Vigne and Cowan (2005) as cited in Grommon et. al (2012); Cobbina

(2009) and; Grey et. al (2016) former female inmates are facing practical issues relating to

accommodation, employment, finances, family (social support), drug, and issues back in the

community. Research also suggests that self-esteem were largely linked to these issues.

Moreover, former female inmates desires to live “normal” life back in the community, however,

issues stated above and the stigma that they face are barriers in trying to achieve this (Gray et. al,

2016).

However, as stated by Haney (2002) on his study that had examined the unique

psychological changes of inmates from their prison experience, had said that imprisonment is

almost always difficult for the inmates especially in adjusting to their post-prison state and at

times, most of the inmates creates actions and thoughts that would be dysfunctional for them

when they are outside the prison center. However, he highlights that the experiences of being

imprisoned does not necessarily mean harm to everyone for the psychological effects of it varies
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from an individual to another individual. This means that the personal and perceived self-esteem

of the former inmates could be very unique.

Theoretical Framework

The objective of this research is to know and explore the prison specific and personal

self-esteem of former female inmates while they were inside the prison and as they were

released. Hence, the theory that the researchers will be using is the Social Identity Theory. Social

identity is the social category or social group where a person belongs with his or her knowledge

(Hogg & Abrams 1998; as cited in Burke & Stets, 2000). A particular social identity means

being part of a group, being like the other members of the group, and having the same

perspective with the group. This group is defined as a set of individuals who identify themselves

as members of a certain social category (Burke & Stets, 2000). Social Identity Theory by Tajfel

and Turner (1979), attempts to give explanation on an individual’s behavior and how they define

their identities with regard to their social groups and such identifications function in order to

protect and strengthen their self-esteem. In addition, it explains how an individual’s social group

relates to his or her self-esteem.

Social Identity Theory posits that a positive evaluation by an individual to his own group

is helpful in fulfilling one’s need for positive self-esteem (As cited in Boduszek, et,. al 2016).

The main principle of social identity theory is that individuals define their identities

accompanied by two dimensions; social and personal. In social, it is defined by the association in

different social groups. On the other hand, the personal are the particular attributes that make an

individual different from others. The social and personal dimensions are assumed to be at

opposite ends of a range, turning into more or less significant depending on the environment
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(Howard, 2000). However, Deaux (1993) stated that there is an interaction between the two

dimensions, implying that these two are not simply separable.

Social identities provide reputation that may or may not enhance self-esteem for the

reason that individuals are motivated in evaluating themselves positively and the groups where

they belong and separate themselves from a particular group that they identify as a threat to their

social identity (Howard, 2000). As reported by Simon and Hastedt (1999), aspects of the self that

are positive and more personally important tend to be the sources on which an individual puts

herself or himself with regards to collective categories, which then shows the relationship

between categorization and evaluation. This indicates that individuals in dominant groups are

likely to be more successful in attaining positive social identity. On the other hand, this is a

challenge for those individuals who belong to misunderstood, negatively appreciated groups,

who may try to make an effort to separate themselves, to evaluate the characteristics of their

group as less negative, to assess their group as more positive in other aspects, or to strive in

producing changes in the status of their group.

Similarly, according to Cooley’s (1998) Looking Glass Theory, that the way individuals

view themselves reflects on others’ perspective about them, which suggests that one’s social

environment is important for self-appraisals (As cited in Boduszek, et,. al, 2016). To Cooley, an

individual’s self-development occurs through the looking-glass self-process which involves three

steps. First, the individual considers others on how he or she looks. Second, the person also

considers how other individuals evaluate him or her and lastly, the person may develop positive

or negative feeling regarding to others’ judgment (As cited in Kondrat & Teater, 2012). This

process depend on the ability of an individual to have an accurate interpretation to others’ view
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of himself or herself and the esteem in which the person holds to the other (Franks & Gecas,

1992; as cited in Kondrat & Teater, 2012).

Given these theoretical assumptions, it presumes that other individuals are also important

in one’s self-evaluation, thus, Boduszek, et,. al (2016) suggested that the self-esteem of prisoners

should be considered as a multi-dimensional concept indicating personal (context-free) and

prison (context specific) self-esteem.

Conceptual Framework
Being a former
female inmate

Perceived prison Personal self-

self-esteem esteem

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study

The illustration above shows the variables that are mainly involved in this study. The

self-esteem of former female inmate as two components, within the prison-context and after the

prison-context.

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to determine the perceived prison self-esteem and personal self-esteem

of the former women inmates. Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:

A. Dynamics of the life experiences of former female inmates through the following aspects:

1. Identification of the Participant (age, civil status, etc.)

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2. Family Background

3. Legal History

B. Self-esteem of former women inmates through the following aspects:

1. What is the perceived prison self-esteem of former women inmates?

2. What is the personal self-esteem of former women inmates?

Significance of the Study

This study focuses on exploring the self-esteem of former female inmates. Furthermore,

the findings will be helpful to the following:

Participants. The participants will gain awareness and understanding regarding to their

self-esteem and their own needs such as psychological needs (counselling and psychosocial

interventions) that are when addressed and accommodated, will help them on their way to

recovery and completing their probation and parole.

Social Relationships. This research can help the family members and peers to realize that

they have a huge impact on the self-esteem of the former female inmates. Thus, this study aims

to provide awareness to the family and loved ones of the participants to become more sensitive

and accepting.

Community. It has been observed that former female inmates are being misunderstood by

the community because they are law offenders. Hence, the results of this study will be an eye-

opener to the members of the community. The result of this study will make the members of the

community to be more accepting and will show their support to the former inmates. In addition,

former female inmates will be recognized that they have the chance to start a new beginning
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specially to job opportunities. Thus, this research will serve as a step to relate, understand and at

the same time minimize discrimination toward former women inmates.

Researchers. This research will help the researchers deepen their knowledge about their

field and have the opportunity to share this to the community.

Future Researchers. This will be beneficial to the future researchers as their guide and

source of improvements for their future study and the developing knowledge of psychology

research about the self-esteem of former female inmates.

Body of Knowledge. The results of this study will contribute to the growth of body of

knowledge, particularly in the field of Psychology, as well as the effects of prison experiences or

imprisonment to the self-esteem of former female inmates.

Definition of Terms

The following are terms which are operationally defined for better understanding of this

paper.

Self-esteem is a former female inmate’s self-evaluation of her worth and capabilities as an

individual.

Former Female Inmates refers to the biologically born females who were in prison before

and were released.

Imprisonment refers to the punishment ranging from fines to short or long term in prison.

Prison self-esteem is the former female inmate’s self-evaluation within the prison

context.
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Personal self-esteem is the former female inmate’s self-evaluation after the prison

context.

