Theory of Structures PDF

Dr.
Qais Abdul Mageed Theory of Structures (2008-2009)
Text Book: Elementary Theory of Structures, 2nd Edition, by: YUAN-YU HSIEH
References:
1. Elementary Structural Analysis, by: NORRIS, WILBAR UTKU.
2. Statically Indeterminate Structures, by: CHU-KIA WONG.
3. Indeterminate Structural Analysis, by: KINNEY
First Semester:
4. Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

4.2. Stability and Determinacy of Beams.
4.3. Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.
4.4. Stability and Determinacy of Frames.
4.5. Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.
5. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

5.2. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Frames.
5.3. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Arched
Frames.
5.4. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Composite
Structures.
6. Statically Determinate Trusses:

6.2. Types of Trusses.
6.3. Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.
6.4. Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.
7. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

7.2. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.
7.3. Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:
4.2.1. Due to Concentrated loading.
4.2.2. Due to Distributed loading.
• Distributed Dead Load.
• Distributed Live Load (occupying any length of the structure).
• Distributed Live Load (of a specific length).
4.3. Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.
4.4. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.
4.5. Influence Lines for Girders in Trusses.
4.6. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Composite Structures.
4.7. Maximum Effect of a Function due to Multiple External Moving Loads.
5. Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.
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Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed Theory of Structures (2008-2009)
6. Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).

6.1. Conjugate Beam Method.
6.2. Deflection of Beams and Frames.
6.2.1. Unit-Load Method (Virtual Work Method).
6.3. Deflection and Rotation of Trusses.
6.4. Deflection and Rotation of Composite Structures.
Second Semester:
1. Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures:
1.1. Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Trusses.
• Trusses with Double Diagonal System.
• Trusses with Multiple Systems.
1.2. Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Portals.
1.3. Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Frames.
• Frames Subjected to Vertical Loads Only.
• Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads Only.
2. Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry of Structures.
3. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Method of

Consistent Deformations.
4. Fixed End Moments of some Important Beams with Constant EI.
5. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Slope-Deflection Method.
5.1. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams by the Slope-Deflection
Method.
5.2. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames without joint translation
by the Slope-Deflection Method.
5.3. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames with One Degree of
Freedom of joint translation by the Slope-Deflection Method.
6. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

Moment Distributed Method.
6.1. Fixed-End Moments.
6.2. Stiffness, Distribution Factor and distribution of External Moment Applied
to a Joint.
6.3. Distributed Moment and Carry-Over Moment
6.4. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames with One Degree of
Freedom of joint translation by the Moment Distributed Method.
Page 2
Review:
1) Roller: One unknown element.
90o
R R R
‫رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮدﻳًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

(2 Degree of Freedom)
2) Link or strut: One unknown element.
Link 2 R1
Link 1 R2
F.B.D
(Two Degree of Freedom)
3) Hinge: Two unknown elements.
Rx
R
θ Ry
(One Degree of Freedom)
4) Fixed: Three unknown elements.

M M
Rx
Rθ
Ry
(Zero Degree of Freedom)
Page 3
1. Stability and Determinacy of Structures:
1.1. Stability and Determinacy of Beams.
(r) = no. of reactions

(c) = The total no. of equations of conditions.
(Where: c=1 for an internal hinge, c=2 for an internal roller and c=0 for
beams without internal connection)
(c + 3) = The total no. of the equilibrium equations.
The beam is set to be:

• Unstable if ( r < c + 3 )
R1
R2 R2 R1
• Determinate if Stable if ( r = c + 3 )
R1
R2 R3 R3 R2 R1
r = 3, c = 0 r = 3, c = 0
Stable & Determinate But Unstable
• Indeterminate if Stable if ( r > c + 3 )
The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:

m = r − (c + 3)
R3 r =7, c = 2
7 >c + 3 = 2+ 3 = 5
R1
R4 R6 7 > 5, m = 2
R2 R5 R7
Stable & Indeterminate to the 2nd degree
Page 4
1.2. Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.
(b) = no. of bar elements of truss

