BMI

Department of Instrumentation Engineering
LAB MANUAL
Semester-VII
Biomedical Instrumentation
Institute Vision, Mission & Quality Policy
Vision
To foster and permeate higher and quality education with value added engineering,
technology programs, providing all facilities in terms of technology and platforms for all
round development with societal awareness and nurture the youth with international
competencies and exemplary level of employability even under highly competitive
environment so that they are innovative adaptable and capable of handling problems faced
by our country and world at large.
Mission
The Institution is committed to mobilize the resources and equip itself with men and
materials of excellence thereby ensuring that the Institution becomes pivotal center of
service to Industry, academia, and society with the latest technology. RAIT engages
different platforms such as technology enhancing Student Technical Societies, Cultural
platforms, Sports excellence centers, Entrepreneurial Development Center and Societal
Interaction Cell. To develop the college to become an autonomous Institution & deemed
university at the earliest with facilities for advanced research and development programs
on par with international standards. To invite international and reputed national
Institutions and Universities to collaborate with our institution on the issues of common
interest of teaching and learning sophistication.
Quality Policy
Our Quality Policy

It is our earnest endeavour to produce high quality engineering professionals who are
innovative and inspiring, thought and action leaders, competent to solve problems
faced by society, nation and world at large by striving towards very high standards in
learning, teaching and training methodologies.
Our Motto: If it is not of quality, it is NOT RAIT!
Dr. Vijay D. Patil
President, RAES
i
Department Vision & Mission
Vision
To be a premier department for the study of Instrumentation Engineering through
maintaining high quality academic standards, state of art resources and teaching that
promotes students to achieve competencies, exemplary level of employability,
analytical thinking and independent judgment necessary to function responsibly and
successfully in a highly competitive professional and global society.
Mission
 Creating knowledge of fundamental principles and innovative technologies
through research within the automation and control areas of Instrumentation
and in collaboration with other disciplines that is distinguished by its
impact on academia, industry and society.
 Educating future leaders in academia, industry, and entrepreneurial pursuit,
through a curriculum of theory and application that develops the ability to
solve problems individually and in teams.
 Serving the communities to which we belong, at local, national, and

international levels, combined with a deep awareness of our ethical
responsibilities to our profession and society
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Index
Sr. No. Contents Page No.
1. List of Experiments 1
2. Experiment Plan and Course Outcomes 2
3. Study and Evaluation Scheme 3
4. Experiment No. 1 4
iii
List of Experiments
Sr. No. Experiments Name
To study the different types of electrodes.

1
2 To study the Electrocardiogram System.
3 Measurement of Blood Pressure using sphygmomanometer.
4 To study Defibrillation.
5 To study Cardiac Pacemaker
6 To study Heart lung machine.
7 To Study and Observe Blood Filtration using Haemodialysis Machine .
To study Phonocardiograph System.

8
To study Plethysmograph System.
9
To study X-ray produced by X-ray machine. (Beyond Syllabus).
10
1
Experiment Plan & Course Outcome

Course Outcomes:
CO1 Identify various Bio-potential and their specifications in terms of amplitude and
frequency.
CO2 Understand principle and working of various Biomedical Instruments for diagnosis
applications.
CO3 Decide the applications of therapeutic instruments for treatment purpose.
CO4 Understand applications of imaging instruments and the modalities involved in each
technique.
CO5 Understand significance of electrical safety.
Module Week Course

Experiments Name
No. No. Outcome
1 W1 To study the different types of electrodes. CO1
2 W2 To study the Electrocardiogram System. CO2
Measurement of Blood Pressure using CO2

3 W3 sphygmomanometer.
4 W4 To study Defibrillation. CO3
5 W5 To study Cardiac Pacemaker CO3
6 W6 To study Heart lung machine. CO5
To Study and Observe Blood Filtration using CO5

7 W7 Haemodialysis Machine
8 W8 To study Phonocardiograph System. CO4
9 W9 To study Plethysmograph System.

To study X-ray produced by X-ray machine. (Beyond
10 W10 CO3
Syllabus)
2
Study and Evaluation Scheme

Course
Course Name Teaching Scheme Credits Assigned
Code
Theory Practical Tutorial Theory Practical Tutorial Total

Biomedical
ISC702
Instrumentation
04 02 -- 04 01 -- 05
Course Code Course Name Examination Scheme
Term Work Oral Total