Scope and Limitations

This study focused mainly on exploring the perceived prison self-esteem and personal

self-esteem through an in-depth interview. Collection of information for the case history includes

identification of the participant (age, civil status, and religion.), family background and legal

history.

The participants of this study are limited only to the former female inmates, 18 years old

and above, who have been released from Cagayan de Oro City Jail referred by the City Probation

and Parole Office. Since the researchers obtained qualitative data, self-reported data is limited by

the fact that it can be individually verified, thus, can contain several potential sources of personal

bias. Furthermore, recollection of information may be potentially difficult for some questions

could not be answered in great depth.

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CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used qualitative type of research. Qualitative research is subjective and seeks

to gain understanding of human behavior and reasons that control such behavior such as

conducting an in-depth interview. Furthermore, the researchers specifically used Inductive

Thematic Analysis approach of Qualitative research. This approach includes identifying and

coding emergent themes within data collected.

Research Environment

This research was conducted inside the City Parole and Probation Administration Office.

The office is located at the 3rd floor, Jofelmor Building, Mortola St., Cagayan de Oro City. The

office has a Regional Conference Room inside in which an in-depth interview is conducive and

safe to be conducted.

Sample and Sampling Procedure

The goal of the research was to conduct in-depth interviews to former female inmates

ages 18-60 years old who have been released, to explore their perceived prison self-esteem and

personal self-esteem, as well as their prison experiences. To accomplish this goal, qualitative

method through snowball sampling was employed. The sample of this study consists of five

(N=5) former female inmates from Cagayan de Oro City Jail referred by the City Probation and

Parole Office.
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Research Instruments

The validated semi-structured guide questions that formulated by the researchers were

used for data gathering during the in-depth interview. The guide questions focused on the

perceived prison self-esteem and personal self-esteem based on the participants’ prison

experiences. It also explored on the family background and legal history of the participants.

Validity and Reliability of Instruments

The in-depth interview semi-structured guide questions were formulated by the

researchers. These questions undergone Forward-Backward translation from English to Visayan

and validation by an expert. The in-depth interview guide questions were semi-structured

grounded by the items from self-esteem measure for prisoner’s scale developed by Boduszek et.

al (2016). It consists of four items for prison specific and another four items for personal self-

esteem. The reliability of the SEM-P factors was assessed using composite reliability. For

personal self-esteem CR=.78 and prison self-esteem CR=.74, which indicates that both have a

good internal consistency.

Research Procedure

The procedure. Please see Appendix A for the calendar of schedules for the rapport

building and final in-depth interview.

In gathering the participants, letter for approval of conducting a research was addressed

to Ms. Evelyn Gille the chief probation and parole officer of City Parole and Probation Office,

(see Appendix B). The content of the letter includes the objective of the study and the

participants needed which is a total of (N=5), as possible, those who have been released, ages

from 18 – 60 years old was indicated in the letter.

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In actual data gathering, informed consent was given to the participants highlighting the

purpose of the study and confidentiality. The five (5) participants undergone in-depth interview

which was conducted by the hired Registered Psychometrician for exploration of their perceived

prison specific self-esteem and personal self-esteem. There was a total of two (2) sessions of in-

depth interviews for each participants. During the interview, the information gathered from the

participants were audio-recorded with their consent. The in-depth interview per session lasted for

45 minutes - 1 hour. Debriefing was followed which is conducted by the hired professional on

the second and last session to give a proper termination. By the end of this study, the participants

were given the freedom to know the results. However, it would be coming from a collective

perspective and not their individual results.

Data Analysis

The participants’ responses in the in-depth interview was analyzed using Framework

Method, also known as thematic analysis or qualitative content analysis or will be used for the

analysis. Framework Method offers a systematic model for mapping and managing the data,

thus, is an admirable tool for supporting thematic analysis (Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E,

Rashid S & Redwood S., 2013). There are seven stages of this analysis which the researchers

will follow, and these are Transcription, Familiarization, Coding, Developing a working

analytical framework, Applying the analytical framework, Charting data into the framework

matrix and Interpreting the data.

Ethical Consideration

Project Details. Data was gathered through an in-depth interview. A validated semi-structured

question were used as a guide for the interview. In-depth interview was conducted by the

hired Psychometrician. Debriefing followed which was for about twenty (20) minutes.
 24

The thesis proposal was reviewed by a panel of experts in the discipline through a

defense. The researchers’ qualifications, experience and skills are appropriate to the proposed

research. The researchers have conducted previous case studies and researches, which helped the

researchers to acquire facilitating, processing and other relevant skills, that will greatly aid them

in their research.

The research study was done two semesters (A.Y. 2018-2019) June 2018-March 2019 at

Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan. Data gathering was conducted at City Parole and

Probation Office during specific dates. The results were disseminated to the Xavier University

Community. The participants were also provided with information pertaining to the collected

data but through a collective dissemination of results.

Permission letters were distributed to City Parole and Probation Office informing of the

conduction of research study in their office. Also, the researchers’ thesis moderator was fully

informed of the conduction of the study outside the campus.

The sample size of the participants for qualitative method, age range of the participants, and

where the participants were gathered are clearly specified in the procedure.

Participant Details. In this study, the participants were former female inmates, ages 18

and above, released from Cagayan de Oro City Jail (Lumbia City Jail) and referred by the City

Parole and Probation Office . The participants have been released thus they are no longer

associated to the jail management.

Possible Risks and Risk Management. This study used a validated semi-structured guide

questions for the in-depth interview. The data gathered was audio recorded for educational

purposes with the consent of the participants. In line with this, the chief officer of City Parole
 25

and Probation Administration already approved about the audio recording, as well as the

approval of the participants. There were no diaries and participant observation in a non-public

place without their knowledge. When accessing the personal and confidential data, consent of the

participants was asked. Participants were given the freedom to decline in answering the questions

that seemed sensitive and appeared to be unpleasant during and after the research. At the end of

the study, the participants were debriefed which was facilitated by the hired professional. The

guide questions undergone validation by an expert to minimize possible harm to the participants.

In addition, it is guaranteed that there was no performance of any acts which might reduce the

self-esteem of participants or make them feel embarrassed or guilty. This is an investigation of

participants who are former female inmates from Cagayan City Jail who are already released.

