The Impacts of

Tourism and
Hospitality
Chapter 6
Learning Outcomes
At the of this chapter, you should able to:

1. Determine the economic effects of

tourism and hospitality;
2. Discuss the social impacts of tourism
and hospitality,
3. Explain the impacts of tourism and
hospitality on culture; and
4. Analyze the environmental impacts of
tourism and hospitality.
The Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality
The rapid growth of tourism and
hospitality in the twentieth century has
produced the both problems and benefits
for destination countries. It has visible
impacts on the sociocultural and
socioeconomic environment. Although
tourism and hospitality can bring economic
advantages to a destination country, It is
also brings with it serious long-term
problems which, without careful control and
planning, can threaten the society.
 The positive
economic effects
of tourism
and hospitality
 The positive economic effects of
Tourism and Hospitality
Like any other industry, tourism and
hospitality affects the economy of those
areas in which it takes place. The are
affected may be a resort, a region, or the
entire nation. Notwithstanding the size of
the affected area, the economic effects of
tourism and hospitality may be classified
into four groups, namely: Effects on
income; on employment; on the area’s
balance of payments with the outside
world; and on investment and
development.
 income
The tourism and hospitality industry
obviously generates income within a
destination country. Nations wanting
to increase their income have used
tourism and hospitality as a means of
reasonably quick development.
Experience has shown us that it takes
less time to increase income from
tourism and hospitality that from
manufactured goods or other available
options.
income
Tourism Income, in general, comes from
wages and salaries, interest, rent, and profits.
Since tourism and hospitality is a labor-
intensive industry, the greatest proportion of
its income is derived from wages and salaries.
Income is also generated from interest, rent
and profits on tourism and hospitality
businesses such as interests paid on loans to
an airline in order to buy aircraft, or rent paid
to a landowner for a car park. Income is also
obtained from direct taxation and indirect
taxation. Imposing value-added tax (VAT) on
hotel bills is an example of indirect taxation.
income

Tourism and Hospitality is both an

income generator and an income
redistributor. Most of the tourist
receipts go to the developing nations in
the world such as East Africa and the
Pacific. Because of the flow of capital
form one country to another, many
countries limit the amount of currency
the nationals may tale abroad for
foreign travel.
income
Much of the income at the international
and national level is business income which is
generated by organizations buying and selling
goods and services to tourists. One advantage
that tourism and hospitality offers developing
countries in the range of businesses needed to
provide to tourists. It includes in the local
food, drinks, and the flowers for the resort
areas; local crafts for the tourist to buy; local
cafes and restaurants; tour guides and
interpreters; local travel services; local
cultural events; shops for tourists’ needs; and
specialized local housing such as pensions and
small inns.
income

The sum of all income in a country is called

the National Income. The importance of
tourism and hospitality to a country’s economy
can be measured through the national income
created by tourism and hospitality. The most
common method of estimating the income
generated from tourism and hospitality is by
determining the multiplier for a destination.

Multipliers are means of estimating how much

extra income is produced in an economy as a
result of the initial spending or injection.
 Employment
Employment, from local to national,
benefits as well from tourism and
hospitality. In general, the tourist industry
offers more employment opportunities than
other economic sectors. Generating
employment is perhaps the greatest
advantage of tourism and hospitality on a
developing economy. Tourism and hospitality
generates employment faster for developing
nations than for the developed ones. In
general, tourism and hospitality employees
in developed nations are usually paid less.
In developing countries the opposite is true.
 There are three types of employment generated by
tourism and hospitality. These are:

Direct Employment
Generated as a result of providing goods and
services directly to tourist in hotels,
restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and the like.
Indirect Employment
Consist of those positions that are
associated with other tourism related
activities but are used for both the local
resident and the tourist.
 There are three types of employment generated by
tourism and hospitality. These are:

