PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

proJections of straiGHt lines

Classification of Problems
STRAIGHT LINE: Shortest distance between two points

A B

 Line parallel to both the reference planes

 Line parallel to one of the reference planes
and perpendicular to the other
 Line parallel to one of the reference planes
and inclined to the other
 Line inclined to both the reference planes
 1 Line // to both the Reference Planes
Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

FV

x y
A

b
a TV b
a

1 line in tHe v.p. anD // to H.p.

Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

A
x y
a b
b

a
1 line in tHe H.p. anD // to v.p.
Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

x y

B
b
a b
A
a

2 line // to v.p. & to H.p.

Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections
T.L.

x y

a, b a, b
2 line // to H.p. & to v.p.
Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

A x y
b
b

a
a

3 line // to v.p. &  to H.p.

Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

x y

T.V.L.
A b
a b

a
3 line // to H.p. &  to v.p.
Pictorial Presentation Orthographic Projections

F.V.L.

A
x y

a ∅
b
a b

Key Takeaways
Line inclined to a plane and parallel to the other:
 Its projection on the same plane, to which it is inclined,
is its true length, inclined to xy with its inclination to the
other plane.
 Its projection on the other plane is parallel to xy.
Line perpendicular to a plane 
 Its projection on the same is a point.
 The projection on the other plane is perpendicular to xy,
representing its true length.
 The point which is away from xy in one view is visible in
the other view.
 4 line inclineD to botH H.p. anD v.p.
Pictorial Presentation

A
b
a

line inclineD to botH H.p. anD v.p.

Point that satisfies
Locus of
both and ∅
Locus of satisfying ∅
satisfying θ
F.V.L.
F.V.L.

x
y

T.V.L. T.V.L.
a a a
∅
∅
Locus of b
satisfying θ
Locus of b
satisfying ∅ b
Point that satisfies
both and ∅
 line in Different QUaDrants.
PROBLEM: End A of a line AB is 50 mm below HP and 15 mm behind VP
while the end B is 30 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP. Draw the
projections of the line AB when the distance between the end projectors is
60 mm.
Given: Distance between the
Position of A from HP and VP end projectors
(in 3rd Qdt.)
Position of B from HP and VP T.V.L.
(in 1st Qdt.) ∅
Distance between the
end projectors x y
To Find:
Top View Length
True Length
Inclination with HP - θ
FV Inclination with xy −
Front View Length F.V.L.
Inclination with VP - ∅
TV Inclination with xy −

line in Different QUaDrants

Problem: A 75 mm long line AB has its end A in the HP and the
other end in VP. Draw its projections when the line, inclined at
30o to HP and 45o to VP, is in the second quadrant..
Given: TVL
Line is in 2nd quadrant
Position of B from VP
Inclination with VP - ∅
True Length
Position of A from HP
Inclination with HP -

To Find:
Front View Length
Top View Length
FV Inclination -
TV Inclination - x ∅ y
FVL
line lyinG in profile plane
∅

B
∅

line lyinG in profile plane

V.P. P.P.

∅
F.V. L.S.V.

T.V.

H.P.
Key Takeaways
Line lies in an auxiliary plane 
o
 Line lies in an Aux. Vertical Plane 30 inclined to VP ( = 30 )
o
 Line lies in an Aux. inclined Plane 30 inclined to HP ( = 30 )

Line in a profile plane 

o
 Sum of the true inclinations with HP and VP is 90 ( + ∅ = 90 )
o
 The apparent inclinations in FV and TV will be 90 ( = = 90 )
 FV and TV are on the same projector
 Its side view shows the True Length
 Its HT and VT also arrive on the same projector and can be easily
located from the side view

traces of a line

Note: When a line is parallel to a Plane,

it will NOT have that corresponding TRACE
traces of a line No Intersection
No Trace

A b

a
h'

Note: When a line is inclined to HP,

it will have Horizontal Trace (HT)

traces of a line

x h y

T.V.
H.T. a b
traces of a line

No Intersection
No Trace
∅y B

∅
b
a
v
x
Note: When a line is inclined to VP,
it will have Vertical Trace (HT)

traces of a line

F.V.

x y
v

a ∅

b
traces of a line
TRACE:
 The intersection of a line or the extension of the line
with a reference plane is defined as TRACE.
 If it is with the HP, it is called HT (TV of HT)
 If it is with the VP, it is called VT (FV of VT)
 The FV of HT and the TV of VT are always on xy line
and are named as h and v respectively.