(j) = no. of joints.
The truss is set to be:

• Unstable if ( b + r < 2 j )
r = 2, b = 5, j = 4
b+ r =7, 2 j = 8
7<8 (Unstable)
• Determinate if Stable if ( b + r = 2 j )
r = 3, b = 9, j = 6
b + r = 12 , 2 j = 12
Stable & Determinate
• Indeterminate if Stable if ( b + r > 2 j )

( )
m = (b + r ) − 2 j
r = 4 , b = 13 , j = 7
b + r = 17 , 2 j = 14
m=3
Stable & Indeterminate to the 3rd degree
Page 5
1.3. Stability and Determinacy of Frames.
(b) = no. of frame members

(j) = no. of joints.
(c) = The total no. of equations of conditions.
(Where: c=1 for an internal hinge, c=2 for an internal roller and c=0 for
beams without internal connection)
(c = no. of members connected at joint – 1)
The frame is set to be:

• Unstable if ( 3b + r < 3 j + c )
• Determinate if Stable if ( 3b + r = 3 j + c )
• Indeterminate if Stable if ( 3b + r > 3 j + c )

(
m = (3b + r ) − 3 j + c )
Frame b r j c 3b+r 3j+c Classification
Indeterminate
10 9 9 0 39 27 to the 12th
degree
Indeterminate
10 9 9 6 39 33 to the 6th
degree
Unstable
Page 6
1.4. Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.
(E) = no. of equilibrium equations

(U) = no. of unknowns
The structure is set to be:

• Unstable if ( U < E )
• Determinate if Stable if ( U = E )
• Indeterminate if Stable if ( U > E )

m =U −E
Composite Structure U E Classification
10 10 Determinate
Indeterminate to the
11 9
2nd degree
2. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:
Sign convention:
• N: Axial Force (tension +ve, compression –ve)

• V: Shear Force (turning structure clockwise +ve, counter clockwise –ve)
• M: Bending Moment (compression outside of structure and tension inside
+ve, otherwise –ve)
2.1. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Frames.
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
2.2. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Arched
Frames.
Page 10
Page 11
2.3. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Composite
Structures.
Page 12
Page 13
3. Statically Determinate Trusses:

3.1. Types of Trusses.
A truss may be defined as a plane structure composed of a number of
members joined together at their ends by smooth pins so as to form a rigid
framework. Each member in a truss is a two-force member and is subjected
only to direct axial forces (tension or compression).
A rigid plane truss can always be formed by beginning with three bars
pinned together at their ends in the form of a triangle.
Common trusses may be classified according to their formation as simple,
compound and complex.
• Simple Truss: ( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻢ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
A simple truss is formed by a basic triangle; each new joint is connected to
the basic triangle by two new bars.
١ 3 5
2 4
• Compound Truss: ( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺐ‬

A compound truss is formed from two or more simple trusses connected
together as one rigid framework either by three links neither parallel nor
concurrent, or by a link and a hinge.
Link
Link
Link
Link
Hinge
Page 14
• Complex Truss: ( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬

The truss which is neither simple nor compound is called a complex truss.
h1
h2
3.2. Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.
For the shown complex truss there are two h1

cases:
1. If h1=h2=h, then the truss is unstable.
g
2. If h1≠h2, then the truss is stable.
h2
3.3. Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.
Page 15
Page 16
4. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
4.1. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.
Page 21
Page 22
4.2. Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
4.3. Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
4.4. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
4.5. Influence Lines for Girders in Trusses.
Page 36
Page 37
4.6. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Composite Structures.
Page 38
4.7. Maximum Effect of a Function due to Multiple External Moving Loads.
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
5. Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.
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Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
‫‪Dr. Qais Abdul Mageed‬‬ ‫‪Theory of Structures‬‬ ‫)‪(2008-2009‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ )‪( Conjugate Beam Method‬‬

