PHYSICS PAPER

ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RAYS

Created By :
1. Danu Arya Pratama
2. Salwa Zahira
3. Sulkhan Maulana

SMK – SMAK Bogor

2018 – 2019
 PREFACE
Thank you for the presence of God Almighty because of all His blessings,
gifts, and blessings, his paper on "UV Rays" can be completed on time. Although
we realize there are still many errors in it. Do not forget we also thank our teacher,
who has guided and given this assignment.

We sincerely hope that the existence of this paper can provide benefits and
education regarding criminal acts of rape, which of course can be detrimental to
victims and also themselves. In addition, this paper will also be expected to provide
education regarding penalties for perpetrators who rape children, especially children
who are underage. However, it cannot be denied that in making this paper there are
still many mistakes and disadvantages. Therefore, we expect criticism and
suggestions from our readers that we can improve our paper and improve it.

We hope this paper can be useful. We also believe that our paper is far from
perfect and still requires criticism and suggestions from readers, to make this paper
better in the future.

Bogor, 19 April 2019

Editor

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE .............................................................................................................. 1
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION) ............................................................................ 3
A. Background .................................................................................................... 3
B. Formulate of The Problem .............................................................................. 3
C. Purpose of Paper............................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER II (CONTENT)....................................................................................... 4
A. Definition of UV Rays...................................................................................... 4
B. Wavelenght and Frequency ............................................................................ 4
C. The Inventor ................................................................................................... 5
D. Mechanism of UV Rays .................................................................................. 6
E. Three Types of UV Rays ................................................................................ 6
UVA Rays (400–315 nm) ................................................................................. 7
UVB Rays (315–280 nm) ................................................................................. 7
UVC Rays (280–100 nm) ................................................................................. 7
F. Applications of UV Rays ................................................................................. 7
G. SPECTROPHOTOMETER ........................................................................... 10
Definition of Spectrophotometer .................................................................... 10
How Spectrophotometer Work ....................................................................... 10
CHAPTER III (CONCLUSION) ............................................................................. 12
A. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 13

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 CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)
A. Background
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are widely spread on the face of the earth. It’s came
from sunlight with a wavelength between 400 nm - 100 nm. These types of rays
cause a variety of adverse effects on many living things that exist on earth, but there
are also many positive effect that they produce. Have you ever heard or seen skin
cancer? That is one example of the negative effects of UV that we often encounter
especially for people who live in tropical regions like Indonesia. Have you ever felt
how cool it is to sit under a shady tree during the day? Or have you ever noticed a
mother drying her baby, especially in the morning? It is undeniable that the two
phenomena above are closely related to the important role of UV light.

With advances in technology, the level of air pollution increases every day,
especially activities that produce carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon monoxide (CO).
These two gases are toxic, especially for humans. The two gases of this type are
the result of the combustion process, especially from factories and motorized
vehicles. In the end, CO2 and CO gas can damage the Ozone layer (O3) in the
atmosphere. Did you know the further impact of thinning the O 3 layer in the
atmosphere? And do you know the relationship between the O 3 layer is getting
thinner with increasing levels of UV light that penetrates the atmosphere and
reaches the earth and the phenomenon of global warming? All that has to do with
the role of UV light.

B. Formulate of The Problem

1. What is UV rays ?
2. How the wavelength and frequency ?
3. Who is the Inventor of UV ?
4. Why it’s dangerous for our skin ?
5. What is application for UV ?

C. Purpose of Paper
1. Doing physics assignment
2. Knowing what UV light was
3. Knowing who is UV light founder
4. Knowing how UV light work
5. Knowing what is the aplication of UV light

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 CHAPTER II (CONTENT)
A. Definition of UV Rays
UV (ultraviolet) light is an invisible ray which is part of the energy that comes
from the sun. UV rays can burn eyes, hair, skin, and parts of the body that are not
protected or too much exposure to sunlight. However, we can also use UV light.
The term ultraviolet means 'over purple' (from latin language, ultra means to
exceed). While the word purple is the color of the shortest wavelength of visible
light. Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees, can see up
to the UV rays.

UV light can help our body make vitamin D, which strengthens bones and
teeth and helps our body build immunity to diseases such as rickets and colon
cancer. UV light is also used to treat psoriasis, light slows the growth of skin cells.
UV light has also been used in various commercial matters, including sterilization
and disinfection. UV light can also be beneficial for animals. For example, to help
bees to collect pollen from flowers. UV light has a shorter wavelength than the
wavelength of visible light, but is longer than X-rays.