Induced Employment
Refers to people working in positions only
peripherally related to tourism and
hospitality, but generated because of it.
Examples are construction workers,
merchants, and professionals such as
doctors and accountants who service the
employees working directly in tourism
related.
 Balance of payments
Tourism and hospitality has a major
influence on the country’s balance of
payments. Balance of Payments is an
accounting flow of goods, services, and
funds in and out of the country during a
given period. If a country pays or agrees to
pay more money that it receives, it has a
deficit in its balance of payments. If it
receives more money than it sends or
exports, it has surplus in its balance of
payments.
Balance of Payments
Most of the countries, particularly those
with good tourism and hospitality facilities but
little industrial or agricultural export
potential, appreciate the contribution that
incoming tourists can make to their balance of
payments account. They therefore take steps
to maximize their tourist receipts through the
development of new attractions, promotions,
subsidized exchange rates, and other
measures. They also try to keep their own
residents within the country by taxation on
outgoing tourists, limitations on foreign
exchange availability, or refusal to grant exit
permits.
 Investment
and development
Once an area has become economically
successful, businessmen and government
agencies may be influenced to invest in
tourism and hospitality and other industries
in that area. This is known by economists as
an accelerator concept.
 The negative
economic effects
of tourism
and hospitality
 The negative economic effects of
Tourism and Hospitality
While most countries encourage tourism
and hospitality for its economic benefits,
there are some negative economic aspects
as tourism and hospitality that have to be
identified and discussed.
Inflation and Land Values
The inflationary effects of tourism and
hospitality can arise different ways. Rich
tourist can afford to buy items at high
prices. Retailers, realizing that their profits
can be greatly increased by catering to
tourist , increase their prices on certain
products and provide more expensive goods
and services. Such stores can compete more
successfully with those catering to local
residents. They can afford to pay higher
rent and taxes which are passed on to the
customers through higher prices. Thus, local
residents have to pay more for their goods.
Inflation and land values

Inflation within destination areas is also

caused by increasing land values. Growth in
the tourist trade creates additional demand
for land, and competition from potential
buyers increases the price of lands. The
demand for more hotels, vacation homes, and
tourist facilities may bring more income to
builders, real estate agents, and landowners,
but local residents are forced to pay more for
their homes because of the increased value of
land.
 High leakages
Leakages occurs from a variety of sources. There
are three sources, these are:

Cost of Goods and Services

It must be imported to satisfy the needs of
tourist. Examples of these are developing
countries which have to import cars, buses,
manufactured materials, technology from
developed nations to meet the demands of
tourists.
 Leakages occurs from a variety of sources. There
are three sources, these are:

Remittance of Profits and Wages

If foreign capital is invested in the country’s
tourism and hospitality industry, plant
interest payments, rents, or profits may
have to be paid to the foreign country;
thereby reducing profits in the destination
country.
 Leakages occurs from a variety of sources. There
are three sources, these are:

Expenditure for Promotion and Publicity

Is to encourage tourist to visit a certain

destination. The cost of advertisement is a
large expense that reduces the earnings of a
destination area.
 Seasonality
Many tourist regions experience low
returns on investment because of seasonal
fluctuations in demand. The seasonality of
demand is reflected in hotel occupancy
rates. Many hotels experience greatly
reduced revenues during the off season.
Nevertheless, most hotels prefer to remain
open all year round to secure as much
revenue as possible. Accommodation
investments are not the only ones with a
low rate of return; tour operators also face
similar problems.
 Overdependence on
tourism and hospitality
Some destinations have made themselves
vulnerable to changes in tourist demand by
becoming overdependent on tourism and hospitality
for their livelihood. Tourism is highly susceptible to
changes from within and outside industry. Examples
of changes from within are price and fashions;
while global economic trends, political situations,
and energy availability are examples of outside
changes. Many tourists avoid destinations which are
politically unstable but they usually select an
alternative. The decrease in demand for a
destination results in underutilization of services,
unemployment, and loss of income.
Impact control
measures
 Impact control measures