Biomedical
ISC702
Instrumentation 25 25 50
Term Work:
1. Term work assessment must be based on the overall performance of the student with
every experiment graded from time to time. The grades should be converted into marks
as per the Credit and Grading System manual and should be added and averaged.
2. The final certification and acceptance of term work ensures satisfactory performance of
laboratory work and minimum passing marks in term work.
Oral:
1. Oral exam will be based on the entire syllabus of Biomedical Instrumentation

respectively.
3
Experiment No. : 1
To study the different types of electrodes
4
Experiment No. 1
1. Aim: To study the different types of electrodes.
2. What will you learn by performing this experiment?
Biopotential electrodes is a transducer that convert the body ionic current in the body into the
traditional electronic current flowing in the electrode. Biopotential electrode should be able to
conduct small current across the interface between the body and the electronic measuring circuit.
We will get to know Electrical characteristics of biopotential electrodes, Different type of
biopotential electrodes, Electrodes used for ECG, EEG, EMG, and intracellular electrodes.
3. Hardware Required: ECG, EEG, EMG sample electrodes.
4. Theory:
1. Microelectrodes: Electrodes use to measure bioelectric potential near or within a single

cell .
2. Skin surface electrodes: Electrodes used to measure ECG , EMG , EEG potential from
the surface of the skin.
3. Needle electrodes: Electrodes are used to penetrate the skin to record EEG potential
from a local region of the brain or EMG potential from gray.
MICRO ELECTRODES:
There are electrodes with tip sufficiently small to penetrate a single cell in order to obtain
reading from the cell . They have tip diameters ranging from approx 0.05 to10 microns. They
can be formed from solid metal needles.
Types of Microelectrodes:
Metal microelectrodes:
They are formed by electrolytic ethching the tip of a fine tungsten or stainless steel wire with
a desired size then the wire is coated at most to the tip with an insulating material.
5
Fig. 1: Metal Microelectrode
Micropipette microelectrode:
This type is a glass with tip drawn out to desired size it is fitted with an electrolyte
compatible with cellular fluids . It has dual interface.
1. Metal wire in contact with electrolyte solution inside micropipette.

2.Electrode inside the pipette and fluids inside or immediately outside the cell.
6
Fig. 2: Glass Micro-pipet electrode
BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES:
Electrodes used to obtain bioelectric potential from the surface of the body are called as body
surface electrodes.
Types of body surface electrodes:
I. Metal plate electrodes:
It consist of a flat metal plate that has bent into a cylindrical segment. A terminal is
placed on its outside surface near 1 end. This terminal is attached to the lead wire to
the EEG.
II. Metal disk electrode:
This electrode which has a lead wire welded to the back surface made up of several
different material. It is coated with electrolyte gel and then passed against patients
chest wall.
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III. Disposable foam pad electrode:
It consist of relatively large disk of plastic foam material with a silver disk on one side
attached to the silver plated snap similar to that of lead wire with female portion is then
snapped on electrode.
Fig. 3: Metal Plate Electrodes

IV. Suction cup electrode:
This electrodes are frequently used in ECG at pre-cardiac levels because they can be
placed at particular location and used to take a recording that consist of a hollow metallic
cylindrical electrode that makes contact with skin at its base. In appropriate technical
form the lead wire is attached to metal cylinder and rubber suction bulb it fits over its
oyher base. Electrolyte gel is placed over the contacting surface of electrodes.
8
Fig. 4: Suction Bulb electrode
FLOATING ELECTRODE:
The principle feature of this electrode is that the actual electrode element is released in
cavity so that it does not come in contact with skin itself. Instead the element is
surrounded by electrolyte gel in cavity.
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Fig. 5: Floating Electrode
EARCLIP ELECTRODE:
It is structured electrode used as a reference electrode.
Fig. 6: Earclip Electrode
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INSULATED NEEDLE ELECTRODE:
The basic needle electrode consist of solid needle usually made up of stainless steel with
a sharp point insulated with a coating such as insulating varnish and its tip is exposed.
Types of needle electrodes:
I. Co-axial needle electrode:
It consist of a small gauge hypodermic needle that is modified by running an

insulated fine wire down the centre of its lumen and filling remainder of its lumen
with an electrode material.
II. Bipolar co-axial electrode:

The two wires are placed within lumen of an needle can be connected
differentially so as to be sensitive to electrical activity only in immediate vicinity
of the electrode tip.
Fig. 6: Needle Electrodes
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5. Conclusion and Discussion:
6. QUIZ / Viva Questions:
 What are the different types of bio-potential electrodes?

 Why are the types of Microelectrodes?
 What are the applications of skin surface electrodes?
7. References:
1. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements”, 2nd Edition, Pearson

Education, 1980.
2. John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, 4th edition, 2010.
.
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Experiment No. : 2
To study the Electrocardiogram System
13
Experiment No. 2
1. Aim: To study the Electrocardiogram System.
Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of

the heart over a period of time usingelectrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the
tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscle's electrophysiologic pattern
of depolarizing during each heartbeat. It is a very commonly performed cardiology test.
3. Hardware Required: ECG Machine, Skin surface electrodes.
4. Theory:
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non- invasive test that is used to reflect underlying heart
condition measuring the electrical activity of the heart. By positioning about heart condition can
be learned by looking for characteristics pattern on the ECG.
Fig. 1: ECG Block diagram
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The block diagram of ECG explains:

