Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2018
Production capacities,
processing routes, feedstock,
land and water use
1 Introduction and b
ackground 3
1
ndres, Hans-Josef; Siebert-Raths, Andrea: Engineering Biopolymers. Markets, Manufacturing,
E
Properties and Applications. München 2011
Please note that the yields in this context refer to the crop itself,
which contains the raw material for processing, and not to the
harvested whole plant.
For calculating water use data, information on water use for different
raw materials originally collected by the ‘Water Footprint Network’ has
been used. It is based on FAOSTAT crop definitions (Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of UN) which are also used for land use calculations.
This means, water use is only available from “seed to market place”.
Only water, such as rainwater, irrigation and to somewhat extent pro-
cess water to clean agricultural products, e.g., used/needed to grow the
whole plant is included here. On the other side the water use for the
processing like polymerization is neglected. This is part of an ongoing
research, but this first simplified approach gives a good indication and
delivers first data to the issue of water use of bioplastics.
* Global mean yield over the last 10 years, weighted by respective production amount (based on FAOSTAT 2005 - 2014).
Glossary
Abbreviations used:
atro = bone dry
bb = bio-based
BDO = Butanediol
DMDA = Decamethylene diamine
fermt. = fermentable
ha = hectare = 0,01 km2
HMDA = Hexamethylene diamine
m3 = cubic metres = 1 000 litres
MEG = Monoethylene glycol
PDO = Propanediol
PMDA = Pentamethylene diamine
PTA = Purified terephthalic acid
SCA = Succinic acid
t = metric ton = 1 000 kg
TMDA = Tetramethylene diamine
red coloured resources have a petro-based origin
Sugar
raw material
0.86 t (chemical) process
H2O CO2
process inputs Fermentation
Microorg.
H2O
Filtration
Microbial
mass
Succinic
intermediate product
acid*
0.69 t
process outputs
1,4-BDO H2O
Esterification
0.52 t 0.10 t
resource has
petro-based origin H2O
Polycondensation
0.10 t
PBS
bb SCA resulting polymer
1.00 t
Potato
0.16 ha 0.18 ha 0.37 ha 1.04 ha
9.26 t
2 370 m³ 1 215 m³ 2 921 m³ 6 468 m³
Sugar Starch
1.47 t 1.67 t
Lactic Glucose*
acid*
1.25 t 1.47 t
Lactide Lactic
acid*
1.00 t 1.25 t
Catalyst H2O
Polymerization Dehydration
PLA Lactide
1.00 t 1.00 t
Catalyst
** Conversion rates:
Conversion rates: Polymerization
fermt. Sugar – Lactic acid 85 %
fermt. Sugar – Lactic acid 85 %
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Starch – Glucose 90 %
PLA
1.00 t
t feedstock /t biopolymer
(different feedstocks)
8
12
11.31
PLA PLA – Feedstock requirements in t
– Feedstock
(different feedstocks)requirements in t (different feedstocks) 6
10
9.19 9.26
/t biopolymer
12
4 11.31 3.54
8
2.39
10
2 9.19 9.26
biopolymer
6
t feedstock t/tfeedstock
8
0
4 Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
3.54
6
cane beet 2.39
2
4 3.54
0
Sugar Sugar Corn
2.39 Potato Wheat
PLA
2
–cane beet
Land use in ha
(different feedstocks)
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
PLA – Land use in ha 1.04
1.0
(different feedstocks)
PLA – Land use in ha (different feedstocks) 0.8
PLA – Land use in ha
ha/t biopolymer
(different feedstocks)
0.6
1.04
1.0
0.44
0.4 0.37
0.8
1.04
ha/t biopolymer
1.0 0.18
0.2 0.16
0.6
0.8 0.44
0
0.4 Sugar Sugar 0.37
Corn Potato Wheat
ha/t biopolymer
0.6
cane beet
0.2 0.16 0.18
0.44
0.4 0.37
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0.18
PLA –cane
0.2 beetin m3
Water use
0.16
(different feedstocks)
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
PLA – Water
cane use
beet in m (different feedstocks)
3
4 000
6 000
3 000 2 921
5 000 2 659 6 468
2 370
6 000
2 000
m3/t biopolymer
4 000
1 215
5 000
1 000 2 921
3 000
2 659
2 370
m3/t biopolymer
4 000
0
2 000 Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
3 000
cane beet
1 215 2 921
2 659
1 000 2 370
2 000
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 9
0
Sugar Sugar
1 215 Corn Potato Wheat
2.1.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
0.81 ha
5 168 m³
Potato
0.30 ha 0.31 ha 0.69 ha 1.88 ha
18.00 t
4 610 m³ 2 364 m³ 5 655 m³ 12 867 m³
Sugar Starch
2.86 t 3.24 t
Isolation of
biopolymers H2O Glucose*
Microbial
mass 2.86 t
Compounding
and granulation
H2O CO2
Fermentation
Microorg.
PHB* Isolation of
biopolymers H2O
1.00 t Microbial
mass
Compounding
and granulation
PHB*
1.00 t
** Conversion rates:
Conversion rates:
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Starch – Glucose
fermt. Sugar – PHB 3590
%%
fermt. Sugar – PHB 35 %
(different feedstocks)
25
/t biopolymer
25 22.00
/t biopolymer
30 22.00
20
17.87 18.00
20
17.87 18.00
25
biopolymer
15
22.00
t feedstock
15
t feedstock
20
10 17.87 18.00
10 7.04
/t
15 4.63 7.04
5
t feedstock
5
4.63
10
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato 7.04
Wheat
0
5 Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn
4.63 Potato Wheat
cane beet
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
PHB – Land use in ha
PHB – Land
(different use in ha
feedstocks)
(different feedstocks)
PHB – Land use in ha (different feedstocks) 2.4
PHB – Land use in ha
2.4
(different feedstocks)
2.0 1.88
2.0 1.88
2.4
biopolymer
1.6
biopolymer
1.6
2.0 1.88
1.2
1.2
ha/t biopolymer
ha/t
1.6 0.81
0.8 0.69
ha/t
0.81
0.8 0.69
1.2
0.4 0.30 0.31
0.4 0.30 0.31 0.81
0.8 0.69
0
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0.4 Sugar
cane
0.30 Sugar
beet
0.31 Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
PHB–cane beetin m3
Water use
PHB – Water
PHB– Water
(different use
use ininm3m3 (different
feedstocks) feedstocks)
(different feedstocks)
12 000
10 000
12 867
10 000
12 000
/t biopolymer
8 000
m3biopolymer
8 000
10 000
6 000 5 655
5 168
6 000 4 610 5 655
5 168
m3/t biopolymer
8 000
4 000 4 610
m3/t
4 000
2 364 5 655
6 000
2 000 2 364 5 168
4 610
2 000
4 000
0
0 Sugar Sugar
2 364 Corn Potato Wheat
2 000 Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 11
cane beet
2.1.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
with bio-based succinic acid (PBS bb SCA)
0.24 ha
1 548 m³
Potato
0.09 ha 0.09 ha 0.21 ha 0.56 ha
5.43 t
1 387 m³ 711 m³ 1 693 m³ 3 853 m³
Sugar Starch
0.86 t 0.97 t
H2O
Filtration
Microbial Glucose*
mass
0.86 t
Succinic
acid*
H2O CO2
0.69 t Fermentation
Microorg.