‫اﻟﻐ ﺮض ﻣ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ه ﻮ ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل واﻟ ﺪوران ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﻮارض اﻹﻧ ﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪوران واﻟﻬﻄﻮل ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫‪(١‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﻗ ﻮى اﻟﻘ ﺺ واﻟﻌ ﺰوم ﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺄ ﻣ ﺸﺘﻖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺄ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻲ ﻣ ﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮى اﻟﻘﺺ واﻟﻌﺰوم أﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(٢‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮق اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﺠﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ وﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪(٣‬‬
‫واﺣﺪة ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺄ وﻻآﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻘﻄ ﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬ﻓﻲ أدﻧﺎﻩ و اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﺮآﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ‬
‫‪wl 4‬‬
‫( ﺳ ﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮة ) ‪ ( P‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻖ أن ﺣﺴﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﻬﻄﻮل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮة ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳًﺎ إﻟ ﻰ )‬
‫‪8 EI‬‬
‫) ‪.( Conjugate Method‬‬
‫‪MA=wl2/2 w‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪wl 4‬‬
‫‪RA=wl/2‬‬ ‫= ‪ΔB‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪8 EI‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪wl/2‬‬
‫‪Shear Force Diag.‬‬
‫‪Bending Moment Diag.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪wl‬‬
‫= ‪MA‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ – (١‬ﻋﺎرﺿﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺎت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ) ‪ ( Curvature‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪d2y‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪EI‬‬
‫وﻧﻌﻠﻢ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﻴﻞ أو اﻟﺪوران ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Page 46‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬
‫‪= tan θ ≈ θ‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫وهﻜﺬا ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬
‫‪=θ‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪dθ d 2 y‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪= 2 =−‬‬
‫‪dx dx‬‬ ‫‪EI‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫∫‪θ = −‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (1‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪dy‬‬
‫∫‪= θ = −‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫اﻵن ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ) ‪ ( θ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ )‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪EI‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫∫ ‪dy = θ dx = −‬‬ ‫‪dx dx‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪M‬‬
‫∫∫ ‪y = ∫ θ dx = −‬‬ ‫‪dx dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (2‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫واﻵن ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺮض )‪ (dx‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن آﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺎت ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﻘﺺ وﻋﺰم اﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪dV‬‬
‫‪= − w ⇒ dV = − w dx ⇒ V = − ∫ w dx‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫‪= V ⇒ dM = V dx ⇒ M = ∫ V dx = − ∫∫ w dx dx‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪V = − ∫ w dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (٣‬‬
‫‪M = ∫ V dx = − ∫∫ w dx dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (4‬‬
‫‪Page 47‬‬
‫واﻵن ﻟﻨﻔﺮض ان ﻟ ﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﺎرﺿ ﺔ ﻟﻨ ﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ )‪ (Conjugate beam‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﻃ ﻮل‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫( وآﻤ ﺎ ﻣﺒ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺮن اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎوي إﻟ ﻰ )‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ، (٢-b‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﺺ وﻋﺰم اﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ) ‪ ( V‬و ) ‪ ( M‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻳﺠﺎدهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ ) ‪ ( w‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎدﻻت )‪ (٣‬و )‪ (٤‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫( آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫∫‪V = −‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (5‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫∫∫ ‪M = −‬‬ ‫‪dx dx‬‬ ‫)‪------ (6‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫‪(w) per unit length‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫)‪(a‬‬
‫‪ΔB‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫)‪(b‬‬ ‫‪wl 2‬‬ ‫‪MB‬‬ ‫)‪(Conjugate Beam‬‬
‫‪2 EI‬‬ ‫‪(3 / 4 ) l‬‬
‫‪⎛ wl 2 ⎞⎛ l ⎞ wl 3‬‬
‫⎜⎜ = ‪Re sul tan t‬‬ ‫= ⎟ ⎜⎟⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪EI‬‬ ‫‪⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 6 EI‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ - (٢‬اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت )‪ (٥‬و )‪ (٦‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت )‪ (١‬و )‪ (٢‬ﻧﺠﺪهﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ وﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ ﻧ ﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ وﻓﻘ ًﺎ ﻟ ﺸﺮوط ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ ( θ = V‬اﻟﻤﻴ ﻞ أو اﻟ ﺪوران ﻟﻤﻘﻄ ﻊ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫)‪ (Actual Beam‬ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳ ًﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻘ ﺺ ﻟ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄ ﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Conjugate Beam‬واﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮن‪.‬‬
‫‪Page 48‬‬
‫) ‪ ( y = M‬اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل ﻟﻤﻘﻄ ﻊ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ) ‪Actual‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫‪ (Beam‬ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳ ًﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻋ ﺰم اﻹﻧﺤﻨ ﺎء ﻟ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄ ﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Conjugate Beam‬واﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮن‪.‬‬
‫ان اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ )‪ (Conjugate Beam‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎً ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ) ‪Actual‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪ (Beam‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴ ﺚ اﻟﻄ ﻮل ‪ .‬وﻟﻐ ﺮض ﺗﺤﻘ ﻖ اﻟﻨﻘ ﺎط اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎه ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ أﻋ ﻼﻩ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﻳ ﺘﻢ إﺟ ﺮاء‬
‫ﺤ ﺪِث‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ وﻧﻘﺎط اﻹرﺗﺒﺎط ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ )‪ (Conjugate Beam‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ُﻳ ْ‬
‫ﻗﻮة ﻗ ﺺ وﻋ ﺰم إﻧﺤﻨ ﺎء ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻨ ﺴﺠﻤًﺎ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻴ ﻞ أو اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛ ﻪ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮة ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(Actual Beam‬ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮات ﻣﺒﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠ ﺪول )‪(١‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fixed End‬‬ ‫‪Free End‬‬
‫‪Simple End‬‬ ‫‪Simple End‬‬
‫‪Interior Connection‬‬ ‫‪Interior Support‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول )‪ – (١‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﺟﺮاؤهﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ‬
‫‪Actual Beam‬‬ ‫‪Conjugate beam‬‬