traces of a line

x h y

H.T. a, b
traces of a line

V.T.

x v y
A
v b
b

a
a

traces of a line

,
x y
v, V.T. b
B

A
a
a
traces of a line

x y

traces of a line

x y
traces of a line

x y

trapezoiDal MetHoD

x y
 9/14/2019

tRApEzoidAL MEthod

x y

tRACES - LinE Lying in pRofiLE pLAnE

x y
ℎ,

2
Key Takeaways
Traces 
 h, FV ( ), are in a straight line
 v, TV ( ), HT are in a straight line
 HT is a point of intersection of the line with HP
ant is seen in its TV
 VT is a point of intersection of the line with VP
and is seen in its FV
 h and v are always on xy, i.e. the projections of
HT and VT on the other planes

Key Takeaways
Trapezoidal method 
 Perpendiculars are drawn to the final FV or to
the final TV
 If the perpendiculars are drawn to the FV, the
TV distances from xy are marked on them
 If the perpendiculars are drawn to the TV, the
FV distances from xy are marked on them
 Angle between AB and represents ∅
 Angle between AB and represents
Key Takeaways
Trapezoidal method 
 While drawing perpendiculars to the FV,
 they are drawn on one side of the FV if the
corresponding TV is only on one side of xy
 they are drawn on opposite side of the FV if the
corresponding TV is distributed on either side of xy
 While drawing perpendiculars to the TV,
 they are drawn on one side of the TV if the
corresponding FV is only on one side of xy
 they are drawn on opposite side of the TV if the
corresponding FV is distributed on either side of xy

traces: A line AB 75 mm long has its end A 10 mm above HP and 35

mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the line when it is inclined at
o o
30 to HP and 45 to VP and also locate its traces.

Given:
A from HP and VP
Inclination with HP,
True Length F.V.L.
ℎ
Inclination with VP, ∅ x y

To Find:
Top View Length
Front View Length T.V.L
∅ .
FV Inclination,
TV Inclination,
Location of HT and VT
 o
traces: FV of line AB makes 45 angle with xy line and measures 60
o
mm while its TV makes 30 with xy line. End A is 15 mm above HP and
it’s VT is 15 mm below HP. Draw projections of line AB, determine
inclinations with HP & VP and locate its HT.

Given:
A from HP
FV Inclination,
Front View Length 45
VT from HP
TV Inclination,
15

ℎ
x y
30
15

To Find:
Top View Length ∅
True Length
Inclination with HP,
Inclination with VP, ∅
Locate the Traces HT

o
traces: FV of line AB measures 65 mm and makes an angle of 45
with xy. A is in the H.P. and the VT of the line is 15 mm below the H.P.
o
The line is inclined at 30 to the VP. Draw the projections of AB and find
its true length and inclination with the HP. Also locate its HT.
Given:
A from HP
FV Inclination,
Front View Length
VT from HP
Inclination with VP, ∅

To Find: 45
Top View Length x y
True Length 30
15

Inclination with HP,

Locus of
TV Inclination,
Locate the Traces HT
 traces: The end A of a line AB is 10 mm above HP and the other end
o
B is 100 mm in front of VP. It’s FV is 45 inclined to xy while it’s HT & VT
are 45 mm and 30 mm below xy respectively. Draw projections and find
TL with it’s inclinations with HP and VP.

Given: 450
A from HP
FV Inclination,

10
ℎ y
HT and VT from xy x

30
45
B from VP
Locus of VT
Locus of HT
To Find:

100
Top View Length ∅
TV Inclination,
Front View Length
True Length
Inclination with VP - ∅
Inclination with HP - Locus of b

traces: The Projectors drawn from HT and VT of a line AB are 80 mm

apart and those drawn from it’s ends are 50 mm apart. End A is 10 mm
above HP, VT is 35 mm below HP while it’s HT is 45 mm in front of VP. Draw
projections, locate traces and find TL of line & inclinations with HP and VP.
Given:
Location of HT and VT from xy
Distance between
a) the projectors of the traces
55

b) the end projectors

A from HP
10

x ℎ y
To Find:
Front View Length
Top View Length
35

True Length
∅
Inclination with HP -
50
FV Inclination,
Inclination with VP - ∅ 80
TV Inclination,