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Considerable improvement in the construction of the brushes has taken place. A copper and graphite mix is
used to make the brushes in two parts, so that higher copper content is in the power zone and higher graphite
content is in the commutation zone. This provides an increase in the service life and a reduction in voltage
drop, giving higher starter power output.
Permanent magnet motors for a higher power application, have been developed with intermediate
transmission of generally epicyclic type (Fig. 15.26). These enable the armatures to rotate at a higher and
more efficient speed while delivering the torque, due to the gear reduction. Permanent magnet starters with
intermediate transmission are available with power outputs of about 1.7 kW, suitable for spark ignition
engines up to about 5 L or compression ignition engines up to about 1.6 L. The principle of operations of this
type of permanent magnet motor is again similar to the conventional pre-engaged starter, but can provide a
weight saving of up to 40 percent.
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