1) Head Selector switch :- The proportion picked up by the patient , electrode are taken to the
lead selector switch. The function of this block is to determine which electrode are necessary for
a particular lead and to connect (+ve) to the remainder of the circuit.
2) Power Amplifier :- It is generally push pull amplifier type differential amplifer. the output of
this amplifier is single ended and applied to the premotor which deflect the righting arm on the
paper.
3) Pre-Amplifier :- This amplifier is usually athree or four stage differential amplifier having a
sufficient large (-ve) current feedback from the end stage to the first stage which gives a
stabilizing effect. The output of this amplifier is given to the power amplifier.
4) Direct Writing Recorder :- The Recorder provides a hard copy of the recorded ECG. It also
prints the patient identificationclinic info, entered by the operator and result of automatic
analysis of ECG.Frequency necessary damping of pen motor and is preset.
5) Auxiliary Circuit :- It provides 1mv calibration signal and automatic blocking of the
amplifier during the change in position of the lead. ECG machine have different no. of leads for
examination. When we go for 12 leads ECG system, then the lead distribution is already
specified on the different places of the body. Here the lead distribution is given as :-
1. One lead for right leg. 2.One lead for left leg.
3. One lead for right arm. 4. One lead for left arm.
5. Six leads for chest. 6. Two for power source.
ECG SIGNAL CONDITIONING:-

An ECG measures the voltage generated by a heartbeat. The signal conditioning challenges
inherent in this application are primarily due to the small signal of only 0.2 mV to 2 mV peak-to-
peak, the 0.05 Hz to 150 Hz bandwidth, and the 50 Hz/60 Hz interference. Analog Devices offers
a wide range of solutions to help design engineers overcome these challenges.
For signal acquisition challenges in this application, an instrumentation amplifier (in-amp) offers
the ability to reject common-mode signals. The AD8220 is a JFET in-amp with low input bias
current of 10 pA and high CMRR at dc and ac with RFI immunity. It operates from a single 5 V
supply–ideal for a portable application. The AD8220 is available in an 8-lead MSOP.
ECG applications require a small footprint and uncompromised ADC performance at low power
per conversion. The AD7980 provides 16-bit resolution, samples up to 1 MSPS, and achieves
±22 ppm INL max–all at only 7 mW power consumption. It is available in a 10-lead LFCSP.
15
The serial output of the AD7980 is easily isolated from the system with the ADuM240x iCoupler
digital isolator. iCoupler products, based on chip-scale micro transformer isolation, eliminate
design difficulties commonly associated with optocouplers that employ LEDs and photodiodes.
Typical optocoupler concerns include uncertain current transfer ratios, nonlinear transfer
functions, and temperature and lifetime effects–none of which are issues for iCoupler devices
that have simple digital interfaces and stable performance characteristics.
Fig. 2: ECG Signal Conditioning
Why ECG is performed :-

• ECG leads are attached to the body while the patient lies flat on a bed or table.
• ECG can be performed as a part of physical examination or screening evolution.
• ECG can be performd as a part of cardiac execution test.
• As apart of the evolution of symptoms of chest patient, shorten of breath etc
5. Procedure/ Program:
1. ECG leads are attached to the body while patient lies flat on a bed or table leads
are attached to each extremely and fit to predefined postion on the chest front.
2. The leads are attached to the small suction cup, straps or by small patched
electrodes attached loosely to the skin.
3. This test takes 15 minutes and is painless.In some instances men may require the
shaving of small amountof chest hair to obatin optimal amount between
electrodes, lead and skin.
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6. Results:
PARAMETER STANDARD VALUE OBSERVED VALUE
P Wave 0.25
Q Wave 1.60
R Wave 0.4
T Wave 0.1 to 0.5
PARAMETER STANDARD VALUE OBSERVED VALUE
PR Interval 0.12 to 0.25
QR Interval 0.25
ST Interval 0.05 to 0.1
QR Interval 0.095
 Which electrodes are useful for ECG measurement?

 Explain ECG Block Diagram.
17
9. References:
1. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements”, 2nd Edition,
Pearson Education, 1980.
th
2. John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, 4 edition, 2010.
18
Experiment No. : 3
Measurement of Blood Pressure using
sphygmomanometer
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Experiment No. 3
1. Aim: To Measurement of Blood Pressure using sphygmomanometer.
an instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable

rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next
to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood
pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.
3. Hardware Required: Mercury column setup, pressure cuff, needle valve, rubber bulb,
and stethoscope.
4. Theory:
Fig. 1: sphygmomanometer
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A sphygmomanometer , blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor or blood pressure