H2O
Polycondensation
0.10 t
** Conversion
Conversion rates:
rates: PBS
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Starch – Glucose 90 % bb SCA
fermt. Sugar – Succinic acid 80 %
fermt. Sugar – Succinic acid 80 %
1.00 t
0.49 ha
3 111 m³
Potato
0.18 ha 0.19 ha 0.42 ha 1.13 ha
10.83 t
2 757 m³ 1 414 m³ 3 404 m³ 7 746 m³
Sugar Starch
1.71 t 1.95 t
H2O
Filtration
Microbial Glucose*
mass
1.71 t
0.685 t Succinic
acid*
LiAlH4 H2O CO2
Deoxidation 1.37 t Fermentation
H2O Microorg.
H2O
Filtration
1,4-Bu- 0.685 t Microbial
mass
tanediol
0.52 t
0.685 t Succinic
H2O
Esterification acid*
0.10 t LiAlH4
Deoxidation 1.37 t
H2O H2O
Polycondensation
0.10 t
1,4-Bu- 0.685 t
PBS tanediol
100 0.52 t
H2O
1.00 t Esterification
0.10 t
H2O
Polycondensation
0.10 t
* Conversion rates:
* Conversion rates:
Starch – Glucose 90 %
PBS
fermt. Sugar – Starch
Succinic–acid
Glucose
80 % 90 % 100
fermt. Sugar – Succinic acid 80 % 1.00 t
PBS variations
PBS variations – Feedstock
– Feedstock requirements
requirements in t
PBS variations – Feedstock requirements in t
in t (different feedstocks)
PBS 100 14
13.15
(different feedstocks)
(different feedstocks)
12
14
10.69 PBS 100 10.83
14 13.15 PBS 100
10 13.15
/t biopolymer
12
PBS bb SCA
12
8 10.69 10.83
10.69 10.83
10 6.62
biopolymer
10
6 5.37 PBS bb SCA 5.43
biopolymer
PBS bb SCA
feedstock
8 4.24
8
4 6.62
6.62 2.79
/tt/t
6 5.37 5.43
6
2.11
t feedstock
2 5.37 5.43
1.39
t feedstock
4.24
4 4.24
4
0 2.79
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
2.11 Sugar Sugar Corn
2.79 Potato Wheat
2 cane beet 1.39 2.11 cane beet
2 1.39
0
PBS
0 Sugar Sugar – Corn
variations Potato
Land use Wheat
in ha Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat
(different
cane feedstocks)
beet cane beet
0.8 1.13
PBS bb SCA
1.0
1.0 0.56
0.6
0.49
biopolymer
0.8 0.42
biopolymer
0.09 0.09
0.42
ha/t
0.4
0.4
0 0.24
Sugar Sugar Corn
0.21 Potato
0.24 Wheat Sugar Sugar
0.19
Corn Potato Wheat
0.21 0.18
0.2
0.2
cane beet cane
0.18 beet
0.19
0.09 0.09
0.09 0.09
0
0 Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat
cane
PHB– Waterbeet
use in m3 cane beet
(different feedstocks)
PBS variations
PHB– Water use–inWater
m
PHB– Water use in m use in m3 (different feedstocks) 12 000 3
3
(different feedstocks)
10 000
(different feedstocks)
12 000 PBS 100
12 000
m3/t biopolymer
8 000 7 746
10 000
10 000
6 000
PBS bb SCA PBS 100
PBS 100
biopolymer
8 000 7 746
biopolymer
711 3 853
4 000 3 404
3 853 3 111
4 000 3 404
0 2 757 3 111
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar
2 757 Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
1 693 1 548
2 000 cane
1 387 beet 1 693 cane 1beet
414
2 000 1 387 1 548 1 414
711
711
14 – Biopolymers,
0
facts and statistics 2018
0 Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat
2.1.4 Polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA)
with bio-based succinic acid (PBSA bb SCA)
0.14 ha
878 m³
Potato
0.05 ha 0.05 ha 0.12 ha 0.32 ha
3.06 t
790 m³ 405 m³ 960 m³ 2 185 m³
Sugar Starch
0.49 t 0.55 t
H2O
Filtration
Microbial Glucose*
mass
0.49 t
Succinic
acid*
H2O CO2
0.39 t Fermentation
Microorg.
H2O
Polycondensation
0.06 t
0.28 ha
1 771 m³
Potato
0.10 ha 0.11 ha 0.24 ha 0.64 ha
6.17 t
1 580 m³ 810 m³ 1 938 m³ 4 409 m³
Sugar Starch
0.98 t 1.11 t
H2O
Filtration
Microbial Glucose*
mass
0.89 t
0.39 t Succinic
acid*
H2O CO2
LiAlH4 0.78 t Fermentation
Deoxidation Microorg.