Procedures in this study for data gathering did not involve deception to the participants. Other

concerns such us administration of any substance or agent, use of non-treatment of placebo

control conditions, collection of body fluids or tissue samples, collection and/or testing of DNA

samples, collection and/or testing of gametes or embryo tissue, participation in a clinical trial,

administration of ionizing radiation were not applicable in this research. In the actual research,

potential risks such as psychological risks, privacy and loss of confidentiality may arise and are

identified in this research. Both the participants and the researchers were susceptible to these

risks. The participants may be at risk when answering the questions which may or may not result

into an emotional trauma. The privacy of the participants was also at risk whenever questions

that are too personal were asked. Moreover, loss of confidentiality may occur when the data

gathered would be disclosed to the public. However, researchers upheld confidentiality so long

as the information disclosed is not harmful to the researcher, to the participants itself and to

society. The researchers were not vulnerable to psychological and physical risks since in-depth
 26

interviews were conducted by the hired professional. All the potential risks that possibly

occurred to the researchers mentioned above were much greater than the usual in daily life. For

the participants, the potential benefits of this study include, but is not limited to, a deeper

understanding of their self-esteem and the application of such awareness to help their adjustment

to life outside prison. These potential benefits outweighed the possible risks that the participants

may or may not have experienced. The researchers were expected to reduce these potential risks.

To prevent psychological harm to the participants, the questions were validated in order to avoid

sensitive questions. Debriefing was facilitated which was done by a trained and licensed

professional to ensure that the participants were well-informed and were not psychologically or

physically harmed as well as to terminate the study properly.

Informed Consent. Informed consents were provided to the participants in the first

session of the data gathering. The content of the consent form highlights the purpose of the study

including the title of the study as well as the terms and conditions of the study. It was indicated

from what University and department the researchers are coming from. The approximated length

of time and possible risks that will occur were specified in the informed consent. It was also

indicated that participation in the study is voluntary and if the participants wish to withdraw

consent and that they may do so anytime. Participants were free to withdraw, even unprocessed

data previously supplied. Moreover, the data gathered in this research will be destroyed at the

end of the study after it will be used solely for educational and research purposes.

Confidentiality/Anonymity. The gathered data was kept with utmost care to protect the

identity and personal information of the participants and to avoid loss of confidentiality. To

ensure this, the participants was anonymized, rather their names, it will be numbers. The

participants were informed when the research will be publicized and code names will be used to
 27

protect and hide the identity of the participants. With the privacy of data, it was securely kept on

electronic devices wherein the researchers can only access. Lastly, the data will be destroyed

after the final research paper will be presented to the panel of interviewers for educational

purposes only.

Other Ethical Considerations of Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP). The

researchers have taken Clinical Psychology course wherein they have studied the Code of Ethics

of the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP), thus the researchers are

knowledgeable and well-equipped when it comes to principles in researches. In conducting the

study, the researchers followed the standard and ethical measures in gathering the participants

such as obtaining their approval through providing informed consent. The informed consent will

include and describe the nature and procedures of the study. The researchers made sure that the

possible risks during or after the research are explained well to the participants. In addition, a

debriefing session was conducted after the data gathering in order to reduce harmful effects that

the participants may experience after the research. The actual research was done in City Parole

and Probation Office, in this way, it will not compromise the safety nor expose the identity of the

participants. More importantly, the participants were free to decline in participating and

withdraw during their participation with or without reason. The researchers also secured the

personal information of the participants and will not disclosed to others specifically for third

parties unless the participants will give their consent. Deception was not used to the participants

upon doing the research. The identity and the information collected remained highly confidential

and was securely kept throughout the duration of the study. Furthermore, the researchers

followed ethics in conducting the procedures for data gathering hence, the researchers did not

violate any humanitarian, local, or international laws.

 28

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the dynamics of life experiences, perceived prison and personal

self-esteem of former female inmates. The dynamics of life experiences of the former female

inmates covers the family dynamics and legal history. From the interview responses, themes and

corresponding sub themes were highlighted to answer the thesis problem concerning their

perceived prison and personal self-esteem. Furthermore, it aims to identify the direction of their

self-esteem within and after prison context.

Dynamics of the life experiences of Former Women Inmates

Table 1.1 shows the demographic information of the participants which includes their

age, civil status, and religion. The participants age from 27 – 56 years old and three (3) of them

are single while only two (2) participants are legally married. Majority of the participants (4) are

Roman Catholics and only one (1) participant is Non-Catholic specifically Iglesia Ni Cristo.

Table 1.1 Demographic Profile of the Participants

Participant Age Civil Status Religion

No. 1 56 Married Roman Catholic

No. 2 32 Single Roman Catholic

No. 3 27 Single Roman Catholic

No. 4 43 Married Roman Catholic

No. 5 30 Single Iglesia Ni Cristo

Table 1.2 shows the results of the family structure of the participants. Two (2) of the

participants reported that they come from a broken family caused by the separation of the

parents and are raised by a single parent or has a single parent family. One (1) participant stated

that she grew up with a grandparent, also one (1) of the participants mentioned that she is raised

by her step-father together with her biological mother.

 29

by her step-father together with her biological mother. And out of the five participants,

only one (1) was raised by two parents. The participants who come from broken families

reported that it is one of the factors why they engaged risky behaviors such as involving

themselves to illegal drugs and other law offending behaviors. They believed that their family

problems have led them to do such actions. This is supported by a research which suggests that

the conditions of broken families such as lack of supervision or discipline by a remaining parent,

violence towards children, and the inability to provide necessary love and affection tend to be

predisposed children to commit dangerous activities. Also, children who have gone through such

early life adversity are likely to be exposed with negative community experiences including

rejection from other children which would encourage them to involve themselves to criminal

participation such as joining gangs.

With regard to the socioeconomic status of the participants, all of them belong to the

working class and their parent/s and or guardian is the main provider of their family which is for

them, not enough. All of the participants considered that due to the lack of financial assistance, it

made them to stop from finishing their studies that led them to resort to illegal activities such as

gambling and selling illegal drugs to sustain their basic needs as well as to support their children.

Previous studies shown that the frustration due to economic problems is one of the major

motives to commit crime (Agnew, 2006; Currie, 1998; Hagan, 1994; Jarjoura et al., 2002;

MacLeod, 1995; Sullivan, 1989; As cited by Agnew et al., 2008) And other studies have found

that one’s dissatisfaction of his or her economic situation or status is related to crime (Agnew et

al., 1996; Baron, 2004; Cernkovich et al., 2000; Wright et al., 1999; As cited by Agnew et al.,

2008).
 Table 1.2 Family Background 30

Participant Family Structure Socioeconomic Status Occupation of Parent/Guardian

No. 1 Nuclear Family Working Class Father (Fisherman)

Mother (Seller)

No. 2 Grandparent Family Working Class Grandmother (Landlady)

No. 3 Single Parent Family Working Class Father (Construction Worker)

No. 4 Single Parent Family Working Class Mother (Manicurist)

No. 5 Step Family Working Class Step-father (Unemployed)

Mother (Housewife)

Table 1.3 shows the type of cases of the participants. Out of the five participants, three

(3) of them violated R.A. 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002. While one

(1) participant was charged with violation of ART. 249 of the Revised Penal Code also known as

Homicide and one (1) participant was indicted for violating ART. 195 of the Revised Penal Code

or illegal gambling.