gauge is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and
then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or
mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to
determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded.
Manual sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope.
The word was coined from the "pulse", plus the scientific term manometer , i.e. "pressure
meter", itself coined from "thin, sparse", The device was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl
Ritter von Basch in 1881. Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a more easily used version in 1896.
In 1901, Harvey Cushing modernized the device and popularized it within the medical
community.
A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury manometer,
or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and
valve or a pump operated electrically.
5. Procedure/Program:
• Remove the cuff, stethoscope, pressure gauge and bulb from the kit, taking care to
untangle the various tubes.
• Sit down on the table where you can easily get your arm to that when you bend your
elbow, it is parallel to your heart.
• Wrap the cuff around your upper arm, slipping the top part of the cuff through the metal
bar that is attached to the cuff.
• Make sure the cuff is snug but not too tight, if your blood circulation stops and you are
going to get an alarming blood pressure reading.
• Gently put the ear piece of stethoscope in your ears.
• Place the wide head of the stethoscope (the diaphragm) entirely on your skin just above
the elbow on the branchial artery.
• If the pressure gauge is attached to cuff, unclip it and attach to something steady you can
see the deflection.
• Take the rubber bulb and tighten the valve and the base.
• Pump the bulb using slow and steady pressure until the needle on gauge is at about 20-30
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points above your systolic (top) no. you should release the valve with hand on your cuff
arm and hold stethoscope with free arm.
• As you watch the needle fall back down the gauge , listen for thamping sound.
• Keep watching the gauge and listen to the beats.
• If you miss the exact measure of either number its perfectly acceptable to pump the cuff
back up little to catch it.
6. Results:
SR. NO. DIASTOLIC SYSTOLIC PULSE PRESSURE
(mm of Hg) (mm of Hg) (mm of Hg)
 What is sphygmomanometer?
 What is the value of Diastolic and Systolic blood pressure?
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2. References:
23
Experiment No. : 4
To study Defibrillation
24
Experiment No. 4
1. Aim: To study Defibrillation.
Defibrillation is a common treatment for life-threatening cardiac

dysrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. Defibrillation consists of delivering a
therapeutic dose of electrical current to the heart with a device called a defibrillator.
This depolarizes a critical mass of the heart muscle, terminates the dysrhythmia and
allows normal sinus rhythm to be reestablished by the body's natural pacemaker, in
thesinoatrial node of the heart.
3. Hardware Required: Defibrillator equipment.
4. Theory:
Defibrillation is a process in which an electronic device is used to give an electronic

shock to the heart. This helps in re-establishing normal contraction rhythm in the heart.
Figure 1: Defibrillator Equipment
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Fibrillation: Heart is able to perform its normal pumping action only through precisely
synchronized action of heart muscle fibers. Two chambers of atria contract together and pump
the blood through two valves into the ventricles. After specific time delay, ventricular muscles
are synchronously activated to pump the blood through the pulmonary and circulatory system.
The condition in which this necessary synchronism is lost is called ‘fibrillation’. During
fibrillation, normal rhythmic contractions of either atria or ventricles are replaced by rapid
irregular twitching of the muscular wall. Fibrillation of arterial muscles is called ‘atrial
fibrillation’. Fibrillation of ventricles is called ‘ventricle fibrillation’.
Atrial Fibrillation: Under the condition of atrial fibrillation, two ventricles can still
function normally, but they respond with an irregular rhythm. Since, most of the blood flow into
the ventricles occurs before atrial contraction.
Ventricular Fibrillation: Ventricular fibrillation is far more dangerous. Under this

condition ventricles are unable to pump blood. If fibrillation is not corrected death will take place
within few minutes.
Types of Defibrillators:-
1. AC defibrillators.
2. DC defibrillators.
AC Defibrillators:
Most successful method of defibrillation is the application of electric shock to the area of
the heart. If sufficient current to stimulate muscles of heart for a brief period, after which normal
heart action may resume. Defibrillator operates at 60Hz frequency to the chest of the patient
(through appropriate electrodes). This application of an electrical shock to resynchronize the
heart is sometimes called counter shock. This method of counter shock is known as ac
defibrillation. AC defibrillation is useful to correct ventricular fibrillation. It is not useful to
correct atrial fibrillation because it will result in more serious ventricular fibrillation. Hence AC
defibrillators are no longer used.
DC Defibrillators:
In this method, a capacitor is charged to a high dc voltage and then rapidly discharged
through electrodes across the chest of the patient. This method is useful for correcting both the
atrial and ventricular fibrillation
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 2. Circuit Diagram
Fig. 3. DC defibrillator discharge waveform
Fig. 4. Truncated Defibrillator discharge waveform
27
Fig 5. Dual Peak monophasic waveform
In this amount of electrical energy discharged by capacitor may range between 100 and
400 w/sec or joules. Duration of discharge is 5 msec. Energy delivered is represented by
waveform shown in fig 2. Area under the curve is proportional to the energy delivered. Peak
value of current is nearly 20A. Curve is monophasic because most of the excursion is above the
baseline. Inductor in the circuit is to shape the wave, to eliminate sharp undesirable current
spikes that would otherwise occur at the beginning of the discharge.
 What is fibrillation?
 What is the difference between fibrillation and defibrillation?
7. References:
28
Experiment No. : 5
To study Cardiac Pacemaker
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Experiment No. 5
1. Aim: To study Cardiac Pacemaker.
The Pacemaker is an electric stimulator that produces periodic electric pulses. That pulse
is to electrodes located on the surface (externally) on the heart. The stimulus thus
conducted to the heart & heart contract, this electric stimulation effect can be used in
which the heart is not stimulated at a proper rate on its own.
3. Hardware Required: Pacemaker medical equipment.
4. Theory:
A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's

natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes
contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.
The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the
heart's natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or because there is a block in theheart's electrical
conduction system. Modern pacemakers are externally programmable and allow a cardiologist to
select the optimum pacing modes for individual patients. Some combine a pacemaker
and defibrillator in a single implantable device. Others have multiple electrodes stimulating
differing positions within the heart to improve synchronisation of the lower
chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Fig. 1. Cardiac Pacemaker