H2O
H2O
Filtration
1,4-Bu- 0.39 t Microbial
mass
tanediol
0.30 t Succinic
0.39 t
Esterification
H2O acid*
Adipic acid: 0.12 t LiAlH4 0.78 t
0.49 t Deoxidation
H2O
H2O
Polycondensation
0.06 t
1,4-Bu- 0.39 t
tanediol
PBSA bb 0.30 t
SCA/BDO
H2O
1.00 t Esterification
Adipic acid: 0.12 t
0.49 t
H2O
Polycondensation
0.06 t
* Conversion rates:
* Conversion
Starch – Glucose 90 % rates: PBSA bb
fermt. Sugar – Starch
Succinic–acid 80 % 90 %
Glucose SCA/BDO
fermt. Sugar – Succinic acid 80 % 1.00 t
t feedstock /t biopol
6
3.77
PBSA
4
variations
3.06 – Feedstock
3.06
requirements in t
PBSA variations – Feedstock requirements in t (different feedstocks)
PBSA bb SCA/BDO
(different feedstocks)
82 7.54 1.59
2.41
1.20
/t biopolymer
PBSA0.79
bb SCA
6.13 6.17
60
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn
PBSA bb Potato Wheat
SCA/BDO
8
cane beet cane
7.54
beet
4 3.77
biopolymer
3.06PBSA bb SCA3.06
t feedstock /tt feedstock
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet
PBSA bb SCA/BDO
0.8
0.4
PBSA variations – Land use in 0.32
ha PBSA bb0.24
SCA/BDO
0.28
(different
0.8
0.2 feedstocks) 0.14
0.12 0.10 0.11
0.05 0.05PBSA bb SCA 0.64
ha/t biopolymer
0.60
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn
PBSA bb Potato Wheat
SCA/BDO
0.8
cane beet cane beet
0.4
0.32
0.28 0.64
PBSA bb SCA 0.24
ha/t biopolymer
0.6
0.2 0.14
0.12 0.10 0.11
0.05 0.05
0.4
0 0.32
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn 0.28 Wheat
Potato
0.24
0.2
cane beet cane beet
0.14
0.12 0.10 0.11
0.05 0.05
PBSA variation – Water use in m3
0
(different
Sugar feedstocks)
Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet
PBSA variations – Water use in m 3
(different feedstocks)
4 000
m3/t biopolymer
PBSA bb SCA
3 000 960 878
1 000 790 810
405 2 185
1 938
2 000
0
1 771
1 580
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
1 000
cane
790
beet 960 878 cane beet
810
405
0
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 17
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet
2.1.5 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT)
with bio-based 1,3-propanediol (PTT bb PDO)
0.26 ha
1 659 m³
Potato
0.10 ha 0.10 ha 0.22 ha 0.60 ha
5.78 t
1 483 m³ 761 m³ 1 816 m³ 4 131 m³
Sugar Starch
0.92 t 1.04 t
H2O
Filtration
Stillage Glucose*
0.92 t
1,3-Pro-
panediol*
H2O CO2
0.37 t Fermentation
Microorg.
H2O
Polycondensation
0.09 t 1,3-Pro-
panediol*
0.37 t
PTT
bb PDO
PTA H2O
1.00 t Esterification
0.80 t 0.09 t
H2O
Polycondensation
0.09 t
** Conversion rates:
Conversion rates:
PTT
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Starch – Glucose
fermt. Sugar 90 % 40 %
– 1,3-Propanediol bb PDO
fermt. Sugar – 1,3-Propanediol 40 %
1.00 t
Potato
0.30 ha 0.31 ha 0.69 ha 1.89 ha
18.06 t
4 612 m³ 2 364 m³ 5 673 m³ 12 908 m³
fermt. Starch
Sugar*
2.86 t 3.25 t
H2O H2O
Hydrolysis
Enzymes Dextrins
Glucose*
2.86 t
or
0.92 t 1.94 t
H2O H2O
Filtration Filtration
Stillage Stillage
Iso-
butanol*
0.76 t
H2O: 0.18 t
Dehydration
Other: 0.04 t
Iso-
butene
0.54 t
Dimerization
Iso-
octene
0.54 t
Para-
Xylene1
0.51 t
1,3-Pro-
Bio-PTA
panediol*
0.37 t H2O 0.81 t
Esterification
0.09 t
H2O
Polycondensation
1
GEVO-Process 0.09 t
* Conversion rates:
* Conversion
Starch – Glucose 90 % rates:
fermt. Sugar Starch – Glucose 90 %
– 1,3-Propanediol 40 % PTT 100
fermt. Sugar – 1,3-Propanediol 40 %
Glucose – Isobutanol 39 %
Glucose – Isobutanol 39 %
1.00 t
t feedstock /t biopolymer
20
17.88 18.06
PTT variations – Feedstock requirements in t
PTT variations – Feedstock requirements in t (different feedstocks) (different feedstocks)
PTT variations – Feedstock requirements in t
15
PTT bb PDO
(different feedstocks) PTT 100
10
25
7.08 7.07
/t biopolymer 5.75 5.78
22.00 PTT 100
25 4.64
5
20
2.26 22.00 17.88 18.06
1.49
/t biopolymer
20
0
15 17.88 18.06
Sugar SugarPTTCorn Potato Wheat
bb PDO Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
15
cane beet cane beet
t feedstock
10 PTT bb PDO
7.08 7.07
t feedstock
10 5.75 5.78
5 4.64
7.08 7.07
5.75 5.78 2.26
1.49
4.64
PTT
5
0
variations – Land use in ha
2.26
(different
Sugar feedstocks)
Sugar Corn
1.49 Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0 cane beet cane beet
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet PTT 100
2.0 1.89
PTT variations
PTT variations– Land
– Land use
use in ha in ha (different feedstocks) 1.6
(different feedstocks)
PTT variationsPTT bb PDO
– Land use in ha
ha/t biopolymer
(different feedstocks)
1.2
PTT 100
0.81
0.8 0.69
2.0 0.60 PTT 100 1.89
2.0 1.89
0.4 0.30 0.31
1.6
0.22 0.26
0.10 PTT bb PDO
ha/t biopolymer
0.10
1.6
0
1.2
Sugar SugarPTTCorn
bb PDO
Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
ha/t biopolymer
1.2
cane beet cane beet 0.81
0.8 0.69
0.60
0.81
0.8 0.69
0.4 0.60 0.30 0.31
0.22 0.26
0.10 0.10