Table 1.3 Legal History

Participant Case Case Description

No. 1 ART. 195 Gambling and Betting

No. 2 ART. 249 Homicide

No. 3 R.A. 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

No. 4 R.A. 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

No. 5 R.A. 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

Self-Esteem of Former Women Inmates

Table 2.1 Perceived Prison Self-Esteem

Table 2.1 shows the perceived prison self-esteem of the former women inmates. There are three (3)
themes common among the participants. One of the themes has its sub-theme that indicated a concept
that was related to the given theme. The themes under the perceived prison self-esteem of the former
women inmates with the respective subtheme are the following: Conformity (Submissive), Able to think
clearly, and Unworried.
 31

Themes Subthemes Participant Exemplars

Inferiority Conforms with No.1 “Gasabay ra ko nila para wala koy kontra.”
fellow inmates

No.2 “"Hindi naman, nile-level ko lang yung sarili ko sa mga

kasamahan ko. Huwag mag mataas kasi kulong parin tayo.”

No.3 “Dili man sad ko ga judge pud nila.”

No. 4 “Mag pa ubos nalang ko. Di ko mutumpang sa ilaha.”

No. 5 “Dili sad ko makaingon nga mas maayo ko kay kung maayo
ko wala unta ko sa prisohan...”

Able to No. 1 “Dili ra ko maglisod kay pahilona ra man sa ilaha.”

think clearly

No. 2 “Hindi naman [ako nahirapan]…”

No. 3 “Wala man, dili [ko galisod ug huna-huna sa insakto na

iistorya]...”

No. 4 “Dili ko galisod ug open sa ila sad.”

No. 5 “Wala man hinuon [ko galisod ug huna-huna]…”

Unworried No. 2 “Wala akong pakialam sa kanila, bahala kayo jan kung ano
ang gusto niyong sabihin sa akin.”

No. 5 “Dili man,bahala sila sa ilang ipang istorya wala koy

labot…”

No. 1 “Wala gyud [ko gakabalaka] …”

No. 4 “Dili sad… pasagdan nako sila.”

No. 3 “Normal ra man na didto sa amoa…ako kay katawa ra man

ko”

Table 2.1 shows that the participants have no trouble thinking of the right things to say to

their fellow inmates when they were in prison.“Dili ra ko maglisod kay pahilona ra man sa

ilaha.” as stated by one of the participants when asked if they have trouble thinking of the right

things to say when they were in a group of inmates. When they were getting along with the

group, they were also being careful of what they were saying, for them not to offend other

inmates and avoid trouble. The result also shows that the participants were feeling inferior inside
 32

the prison. When asked if how often do they feel that they are better than most of the inmates

they know when they were still in prison, a participant expressed “Dili sad ko makaingon nga mas

maayo ko kay kung maayo ko wala unta ko sa prisohan…” Thus, they tend to be cautious of their

actions inside the prison and conform to the prison norms, such as following the rules and

regulations as much as possible, getting along with their fellow inmates, and engaging with

organized activities inside the prison to avoid having sanctions that will result to penalties such

as no visitation for months and or added stay inside the prison. Individuals with feelings of

inferiorities may conform to others due to the fear of sanctions if they were to stray from the

social norm (Zafar, 2009). By conforming to the prison norms, it points out that the participants Commented [1]: An Experimental Investigation of Why
Individuals Conform
Basit Zafar
were feeling inferior. However, the results of the perceived prison self-esteem of the former Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no.
365
female inmates is contrary to Cooley’s (1998) Looking Glass Theory which states that the way February 2009
JEL classification: C9, D7, D8

individuals view themselves reflects on others’ perspective about them and the Social Identity

Theory of Tajfel and Turner (1979) which gives an explanation on an individual’s behavior and

how they define their identities with regard to their social groups. When asked how often you are

bothered about what other inmates think about you, one of the participants said “Dili man,

bahala sila sa ilang ipang istorya wala koy labot.” It is apparent that the participants were not

worried and disregard the unfavorable opinions of other inmates regarding themselves to avoid

trouble. With this, it indicates that the participants have negative prison self-esteem because they

have adopted prison values and behave accordingly to prison beliefs in order to survive inside

the prison (Collica 2010; Copes et al. 2013 as cited by Boduszek, 2016). In addition, according

to Boduszek (2013), inmates with negative prison self-esteem have a tendency to conform and

comply with prison rules and to other inmates while inmates with high prison self-esteem tend to

relapse into violence behavior inside the prison. This is also supported by Baumeister, Smart,
 33

and Boden 1996; Kernis, Grannemann, and Barclay 1989 (as cited by Boduzsek, 2016) that high

levels of prison self-esteem is correlated to violent behavior inside the prison.

Table 2.2 Personal Self-Esteem of Former Female Inmates

Table 2.2 shows the personal self-esteem of the former female inmates. Positive self-esteem is
the major theme common among the participants indicating that they report positive self-evaluation
of themselves after imprisonment. Positive self-esteem has 3 sub-themes namely self-efficacy, self-
worth, and self-liking that indicated different concepts that were related to the given themes.

Themes Subthemes Participant Exemplar

Positive Self- No. 1 “Oo, mabuhat nako. Sa kaya lang na maayo.”

efficacy

No. 2 “kaya… kaya ko nga yung nangyari sa akin noon, ngayon pa kaya na
nagbabago pa lang ako"

No. 3 “Ako gyud kayahon ma’am”

No. 4 “bahala lagig na-priso ko ... Naa japon ko pagsalig sa akong kaugalingon”

No. 5 “Oo [kaya nako]. Kay naa naman ‘ko sa gawas… ma-mabuhat na nako ..
kung unsa man ‘to akong mga sayop ako na ma-tarong”

Worthiness No. 1 “Oo [importante ‘ko] kay ginahuna huna pud nako ako kaugalingon”.

No. 2 “Oo.. importante ‘ko”

No. 3 “Importante man gyud ko sa akong pamilya”

No. 4 . “Oo importante ‘ko sa kalibutan”

No. 5 “Naa [ko’y] importansya”

Self-liking No. 1 “Oo [ganahan sa’ko kaugalingon] kay dili man ‘ko gahunahuna sa negative.

No. 2 “Oo naman [gusto ‘ko sarili ‘ko]”

No. 3 “Oo ganahan na kaayo ko”

No. 4 “Oo [ganahan ‘ko sa ako kaugalingon]”

No. 5 “Oo. Ganahan nako sa akong kaugalingon kay compare sauna mas labaw
nako gigwapa”
 34

The first subtheme, Self-Efficacy, means that the former women inmates believe they

have the ability to succeed in any situation or accomplish tasks. This subtheme indicates that

they are likely to face challenges in a positive manner given that they have positive self-

efficacy. Despite their imprisonment, they feel that they are still capable to carry on with life.