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There are 2 types of pacemaker :-

1. Implantable (Internal) Pacemaker
2. External Pacemaker
Implantable pacemaker:
A device that uses electrical impulses to regulate the heart rhythm or to reproduce that rhythm.
An internal pacemaker is one in which the electrodes into the heart, the electronic circuitry and
the power supply are implanted (internally) within the body.
These are used where long term pacing is required because of permanent damaged to prevent
prevent normal self triggering of heart.
Implantable pacemaker, along with its electrodes, entirely implanted beneath the skin. Output
leads are connected directly to heart muscle.
This pacemaker is powered by small batteries, so just beneath the skin, replacement of unit
involve minor surgery.
Entire system is present inside the body, whose sinoatrial node have failed to function properly
and who suffered from permanent heart block because of heart attack.
The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that
are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (the right upper chamber of the
heart). The electrical impulses are generated there. The SA node is also called the sinus node.
External pacemaker:
These are used when the heart block presents as an emergency & its it is expected to be present
for a short time.
It is consist of an externally worn pulse generator connected to electrodes located on or within
myocardium. These pacemakers are used on patient with temporary heart irregularities which
patient having heart blocks.
Ts is pacing especially during cardiac surgery, if the surgery involves the valves replacement.
These pacemaker includes various pulse generators located outside the body, normally
connected through wires introduced into the right ventricle via cardiac catheter.
 What is the necessity of Pacemaker?

 Discuss types of Pacemaker?
31
7. References:
Education, 1980.
32
Experiment No. : 6
To study Heart-Lung Machine
33
Experiment No. 6
1. Aim: To study Heart Lung Machine.
A device used in open heart surgery to support the body during the surgical procedure
while the heart is stopped. The heart-lung machine is often referred to as the "pump", and
does the work of the heart and lungs during the operation.
3. Hardware Required: Hear Lung Machine equipment.
4. Theory:
Operating on the human heart poses problems which inhibited surgery on the heart until the early
1950s. Manipulation of the heart, and opening of its cavities' interferes with its function and its
ability to sustain the circulation. The heart–lung machine is a system which takes over the
function of the heart and the lungs with sufficient safety to maintain life while the heart is
stopped or opened to allow surgery on the coronary arteries or the heart valves, or to allow repair
of congenital abnormalities.
BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Fig 1: Blood flow in Heart Lung machine
34
Theory :
A while in theory it is only necessary to bypass the function of the heart, it soon
became apparent that in practice it is simpler to bypass the function of both the heart and the
lungs. The main components of a heart–lung machine are a pump (to provide the driving force to
the blood in the arterial system), an oxygenator (for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide),
and a heat exchanger (to allow control of temperature of the body). The connecting tubing and
filter are other components of the heart–lung bypass circuit. Venous blood is siphoned from the
body via a tube in the right atrium of the heart, or via two tubes in the major veins which
converge on the heart. It is pumped through the oxygenator and heat exchanger, and returned via
a plastic tube into the arterial system of the body usually at the upper portion of the ascending
aorta The design of pump which is in most common use today is the roller pump. A simple
rotating arm carrying rollers which compress a loop of polymeric tubing against a solid surface.
Speed of rotation of the roller-bearing arm is controlled to allow a pumping rate similar to that of
the normal heart at rest (about 2.4 litres/min/m2 body surface or typically about 5 litres/min in an
adult).
There are two main types of oxygenator in use at present. ‘Bubble oxygenators’ expose the
passing blood to a stream of gaseous bubbles composed of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide.
Gas exchange with the blood occurs on the surface of the bubbles and results in reasonably
normal levels of oxygenation of the blood and maintains carbon dioxide in the normal
physiological range.
Fig. 2: Heart Lung Machine
35
Membrane oxygenators consist of a series of fine tubes which allow diffusion of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the blood flowing through them and the ventilating gas surrounding
them (or vice versa).The oxygenator also combines with a heat exchanger — a system of tubes
through which the blood passes, surrounded by circulating water at controlled temperature. This
allows the blood temperature to be maintained (counteracting the heat loss during the passage of
blood through the heart–lung machine). It also allows deliberate cooling and subsequent
rewarming of the blood, giving the surgeon the option of reducing, or even stopping, the
circulation of the blood around the body for a period of time with safety, because the oxygen
requirement of the body is reduced by hypothermia. The connecting tubes, the oxygenator, and
the pump tubing are all filled with a physiologically compatible fluid (priming fluid) prior to
final connection with the circulation of the body. Avoidance of air bubbles in the heart–lung
circuit is of vital importance. Exposure of blood to the foreign surfaces of the heart–lung
machine initiates the natural clotting mechanisms of the body, and this must be inhibited by
giving the drug heparin to the patient before allowing the circulation to be taken over by the
heart–lung machine. Normal blood clotting is restored after the operation by the administration
of protamine.
 What is the working of Heart Lung Machine?