0.4 0.30 0.31
0.22 0.26
0
Sugar
0.10 Sugar
0.10 Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0 cane beet cane beet
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet
PTT PTT
variations – Water
variations – Water use in muse in m (different feedstocks)
3 3
(different feedstocks)
PTT 100
12 908
12 000
2 364
10 000 1 816 1 659
/t biopolymer
2
8 000
000 1 483
761
biopolymer
8 000
0
6 000 5 673
Sugar SugarPTTCorn Potato Wheat
bb PDO Sugar Sugar Corn Potato
5 185 Wheat
cane beet 4 612
cane beet
6 000 4 131 5 673
5 185
3
4 612
4 131
20 – Biopolymers,
4 000 facts and statistics
1 816
2018 2 364
2 000 1 483 1 659
761 2 364
1 816
2.1.6 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
with bio-based ethanol (Bio-PET 30)
0.21 ha
1 356 m³
Potato
0.08 ha 0.08 ha 0.18 ha 0.49 ha
4.72 t
1 193 m³ 612 m³ 1 484 m³ 3 376 m³
Sugar Starch
0.74 t 0.85 t
H2O
Filtration
Stillage Glucose*
0.75 t
Ethanol*
H2O CO2
0.36 t Fermentation
Yeast
H2O H2O
Dehydration Filtration
0.11 t Stillage
Ethene* Ethanol*
0.17 t 0.36 t
H2O
O2 Catalytic CO2: 0.03 t Dehydration
oxidation 0.11 t
0.10 t H2O: 0.01 t
Ethene*
Ethene-
oxide* 0.17 t
0.23 t
Ethene- Ethene-
carbonate oxide*
0.46 t
0.23 t
H2O CO2
Reaction O2
0.09 t 0.23 t Reaction
0.23 t
Ethene-
MEG1 carbonate
0.32 t 0.46 t
H2O
Polycondensation
0.09 t
MEG1
0.32 t
Bio-PET
30
PTA H2O
1.00 t Esterification
0.87 t 0.095 t
1
Omega-Process (Shell) H2O
1
Omega-Process (Shell) Polycondensation
0.09 t
** Conversion
Conversionrates:rates:
Starch
Starch – Glucose
– Glucose 90 % 90 %
Glucose – Ethanol 48 % 48 % Bio-PET
Glucose – Ethanol
Ethanol – Ethene 48 % 48 % 30
Ethanol – Ethene
Ethene – Etheneoxide 85 % 1.00 t
Ethene – Etheneoxide 85 %
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 21
2.1.6 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
100 % bio-based (Bio-PET 100) 0.80 ha
5 122 m³
Potato
0.30 ha 0.31 ha 0.68 ha 1.86 ha
17.83 t
4 547 m³ 2 331 m³ 5 604 m³ 12 751 m³
fermt. Starch
Sugar*
2.82 t 3.21 t
H2O H2O
Hydrolysis
Enzymes Dextrins
Glucose*
2.82 t
or
0.74 t 2.08 t
H2O H2O
Filtration Filtration
Stillage Stillage
Iso-
Ethanol*
butanol*
0.36 t 0.81 t
Ethene* Iso-
butene
0.17 t 0.58 t
Ethene- Iso-
oxide* octene
0.23 t 0.58 t
Ethene- Para-
carbonate 1 Omega-Process (Shell)
xylene2
0.46 t 0.55 t
1 Omega-Process (Shell)
1
Omega-Process (Shell) MEG1 PTA
12 GEVO-Process
Omega-Process (Shell)
0.32 t 0.87 t
2
GEVO-Process
* Conversion rates: H2O
* Conversion Polycondensation
Starch rates:
– Glucose 90 % 0.01 t
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Glucose – Ethanol 48 %
Glucose – Ethanol 48 %
Glucose – Isobutanol 39 %
Glucose – Isobutanol 39 %
Ethanol – Ethene Bio-PET
Ethanol – Ethene 48 % 48 % 100
Ethene
Ethene – Etheneoxide
– Etheneoxide 85 % 85 %
1.00 t
15
20 21.69
biopolymer
10
15
15 Bio-PET bb EtOH 6.98
5.69
Bio-PET bb EtOH
4.63 4.72
t feedstock
4.59
t /t
5
10
t feedstock
2.0
1.86
1.2
1.6
Bio-PET bb EtOH
biopolymer
1.6
Bio-PET bb EtOH 0.80
biopolymer
0.8
1.2 0.68
1.2 0.49
0.80
0.4
0.8 0.30 0.31 0.68
ha/t
0
0.4 0.49 0.30 0.31
Sugar Sugar Corn
0.18 Potato
0.21 Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0.4 0.30 0.31
cane
0.08 beet
0.08
0.18 0.21 cane beet
0 0.08 0.08
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0
cane Sugar
Sugar beet Corn Potato Wheat cane Sugar
Sugar beet Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet cane beet
Bio-PET variations – Water use in m3
Bio-PET variations – (different feedstocks) Water use in m3 (different feedstocks)
Bio-PET variations – Water use in m3
Bio-PET
(differentvariations – Water use in m3
feedstocks)
(different feedstocks) Bio-PET 100
12 751
8 000
10
10 000
/t biopolymer
6 000
8 5 604
Bio-PET bb EtOH 5 122
m3biopolymer
8 000 4 547
4 000
6 3 376 5 604
Bio-PET bb EtOH 5 122
6 000 4 547 2 331 5 604
Bio-PET bb EtOH 5 122
2 000
4 1 484 4 547
1 356 3 376
m3/t
1 193
4 000 612 3 376 2 331
0
2 000 1 484
Sugar
1 193 Sugar 1 356 Wheat
Corn Potato 2 331
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
2 000 612 1 484 1 356
cane
1 193 beet cane beet
0 612
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0
cane Sugar
Sugar beet Corn Potato Wheat cane Sugar
Sugar beetBiopolymers,
Corn Potatofacts and statistics 2018 – 23
Wheat
cane beet cane beet
2.2 Bio-based polyolefins
2.2.1 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
1.24 ha
7 899 m³
Potato
0.46 ha 0.47 ha 1.06 ha 2.88 ha
27.50 t
7 031m³ 3 605 m³ 8 642 m³ 19 663 m³
Sugar Starch
4.36 t 4.95 t
H2O
Rectification
Stillage Glucose*
4.36 t
Bio-
Ethanol*
H2O CO2
2.08 t Fermentation
Yeast
Ethene* Bio-
Ethanol*
1.00 t 2.08 t
Bio-PE Ethene*
1.00 t 1.00 t
Catalyst
** Conversion
Conversion rates:
rates: Polymerization
Starch – Glucose 90 %
Starch – Glucose 90 %
fermt. Sugar – Ethanol 48 %
fermt.
