BOOK 2

Indian Politics.

 Jawaharlal Nehru was the 1st Prime Minister and give a speech called
‘Tryst with destiny’.
 Indian was said to be born in very difficult circumstances because of the following reason:
 Freedom of the country came with the partition of the country.
 Lot of violence and displacement of the people took place.
 India had to achieve twin objective of economic growth and equality.

THREE CHALLENGES

Immediately after independence, India had multiple challenges-

 To accommodate diversity- India is a country of diversity of culture, religion and language as

the partition of india took place or communal lives, it became very difficult to hold all the
religions together.
India had to achieve this to have territorial integrity.
 Establishmnentof democracy- India adopted means that people have the right to elect
their government .All the fundamental rights were mentioned in the constitution.
The major challenge to develop democratic practices.
 Development and well-being of the society- After independence India had to develop as
a society based or the principle and special protection to backward classes and religious
group.India had to develop keeping in mind the welfare of all, along with eradications of
poverty.

PARTITION, DISPLACEMENT AND REHABILATION

 TWO NATION THEORY
Indiaand Pakistan became two territories out of British India as a result of two nation theory.
 This theory was given by Muslims league according to this British consisted of two people,
Hindus and Muslims and therefore a separate country for Muslims.
 The congress never considered it as important. But the political development led to the
partitioned India

DIFFICULTIES IN THE PROCESS OF PARTITION

India and Pakistan were divided on the basis of religion and therefore it was divided to
follow the principle of religion in majority which meant that the areas with majority
population will help Pakistan and the rest of India .However, this process was full of difficulties.
 NO Single belt of Muslims majority -
There were areas with Muslims majority one in the east and otherin the west.
Therewas no way that these two parts could be joined. Therefore Pakistan comprised
of two territories that is – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The major problem in this
was that India lied in between two territories.
 Denial of Muslims majority to join Pakistan -
Not all the Muslims majority wanted to be a part of Pakistan. North West frontiers
provinces (NWFP) did not want to join Pakistan.
 Conflict over Punjab and Bengal –
Punjab and Bengal had large area where non-Muslims were in majority. Therefore it
was decided that these two states would be divided according to religion majority.
This decision meant that people in these two provinces did not know or the day of
Independence whether they belong to India or Pakistan.
 Problems of minorities –
 In the problem of minorities the Hindus and Sikhs in the areas of Pakistan and the
Muslims in India forced themselves in miserable condition. They became targets of
attack and it took the government lot of time to control the situation and provide
them shelter.

INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES-

 Princelystate- are those areas which were ruled by princes. These states enjoyed
some control over the internal affairs as congress as the accepted British supremacy.
This was called paramountcy of the British crown.
 British Indian provinces –Those areas which were directly controlled by the British
government were known as British India.
Problems with the integration of princely states were as follows-
 At the time of independence there were 565 states in India it meant legal
independence to all of them.
These states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain free.
 The decision was left not to the people but to the rulers but the princely rulers
of these states.
 If these states could not have integrated with India it could have a serious
threat to the existence in India.

STATE OF HYDERABAD
It was the largest princely state which comprised some parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra
Pradesh .Its ruler were known as ‘Nizams’ and he was known as one of the world’s richest man.
He wanted Hyderabad to be an independence state and hence sign an agreement called Stand Still
agreement with India in 1947,till the time negotiation with India was going on.

The major turning point in this case was that people of Hyderabad started a movement against the Nizam
on the other hand the Nizam joined a paramilitary force called RAZAKAR. In the entire movement the Non-
Muslim population was the major victim.
Finally, the central government had to interfere and in September 1948 the Nizam forces surrendered and
Hyderabad became a part of India.

MANIPUR
The king of Manipur was Maharaja ‘Bodha Chandra singh’. Manipur became a part of India or the
condition that internal autonomy (power) of Manipur would remain with Maharaja.
 In 1948 the elections were held and Manipur became a Constitutional Monarchy.
 In the legislative Assembly there was a difference among the party that whether
Manipur should become a part of India or not, the state congress wanted the merger
finally in September 1949, amerger agreement was signed between government of
India and Maharaja.
RE-ORGANISATION OF STATE-
 After independence and partitions another challenge that India faced was to draw Internal
boundaries of the states.
During the British time the state boundaries were drawn to have administrative committees However,
in the Nagpur session of Congress in 1920 it was decided that the state would be carved out on the
basis of Language

The legal leaders of various states started a movement to have different state .One of 1st movement was
started by Telugu speaking areas of old Madras. This was known as ‘Vishal Andhra’ movement .According
to this movement Telugu state should be separated and a new state was carved ‘Andhra’ should be
created.
The leaders of this movement was ‘Shri Ram lal’.In 1952 Andhra Pradesh became a separate state.

STATES RE-ORGANISATION COMMISSION

In 1953 state reorganisation commission was formed to redraw the boundaries of the states or the basis of
language
In 1956, re-organisation Act was framed which led to the formation of the 14 States and 6 Union territories

CREATIONS OF NEW STATES

1960: Maharashtra and Gujarat from Bombay state.
1966: Punjab ,Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh out of Punjab.
1972 : Meghalaya out of Assam
1987: Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram
1963: Nagaland
2000: Jharkhand from Bihar
Chattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh
Uttranchal from Uttar pradesh

Major conflict prone areas:

 Telangana in Andhra Pradesh
 Vidarbha in Maharashtra
 Harit Pradesh in Western UP