An example would be “kaya ko nga yung nangyari sa akin noon, ngayon pa kaya na nagbabago

pa lang ako". This represents that since the individual had overcome a difficult situation before,

it lead her re-evaluate and thus become self-aware. According to Bandura (2001), there are

several sources for attaining self-efficacy, one of it is performance accomplishments which

highlights the idea of relating one’s successes to a future behavior. From the exemplar stated

above, the former woman inmate has a positive self-efficacy due to how she successfully

overcome her experiences before. Moreover, verbal persuasion and emotional arousal are also

factors that improves self-efficacy as proposed by Bandura (Malkin, 2016). In addition to

Bandura’s statement, encouragement and emotional support from other people enhances the self-

efficacy of an individual which is very evident in the experiences shared by former women

inmates. Furthermore, women tend to undertake more ambitious goals and persist in the face of

difficulties when she is confident in her abilities and efficacy (Benabou and Tirole, 2001).

Furthermore, the second subtheme, Worthiness, is a feeling about one’s value as a

person. According to Mruk (2006), self-esteem includes a distinguishing feature in which

concerns an individual’s evaluation or judgment of their own worth. It postulates that most of the

women inmates view themselves as a worthy individual. In addition, it takes a great motivation

connotation that is central in the former women inmate’s personality. Amidst the preconceived

notions from other people brought about by their imprisonment, it still didn’t affect how they see

themselves as important. They uphold that their self-worth does not really depend on the
 35

opinions of others. From the former women inmate’s interview, they reported that they have

significance, as what they have stated, “Oo, importante ‘ko sa kalibutan” and “Importante man

gyud ko sa akong pamilya”. They further elaborated that they are needed and important to their

own families. According to Covington (2001), former female inmates tend to develop self-worth

when their actions lead to connections with others. Now that they are back in their community,

their bonds with their family, whom they consider now as a priority, contribute to their feeling of

worthiness as an individual. In addition, avoiding destructive actions and engaging in healthy

ones results in feeling of self-worth (Mruck, 2006, p. 20). One way of transforming their life is

by ultimately moving away from criminal behavior into the role of an individual who no longer

engages in a criminal lifestyle (Proctor, 2009).

Previous studies shows that imprisonment generates negative impacts to one’s self-

esteem especially to women inmates, however, the results indicate that former women inmates

have positive self-esteem such that they like themselves and see the good within them even

though they have committed actions against the law. It is also shown in table 2.2 that the

participants like themselves now compared before. In the exemplar, a participant stated that “Oo.

Ganahan nako sa akong kaugalingon kay compare sauna” This reveals another dimension of

self-esteem which is self-liking. Basically, self-liking refers to the evaluative experience of an

individual as a social object which means they refer themselves as good or bad person. It is the

social value that an individual ascribes to herself. It also reflects the individual’s feelings of

being loved, socially worthy, and likeable. Individuals who have high self-liking are likely to

promote confidence in seeking goals in social context (Tafarodi & Swann, 2001).

Moreover, according to Social Identity Theory, a positive evaluation by an individual to

his own group is helpful in fulfilling one’s need for positive self-esteem (As cited in Boduszek,
 36

et,. al 2016). With the results above, they likely to have a more positive evaluation of themselves

because they are in a better environment. One participant mentioned in the interview that, “Okay

na... chada na akong kinabuhi..parehas sa mga ubang tao ba na normal lang walay bisyo.”

They appreciate their state at the moment and is contented with what they have because they do

not involve themselves with illegal drugs. In addition, a participant stated, “Unsaon ta man, dili

man ta perpekto. Ang tao naa man jud pag bag-o, diba?” This supported that positive

evaluations includes understanding of a woman that one’s imperfections are part of one’s

humanness (Steber, 2018). Belief in their own capabilities, worthiness and embracing self-

development tend to help a former women inmate gain a positive self-esteem. Now that they are

already released, they are women with a positive personal self-esteem willing and able to change

for good, for their family and for their community. As Boduszek (2016) emphasizes in his study,

there is a decrease in violent offending when an individual has a positive personal self-esteem.
 37

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Imprisonment has been known to have a negative impact to the self-esteem of former

female inmates. The experiences that they have gone through inside the prison involved being

cautious towards their actions and thoughts because of the fear that they might be harmed and

compliance to the prison rules and regulations in order to avoid being punished. Given these

experiences, it may affect the personal self-esteem of former women inmates. Thus, the goal of

this study is to know their perceived self-esteem and personal self-esteem.

The findings of this study supported the previous study of Boduszek et al (2016) on self-

esteem of former female inmates that self-esteem is dependent on the context or the environment

of an individual; during and after imprisonment. With this, the researchers found out that the

perceived prison self-esteem of former female inmates is negative which means that they were

not likely to commit risky and violent behaviors while inside the prison. Given the prison

experiences of the former female inmates, this study has also found that imprisonment has not

affected their personal self-esteem when they were released in the community, rather it made

them evaluate themselves positively despite the struggles they had been through. In addition, the

results reveal that the participants were able to bounce back from their painful imprisonment

experiences and were able to move forward. Furthermore, the growth that these imprisonment

experience had brought to the participants is impressive because it made them realize a lot of

things, from their choices up until to the decisions they are making in the present, are all now

grounded with the idea of processing their decisions thoroughly instead of becoming impulsive

or to be swayed easily. Moreover, all the participants become stronger; they see themselves more
 38

valuable and worthy despite the criticism of other people. Most importantly, these participants

are now open to live a life better than what they had before; and some are even already living a

life that is guided by the motivation of changing for the better.

Having all of this information towards a former women inmate’s self-esteem, the

researchers would like to recommend the following:

1. Prison will provide an aftercare program that is designed to give counselling and

psychosocial interventions to the participants in order to address their needs

outside the prison and to assist them towards their way to recovery.

2. Intermediate family and significant other of the participants should become more

open and sensitive to the needs of the former inmate especially on strengthening

their social relationship since this is a vital component in improving one’s self-

esteem.

3. The community should be more accepting and understanding on the former

inmate’s needs especially on job opportunities.

4. For the future researchers to explore more on the dynamics of a former inmate’s

self-concept and not only to be limited with the findings of this study. It is best if

future researchers will try to delve on having a quantitative research as well as

exploring the self-esteem of former inmates before, during, and after

imprisonment.
 39

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 45

APPENDICES

Appendix A.1

Letter to the City Parole and Probation Administration

MS. EVELYN A. GILLE

Chief Probation and Parole Officer
City Parole and Probation Administration Office
Cagayan de Oro City

Dear Ms. Evelyn A. Gille:

Peace in Christ!