EthanolSugar – Ethanol
– Ethene 48 % 48 %
Ethanol – Ethene
(conventional 48 %
technology)
Bio-PE
(conventional technology)
1.00 t
t feedstock /t biopolymer
25
35 33.55
35 33.55
20
30
30 27.26 27.50
27.26 27.50
biopolymer
15
25
biopolymer
25
10.76
10
20
20 7.07
t feedstock /t /t
t feedstock 5
15
15
10.76
0
10 10.76
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
10 7.07
cane beet
7.07
5
5
Bio-PE
0
0
– LandSugar
Sugar use in ha
Corn Potato Wheat
Sugar
(different Sugar
cane feedstocks)
beet Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
3.0 2.88
Bio-PE – Land use in ha
Bio-PE –Bio-PE
Land use
– Land
(different usein ha (different feedstocks)
in ha
feedstocks)
(different feedstocks)
2.5
ha/t biopolymer
2.0
3.0 2.88
3.0 2.88
1.5
2.5
1.24
2.5
1.06
1.0
biopolymer
2.0
biopolymer
2.0
0.46 0.47
0.5
1.5
1.5 1.24
1.06 1.24
ha/t
0
1.06
ha/t
0
0 Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
Sugar
cane Sugar
beet Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
(different feedstocks)
10 000
19 663
8 642 19 663
7 899
8 000
7 031
m3/t biopolymer
6 000
10 000
10 000
8 642
4 000 3 605 8 642 7 899
8 000
7 031 7 899
8 000
biopolymer
7 031
biopolymer
2 000
6 000
6 000
0
4 000 Sugar 3 605
Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
/t3/t
4 000 3 605
cane beet
m3m
2 000
2 000
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 25
0
2.3 Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA)
2.3.1 Homopolyamides 0.91 ha
5 569 m³
2.3.1.1 Bio-PA 6
Potato
0.32 ha 0.33 ha 0.77 ha 2.14 ha
19.39 t
4 950 m³ 2 538 m³ 6 093 m³ 13 864 m³
Sugar Starch
3.07 t 3.49 t
Lysine* Glucose*
2.15 t 3.07 t
Capro- Lysine*
lactam*
1.00 t 2.15 t
Capro-
Bio-PA 6 lactam*
1.00 t
1.00 t
** Conversion rates:
Conversion rates: Catalyst Ring-opening
Starch – Glucose 90 % polymerization
Starch – Glucose 90 %
fermt. Sugar – Lysine 70 %
fermt.
Lysine Sugar – Lysine
– Caprolactam 70 %
47 %
Lysine – Caprolactam 47 %
Bio-PA 6
1.00 t
/t biopolymer
20 19.19 19.37
25 23.61
15
25 23.61
biopolymer
20 19.19 19.37
/t tbiopolymer
feedstock
10
20 19.19 19.37
7.64
15
4.99
5
15
t feedstock /t 10
7.64
t feedstock
0
10
Sugar Sugar Corn
4.99 Potato Wheat
7.64
5
cane beet 4.99
5
0
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane
Sugar beet
Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane beet
Bio-PA 6 – Land use in ha
(different feedstocks)
Bio-PABio-PA
6 – 6Land use
– Land use in ha (different feedstocks)
in ha
2.4
2.18
Bio-PA 6 –feedstocks)
(different Land use in ha
2.0
(different feedstocks)
2.4
2.18
ha/t biopolymer
1.6
2.4
2.18
2.0
1.2
2.0
biopolymer
1.6 0.92
0.77
biopolymer
0.8
1.6
1.2
0.4
1.2 0.34 0.37
0.92
ha/t
0
0.8 0.77
Sugar Sugar
0.37
Corn Potato Wheat
0.4 0.34
cane beet
0.4 0.34 0.37
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
0
cane
Sugar beet
Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane
Bio-PA beet use in m3
6 – Water
(different feedstocks)
Bio-PA 6 – Water use in m3 (different feedstocks)
Bio-PA 6 – Water use in m3
Bio-PA 6 –feedstocks)
(different Water use in m3 13 959
(different feedstocks)
12 000
13 959
13 959
10 000
12 000
m3/t biopolymer
8 000
12
10 000
6 098
6 000
10 5 563
4 948
/t biopolymer
8 000
m3biopolymer
4
8 000
6 098
6 000 2 538 5 563
4 948 6 098
2
6 000 5 563
4 948
4 000
m3/t
0
4 000 2 538
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
2 000 2 538
cane beet
2 000
0
0
Sugar Sugar Corn Potato Wheat
cane
Sugar beet
Sugar Corn Potato Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 27
Wheat
cane beet
2.3.1 Homopolyamides
2.3.1.2 Bio-PA 11
4.63 ha
58 891 m³
Castor
bean
(seeds)
5.95 t
Castor
oil1
2.38 t
Hydrolysis
Ricinoleic
acid
2.02 t
Heptanal
Pyrolysis
0.62 t
Undecane
acid*
1.01 t
Ammonia Catalytic H2
0.09 t conversion 0.01 t
Amino-
undecane
acid
1.09 t
H2O
Condensation
0.09 t
Castor
Castor Castor
Castor Castor
Castor
bean1 bean1 bean1
oil
(seeds) oil
(seeds) oil
(seeds)
3.03
3.9 ha
1.56
t t 2.86 ha
1.47
3.68 tt 2.74 ha
1.41
3.53 tt
38 596 m³ 36 366 m³ 34 884 m³
Castor
Hydrolysis
Castor Castor
Hydrolysis
Castor Castor
Hydrolysis
Castor
bean1 bean1 bean1
oil
(seeds) oil
(seeds) oil
(seeds)
3.9 t t
1.56 3.68
1.47t t 3.53
1.41t t
Ricinoleic Ricinoleic Ricinoleic
acid acid acid
Hydrolysis
1.33 t Hydrolysis
1.25 t Hydrolysis
1.20 t
Castor Castor Castor
oil1 2-Octanol:
oil1 2-Octanol:
oil1 2-Octanol:
NaOH 1.56 t
Alkaline 0.51 t NaOH 1.47 t
Alkaline 0.48 t NaOH 1.41 t
Alkaline 0.46 t
Ricinoleic
cracking
Ricinoleic
cracking
Ricinoleic
cracking
0.32 t Sodium: 0.30 t Sodium: 0.28 t Sodium:
acid 0.18 t acid 0.17 t acid 0.16 t
Hydrolysis
