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THE SELF-CONCEPT

Self
- a process of reflexivity activity
- concept individual has of himself as a physical, social, spiritual being

Rosenberg
- "totality of an individual's thoughts & feelings having reference to himself as object"

Snygg & Combs


- "the phenomenal self includes all those parts of the phenomenal field which the individual
experiences as part or characteristic of himself"

Turner
- "my self-conception is a vague but vitally felt idea of what I am like in my best moments, of what I
am striving toward and have some encouragement to believe I can achieve, or of what I can do
when the situation supplies incentives for unqualified effort"
- self-concept also involves a sense of spatial and temporal continuity, distinction of essential self
from mere appearance and behavior

Epstein
- a theory that a person holds about himself as an experiencing, functioning being in interaction with
the world
- self-concept is an experiential, mostly cognitive phenomenon accessible to scientific inquiry

Sources of self-evaluation
- self esteem
- evaluative & affective aspects of the self-concept

Self-esteem
- individual's overall self-evaluation
- based on sense of competence, effective performance
- based on a sense of virtue or moral worth

Reflected Appraisals
- self-concepts reflect the responses & appraisals of others

Shrauger & Schoeneman


- examined "looking-glass self"
- people's self-perception agree with the way they think others perceive them
- there is very little agreement between people's self-perceptions & how they are viewed by others
- "there is no clear indication that self-evaluations are influenced by the feedback received from
others in naturally occurring situations"

Social Comparisons
- process in which individuals assess their own abilities & virtues by comparing to those of others

Festinger's theory of social comparisons


- reality testing
- individual is not a neutral observer but an active constructor of reality

Normative Group
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- reference group
- source of norms & values for individual

Comparison Group
- reference group
- provider of standards for self-evaluation

Identity
- established and maintained through negotiation
- role-taking

Stryker
- the self is seen as embracing multiple identities linked to the roles and role relationships that
constitute significant elements of social structures

Gordon
- the value aspects of roles connect persons to culture

Self-efficacy motive
- the self is an originating agent crucial to the fundamental experience of self
- one's actions have no effect on one's environment

Self-esteem motive
- motivation to maintain and enhance a positive conception of oneself
- self-enhancement emphasized growth expansion
- increasing one's self esteem

Consistency motive
- consistency refers to the cognitive organization of attitudes about the self, congruence between
identities and role behaviors
- satisfaction on the consistency to different aspects of yourself

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