We are 4th year Bachelor of Science in Psychology students of Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan
taking Psyc 54 (Research in Psychology II). We would like to conduct a research about former women inmates’
prison and personal self-esteem. In line with this, we would like to ask for help from your office for the ten (10)
participants of this research and for the venue. The participants, as possible, who have been released six months -
three years ago. We will conduct in-depth interviews with three (3) sessions for each participants. The objective of
this research is to gather information from the said participants about their prison experiences. Furthermore, date
and time will still be plotted according to the availability of the participants.
For questions and concerns, you may reach us through these numbers:
09088513524 - Diana Via Panal
09059318151 - Julie Anne Opema
We are hoping for your favourable response regarding our request. Your approval will be highly
appreciated and a great help to us. Thank you so much and God bless you.

Respectfully yours,

DIANA VIA PANAL

Group Representative

Noted and approved by:

LUEL MAE Z. PILAYRE-CONTRERAS, RPsy, PhD Cand.

Thesis Adviser
 46

Appendix B.1
Informed Consent for Data Gathering

I allow myself to participate in the study about “Life After Prison: Self-Esteem of Former
Women Inmates” that will be conducted by Fourth year Psychology students from Xavier
University-Ateneo de Cagayan. I know that the purpose of this study is to know and explore my
self-esteem. My participation is voluntary and I have the right to decline or withdraw in
participating in this study at any time without giving a reason.

I understand that the research will involve interviews with two sessions that will only
lasts for about 45 minutes - 1 hour. I am aware that there will be personal questions such as
family, academic, medical background, legal history and prison experiences and I have the right
not to answer or skip some of the questions if I feel uncomfortable. I also understand that I am
free to ask at any time and free to discuss any questions, comments, or clarifications that I would
like to make with the students. I know that the results of this study will have benefits such as
self-awareness and understanding regarding to my self-esteem.

I am aware that these students will follow the correct and ethical processes in gathering
information about me. It is in my knowledge that all of the information that will be gathered will
only be used for educational purposes and it will be destroyed after the students presented their
study in a panel of interviewers. I believe that all the information from this study will only be
between me and the students and it will not be shared with others unless consent is given by me.

I have read the above mentioned information or it has been read to me. I have the
opportunity to ask questions about the study and the questions that I have asked have been
answered to my contentment. I agree to voluntarily participate in this study.

(Approved Consent)

_______________________________
Name and Signature

_______________________________
Date
 47

Appendix B.2
Informed Consent for Data Gathering (Bisaya)
Pagtugot
Ako mitugot nga muapil sa pagtulun-an bahin sa “Life After Prison: Self-Esteem of Former
Women Inmates” nga pagahimuon sa mga Fourth year nga estudyante sa Xavier University-
Ateneo de Cagayan nga nagkuha sa kurso nga Psychology. Nasayod ko nga ang ilang tumong ani
nga kalihokan mao ang pagkabalo ug pag-usisa sa akong self-esteem o panglantaw sa
kaugalingon. Ang akong partisipasyon kay boluntaryo ug naa koy katungod nga mo balibad o
mobiya sa pagpa-apil ani nga pagtulun-an bisan unsang orasa maski dili mohatag ug rason.
Kasabot ko nga kani nga riserts kay mo lakip ug interbiyo/pakighisgot nga naay duha ka
sesyon nga mo dagan lamang ug kwarenta’y singko (45) ka minuto - usa (1) ka oras. Nasayod
ako nga naay personal nga mga pangutana sama sa background sa pamilya, akademiko, medical,
ug legal history ug mga naagian sulod sa prisohan ug naa koy katungod nga dili mo tubag o
labyan ang mga pangutana kung dili ko comportable. Kabalo pud ko nga libre ko mangutana sa
bisan unsang orasa ug mo hisgot sa mga pangutana, komento, klaripikasyon nga akong gusto
ipaambit sa mga estudyante. Kabalo ko nga ang resulta ani nga pagtulun-an kay makahatag ug
benepisyo sama sa kaamgohan bahin sa akong kaugalingon o self-awarness ug pagsabot bahin sa
akong self-esteem o paglantaw sa kaugalingon.
Nasayod ako nga kani nga mga estudyante musunod sa saktong proseso sa pagkuha sa
mga impormasyon mahitungod kanako. Naa sa akong kahibalo nga tanan nga makuha nga
impormasyon mahitungod niini gamiton lamang sa saktong tumong alang sa ilang edukasyon.
Ang mga impormasyon nga makuha gikan sa akoa kay gision paghuman i-representar sa mga
estudyante. Nagtuo ako nga tanan impormasyon aning among panag-istorya amo-amo lamang ug
dili ibutyag sa ubang tawo gawas kung mitugot ako.

Akong nabasa ang mga kasayoran ug kani sad gibasa sa akoa. Naa koy oportunidad na
mangutana bahin sa ilang riserts ug nakuntento ko sa mga tubag nila sa akong mga pangutana.
Uyon ko na mu-partisipar ani nga pagtuon.

(Approved Consent)

_______________________________
Pangalan ug pirma
_______________________________
 48

Gipirmahan nga Petsa

Appendix C.1
In-depth Interview Guide Questions
Note: Questions can be optional/changeable depending on the participant’s answers.
Engagement Questions:
1. What positive things can you say about yourself?
Unsa man na mga positibo na mga butang ang maingon nimo sa imong
kaugalingon?
Research Questions:
Identification of the Participant (age, civil status, etc.)

● What do you prefer to be called? Unsa imo gusto itawag namo sa imuha?

● How old are you? Pila imong edad?

● What is your religion? Unsa imong relihiyon?

● Are you married? Minyo na ba ka?

Family Background (questions will depend on the initial family background of the participant)

● Can you tell me about your family? Pwede ba ‘ko nimo ignan mahitungod sa imong

pamilya?

● How many are you in the family? Pila diay mo sa inyong pamilya?

● What was/were your mother’s occupation/s before and now? How old is she? Can you

describe your mother as a mother? Is she always present since you were a baby? Naa ba

ka’y mama? Unsa iya trabaho sauna? karon? Pila na iya edad? Pwede ba nimo

mabatbat unsa isa ka mama imong mama? Perminte ba siya naa sukad pagkabata?

