1.

Definitions of Globalization
“Globalization constitutes integration of National economies into the
International economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by
corporations and multinationals), short-term capital flows,
international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of
technology”
Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3.

“[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the globe

and every person on it, even though in widely differing local
contexts.”.

Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28/3
(1998), p. 387.

“A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local

or regional to a world level”

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-
1850',
in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.
2. When did Globalization Begin?

Social scientists (esp. sociologists of

globalization) see it as a very recent
phenomenon, something that might go
back to the period following the major
economic crisis of 1973-74, perhaps to 1945.
1. Pre-1500

Andre Gunder Frank in his well

known Re-Orient (1998) argued
that globalization was there well
before 1500. This is because:

- Single world economy before

1500
- trade (Silk roads and later
European trade in Asia)
-Centrality of China
 2. In the Sixteenth Century
Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
claims that globalization begun in
1571 when the Spaniards settled
down in Manila in the Philippines
and opened up trade :

- Manila to Acapulco

- Importance of the Pacific

- Importance of Silver

Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo

Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global
Economic Unity through the Mid-
Eighteenth Century’, Journal of World
History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp. 391-427
3. In the Early 19th Century

Christopher Baily claims that

globalization started with the
collapse of 18th century regimes

This he defines as ‘modern

globalization’ and sees it as a
process based on:

-colonialism and imperialism

- and the concept of free trade.

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern

Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c.
1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in
World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
 Type of Time Features
globalization
A. PROTO 1500- - European exploration
1750 - Role of silver
- importance of slavery
B. MODERN 1750- - Revolutions (political and
1900 economic)
- colonialisms and
imperialism
- free trade
C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations
- Personal communication

C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c.
1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]
 4. 1820-1913: The Great

Williamson and O’Rourke underline

how the period from 1820 to 1870 in
particular was:
- age of ‘free trade’
- liberalization of the state –
- Increased commodity trade

Critiques:
- issues of power forgotten
- gunboat diplomacy
- colonial control
- Post 1870
- Mass migration
- infrastructure (railroads and
steamships, and cables

Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a
nineteenth-century Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
5. 1914-1945: De-globalization?

The interwar period saw:

 economic protectionism and

autarky

 economic and monetary

instability

 stagnation of the economies

 moribund empires, and the

confrontation between the US
and the Soviet Union

 lack of innovation
6. 1945-2013: Contemporary Globalization

The key force of globalization after 1945

was the action of institutions and
governments and of markets after 1973:

 Liberal economic policies and regimes

 Growth of world trade and financial
transactions
 Advances in Information Technologies
and easier access to information
 Performance of services remotely
 New business organizations: A high
degree of convergence in consumer
culture
7. Post 2014: A second de-globalization?

Is it possible that we are going

towards de-globalization once
again?
- the 2008 financial crisis

- the US is overstretched

- great power rivalry (US-

China) and a sclerosis of
Europe

- global alliances not working;

and rogue regimes

- revolutionary terrorism
Niall Ferguson, “Sinking Globalization,” Foreign Affairs, 84/2 (2005), pp. 64-77.
3. The Dimensions of Globalization
Movement Integration Global Issues

People migration Communication Population and

cities and inequality
geographies

Things Trade and transport Resources and

commodities the
environment

Actions Capitals Business and Economic

organisations crises

Values Ideas and States and Human Rights

ideologies institutions

Post 1500 Post 1820 Post 1945

The spread of ideas, technologies, crime, and diseases
Flows of goods and services
Human mobility
Shifts in dominant ideologies, especially religious or political
beliefs
The access to and availability of images and messages through
the media of TV, film, the internet and print
Uncontrollable negatives
 Communication, Technology and Transport

•First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838

•Invention of the Telephone 1876
•Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878
•First Car 1885
•First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901
•First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903
•First Radio Programme 1920
•First Television broadcasting 1936
•Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951
•First Videogame console 1972
•First Cd-Rom 1982
•World Wide Web 1990
•DVD 1995
 Global US Corporations and States

WallMart as big as Norway ($414 billion)

Exxon Mobil Thailand ($318.85)
Chevron Czech Republic ($192)
Phillips Pakistan ($175)
General Electric New Zealand ($140)
General Motors Bangladesh ($104)
Bank of America Vietnam ($103)
Ford Morocco ($103)
Proctor & Gamble Libya ($75)
Microsoft Croatia ($60.5)
Apple Ecuador ($59)
Pepsi Oman ($56)
Amazon Kenya ($32)
McDonald's Latvia ($20.05)
Nike Paraguay ($18.48)
Visa Zimbabwe ($7.4)
Edison Congo ($13.3)
 How large is the world population?

doubling in
1/2 billion in 1300
1 billion in 1800
2 billion in 1930 130
3 billion in 1960 30
4 billion in 1974 14
5 billion in 1987 13
6 billion in 1999 12
7 billion in 2011 12
8 billion in 2023 12
9 billion in 2035 12
10 billion in 2047 12
Distribution
of World
Income
MEASURING GLOBALIZATION
 • Including membership in
Engagement
Political

international organizations,
personnel and financial contributions
to United Nations Security Council
missions, ratification of multinational
and international treaties and
government transfer
 • Such as the number of
Technology
measures

Internet users, Internet

hosts, and secure servers
for encrypted transactions
 • Such as international
Personal contact
indicators

travel and tourism,

international
telephone traffic
 • Such as trade flows,
Economic
integration measures

portfolio capital flows,

foreign direct
investment, and
investment income