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Research of the Hybrid Tire Pressure Monitoring System

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DOI: 10.12783/dtetr/mime2016/10230

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2016 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME 2016)
ISBN: 978-1-60595-313-7

Research of the Hybrid Tire Pressure Monitoring System

Liqiang Wang, Bin Wang, Zongqi Han, Zhe Zhang, Fanshu Kong
Department of Vehicle and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
Liqiang Wang
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

ABSTRACT: Direct tire pressure monitoring system (d-TPMS)is easy to be disturbed, and its battery life is
not long while the indirect TPMS can’t distinguish the condition that four wheels are low pressure at the same
time and there is no way to provide detailed values of the tire pressure for indirect TPMS. This paper proposes
a hybrid TPMS to solve these problems. Based on the perfect database of the indirect TPMS, all wheels’
detailed pressure can be got by dealing with the data which only comes from a sensor in one wheel. This
method combines the advantages of the two sides, which has the advantages of simple structure, low cost,
stable and lasting work. Through the real vehicle road test, the effect is good. The development of hybrid
TPMS will have a positive effect on the application of TPMS in China.

1 INTRODUCTION time, the system’s cost is greatly reduced, the life

The tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is used
to monitor the tire pressure of the tire in real time,
and warn the driver in the abnormal condition. With
the importance of TPMS is gradually understood by
people, TPMS has become standard equipment in
some models. According to the TPMS measurement
methods, it is mainly divided into direct and indirect.
Direct TPMS include tire pressure sensors in each
tire to monitor proper inflation pressure of the tires.
The direct TPMS has the advantages of compact
structure and accurate data, but the tire pressure
sensors add undesired cost and complexity to the
vehicle which hinders the popularity of the direct
TPMS.
The judgment standard of the indirect TPMS
measurements have the rigidity of the type, the
rotation speed of the wheel and so on. For the wheel
speed, when the tire pressure is insufficient, the
rolling radius decreases and the rotational speed will
increase (Han et al.2008).The group (Wang et
al.2010) from Yanshan University studied the
methods of monitoring the tire pressure of the
vehicle when it is in a straight line and turn. Steering
radius can be get according to the vehicle geometry
parameters (Li et al. 2014). Directly connecting with
anti-lock brake systems (ABS) in real-time, indirect
TPMS makes low cost, but it exhibit a high rate of
false warnings when conditions are not optimal.
For these problems, this paper combines the
characteristics in two kinds of TPMS and puts
forward a new hybrid TPMS (h-TPMS). At the same
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increases, and the accurate tire pressure value can be
displayed, and the problem that the indirect TPMS
can’t work properly at the same time of the four
round is overcome.
2 FUNCTION REALIZATION OF H-TPMS
The system is mainly composed of a tire pressure
sensor, wheel speed sensors, a processor and a
display alarm module. In this system, the tire
pressure sensor measures the temperature, pressure
and other parameters. The wheel speed sensor is the
sensor in the ABS system, and reads the wheel speed
or the signal pulse number per unit time. The host
reads and processes the data of pressure and the
wheel speed and judges the tire pressure size.
System warns drivers when the tire pressure is
abnormal. Its working principle is shown in Figure
1.
MCU RF receiver
Wheel speed Display
sensor module
LF transmitter
Tire pressure sensor
Figure 1. The working principle of h-TPMS.
 After the vehicle starts, the original indirect can be established after the experiment, which helps
TPMS starts to read the wheel speed signal through computer get the MAP as shown as Figure 3.The
ABS, then the host access and calculate the data polynomial fitting based on the MAP.
which makes vehicle tire pressure under monitoring.
The data will be sent to the host storage unit if the
tire pressure is normal which is ready for the next
data comparison; the host will awake the tire
pressure through the LF transmitter when the tire
pressure is abnormal, then the sensor starts to work.
The measurement data got from sensor will be
transmitted through the RF circuit to host (Wang
&Chen 2014). After the host received the data from
the pressure sensor and the wheel speed sensor, each
wheel’s tire pressure could be calculated and sent to
the display device, when the tire pressure exceeds
the safety value, the alarm system works to ensure
the safety of the vehicle. In the system, in order to
ensure the reliability of data transmission, the
transmission distance is shorten by installing the tire Figure 3. The MAP of speed, pressure and pulse counts
pressure sensor in the left front wheel of vehicle.
P1 = P0 + KP' ⋅ N1 + KP" ⋅ N12 + KV' ⋅Va + KV" ⋅Va2 + KPV ⋅ N1 ⋅Va +
(1)
3 ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION OF H-
where P1= the pressure of no.1 wheel which has the
TPMS
pressure sensor inside; V a = vehicle’s speed;
and P0 , K p' , K p'', KV' , KV'', K pV = the fitting coefficient.
3.1 Wheel speed signal acquisition of the four
wheels 3.3 The determination of the wheel ratio coefficient
ABS system has become a standard safety device for between the number of pulses
vehicle. Wheel speed sensor as the key module in Experiments were carried out in the four round of
the system, ABS system through it to get the wheels
pressure were normal. In the No. j speed test, the
of wheel speed, whose essence is reading sensor
signal of pulse number and processing operations to proportional coefficient K j is got by making No. j
get wheel speed. divided by No.1 wheel.
During the First speed test, according to test
A1 requirements, record the number of pulses per wheel,
and compare them with the wheel No. 1.
A2 Nj
dt kj = (2)
N1
A3
Do the test at different speeds, get the Matrix
N
Figure 2. Wheel speed signal’s sampling. about Kj.
The coefficient matrix [K ] of each line fitted to
The wheel speed signal is obtained by the ABS the speed function, and the relationship
system's wheel speed sensor. It is shown in Figure 2, between k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 and the speed is:
where the A1 represents the signal of the wheel k1   1 
speed, A3 represents the pulse got during the time    
k 2  a 02 + a12 ⋅ V a 
A2. Combined with the tire pressure test data, the {K } =   =   (3)
way to handle the wheel speed signal is recording k 3  a 03 + a13 ⋅ V a 
the 4 wheels’ pulse number sent out by the wheel k  a + a ⋅ V 
 4   04 14 a
speed sensors per distance. The pulse number is []
The resulting data K , {K } will be stored in the
recorded per period of time and it is used for the
TPMS memory.
next calculation. The data in each group as follows
Then, the mathematical relationship between the
:N1,N2 ,N3 ,N 4.
pulse number of each wheel and the No.1 wheel is:
3.2 The establishment of MAP N j = kj ⋅ N 1 (4)
The relationship between the No.1 wheel's tire
pressure, its pulse number and the vehicle's speed
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3.4 Calculate the air pressure of each wheel
During the vehicle driving, the wheel’s pulse
number correspond to the No.1 wheel could be
calculated by combining {K } with the wheels’ pulse
number which is sent from the wheel speed sensor:
Nj
N 1j =
kj
where N 1j = the number of pulse number of the No.j
wheel corresponds to the No.1 wheel.
Based on V a and N 1j , and put them into the
formula (1). P2 , P3 , P4 which represent the pressure ,
present. The first and second type are often used.
The output signal of Electromagnetic induction type
is sine wave. The output of Hall Effect type is
rectangular wave that amplitude is little. In the
process of the number of pulse acquisition. Firstly,
wheel speed signal should be processed. Make it into
a 50% duty cycle of square wave signal (Jiang
(5) 2014). The signal processing circuit is mainly
composed of operational amplifier LM358,
comparator LM339 and resistance and capacitance,
etc. Using the signal processing circuit is shown in
Figure 5.
Vcc