1.33 t Hydrolysis
1.25 t Hydrolysis
1.20 t
1
one harvest per year
1
one harvest per year
* Conversion rates:
* Conversion
Ricinoleic rates:
acid – Sebacic acid 60 %
Ricinoleic acid – Sebacic acid 60 %
1
one harvest per year
* Conversion rates:
Ricinoleic acid – Sebacic acid 60 %
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 29
1
one harvest per year
2.3.2 Copolyamides
2.3.2.2 Bio-PA 10.10
4.57 ha
58 143 m³
Castor
bean
(seeds)
5.88 t
Castor
oil1
2.35 t
Hydrolysis
Ricinoleic
acid
2.00 t
2-Octanol:
NaOH Alkaline 0.77 t
0.48 t cracking Sodium:
0.27 t
0.60 t Sebacic
acid*
NH3 Nitrile 1.20 t
0.10 t synthesis
H2O Deca-
0.21 t dinitrile
0.60 t
H+/Ni
Deoxidation
0.02 t
DMDA
0.51 t
H2O
Condensation
0.11 t
/t biopolymer
4.0
6.0
3.90 5.88 5.95
5.0 3.68
3.53
/t biopolymer
3.0
5.0 3.90
4.0
3.68
3.53
/t biopolymer
t feedstock
2.0
4.0 3.90
3.0 3.68
t feedstock 3.53
1.0
3.0
2.0
t feedstock
0
2.0
1.0 Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
1.0
0
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
0
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10
Bio-PA – Land5.10 6.10
use in ha 10.10 11
(feedstock castor oil)
Bio-PABio-PA
variations – Land use in ha (feedstock castor bean)
– Land use in ha
(feedstock castor oil)
6.0
4.0
6.0
5.0
4.57 4.63
3.03
3.0 2.86 2.74
ha/t biopolymer
5.0
4.0 4.57 4.63
3.03
ha/t biopolymer
2.0
4.0 2.86
3.0 2.74
3.03
1.0
3.0 2.86 2.74
2.0
0
2.0
1.0 Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
1.0
0
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
0
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
Bio-PABio-PA
variations
– Water use–inWater
m use in m3 (feedstock castor bean) 3
(different feedstocks)
Bio-PA – Water use in m3
60 000 58 143 58 891
(different feedstocks)
Bio-PA – Water use in m3
50 000
(different feedstocks)
60 000 58 143 58 891
m3/t biopolymer
40 000
60 38 596 58 143 58 891
50 000 36 366
34 884
30 000
50
m3/t biopolymer
40 000 38 596
36 366
34 884
m3/t biopolymer
20
40 000 38 596
30 000 36 366
34 884
10 000
30
20 000
0
20 000
10 000 Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
10 000
0
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
0
Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA Bio-PA
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 31
Bio-PA
4.10 5.10 6.10 10.10 11
2.4 Polyurethanes
0.37 ha 0.43 ha
4 701 m³ 5 443 m³
Castor Castor
bean bean
(seeds) (seeds)
0.370.48
ha t 0.430.55
ha t
4 701 m³ 5 443 m³
Castor
Castor Castor
Castor
bean 1 bean 1
oil
(seeds) oil
(seeds)
0.19
0.48 t t 0.22
0.55 t t
Natural Natural
MeOH, CO oil polyols
Transesterification, MeOH MeOH, CO oil polyols
Transesterification, MeOH
H2, Catalyst epoxidation
0.50 t Glycerine H2, Catalyst epoxidation
0.60 t Glycerine
Isocyanates Isocyanates
Polyaddition Polyaddition
0.50 t Natural 0.40 t Natural
oil polyols oil polyols
0.50 t 0.60 t
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
Rigid foam Flexible foam
Isocyanates Isocyanates
Polyaddition
1.00 t Polyaddition
1.00 t
0.50 t 0.40 t
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
Rigid foam Flexible foam
1.00 t 1.00 t
1
one harvest per year
1
one harvest per year
/t biopolymer
0.5 0.48
0.4
0.5 0.48
/t biopolymer
0.4
0.3
/t biopolymer
0.4
t feedstock
0.3
0.2
0.3
t feedstock
0.2
0.15
t feedstock
0.2
0.15
0
0.15 Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam flexible foam
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam
Bio-PUR flexible foam
Bio-PUR
rigid foam flexible foam
0.4 0.43
0.37
0.3
0.4
0.37
biopolymer
biopolymer
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
ha/tha/t
0.1
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam flexible foam
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam
Bio-PUR flexible foam
Bio-PUR
rigid foam flexible foam
6 000
5 443
4 701
6 000
m3/t biopolymer
4 500 5 443
6 000
4 701 5 443
/t biopolymer
4 500
3 000 4 701
m3biopolymer
4 500
3 000
1 500
3 000
1 500
m3/t
0
1 500 Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam flexible foam
Bio-PUR Bio-PUR
0
rigid foam
Bio-PUR flexible foam
Bio-PUR
rigid foam flexible foam
Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018 – 33
2.5 Polysaccharide polymers
2.5.1 Cellulose-based polymers (Cellulosics)
2.5.1.1 Regenerated cellulose
1.52 ha
Wood
2.50 t
Pulping process
Cellulose
1.00 t
NaOH Solving,
2.38 t bulging
Alkali-
cellulose
3.38 t
CS2
Sulfidation
0.14 t
Cellulose-
xanthate
3.52 t
Regene-
rated
cellulose
1.00 t
0.82 ha 0.82 ha
Wood Wood
1.33 t 1.33 t
0.82 ha 0.82 ha
Cellulose Cellulose
Wood Wood
0.53 t 0.53 t
1.33 t Acetic 1.33 t