 Why it is called as a Heart-Lung Machine?
7. References:
2. John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, 4th edition,
2010.
36
Experiment No. : 7
To Study and Observe Blood Filtration

using Haemodialysis Machine
37
Experiment No. 7
1. Aim: To Study and Observe Blood Filtration using Haemodialysis Machine
.
 Measurement of maximum & minimum speed of peristaltic pump with & without
load.
 Flow of Dialysate and Blood flow in dialyser
 Measurement of dialysate temperature using thermometer
3. Hardware Required: Haemodialysis trainer kit, Dialyser, Dialysate pump, temperature

sensor PT 100, Heater.
4. Theory:
Haemodialysis is a way of cleansing the blood of toxins, extra salts and fluids through a
dialysis machine called “artificial kidney”. It helps maintain proper chemical balance such as
potassium, sodium and chloride and keeps blood pressure under control. For haemodialysis,
human body is connected to a filter (dialyzer) by tubes attached to blood vessels. The blood
is slowly pumped from body into the dialyzer, where waste products and extra fluid are
removed. The filtered blood is then pumped back into body.
Haemodialysis machine is demonstration type which is microcontroller based using

80c51. It has main unit, dialyser and heater with stand and dialysate pump. Main unit of
haemodialysis comprises of peristaltic pump, temperature controller, LCD display and LED
indication to warn high and low temperature condition, Blood leak and bubble indicator.
LCD display shows temperature of heater and speed of peristaltic pump in bpm. At rear panel
of main unit there is connection for PT100 sensor, heater supply and detectors. Dialyser is
attached with connecting pipes with arrangement to hold blood in tank for dialysate. Dialyser
is standard type which is also used in hospitals.
38
Block diagram of Heamodialysis dialysate pathway.
Haemodialysis Trainer kit with peristaltic pump and connecting pipes.
5. Technical Specifications:
a. Main unit:
i. System: Haemodialysis machine
39
ii. Power supply : 230V, 50Hz
iii. Display: 16x2 LCD display
iv. Indication: Temperature High amd Low, Blood leak and bubble
v. Pump: Peristaltic pump head.
b. Dialyser and Heater stand:
i. Dialyser: standard type
ii. Heater: 500 W
iii. Heater material: Aluminium type
iv. Sensor: PT100
v. Blood and Bubble detector: Optical type
6. Procedure:
a. Attach white board to stand using screws which has indication of flow of blood for
connection of pipes.
b. Fix two 1liter beaker stand at upper side which are for dialysate and pure blood.
c. Fix dialyser holder at right hand side and heater at left hand side for which space is
provided on white board.
d. Attach bubble and blood detector below the dialyser stand for which space is provided on
white board.
e. Connect main unit and dialysate pump with dialyser and heater.
f. Finalize the connection of pipes, PT 100 sensor, bubble and leak detector, heater supply.
40

 Explain working of peristaltic pump.
 Draw the diagram of dialyser and explain its working.
9. References:
Education, 1980.
41
Experiment No. : 8
To study Phonocardiograph System
42
Experiment No. 8
1. Aim: To study Phonocardiograph System.
We will get to know about Phonocardiogram concept, Phonocardiograph system, Phonocardiography and heart
sound measurement system.
3. Hardware Required: Phonocardiograph equipment.
4. Theory:
A phonocardiogram or PCG is a plot of high-fidelity recording of

the sounds and murmurs made by the heart with the help of the machine called
the phonocardiograph; thus, phonocardiography is the recording of all the sounds made
by the heart during a cardiac cycle.
43
Fig. 1. Wiggers diagram of various events of a cardiac cycle, including a