● What was/were your father’s occupation/s before and now? How old is he? Can you

describe your father? Unsa iya trabaho sa sauna? karon? Pila na iya edad? Pwede ba nimo

mabatbat unsa isa ka papa imong papa? Perminte ba siya naa sukad pagkabata?
 49

● Do you have siblings? How many are them? How many are girls? boys? How old are
they now? Do you have a favorite brother/sister? What is the reason she/he is your
favorite? Do you have a least favorite sibling? What is the reason you least like him/her?
● What was your source of income before? Unsa’y kakuhaan ninyo ug kinitaan sauna?
● How do your parents discipline you? Ginaunsa ka pag disiplina sa imong ginikanan?
● What are your important values, beliefs and rules in your home? Unsa inyo importanteng
mga hiyas sa pamilya, tinuhuan, ug mga mando sa inyong balay?
Legal History

● What is your case? What is/are the reason/s you committed it? Unsa imuhang kaso?
Unsay rason/mga rason na nabuhat ‘to nimo?
Perceived prison-specific self-esteem questions:
● Unsa ka kanunay gakabati nimo na mas maayo ka kaysa sa mga kauban nimo atong naa
paka sa prisohan?
How often do you feel you are better than most of the inmates you know when you were
still in prison?
● Kung naay grupo sa mga kauban nimo sa prisohan, galisod ba ka ug hunahuna sa insakto
na iistorya?
When in a group of inmates, do you have trouble thinking of the right things to say?
● Unsa ka kanunay gakabalaka sa ginahunahuna sa imong mga kauban sa prisohan bahin sa
imoha?
How often are you bothered about what other inmates think of you?
● Unsa ka kanunay gakabalaka na ang uban kauban nimo sa prisohan kay naay dili
maayong opinyon sa imo?
How often do you worry that other inmates might have an unfavorable opinion of
yourself?

Personal self-esteem questions:

● Unsa ka kanunay gakabati nimo na mabuhat nimo ug ayo ang bisan unsa nga butang?
How often do you feel that you can do anything well?
● Unsa ka kanunay gahunahuna na takos ka o naa kay importansya?
How often do you think you are worthy?
● Naa ba kay taas na opinyon sa imong kaugalingon?
Do you have a high opinion of yourself?
● Unsa ka kanunay ganahan sa imong kaugalingon?
How often do you like yourself?

Exit Question:
6. Do you have anything else to share or add?
Naa ba kay gustong i-ambit na dugang?
 50

Appendix D

Proposed Calendar of Activities

 51

Optional - If ever participants are not available in the said dates

 52

Appendix E

Researchers Qualifications

(see next pages)

 53

ABUCAY, KAREN D.
Zone 3, Baungon St., Upper Solana, Jasaan, Mis. Or.
karenabucay2@gmail.com
0956 654 2060

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics

(Psyc 41)

2. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32

and Psych 33)
3. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
4. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
5. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
6. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)
7. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc
46)
8. Conceptualized and Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
9. Efficient in MS Word, Powerpoint, Excel
10. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and
Statistica

WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Assessment and Intervention for Children and Adolescents using Creative

Experessive Approaches (4th Northern Mindanao Psychology Convention)
 54

February 8-10, 2018

RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· Epekto ng Pagbabasa sa Iba’t-ibang Aspeto ng Buhay ng mga Piling Estudyante

ng COC-PHINMA sa ika-9 at 10 na baiting, A.Y. 2015-2016

· An Analysis of Grit Level Among Athletic Scholars of Xavier University-Ateneo de

Cagayan: Psychological Statistics Student Mini-Research, A.Y. 2016-2017
· “Kiarah”: A Case Study on Personality and Human Development, A.Y. 2016-2017
· A Measurement of Empowerment Among Xavier University – Ateneo de
Cagayan, A.Y. 2017-2018

· The Effects of Coffee Brand Names on Consumer’s Perception (An Experimental

Research Report), A.Y. 2017-2018
· “James”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018

· An Analysis of Satisfaction Level on Employees Participation in Quality Circle at

Philippines Sinter Corporation: Practicum Requirement, April 2018- June 2018
WORK EXPERIENCE

Philippine Sinter Corporation

Internship | April 2018 – June 2018
· Interviewed Job Applicants in a Job Fair at Phividec
· Maintained and organized numerous office files
· Did Summary Reports on Employees Hospitalization and Benefits and
Contractors Requirements
Balulang Elementary School
. Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017

· Assisted in facilitating psychosocial activities prepared for the Internally Displaced

Learners
Journey Homes Wellness Center
August 2017 – September 2017
· Did a Case Study of a recovering substance abused person.
 55

NOYNAY, LASSENY P.
Zone 10, Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Oriental
lassenycarmela@gmail.com
0945 427 7477

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Proficient in Microsoft Word, Excel, and Powerpoint

2. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and
Statistica
3. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics
(Psyc 41)
4. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32
and Psych 33)
5. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
6. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
7. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
8. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)

9. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc

46)
10. Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
 56

WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Psychotrauma Management and Intervention (3rd Northern Mindanao Psychology

Convention, February 9-11, 2017)
· Psychological First Aid (3rd Northern Mindanao Psychology Convention, February
8-10, 2017)
· Emergency First Aid Training (Xavier University Red Cross Youth, August 20,
2017)

· Youth Disaster Risk Reduction Management Training (Bulua Youth Task Force,
December 10-11, 2016)

RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· The predictive role of Grit and Internal Locus of Control on Academic

Performance of Accountancy Students in Xavier University: Psychological Statistics
Mini Research, A.Y. 2016-2017
· “Peppa”: A Case Study on Personality and Human Development, A.Y. 2016-2017
· A Measure of the Attitude of Young Adults towards Romantic Level, A.Y. 2017-
2018

· The Effects of Intimate LGBT Videos of the Tolerance Level of the Xavier
University Engineering Students towards Same Sex Relationship (An Experiment
Research Report), A.Y. 2017-2018
· “Archi”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018
· Cognitive Restructuring: Final Output on Cognitive Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018

WORK EXPERIENCE

House of Hope Foundation Inc.

Internship | May 2018
· Performed an Intake Clinical Interview
· Facilitated Clinical Assessment
· Written a Psychological Assessment Report
 57

Camaman-an Elementary School

Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017

· Collaborated with the senior Psychology students in facilitating the SLP
· Facilitated a one session of activity that includes psychosocial activity prepared
for the Internally Displaced Learners
· Written an executive summary of the whole SLP experience
 58

OPEMA, JULIE ANNE D.

Mindanao Homes, Pagatpat, Cagayan de Oro City
julime4@gmail.com
0905 931 8151

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Proficient in Microsoft Word, Excel, and Powerpoint

2. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and
Statistica

3. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics

(Psyc 41)

4. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32

and Psych 33)
5. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
6. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
7. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
8. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)

9. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc

46)
10. Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Assessment and Intervention for Children and Adolescents using Creative

Expressive Approaches (4th Northern Mindanao Psychology Convention, February
8-10, 2018)
 59

RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· Epekto ng Peer Pressure sa mga Estudyante sa Pamantasan ng Xavier, A.Y.