can be calculated from the polynomial. The detailed I

n R6
p
u Vcc
methods have been proposed in the patent (Yanshan t
University 2013). R6 R3
R5
R1 Vcc
+
+ LM339 MCU
4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF H- LM358 -
TPMS -
R2 C2

4.1 Part design of tire pressure sensor

Tire pressure sensor is Infineon sp37 type pressure
sensor, due to sensor is mounted to an inner tire. Figure 5. The circuit for processing wheel speed signal.
Therefore, it is necessary of independent battery
power supply (Xiao 2011).The hardware circuit of
SP37 as shown in Figure 4, it has filter circuit, the 5 DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM PROGRAM.
external crystal vibration circuit and the antenna
matching circuit. When h-TPMS works, the tire pressure sensor of the
Data from the pressure sensor is transmitted to the first wheel always sleep to reduce the energy
host by RF high-frequency communication. The consumption of the tire pressure sensor, prolong the
antenna design need to consider two aspects: one is working life. Indirect part is responsible for the real-
tire wire of the module of electromagnetic time monitoring in the beginning. When identifying
interference; the second antenna is as small as abnormal wheel speed, the sensor will be activated.
possible and impedance matching (Huang 2013).The Use LF external awakening signal as activation
valve nozzle is often used as an antenna, which is patterns. After activating the sensor, transmit data to
convenient for integrated design. host by RF. The data frame format of RF is shown in
the Table 1.
Vcc PIN
GND Table 1. RF data frame.
1 2 3
XTAL Setting Word Length
PP0 X_CAP
PP1
Data head 8bits
XTAL
PP2 XGND Sensor ID 32bits
PA XLF F pressure 16bits
PGND The X axis acceleration 16bits
BAT VREG The Z axis acceleration 16bits
Vcc GND GND temperature 16bits
L2
SP37 voltage 16bits
CRC verify 8bits
Vcc GND
E
The sensor can be activated only when the tire
Figure 4. Schematic of SP37 circuit diagram connection. pressure ID confirm. It will reduce the energy
consumption of sensor. The working process is
4.2 The wheel speed signal process circuit design shown in Figure 7.

Wheel speed sensor has electromagnetic induction

type and Hall Effect and eddy current type in ABS in
193
 Start with CAN bus, it makes h-TPMS monitoring system
and the integration of vehicle electronic control is
easy to implement. The system accumulated a large
Record wheel
number of experimental data based on the process of
signal
the indirect TPMS. So it reduce more cost of tire
pressure monitoring.
Normal ?
Y
TPMS record unit With the improvement of the safety of the car,
TPMS will become an important safety device. H-
N
TPMS makes TPMS easier to have, which has a
Initiate profound impact on the popularity of the tire
subprogram pressure monitoring system in China.
Activate The
pressure sensor
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
RF receive
This work was support by Young teachers
independent research project topics of Yanshan
Receive ？ N
Clear buffer University, Institute of technology, Class A (Grant
No. 14LGA019) and The national natural science
Y foundation of China (Grant No. 51175450).
Code the
signal
REFERENCES
Process
the signal
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N
Pressure Monitoring and Alarming System for Vehicles
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