There are a number of ways to maximize

the benefits of tourism and hospitality to
the destination area. Edward Inskeep
(1991), a consultant for the United Nations
World Tourism Organizations (UNWTO), has
suggested the following…
1. Develop tourism and hospitality gradually so
that local residents can have sufficient time
to adapt to it and understand it. It would
also allow the government to properly plan,
organize, and monitor tourism and
hospitality.
2. Maintain a scale of tourism and hospitality
development that is appropriate for the
local as well as national environment. If
possible, develop other economic sectors so
that there is a balanced economy and
employment structure. In some areas,
small-scale and dispersed forms of tourism
are more suitable than concentrated mass
tourism.
3. Involve residents and their spokesmen in
planning and decision-making so that they
can participate in determining the future of
this sector;
4. Apply the concepts of tourism development
zones.
5. Make certain that residents have easy
access to tourist attractions, facilities, and
services including reduced admission fee if
necessary, and that important amenity
features have public access and are not
preempted by tourism.
6. Provide incentives to local ownership,
management, and operations of hotels and
other tourist facilities and services so that
residents can receive direct economic
benefits;
7. Develop strong linkages between tourism
and hospitality and other economic activities
such as agriculture, fisheries, handicrafts,
and manufacturing to help develop these
sectors, reduce leakage of foreign exchange
through import substitution, and spread the
economic benefits of tourism and
hospitality;
8. Plan, develop, and organize tourism and
hospitality so that no area becomes too
congested with tourists, and residents can
easily use community facilities and services;
and
9. Train local people to work effectively in all
levels of tourism and hospitality, including
managerial and technical positions, in order
to reduce the number of imported
employees and to lessen possible
misunderstanding between tourists and local
employees.
Social impacts of
tourism and
hospitality
 Social Impacts of
Tourism and Hospitality
The social impacts of tourism and
hospitality should not be confused with the
popular term “social tourism.” The social
impacts of tourism and hospitality refer to
the changes in the quality of life of
residents of tourist destinations. The
objective of social tourism is to ensure that
tourism is accessible to all people.
Host-Visitor interactions
Tourism and hospitality causes more
interaction between peoples particularly
between the tourists or visitors and the
local residents or hosts. To understand the
social impact tourists have on an area, the
characteristics of various types of visitors
and the level of interaction with the hosts
should be clarified. Smith (1997),
categorized tourist into several types and
outlined her views on the intensity of
interaction between tourists (visitors) and
the local residents (hosts). Her
classifications are as follows:
1. Explorer – This type of visitor is interested
in being an active participant-observer
among the population. The explorer easily
adapts to local lifestyles and does not need
special tourist accommodations;
2. Elite – This type of tourist is few in number.
He can afford to pay well for unusual
vacations. He is well-traveled and usually
known as “the jet-setter.” He differs from
the explorer in his attitude. His
arrangements are either made by a travel
agent or may be pre-planned. Although he is
willing to sample the local lifestyle, he
requires some degree of comfort;
3. Offbeat – This tourist adapts well simple
accommodations and services provided for
the occasional guest;
4. Unusual Tourist – This tourist loves sub-exotic
cultural sites, and the unusual or primitive sites
as long as he can quickly and safely return to
more familiar surrounding and group;
5. Incipient Mass Tourist – This is visitor who
looks for the amenities or Western societies in
hotels and other travel related facilities. He is
a mixture of both pleasure seeker and business
traveler;
6. Mass Tourist – He comes from middle class.
He arrives in destination with other tourists.
There is a diversity of tastes among them and
their attitude is “you get what you pay for”;
and
7. Charter Tourist – The charter tourist comes
“en masse” with others of his kind of creating
an extremely high amount of business and
receiving a high degree of standardization in
services and products. The interaction between
the visitors and the hosts is limited and
impersonal.
 The impact increases with each level of
tourist. The explorers and elite tourists usually
have little impact on the local culture because
of their limited number. The offbeat and
unusual tourist generally use the same hotels
and services as the local travelers. With the
increase number, and greater expectations and
demand for special facilities and services, a
corresponding change in the local area occurs.
Against this background, it is possible to
discuss the positive and negative social impacts
of tourism and hospitality on a tourist
destination.
 Table 1. Frequency and Types of
Tourist and Their Adaptation to
Local Norms
Types of Tourist Number of Tourist Adaptation to Local Norms

Explorer Very Limited Adapts fully

Elite Rarely seen Adapts fully
Offbeat Uncommon but seen Adapts well
Unusual Occasional Adapts slightly
Incipient Mass Steady flow Seeks Western amenities
Mass Continuous influx Expects Western amenities
Charter Massive arrivals Demands Western amenities
Source: Smith, Velene L. “Hosts and Guests.” The anthropology of Tourism, 1997

The level of interaction between hosts and

guests is illustrated in Table No. 1 for each type
of tourist.
Positive social effects
of tourism and
hospitality
Some of the positive effects of tourism and
hospitality are the following:

1. It creates a new medium for social change

and multicultural understanding;
2. It encourages adaptation to the realities of
modern life and works toward improving the
host country’s environment and lifestyle
options;
3. It promotes knowledge and use of foreign
languages; and;
4. It improves health conditions and disease
control.
 Social change and
multicultural understanding
One of the most important benefits of
tourism and hospitality is the bringing
together of diverse people to help
understand one another. Pope Pius XII
touched on this aspect of tourism and
hospitality when ho spoke of “subjecting
oneself, joyfully or sorrowfully, to the
inconveniences, great or small, which can
with difficulty be avoided.”
Social change and multicultural understanding
The United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO) consider tourism as an
encounter between an person and a
destination in its natural setting. Above all,
the UNWTO believes it is an exchange or
encounter between individual groups of
people as well as between social groups. Thus,
it becomes an encounter between nations and
an exchange of values. The impact of this
exchange is significantly different between
industrialized nations and developing
agricultural nations. The more isolated the
country visited, the more significant the social
changes are like to be.
Adaptation to the Realities of Modern Life and
Improvement of the Host Country’s Life Style
This positive social benefit is the result of the following:

1. The quality of life improves in places where

tourism and hospitality is being developed by
bringing both the urban infrastructure
(water, housing, sewage) and population
benefits (medical care, social assistance,
schools) together;
2. The changes that occur in occupation and
income patterns create a middle class with
its different attitudes, values, and social
concers.
3. Increased social mobility results in new
employment opportunities in tourism and
hospitality;
4. Changes in family relations occur through the
employment of women outside the home.
This increases the family income and gives
the worker’s children more opportunity for
higher education.
 Thus, tourism and hospitality promotes
progress and modernization through exposure
to other attitudes and values. It brings about
improvements in facilities and services as well
as improvements in the lifestyles and quality
of life of the residents of the host country.
 Use for foreign Language
Use of a foreign language brings people
in contact with those of other language
groups. The need and the desire to
communicate increase interest in both the
host and visitors to learn another language.
Visitors to the other destinations often
want to learn a language to improve the
quality of future experiences. They rent
tapes or buy books to assist them in learning
a language. Many popular tourist destination
have developed short-term language courses
to assist visitors.
Improved Health Conditions
and disease control
The desire of tourist for high quality
public health facilities can contribute to the
maintenance and improvement of those
facilities in destination areas and provide
additional sources of revenue which, in
turn, can be invested in upgrading water
and sewage disposal facilities.
 Through tourism and hospitality, local
residents can become aware of both health
problems and good hygiene. This awareness
can lead to a change in the health of
infrastructure of a destination.
Improvement in one community then paves
the way for improvement of the whole
region.
 The negative
Social effects
of tourism
and hospitality
 The negative social effects of
Tourism and Hospitality
While tourism and hospitality has enabled
different people to strengthen the social
structure, mass tourism has brought with it
expenses and problems. Among these are:
social saturation; changes in the social
structure, behavior, and roles; community
problems; negative demonstrative effects.
 Social Saturation
The presence of large numbers of tourists
in particular places at specific times results
in saturation or congestion of facilities
and services and competition for limited
resources. The local residents frequently
resent having to share their facilities and
service with visitors.
Social Saturation

In destinations that attract a large number

of tourists, public transportation is so crowded
with tourists that there is hardly any room for
local residents. Shops are full of visitors
resulting to traffic jams. Thus, saturation or
congestion brought about by tourism and
hospitality is often cited as a social cost.
Changes in social structure,
behavior, and roles
Tourism and hospitality changes the
traditional of employment which results the
lowering of the status of agricultural
workers, migration of the population, and
the breaking up of families. Many young
people demand freedom from their families.
They also disregard social norms such as
respect for elders and close family ties.
Young women who enter the workforce have
changed their traditional dress to tourist
clothes.
Changes in social structure, behavior, and roles

Tourism and hospitality in some areas leads

to other social problems in the family. Some
wives who work in tourism and hospitality
establishments have higher salaries than their
husbands. This often leads to the loss of
confidence among their husbands. In addition,
their improved way of dressing and grooming
causes their husband to be jealous and
suspicious. This has led to higher divorce rate.
This disruption in the kinship system
reduces cohesiveness in the whole community,
thus changing the population characteristics.
 Community Problems
Prostitution, often called “oldest
profession,” certainly existed before the
growth of mass tourism, It is difficult to say
how responsible tourism and hospitality has
been for rise of prostitution in tourist
destination.
 The following are some of the reasons for the
increase of prostitution in tourist resorts:

1. The processes of tourism and hospitality

have created locations and environments
which attract prostitutes and their clients;
2. By its very nature, tourism and hospitality
means that people are away form the
puritanical bonds of normal living, anonymity
is assured away from home, and money is
available to spend hedonistically. These
circumstances are conductive to the survival
and expansion of prostitution;
 The following are some of the reasons for the
increase of prostitution in tourist resorts:

3. As tourism and hospitality affords

employment for women, it may upgrade
their economic status. This, in turn, may
lead to their liberalization and eventually to
their involvement in prostitution to maintain
or acquire new economic levels; and
4. Tourism and hospitality may be used as a
scapegoat for the general loosening of
morals.
 An increase in visitors increases criminal
activity, wealthy tourist present tempting targets.
Lin and Loeb (1977) identified the following three
factors in the relationship between crime and
tourism hospitality;
1. Population density during the tourist season
increases , creating the availability of a large
number of targets and congestion;
2. The difference in income between hosts and
tourists encourage robbery; and
3. The proximity of resorts to an international
border may attract undesirable migrants,
resulting increased expenditures for law
enforcement and monetary losses for
businesses that become targets.
 Negative demonstrative
effects
Negative demonstrative effects consist of
tourist behavior which can be considered
socially and economically inappropriate.
There are three results of negative effects.
Negative Demonstrative effects

One of the major results is polarization of

the hosts from the tourists, which happens in
a number of ways. First, tourists often
demand commodities and facilities beyond
economic capacity of local residents. Rich
tourists frequently eat in fine restaurants and
live in luxurious hotels in areas characterized
by hunger, unemployment, and limited
economic opportunity. This disparity has led,
in some cases, to militant revolutionary action
by the local residents.
Negative Demonstrative effects

Second, the social norms of the tourist

that are very different from the local
customs give rise to social problems. Also
the values and materialism of young travelers
are copied by the young local people.
Examples are nude bathing, inappropriate
manner of dressing, and irresponsible
behavior.
Negative Demonstrative effects

A third factor which initiates polarization is

the importation of foreign workers from
more developed countries. These workers
who are more skilled than the local people
generally get better-paying jobs and are
usually supervisors of the less-skilled local
people. These foreign workers also compete
more favorably for goods and services than the
locals. Thus, the locals begin to resent the
foreigners.
Negative Demonstrative effects

There are change sin the consumption

patterns in some tourist areas. In some places,
the importation of foreign foods has little
impact on their life, while others, a
considerable changed has occurred. The
people almost abandon their local foods in
favor of imported food such as fast food from
Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, Burger
King, Wendy’s, and the like.
Impact control
measures
 A number of control measures can be adapted
to decrease the negative change is an area. Some
of these are;

1. Reducing the contact between hosts and

guests by limiting the carrying capacity of
the destination and by regulating the tourist
flow;
2. Separating the hosts and the tourists within
tourist enclaves;
3. Designing community education and citizen
involvement programs centered on tourism
and hospitality development , policy, and
regulatory issues; and
 A number of control measures can be adapted
to decrease the negative change is an area. Some
of these are;

4. Expanding human resources development and

training programs in all components of the
tourism and hospitality system to include
social skills (interpersonal relations and
networking referral tactics).
Impact control
measures
 The following control measure may be adapted
to reduce the negative impact of tourism and
hospitality on culture:
1. Develop programs which enhance tourism and
hospitality’s contribution to intercultural
communication and interaction such as
matching tourist types with destination
characteristics and designing programs for the
interaction of local residents guests promoting
goodwill “ambassadors” tourist education;
2. Incorporate local indigenous features within
western-style structures such as decorating
hotel interiors with local paintings, murals, and
sculpture, and encouraging porters, maids, and
waiters to dress in native costumes.
Environmental impact
of tourism
and hospitality
Environmental impact of tourism and hospitality

The history of tourism and hospitality

closely shows that the environment has
contributed to the birth of progress of tourism
and hospitality. The term “environment’
connotes both human and physical
characteristics. Speakers and writers often
refer to it as human environment, physical
environment, or a combination of both. A term
that describes the human and physical
characteristics of an area is pre-existing
forms.
 Conservation
Conservation and preservation of the
environment not only benefit the local area
but they also determine the future of
tourism and hospitality. First, local residents
benefit from preservation. Second, tourism
and hospitality, for as long as it draws
tourist, will continue to be a socio-economic
and cultural asset. The aim of the National
park Service, with the inclusion of
conservation, is much broader now than it
was in the past. The national parks in East
Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania were founded
to protect wildlife.
Conservation

In some places, bird sanctuary is one of the

major attractions for tourists who want to
seek a change from their sun, sea, and sand
experiences. Natural trails and bird watching
areas have been established to help the
visitors enjoy the area and to maintain the
equality of the environment.
Gunn (cited by Valene, 1995) gave the following
factors which led to the conservation movement.
1. There was a social concern to which the park
movement owes its beginnings. The growth
industry ad commerce and their associated
ills stimulated a demand for the parks and
open space. The provision for public lands
was seen as an antidote to the immoral
values of urban society and as an escape from
the routine work and urban living;
2. There was an emphasis on the efficiency of
resources being used, particularly on
nonrenewable resources. Early expectation
stresses maximum utilization but with a
minimum of environmental degradation;
Gunn (cited by Valene, 1995) gave the following
factors which led to the conservation movement.