2015-2016
· An Analysis of Grit Level Among Athletic Scholars of Xavier University – Ateneo
de Cagayan: Psychological Statistics Student Mini-Research, A.Y. 2016-2017
· “Kiarah”: A Case Study on Personality and Human Development, A.Y. 2016-2017
· A Measurement of Close Family Ties Among Filipino College Students, A.Y. 2017
– 2018
· The Effects of Men’s Socioeconomic Status and Academic Intelligence on
Women’s Perception in Interpersonal Attraction (An Experimental Research Report),
A.Y. 2017 -2018
· “Lang Leav”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018

· An Analysis of Satisfaction Level on Customer Service and Relations at Capitol

University Medical Center: Practicum Requirement, April 2018 – June 2018
WORK EXPERIENCE

Capitol University Medical Center

Intern | April 2018 – June 2018
· Interviewed Job Applicants in Job Hiring at CUMC
· Proctored the General Qualification Exam of the Accounting Staff Applicants
· Did Evaluation Reports of the Employees
· Did Employment Report (SSS)
House of Hope Foundation Inc.
Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017
· Did a Case study of a client with schizophrenia at the institution
 60

PANAL, DIANA VIA D.

Block 1, Lot 2 La Mirande Crest, Gran Europa,
Lumbia, Cagayan de Oro City
viapanal98@gmail.com
0908 851 3524

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Adept in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, and Excel

2. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

3. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics

(Psyc 41)

4. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32

and Psych 33)
5. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
6. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
7. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
8. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)
9. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc
46)
10. Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Psychology in Times of Crisis: 4th Northern Mindanao Psychology Convention,

February 8-10, 2018
 61

RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· An Analysis of Grit Level Among Athletic Scholars of Xavier University – Ateneo

de Cagayan: Psychological Statistics Student Mini-Research, A.Y. 2016-2017
· Peppa”: A Case Study on Personality and Human Development, A.Y 2016-2017

· A Measurement of Empowerment Among Xavier University – Ateneo de

Cagayan, A.Y. 2017-2018
· The Effects of Coffee Brand Names on Consumer’s Perception (An Experimental
Research Report), A.Y. 2017-2018
· “James”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018
· “Dodong”: A Case Study on Clinical Psychology: Practicum Requirement, April
2018- May 2018
WORK EXPERIENCE

City Social Welfare and Development

Intern | April 2018 – May 2018
· Conducted Mental Status Examination
· Written a Case Study and Psychological Report
· Conducted Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) and Kinetic School Drawing (KSD)
Assessment
· Facilitated a module
Balulang Elementary School
Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017
· Assisted in facilitating psychosocial activities for Internally Displaced learners.
Journey Homes Wellness Center
August 2017 – September 2017
· Did a Case Study of a recovering substance abused person.
 62

PATICA, IRISH JANE B.

St. Bridget Homes, Yacapin St., Cagayan de Oro
irishjanebpatica@gmail.com
0906 573 4590

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Proficient in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, and Excel

2. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

3. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics

(Psyc 41)

4. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32

and Psych 33)
5. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
6. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
7. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
8. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)
9. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc
46)
10. Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Assessment and Intervention for Children and Adolescents using Creative

Expressive Approaches (4th Northern Mindanao Psychology Convention, February
8-10, 2018)
 63

· Psychotrauma Management and Intervention (3rd Northern Mindanao Psychology

Convention, February 9-11, 2017)
RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· Mga Salik at Epekto sa Pagpili ng kurso ng mga Mag-aaral sa Pamantasan ng

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan, A.Y. 2015- 2016
· Sex Differences towards Psychological Stress Resiliency: Psychological Statistics
Student Mini-Research, A.Y. 2016-2017

· “Ma’am G”: a Case Study on Personality and Human Development, Presented on

Psychology Students Summit, A.Y. 2016-2017
· A Measure of the Attitude of Young Adults towards Romantic Level, A.Y. 2017-
2018

· The Effects of Intimate LGBT Videos of the Tolerance Level of the Xavier
University Engineering Students towards Same Sex Relationship (An Experiment
Research Report), A.Y. 2017-2018
· “Archi”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018
· Cognitive Restructuring: Final Output on Cognitive Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018
· “Jes”: Psychological Assessment Report on Practicum, April 2018 – June 2018
WORK EXPERIENCE

Department of Health – Treatment and Rehabilitation Center

Intern | April 2018 – June 2018
· Checking, Scoring, and Interpretation of tests
· Performed an intake clinical interview
· Facilitated clinical assessment
· Written a psychological assessment report
Camaman-an Elementary School
Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017
· Collaborated with the senior Psychology students in facilitating the SLP

· Facilitated a one session of activity that includes psychosocial activity prepared

for the Internally Displaced Learners
· Written an executive summary of the whole SLP experience.
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SOTTO, DANNICA ADELINE F.

Zone 1, Taytay, El Salvador City
unicahija.sotto@gmail.com
0932 186 3118

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro
June 2015 – present
SKILLS

1. Proficient in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, and Excel

2. Knowledgeable in IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

3. Analyze data and performed a quantitative research on Fundamental Statistics

(Psyc 41)

4. Written a Case Study on Personality and Human Development course (Psyc 32

and Psych 33)
5. Conducted a Mental Status Examination on various Psychology courses
6. Written a detailed transcription of interviews on Abnormal Psychology (Psyc 36)
7. Conducted a Focus Group Discussion on Psychological testing I (Psych 42.1)
8. Created a Psychological Scale on Psychological testing II (Psyc 44)
9. Written and performed an experimental study on Experimental Psychology (Psyc
46)
10. Executed Pagdadala Model (Psyc 62)
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

· Stress Management and Intervention (3rd Northern Mindanao Psychology

convention, February 9-11, 2017)
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RESEARCH CONDUCTED

· Epekto ng Pagbabasa sa Iba’t-ibang Aspeto ng Buhay ng mga Piling Estudyante

ng COC-PHINMA sa ika-9 at 10 na baiting, A.Y. 2015-2016
· An Analysis of Grit Level Among Athletic Scholars of Xavier University-Ateneo de
Cagayan: Psychological Statistics Student Mini-Research, A.Y. 2016-2017
· “Kiarah”: A Case Study on Personality and Human Development, A.Y. 2016-2017
· A Measurement of Empowerment Among Xavier University – Ateneo de
Cagayan, A.Y. 2017-2018
· The Effects of Coffee Brand Names on Consumer’s Perception (An Experimental
Research Report), A.Y. 2017-2018
· “James”: A Case Study on Abnormal Psychology, A.Y. 2017-2018
WORK EXPERIENCE

City Social Welfare and Development

Intern | April 2018 – June 2018
· Conducted case study
· Delivered modules on client’s self-esteem
Balulang Elementary School
Service Learning Program | August 2017 – October 2017
· Assisted in facilitating psychosocial activities for Internally Displaced learners.
Journey Homes Wellness Center
August 2017 – September 2017
· Did a Case Study of a recovering substance abused person.
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Appendix F

Some pictures during sessions