Basically, human skin is equipped with natural protection from sunlight,

namely the melanin pigment. Dark skin indicates a large amount of pigment, and
vice versa. Research shows that the more pigments, the less likely someone is to
get skin cancer because the pigment serves as an antidote to the effects of UV light
emitted by the sun.

B. Wavelenght and Frequency

Ultraviolet (UV) light falls in the range of the EM spectrum between visible
light and X-rays. It has frequencies of about 8 × 1014 to 3 × 1016 cycles per second
or hertz (Hz), and wavelengths of about 400 nanometers to about. According to the
U.S. Navy's "Ultraviolet Radiation Guide," UV is generally divided into three sub-
bands :
 UVA, or near UV (315–400 nm)
 UVB, or middle UV (280–315 nm)
 UVC, or far UV (180–280 nm)

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C. The Inventor

Johann Wilhelm Ritter was born in 1776 in

Samitz, Silesia, which is now part of Poland.
He worked as a pharmacist between 1791
and 1795 and then attended the University of
Jena to study science and medicine. While at
the University, Ritter performed numerous
experiments.

Johann Ritter is best known for his

discovery of ultraviolet light in 1801. A year
earlier, in 1800, William Herschel discovered
infrared light. This was the first time that a
form of light beyond visible light had been
detected. After hearing about Herschel's
discovery of an invisible form of light beyond
the red portion of the spectrum, Ritter
decided to conduct experiments to determine
if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well.

In 1801, he was experimenting with silver chloride, a chemical which turned

black when exposed to sunlight. He had heard that exposure to blue light caused a
greater reaction in silver chloride than exposure to red light. Ritter decided to
measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted when exposed to the different
colors of light. To do this, he directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a
spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum. Ritter noticed
that the silver chloride showed little change in the red part of the spectrum, but
increasingly darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. This proved that
exposure to blue light did cause silver chloride to turn black much more efficiently
than exposure to red light.

Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond
the violet end of the spectrum, in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his
amazement, he saw that the silver chloride displayed an intense reaction well
beyond the violet end of the spectrum, where no visible light could be seen. This
showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end
of the spectrum. This new type of light, which Ritter called Chemical Rays, later
became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation (the word ultra means
beyond). Ritter's experiment, along with Herschel's discovery, proved that invisible
forms of light existed beyond both ends of the visible spectrum.

After his discovery of ultraviolet light, Ritter continued to do research and

became increasingly interested in electrical experiments. He had discovered the
process of electroplating earlier in 1800. In 1802, he invented the dry cell battery
and later developed a storage battery in 1803. In 1804 he began work at the

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Bavarian Academy of Science in Munich where he remained until his death in 1810
at the age of 33.

We now use ultraviolet light in many ways. In medicine, ultraviolet light is

used to help kill bacteria and viruses and to sterilize equipment. It is used to disinfect
products and containers. In science, ultraviolet light is used to study atoms, and to
learn about the warmer objects in space. Several animals, including birds, butterflies
and other insects can see ultraviolet light.

D. Mechanism of UV Rays

Ultraviolet radiation is produced by high-temperature surfaces, such as the

Sun.Sun is the main source of UV light.Ultraviolet light occurs because the atoms
are electrically charged.It produced by the atoms due to change the level of energy
of electrons in atoms.The electrons will be excited to a higher
level.However,because it unstable the electron will return to its ground state or
called de-excitation.when it’s experiencing,electrons also emits energy in the form
of photons contained UV-rays.

E. Three Types of UV Rays

Within the ultraviolet radiation spectrum, we have classified the UV rays into
three types :

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 UVA Rays (400–315 nm)
UVA is the most UV light radiation.UVA is the most that could damage the skin
and made furrow on the face.the radiation of UVA could passed till the dermis layer
of skin and trough the glasses.
 Benefits effect : Helps in the production of Vitamin D in the human’s body.
Provitamin D will be produced in hypodermis in the bottom of dermical
layer skin
 Harmful effect : May darkened skin color
 Application :
a) Checking of counterfeit banknotes
b) Hardening of inks and coating
c) Pest control.

UVB Rays (315–280 nm)

UVB light usually only damages on epidermis layer of skin.Has highest intencity
between 10:00 and 14:00 o’clock.In lack of number,the radiation can synthesize
vitamin D in the body.In high of number,the radiation could caused reddish skin.Free
radical could caused cataract.And could damages DNA which can caused skin
cancer.
 Benefits effect : Helps in the treatment of psoriasis (disease causing red
and scaly skin)
 Harmful effect : May cause sunburn on the skin
 Application : Medical application such as treatment of psoriasis

UVC Rays (280–100 nm)

UVC radiation form highest dangerous effect and caused highest
damage.Fortunately,majority of this light absorbed on the ozon layer at
atmosphere.But because the ozone layer have became thin ,so the UVC may pass
to surface of the earth and could caused a lot of damages.