3. Conservation also incorporated aesthetic

enhancement. This is particularly significant
as one major tourist activity is sightseeing
which depends heavily on the qualities of the
natural environment;
4. Protecting the natural environment from
irresponsible human manipulation.
 Mathieson and Wall (cited by Lanberg, 1995)
identified four ways in which tourism and
hospitality has been important to conservation.
These are:
1. Stimulating the rehabilitation of existing historic
sites, buildings, and monument;
2. Stimulating the transformation of old buildings
and locations into new tourist facilities;
3. Creating the impetus for the conservation of
natural resources;
4. Bringing about the induction of administrative
and planning controls necessary to maintain the
quality of environment to ensure satisfying and
rewarding experience for the tourist
Development of attractions
Several countries around the world are
identifying areas which have the potential
to attract tourists. In Carribean island of St.
Croix, The US National Park Service has
established and developed an underwater
national park. This unique site attracts
snokelers and those interested in corals. It
helps preserve the area and creates an
awareness of the character of the coral
reefs and the sea floor.
High mountains areas have been
developed. A very good example is Jungfran
in Switzerland which boasts of having the
highest railway in Europe.
1. Historical Preservation
Many Historical sites in both urban and rural areas
have been preserved to attract tourists. Examples are
Intramuros or Walled City in the Philippines,
Jamestown and Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia,
USA., Mont. St. Michel in France, and the Plymouth
Plantation in Massachusetts, USA. This restoration
and rejuvenation process is occurring throughout the
world and serves as major characteristics of an area
intended to impress tourists.
2. Resident Benefits
Tourism and hospitality benefits the local
residents in a number of ways. The first benefit is the
results of conversation and preservation can be
enjoyed by the local community as well as by the
tourist. The creation of national parks and
monuments provides quick access to a variety of
nature’s wonder outdoor activities to both local
residents and visitors.
Another benefit from tourism and hospitality
development can be seen in coastal areas. The
development of coastal resorts allows free access to
tourist and local residents.
 Negative
Environmental impact
of tourism
and hospitality
Negative Environmental impact of tourism and hospitality

Exceeding the carrying capacity and

saturation levels of an area will negatively
affect the area. The term “carrying capacity”
is the degree of development a certain area
can take without having detrimental effects in
environment. If the tourist development
becomes saturated, the very attractions which
draw visitors to a place may be destroyed,
causing the decline in quality and popularity
of a certain tourist destination.
 Geographical Conflicts
Tourism and hospitality affects geological
formations. Some tourists collect minerals,
rocks, fossils, and corals from tourist
attractions; other destroy nature formation
by vandalizing.
 Resident conflicts
A number of conflicts frequently occur
between residents and tourist of tourists or
tourism developers. In cities, hotels are
built at expense of residential
accommodations. The increasing value of
land and often forces residents to move
away from the area. Hotel development also
bring traffic congestion and air pollution. In
fishing and hunting areas, the increasing
demand creates problems for local
fishermen and hunters who now compete
with tourists as well as with each other.
Resident conflicts

Conflict between tourist and the local

residents may also arise because of damage to
the area brought about littering, vandalism,
and traffic congestion complaints of farmers,
together with increasing value of lands,
competition for labor and land erosion.
Impact control
measures
 Two measures which will reduce the negative
impact of tourism and hospitality have been
identified, thus, creating a quality environment
for both residents and tourist. First, the general
protective measures and second, regulation and
control of tourist development. The protective
Measures are designed to safeguard the various
aspects of environment- endangered animals and
plant, beaches, and forests through the creation
of national parks and wilderness areas.
 The man made environment is included in the
conservation and restoration of historical and
archaeological monuments, valuable buildings, and
neighborhoods. These measures have two objectives
– to protect the environment and to maintain its
attractiveness as a tourist destination.
Regulation and control refers to zoning and land
use, and planning specifications on the facilities
being built as to height, appearance, open space,
and overall design, among other things. These
rapidly done in some countries like Switzerland
where builders must follow certain architectural
style before permission is given for development.
These are done to prevent unattractive tourist
development.