Acetic acid H2O anhydride Acetic acid
Esterification Esterification
0.38 t 0.11 t 0.64 t 0.37 t
Pulping process Pulping process
biopolymer
biopolymer
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5 1.33
1.33
/t/t
t feedstock
1.0
t feedstock
1.0
0.5
0.5
0
0 Cellulose Regenerated
Cellulose
diacetate Regenerated
cellulose
diacetate cellulose
2.0
2.0
1.6 1.52
1.6 1.52
biopolymer
biopolymer
1.2
1.2
0.82
0.8 0.82
ha/t
0.8
ha/t
0.4
0.4
0
0 Cellulose Regenerated
Cellulose
diacetate Regenerated
cellulose
diacetate cellulose
0.19 ha
1 197 m³
Potato
0.16 ha 0.44 ha
4.17 t
1 309 m³ 2 979 m³
Corn or
Wheat
1.07 t 1.63 t
Starch
0.75 t
Plasticizer Destruction
0.25 t (Extrusion)
TPS*
1.00 t
* Starch
* Starch content
content 7575
% %
Corn or
Wheat Corn or
Wheat Corn or
0.06 ha 0.09 ha 0.13 ha
0.32 t362 m³ 0.49 t 0.54 t606 m³ 0.83 t 0.77 t856 m³
Corn or
Wheat Corn or
Wheat Corn or
Wheat
0.06 ha 0.09 ha 0.13 ha
Plasticizer Destruction Plasticizer Destruction Plasticizer Destruction
0.32 t 362 m³ 0.07 t (Extrusion)
0.49 t 0.54 t 606 m³ 0.12 t (Extrusion)
0.83 t 0.77 t 856 m³ 0.16 t (Extrusion)
1.17 t
or
Polymers Wheat Corn or
Polymers Wheat Corn or
Polymers Wheat
Extrusion Extrusion Extrusion
Plasticizer Destruction
0.70 t Plasticizer Destruction
0.50 t Plasticizer Destruction
0.30 t
0.07 t (Extrusion)
0.49 t 0.54 t 0.12 t (Extrusion)
0.83 t 0.77 t 0.16 t (Extrusion)
1.17 t
Polymers Polymers
Extrusion Extrusion Extrusion
0.50 t 0.30 t
* Starch content 75 %
38 – Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018
** Ratio TPS/Polymer
Starch-based polymers – Feedstock requirements in t
(different feedstocks)
Starch-based polymers – Feedstock requirements in t
Starch-based
(different
Starch-based
TPS
polymers
feedstocks) – Feedstock
polymers – Feedstock
Starch requirements
requirements
Starchin t Starch
in t 5
(different feedstocks)
(different4.17
feedstocks) blend 30/70 blend 50/50 blend 70/30
/t biopolymer
4
5
TPS Starch Starch Starch
4.17 2.98
3
5 blend 30/70 blend 50/50 blend 70/30
/t biopolymer
2
4
1.63 2.98
3
1.26 1.17
1.07
0.83 2.98
1
3 2.11 0.77
t feedstock
2 0.49 0.54
1.63 0.32
2.11
t feedstock
1.26 1.17
0
2 1.07 1.63
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn
1 0.83 0.77 Potato Wheat
1.26 0.49 0.54 1.17
1.07 0.32
1 0.83 0.77
0 0.49 0.54
Corn Potato Wheat 0.32 Potato Wheat
Corn Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
0
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
Starch-based polymers – Land use in ha
(different feedstocks)
Starch-based polymers – Land use in ha
Starch-based
(different polymers
feedstocks)
TPS
Starch-based
– Land use
Starchuse in ha
polymers – Land
in ha (different
Starch Starch
feedstocks)
0.5 blend 30/70 blend 50/50 blend 70/30
(different feedstocks)
0.44
0.2
0.4 0.19 0.31
0.3 0.16
biopolymer
0.13 0.13
0.11 0.31
0.1
0.3 0.08 0.09 0.22
0.2 0.19 0.05 0.06
ha/t ha/t
0.16 0.22
0.19 0.13 0.13
0
0.2 0.11
0.1 Corn
0.16 Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn
0.08 Potato
0.09 Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
0.05 0.06 0.13 0.13
0.11
0.1 0.08 0.09
0 0.05 0.06
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
0
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
Starch-based
Starch-based polymers –use
polymers – Water Water
in m use in m3 (different feedstocks) 3
(different feedstocks)
Starch-based polymers – Water use in m3
TPS Starch Starch Starch
(different feedstocks)
Starch-based polymers
2 996 –blend
Water use in m3 blend 50/50
30/70 blend 70/30
3 000
(different feedstocks)
TPS Starch Starch Starch
2 500
3 000
2 996 blend 30/70 blend 50/50 blend 70/30
TPS Starch Starch Starch 2 132
2 996 blend 30/70 blend 50/50 blend 70/30
m3/t biopolymer
2 000
3
2 500
1 509 2 132
1 500
2
1 308
/t biopolymer
2 000 1 198
2 132
biopolymer
1 000
2 902 937
1 509 856
1 500
1 308 663 606
1 198 1 509
1 500 397 362
1 000 1 308 937
3
902
m3/t m
1 198 856
663 606
0
1 000 902 937
Corn Potato Wheat Corn 856 Wheat
500 362 Wheat
397 Potato Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato
663 606
500 397 362
0
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato
Biopolymers, Wheat
facts and statistics 2018 – 39
0
Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat Corn Potato Wheat
3 Market data and
land use facts
As already mentioned in the introduction, the focus of attenti-
on is on “New Economy” bioplastics, including their position
at the market. To give the reader an impression of the market
share of these innovative and novel bioplastics the following
pages contain a summary of IfBB's research.