phonocardiogram at bottom
The sounds result from vibrations created by closure of the heart valves, there are at least
two: the first when the atrio ventricular valves close at the beginning of systole and the
second when theaortic valve and pulmonary valve close at the end of systole.[3] It allows
the detection of subaudible sounds and murmurs, and makes a permanent record of these
events. In contrast, the ordinary stethoscope cannot always detect all such sounds or
murmurs, and it provides no record of their occurrence. The ability to quantitate the
sounds made by the heart provides information not readily available from more
sophisticated tests, and it provides vital information about the effects of certain drugson
the heart. It is also an effective method for tracking the progress of the patient's disease.
The technique of listening to sounds produced by the organs and vessels of the body is
called auscultation. The areas at which the heart sounds are heard better are called
auscultation area. The graphic recording of the sounds connected with the pumping
action of the heart is called phonocardiogram. These sounds are produced by vibrations
set up in the blood inside the heart by the sudden closure of valves, movement of heart
wall, closure of walls and turbulence and leakage of blood flow.
Heart sounds: First heart sound (Lub): It is due to closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
which permit the flow of blood from atria into the ventricles i.e. it occur at the end of the
atrial contraction and at beginning of the ventricular contraction. It occurs approximately
0.05 second after the onset of QRS complex and just before ventricular systole. It has
loud deep pitch and is booming in character. It is longer in duration, lower in frequency
(30 - 45Hz) and greater in intensity than the second sound. The duration is 50 to
100msec. The asculatory area i.e. it is best heard at the apex of mid pericardium. Second
heart sound (Dub): It is occurs at the end of ventricular systole due to closure of
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary aortic valves) in the arteries leading out of the
ventricles. It occurs at 0.03- 0.05 second after the end of T wave. It has higher pitch than
the first sound and is snapping in character. It has frequency 50 - 70Hz. The duration is
25 to 50msec. The asculatory area i.e. it is best heard in the aortic and pulmonary areas.
Third heart sound: It is due to cessation of ventricular filling. It is heard in children and
patient with left ventricular failure due to rapid inflow of blood from the atria into the
ventricles. The accumulated blood from atria and veins causes the distention and
vibration of ventricles. Frequency is below 30Hz. The duration is 0.1 to 0.2sec. It starts
0.12 – 0.18 second after the onset of second heart sound. The asculatory area i.e. it is best
heard at the apex and left lateral position after lifting the legs. Fourth heart sound or atrial
heart sound : It is produced by the contraction of the atria. It is not audible due to low
amplitude and frequency of vibrations. It occurs immediately before the first heart sound.
44
It starts 0.12 – 0.18 second after the onset of P wave. The duration is 0.03 to 0.06 second.
Frequency 10-50Hz. The third and fourth sounds are called diastolic sounds and are
generally inaudible in the normal adult but are commonly heard among children. The
figures shows the time relationships between the first, second and third heart sounds with
respect to ECG.
Uses:
They provide indication of heart rate and its rhythmicity. They also give useful
information regarding effectiveness of blood pumping and valve action.
Murmurs:
It occurs in abnormal hearts between normal heart sounds. They are higher pitched
sounds in 100-600Hz range and are longer in duration compared to normal heart sounds.
The causes of murmurs are 1. High velocity blood flow that occurs through small
opening when there is improper opening of valves. 2. Regurgitation which results when
the valves do not close completely and allow some backward flow of blood. 3. Small
opening in the septum that separates the left and right sides of the heart. This forces the
blood through the opening from the left ventricle into right ventricle bypassing the
systemic circulation.
 What is Heart Sound Measurement?

 What is Phonocardiogram?
7. References:
1. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements”, 2nd
Edition, Pearson Education, 1980.
2. John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, 4th edition,
2010.
45
Experiment No. : 09
To study Plethysmograph System
46
Experiment No. 9
1. Aim: To study Plethysmograph System.

We will get to know about Plethysmograph concept, Plethysmography and blood volume
measurement. A plethysmograph is an instrument for measuring changes in volume within
an organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood or air
it contains).
3. Hardware Required: Blood volume measuring equipment, Plethysmograph instrument.
4. Theory:
Plethysmography is the determination of blood flow (or other physiological param eters)
by measurement of volume changes of the limb. A typical plethysmograph generates a
waveform similar to the arterial pressure waveform. The advantages include non-invasive
nature of measuring blood volume and flow relatively easily. Applications of
plethysmography related measurements have wide applications, albeit with limited
accuracy.
Fig. 1: Chamber Plethysmography

47
Limb Plethysmography:
Normally, the systolic blood pressure in your arm and leg are similar. The ankle-brachial index
(ABI) is a measurement used to check for potential problems. To calculate your ABI, divide the
highest systolic blood pressure reading from your leg by the highest reading from your arm.
A normal ABI falls between 0.90 and 1.30, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute. If your ABI falls outside this range, you may have a narrow or blocked artery. Your
doctor can order additional tests to determine the exact nature of the problem.
5. Procedure:
a. Connect the instrument to the mains.

b. Connect the transducer to system. Insert the transducer into the transducer socket.
c. Check the display of system, it should display heart rate in bpm, missing pulses count.
d. Check the output waveform on DSO.
6. Observations:
a) Pulse output self test 60bpm
Volt/ Div of DSO Voltage Div Total Voltage Time/ Div of DSO
b) Heart Beat Indication Output
Volt/ Div of DSO Voltage Div Total Voltage Time/ Div of DSO
48
 What is Pethysmography?
 What is Blood Volume Measurement?
9. References:
49
Experiment No. : 10
To study X-ray produced by X-ray

machine
50
Experiment No. 10
1. Aim: To study X-ray produced by X-ray machine.
An X-ray generator is a device used to generate X-rays. It is commonly used

by radiographers to acquire an x-ray image of the inside of an object (as
in medicine or non-destructive testing) but they are also used
in sterilization or fluorescence.
3. Hardware Required: X- ray Machine equipment.
4. Theory:
X-rays were discoverd by german physicist Rontgen.Today imaging with X-ray is most
commonly techniques of a simple chest radiography to a digital sub-angiography or complete
tomography depends upon the use of X-ray. X-rays imaging is based on the function that
varies anatomical structure of body has different densities for the X-rays.when X-ray from
source penetrate section of body the internal body structure of the body.
X-ray are electromagnatic radition located at low wavelength end of electro magnetic
spectrum. The X-ray in medical dignostic region have wavelenth of order 10^-10m.
Propagated by electric and magnetic field. According to quantum theory,energy and
wavelength relation is given by
E  h  hc / 
where h=planks constant= 6.32*10^-34s.
c=velocity of propagated proton.
v=freqency of radiation.
51
PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS :-
1) X-rays have very short wavelength and extremely high energy.
2)Because of high energy then pentrate through the material which rapidly absorb and
reflect visible point.
3)X-ray produce ionization in gas.