‫)‪(Subjected to applied Load‬‬ ‫)‪(subjected to Elastic Load‬‬
‫‪θ =0‬‬ ‫‪V =0‬‬

‫‪Fixed End‬‬ ‫‪Free End‬‬
‫‪Δ =0‬‬ ‫‪M =0‬‬
‫‪θ ≠0‬‬ ‫‪V ≠0‬‬
‫‪Free End‬‬ ‫‪Fixed End‬‬
‫‪Δ≠0‬‬ ‫‪M ≠0‬‬
‫‪Simple End‬‬ ‫‪θ ≠0‬‬ ‫‪V ≠0‬‬ ‫‪Simple End‬‬
‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬ ‫‪Δ =0‬‬ ‫‪M =0‬‬ ‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬
‫‪Interior Support‬‬ ‫‪θ ≠0‬‬ ‫‪V ≠0‬‬ ‫‪Interior Connection‬‬
‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬ ‫‪Δ =0‬‬ ‫‪M =0‬‬ ‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬
‫‪Interior Connection‬‬ ‫‪θ ≠0‬‬ ‫‪V ≠0‬‬ ‫‪Interior Support‬‬
‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬ ‫‪Δ≠0‬‬ ‫‪M ≠0‬‬ ‫)‪(hinge or roller‬‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪(Sign Convention ) :‬‬

‫ﺗﻢ إﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻔﺮﺿ ﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺮى ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻓ ﺮض‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻬﻄﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺒًﺎ و إﺗﺠﺎﻩ ) ‪ (x‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ ﻳﻌﻨ ﻲ هﻄ ﻮل‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ واﻟﺪوران اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ دوران ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺮب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Page 49‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ )‪:(Conjugate Beam Method‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺰم )‪ (BMD‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ إﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻧﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻣﺨﻄ ﻂ اﻟﻌ ﺰم )‪ (BMD‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻄ ﻮة )‪ (١‬أﻋ ﻼﻩ وﻧﺠﻌﻠ ﻪ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ واﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ااﻟﺪوران ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺤﺮج اﻟﻘﺺ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻬﻄﻮل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ﻧ ﺴﺘﺤﺮج اﻟﻌ ﺰم ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫أدﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Actual Beam‬‬ ‫‪Conjugate beam‬‬