 Benefits effect : Desinfection of drinking water and sterilization of apparatus

by damaging the DNA bacteria (germs).
 Harmful effect : Cause skin cancer and skin damage
 Application : Disinfection of drinking water and sterilization of apparatus,
and destroys the DNA of bacteria and microorganism

F. Applications of UV Rays
Ultraviolet rays are used in various fields. Below are few places where
ultraviolet rays are used.

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  Water Purifier System

Ultraviolet rays are also used for the water purification. They are used in the
purification plants. Ultraviolet rays kill the germs and bacteria present in the water.
They also make some bacteria inactive.

 Money Detector

Ultraviolet rays are also used to detect the watermarks which are present .
Watermarks are the hidden messages present in the signal, document, notes or the
media signals.

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  UV Sterilizer Cabinet

Ultraviolet rays are also used in the sterilization to kill the harmful germs.
Because of its bactericidal capabilities at wavelengths of 260–280 nm,
hospitals use ultraviolet radiation is useful as both a research tool and
a sterilizing technique also the air in operating theatres.

 Electric Insect Killer

UV rays are also used to attract the flies towards the electric grid. In the
way the flies are killed and help us from their harmful effects.

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G. SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Definition of Spectrophotometer

Presence of some compounds in the substances is also detected with the

help of uv rays. If certain compound has the ability to absorb the ultraviolet rays uv
they do not absorb the visible light. So, ultraviolet rays are used. For example they
are used to determine the double or triple bonds in the carbon.

How Spectrophotometer Work

A spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the

amount of light absorbed (or transmitted) as it passes through a sample, such as
a solution containing food dye. A simple way of describing this would be that the
spectrophotometer measures the intensity of each color of light.

Spectrophotometers work on a few basic principles:

 The intensity of color is a measure of the amount of dissolved material

in solution. For instance, imagine 2 solutions containing red food dye, with
the first solution observed as having a lighter color than the second. When
observing the 2 solutions, many science students would infer that as the
color of the solution deepens, the concentration of food dye increases.
Applying this common-sense principle, a spectrophotometer can be used to
determine concentrations of compounds in solution.
 Each substance absorbs or transmits only certain wavelengths of
radiant energy (the energy of electromagnetic waves). Light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation. When light interacts with a substance, certain
wavelengths may be absorbed by the substance, while other wavelengths
may be transmitted or reflected. For instance, consider a green plant. The
chlorophyll molecule in green plants absorbs red and violet wavelengths
within the visible light spectrum. However, the same chlorophyll molecule
transmits green wavelengths, a factor that allows these transmitted
wavelengths to appear as green when we perceive a green plant. Applying

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 this principle, a spectrophotometer may be used to distinguish compounds
by analyzing wavelengths absorbed and/or transmitted by a given sample.

 Light source—The light source provides wavelengths of light at great

intensity that span from near infrared to within the ultraviolet range, including
the visible light spectrum.
 Collimator—Collimator used to collect the light.
 Diffraction grating or prism—The diffraction grating separates the light
source into specific portions of spectrum. When you adjust the variable
wavelength selector, you change the position of the diffraction grating so
different wavelengths of light are directed towards the sample compartment
containing the analyte.
 Variable wavelength selector—Found on the exterior of the instrument, a
variable wavelength selector allows the instrument to essentially filter the
light, transmitting light only at a specific wavelength or range of wavelengths
of interest.
 Sample compartment—The sample compartment houses the cuvette (a
transparent tube designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments),
which contains the analyte. Selected wavelengths of light pass through the
analyte for detection by a photodetector.
 Detector—Light passed through the analyte strikes a detector composed of
a semiconducting material. Electrons in this material are excited
proportionally to the wavelength of light striking the detector. Increasing the
light intensity generates more electrons, translating to a higher current that
is received by the signal processor.
 Display—Many spectrophotometers display both transmittance and
absorbance of a sample.

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 CHAPTER III (CONCLUSION)
A. Conclusion
Ultraviolet ray is a wave that came from the sun and belongs to the
electromagnetic wave. With the high Frequency the Energy of the UV light also high
, so it can give energy for chemical reaction. UV light is useful in many sector such
as medical, analysis, and other. Overuses of UV may cause severe damage to the
skin or eyes.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10/electromagnetic-
radiation/11-electromagnetic-radiation-03
2. https://www.livescience.com/50326-what-is-ultraviolet-light.html
3. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraungu

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