4)X-ray inflence electrical properties of liquid and solid.
5)X-ray inflence electrical produce flourescene in certain material to help them.
FIG 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF X-RAY MACHINE
52
FIG 2 :X-RAY TUBE.
X-RAY PRODUCTION AND X-RAY MACHINE:-
1)PRINCIPLE OF GENERATION-x-rays are produced whenever electron collide with very

high speed matter and they suddenly stop.
2)X-RAY TUBE-The X-ray tube is simply glass enclosed vaccum tube diode consisting of a
cathode that thermally emits electron and target anode,that attracts these electron.This high
voltage implies that electron to very high speed.
3)COLLIMATOR- It reduces the dose of X-rays to the patient,the beam should not strike any
other part of the body then necessay snaping of X-ray is done with collimator.
4)BUCKY GRID-After X-ray enters a patient some rays are deflected off their straight line by
close encounter with atom.This is called Scattering and causes smearing of the image at the edge
and deteriorates image sharpness.
5)X-RAY FILM (DETECTOR)-After processing the film that has been exposed to X-rays shows
the image of X-rays intensity.however the X-rays sensitivity may be marked improved.
53
6)POWER SUPPLY-The supply is turned on and off to control. X-ray energy and consequently
image contest power supply must be larger to handle several kW of power and kV of volage.
LIMITATION:-
1)It is projection of information in single direction.
2)Only images of dense fibrous tissue like bones are possible.
3)Exposure area is more.
4)Since X-ray have very high energy they may cause danger to body.
5)For producing X-rays very high voltage supply 20Kv to 200Kv is required.
 What is working of X-ray machine?

 What is X-ray tube filament?
7. References:
Education, 1980.
2. John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, 4th edition, 2010
54
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Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Institute Vision, Mission & Quality Policy

Our Quality Policy

Department Vision & Mission

 Serving the communities to which we belong, at local, national, and

2. Experiment Plan and Course Outcomes 2

3. Study and Evaluation Scheme 3

10. Experiment No. 7 37

11. Experiment No. 8 42

12. Experiment No. 9 46

13. Experiment No. 10 50

To study the different types of electrodes.

2 To study the Electrocardiogram System.

3 Measurement of Blood Pressure using sphygmomanometer.

5 To study Cardiac Pacemaker

6 To study Heart lung machine.

7 To Study and Observe Blood Filtration using Haemodialysis Machine .

To study Phonocardiograph System.

Experiment Plan & Course Outcome

CO3 Decide the applications of therapeutic instruments for treatment purpose.

CO5 Understand significance of electrical safety.

Module Week Course

2 W2 To study the Electrocardiogram System. CO2

Measurement of Blood Pressure using CO2

4 W4 To study Defibrillation. CO3

5 W5 To study Cardiac Pacemaker CO3

6 W6 To study Heart lung machine. CO5

To Study and Observe Blood Filtration using CO5

8 W8 To study Phonocardiograph System. CO4

9 W9 To study Plethysmograph System.

Study and Evaluation Scheme

Theory Practical Tutorial Theory Practical Tutorial Total

Course Code Course Name Examination Scheme

Term Work Oral Total

1. Oral exam will be based on the entire syllabus of Biomedical Instrumentation

To study the different types of electrodes

2. What will you learn by performing this experiment?

3. Hardware Required: ECG, EEG, EMG sample electrodes.

1. Microelectrodes: Electrodes use to measure bioelectric potential near or within a single

Fig. 1: Metal Microelectrode

1. Metal wire in contact with electrolyte solution inside micropipette.

Fig. 2: Glass Micro-pipet electrode

BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES:

Types of body surface electrodes:

I. Metal plate electrodes:

II. Metal disk electrode:

III. Disposable foam pad electrode:

Fig. 3: Metal Plate Electrodes

Fig. 4: Suction Bulb electrode

Fig. 5: Floating Electrode

Fig. 6: Earclip Electrode

INSULATED NEEDLE ELECTRODE:

Types of needle electrodes:

I. Co-axial needle electrode:

It consist of a small gauge hypodermic needle that is modified by running an

II. Bipolar co-axial electrode:

Fig. 6: Needle Electrodes

5. Conclusion and Discussion:

6. QUIZ / Viva Questions:

 What are the different types of bio-potential electrodes?

1. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements”, 2nd Edition, Pearson

To study the Electrocardiogram System

2. What will you learn by performing this experiment?

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of