‫)‪(Subjected to applied Load‬‬ ‫)‪(subjected to Elastic Load‬‬
‫)‪(a‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪(b‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪(c‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪(d‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫)‪(e‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫)‪(f‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺟ ﻊ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻜﻞ )‪ ( ١‬ﻧﺠ ﺪ ﻋﺎرﺿ ﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.( b- ٢‬‬
‫‪Page 50‬‬
‫( ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳًﺎ ﻟﻠﻌ ﺰم ﻓ ﻲ‬ΔB) (Actual Beam ) ‫وﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ ﻳﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮة ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ‬
B
:‫ ( واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬B ) ‫( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪة ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬Conjugate Beam ) ‫اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ‬
wl 3 3 3 wl 4 wl 4
MB = × l= =
6 EI 4 24 EI 8 EI
wl 4
ΔB =
8 EI
- :(Conjugate Beam Method) ‫أدﻧﺎﻩ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ‬

1) Using the (Conjugate Beam Method), find ( ΔB ) for the loaded beam shown
below:
MA=Pl P
A B
(a) Actual Beam x
3
Pl
RA=P ΔB =
l 3 EI
y
(b) S.F.D P
(c) B.M.D -Pl

RA=P
MA=Pl
A B
(d) Conjugate Beam x
Pl/EI l
l/3 2/3l
(٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
- :‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ‬
Page 51

‫‪ (٢‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ إﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺴﺎﻧﺪ وﻧﺤﻤﻠﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮن اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺰم ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻌ ﺰم اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻔﻞ واﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮض ان )‪ (EI‬ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪.:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ Pl ⎞ Pl‬‬
‫= ‪Re sul tan t‬‬ ‫= ⎟ ⎜ ) ‪(l‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪⎝ EI ⎠ 2 EI‬‬
‫* اﻟﻤﺤ ﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻌ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ] ‪ [2 l / 3‬ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻴﻤﻨ ﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ أو ﻣ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳﺔ‬
‫] ‪ [l / 3‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﺴﺮى ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب اﻟﻬﻄ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ﻧ ﺴﺘﺤﺮج اﻟﻌ ﺰم ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻠ ﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫⎞ ‪Pl 2 ⎛ 2‬‬
‫= ‪ΔB = M B‬‬ ‫⎟‪⎜ l‬‬
‫⎠ ‪2 EI ⎝ 3‬‬
‫‪Pl 3‬‬
‫= ‪ΔB‬‬ ‫)‪(Down‬‬
‫‪3 EI‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﺎن أﻗﺼﻰ هﻄﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫أﻗﺼﻰ هﻄﻮل ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن أﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﺰم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ واﻟﺬي ﺑ ﺪورﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬ ي ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪2) Find the absolute maximum deflection in portion AB using the Conjugate‬‬
‫‪Beam Method.‬‬
‫)‪(EI constant‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ‪- :‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ إﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺴﺎﻧﺪ وﻧﺤﻤﻠﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮن اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺰم ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻌ ﺰم اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻔﻞ واﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮض ان )‪ (EI‬ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ آﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء ‪ AB‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪.:‬‬
‫‪Page 52‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪⎛ PL ⎞ PL‬‬
‫= ‪Re sul tan t‬‬ ‫= ⎟ ⎜ ) ‪(2 L‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪⎝ EI ⎠ EI‬‬
‫* اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ] ‪ [2 L / 3‬ﻋﻦ ‪ A‬أو ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ] ‪ [L / 3‬ﻋﻦ ‪.B‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ )‪ (A‬ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﺣﻮل ‪ B‬ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Conjugate‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Beam‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PL‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬ ‫‪B.M.D‬‬
‫‪PL‬‬
‫‪PL2‬‬
‫‪3 EI‬‬ ‫‪PL‬‬
‫‪PL2‬‬ ‫‪EI‬‬
‫‪EI‬‬
‫)‪∑M‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪PL2 1‬‬
‫‪× (2 L ) − R A × ( 2 L ) = 0‬‬
‫‪EI 3‬‬
‫‪1 2 PL3 PL2‬‬
‫= ‪RA‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2 L 3 EI‬‬ ‫‪3 EI‬‬
‫أﻗﺼﻰ هﻄﻮل ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن أﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﺰم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ واﻟﺬي ﺑ ﺪورﻩ ﻳﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ)ﻧﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ x‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ ‪. A‬‬
‫‪1 Px‬‬ ‫‪PL2‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪x−‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪2 2 EI‬‬ ‫‪3 EI‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Page 53‬‬
2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
P ⎜ L⎟ ⎜ L⎟
Px2 x PL2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ PL ⎛ 2 ⎞
2
Mmax )= − x= ⎝ − ⎜ L⎟
4EI 3 3EI 4EI 3 3EI ⎝ 3 ⎠
2PL3 2PL3 2PL3 6 PL3 4PL3
Mmax )= − = − =−
9 3EI 3 3EI 9 3EI 9 3EI 9 3EI
4 PL3
M max )= −
9 3 EI
6. Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).
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Dr.