12 000 000
Natural rubber
12 000 000
Natural rubber
56 000
Linoleum3
56 000
Linoleum3
672 000
New Economy bioplastics1
672 000
New Economy bioplastics1
2 900 000
Cellulose2
2 900 000
Cellulose2
10 978
Natural
10 978 000
Natural rubber
140
Lin
140 000
Linoleum 3
2
New Ec
2 273 000
New Economy bioplastics1
5 800
Cellulo
5 800 000
Cellulose2
1
PLA, PHA, PTT, PBAT, Starch blends, Drop-Ins (Bio-PE, Bio-PET, Bio-PA) and other
2
Material use excl. paper industry
3
Calculations include linseed oil only
3.1 New
8 000Economy bioplastics global production capacities
7 000
6 000
5 000
4 305
4 000
1 740
3 000
in 1 000 t
2 274
Forecast
2 028 2 048
2 000 1 697
737 757 881
663 2 565
1 000
1 393
1 034 1 291 1 291
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2022
Bio-based/non-biodegradable
Biodegradable
Total capacity
61.3% %
10.5 % 15.2 %
61.3 10.5
PLA % 15.2 %
Biodegradable
bio-based/non-biodegradable
bio-based/non-biodegradable 1.1 % PLA Biodegradable
polyesters4
8.3 %
1.1
Others%
polyesters4
8.3 %
Biodegradable
4.3 % Others
Biodegradable
starch blends
4.3
Bio-PA% starch blends
Bio-PA
3.3 %
38.7 %
38.7 % 8.8 % 3.3
PHA %
biodegradable 8.8
Bio-PE%
total PHA
1.2 %
biodegradable 2.27
total
Bio-PE
2.27
million 1.2 %
Regenerated
5.3 % tonnes
million Regenerated
cellulose2
5.3
PTT % tonnes
0.2 %
cellulose2
PTT
0.2 %
Cellulose
Cellulose 2
derivatives
derivatives2
41.8 %
41.8 %
Bio-PET 30 3
Bio-PET 303
1
Biodegradable cellulose esters
2
Compostable hydrated cellulose foils
3
Bio-based content amounts 30%
4
Contains PBAT, PBS, PCL
2022
12.0 %
12.0 % 5.2 %
59.5 %
Biodegradable
59.5 % Biodegradable
polyesters4
polyesters4
5.2 %
Biodegradable
bio-based/non-biodegradable Biodegradable
starch blends
bio-based/non-biodegradable starch blends
18.7 % 3.8 %
18.7
PLA % 3.8
PHA %
PLA PHA
40.5 % 0.7 %
40.5 % 1.1 % total 0.7 %
Regenerated
biodegradable 1.1
Others% 4.31total Regenerated
cellulose2
biodegradable Others
3.7 % 4.31
million
cellulose2
0.1 %
3.7
Bio-PP%
tonnes
million
tonnes 0.1 %
Cellulose
Bio-PP Cellulose 2
derivatives
2.5 % derivatives2
2.5Bio-PA%
Bio-PA
8.8 % 39.5 %
8.8
Bio-PE%
39.5 %
Bio-PET 30 3
Bio-PE
3.9 % Bio-PET 303
3.9
PTT %
PTT
1
Biodegradable cellulose esters
2
Compostable hydrated cellulose foils
3
Bio-based content amounts 30%
4
Contains PBAT, PBS, PCL
204 kt 2.27
11.6 %
million Europe
9 kt 9.0 % tons
South America
12.3 %
1519 North America
66.8 %
263 kt kt
Asia
279 kt 0.4 %
Australia/Oceania
in %
total
204 kt 2.27
million
9 kt tons
66.8 %
Asia
2022
20.4 %
Europe
4.8 %
South America
9.3 %
2 813 North America
878 kt kt
399 kt 0.2 %
in % Australia/Oceania
total
4.31
20.4 %
207 kt 4.8 % tons
million Europe
9 kt South America
9.3 %
2 813 65.3 %
North America
878 kt kt Asia
399 kt 0.2 %
in % Australia/Oceania
total
4.31
207 kt million
tons
9 kt
44 – Biopolymers, facts and statistics 2018
65.3 %
Asia
3.4 New Economy bioplastics production capacities by
market segment Packaging –
rigid
2017 (incl. food–
Packaging
serviceware)
rigid
1 200 1 150
(incl. food
serviceware)
1 200 1 150
non-biodegradable
PLA Bio-PET 30 2
biodegradable
1 000
bio-based/
non-biodegradable
Biodegradable Bio-PET 2
PLA Bio-PE 30
biodegradable
bio-based/
800 Biodegradable
Others1blends
Starch Bio-PE
Others3
t
800
1 000
Others1 Others3
600 Packaging –
000 t
flexible
600 446 –
Packaging
in 1in
Textiles flexible
400
Automotive Agriculture
(incl. non‐woven 446
Consumer and fibers)
Textiles
400 Electrical and and
Building transports horticulture goods 217
(incl. non‐woven
and Automotive Agriculture
200 electronic and 121 138
and 155
Consumer and fibers)
Electrical and
Others (incl.and
casing) construction
Building transports horticulture goods 217
200 18 21 121 138 155
8 electronic and
0 Others (incl. casing) construction
8 18 21
0
1
Contains regenerated cellulose and biodegradable cellulose ester
2
Bio-based content amounts to 30%
3
Contains durable starch blends, Bio-PC, Bio-TPE, Bio-PUR (except thermosets), Bio-PA, PTT
2022
3 000
Packaging –
rigid
3 000
non-biodegradable
(incl. food–
PLA Bio-PET 30 2
biodegradable
Packaging
2 500 serviceware)
rigid
bio-based/
non-biodegradable
2 000
1 000
Others1 Others3
1 500
000 t
1 500 Packaging –
in 1in
flexible
1 000 Textiles 831 –
Packaging
(incl. non‐woven flexible
1 000 Electrical Automotive Agriculture Consumer and fibers)
and and goods
Textiles 831
500
and Building
horticulture 422
(incl. non‐woven
Others electronic
Electrical and transports
Automotive Agriculture 315
Consumer and fibers)
68 (incl.and
casing) construction 180
and 207
and goods
500
Building
horticulture 422
Others 32
electronic 23
and transports 315
0
68 (incl. casing) construction 180 207
32 23
0 1
Contains regenerated cellulose and biodegradable cellulose ester
2
Bio-based content amounts to 30%
3
Contains durable starch blends, Bio-PC, Bio-TPE, Bio-PUR (except thermosets), Bio-PA, PTT
For final land use estimation only the most commonly used crop
was taken into consideration. Yield data from FAO statistics served
as a basis for calculation (global, weighted average over the past
10 years, 2005-2014). To approximate land use in this bottom-up
approach, the producer-specific production capacities of a type of
bioplastics were multiplied by the output data of the corresponding
process routes. In case a producer-specific feedstock type for was
not known, the most commonly used crop for this bioplastic type
was taken into calculation.
ultural area
lan
ic
gr
d ar
5
la
bil
ea
Globa
lion
ha = 36.5
13.4 billion
Bioplastics
%
Material use
00%
EDITION 5, 2018