Qais Abdul Mageed Theory of Structures (2008-2009)

4. Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

5. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

6. Statically Determinate Trusses:

7. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

5. Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.

6. Elastic Deformation of Structures (Deflection & Rotation).

2. Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry of Structures.

3. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Method of

4. Fixed End Moments of some Important Beams with Constant EI.

5. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

6. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Beams and Rigid Frames by the

1) Roller: One unknown element.

‫رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮدﻳًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

2) Link or strut: One unknown element.

3) Hinge: Two unknown elements.

4) Fixed: Three unknown elements.

(Zero Degree of Freedom)

1. Stability and Determinacy of Structures:

1.1. Stability and Determinacy of Beams.

(r) = no. of reactions

The beam is set to be:

• Indeterminate if Stable if ( r > c + 3 )

The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:

1.2. Stability and Determinacy of Trusses.

(b) = no. of bar elements of truss

The truss is set to be:

• Indeterminate if Stable if ( b + r > 2 j )

The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:

Stable & Indeterminate to the 3rd degree

1.3. Stability and Determinacy of Frames.

(b) = no. of frame members

The frame is set to be:

• Indeterminate if Stable if ( 3b + r > 3 j + c )

The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:

Frame b r j c 3b+r 3j+c Classification

1.4. Stability and Determinacy of Composite Structures.

(E) = no. of equilibrium equations

The structure is set to be:

• Indeterminate if Stable if ( U > E )

The degree of indeterminacy (m) can be obtained by:

Composite Structure U E Classification

2. Axial Force, shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:

• N: Axial Force (tension +ve, compression –ve)

3. Statically Determinate Trusses:

• Compound Truss: ( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺐ‬

• Complex Truss: ( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬

3.2. Stability and Determinacy of Complex Trusses.

For the shown complex truss there are two h1

3.3. Examples on Solving and Analyzing Trusses.

4. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures:

4.1. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams.

4.2. Maximum Effect of a Function due to external loading:

4.3. Influence Lines for Girders with Floor Systems.

4.4. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Frames.

4.5. Influence Lines for Girders in Trusses.

4.6. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Composite Structures.

4.7. Maximum Effect of a Function due to Multiple External Moving Loads.

5. Absolute Maximum Moment for Simply Supported Beams.

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ )‪( Conjugate Beam Method‬‬

‫‪Bending Moment Diag.‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