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Abstract— Currently, the finite element method (FEM) is still one of the useful tools in numerical simulation for
technical problems. With this method, a continuum model presented by a certain number of elements with a
simple approximation field causes the presence of discretization error in solutions. This paper considers the butt
weld by laser which subjected the tension for AISI 1018 steel highness 8 mm. The aim of the study is to use the h-
refinement of the FEM in estimation the strain energy error for the laser weld mentioned. The results show that
the stability of the h-refinement shown by the value of the relative error of the strain energy is quite small,
specifically; FEM is less than 5.7% and extra is no more than 3.7%.
Keywords— Finite element method; error; laser weld; AISI 1018 steel; h-refinement; strain energy;
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, with the increasing use of finite element analysis programs, developing a reliable and fast process for
engineers is necessary. A mesh refinement finite element method (in short, called a refinement method) has been
the subject of the extensive investigation to obtain solutions with pre-specified accuracy with the minimum cost of
model preparation and computation. In a refinement procedure, a finite element mesh is sequentially upgraded in
such a way that the discretization error in the final solution is reduced and reaches the desired level. In h-
refinement, a mesh with a fixed type of low order element is repeatedly refined by reducing the element size h.
The h-refinement procedure can be directly incorporated into the existing finite element codes. For this reason,
the h-refinement method has been more widespread in commercial programs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2017); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco
(2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 | ISRAJIF (2017): 4.011 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 19, All Rights Reserved Page–586
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 09, Volume 6 (September 2019) www.ijirae.com
The study [1] presented local error evaluation for two 2D models (the Poisson problem in the plane and the plane
elasticity problem) using the adaptive h-type FEM based on interpolation estimates and the 'extraction formulas'
of Babu Ska and Miller. The results compared with those obtained by the ‘ad-hoc’ methods. However, these
formulas made more widespread for certain nonlinear cases, general elliptic boundary value problems. The
results of the document [2] showed the analysis of mathematical models in detail, highlighting the similarities and
differences between one-dimensional and two-dimensional problems through emphasizing the aspects of p and h-
p type of FEM. The ability to evaluate the reliability of any technical data is one of the basic comparison criteria. It
seems that with an appropriately designed grid, the adaptive p-version is suitable for the calculation of structural
mechanical problems in practice but in complex three-dimensional problems based on STRIPE, this study refers
([3], [4]). In [5], the results of h-anisotropic version mesh were compared to h-isotropic version mesh. The
solutions of the anisotropic method are approximate to one-dimensional behaviour in some areas, typically, the
boundary layer problem. By using the estimations of interpolation error for quadrilateral elements without the
hypothesis of the finiteness of the proportion of two sizes measured in two directions to assess the effectiveness
of this method. For more compound problems, this improvement is seen as the stimulation for a few heuristic
plans. However, the performance of this interpolation for curvilinear elements and various problems needs more
study. The research [6] presented the use of the local h-refinement with T-splines by proposing an adaptive
algorithm that creates locally refined meshes through combined with a set of posteriori error estimate to
overcome the disadvantage of iso geometric analysis based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). This has
resulted in a significant increase in the quality of being efficient. However, in the three-dimensional problem, it is
worrying that the finery of T-junctions is not as local as expected. Based on the aforementioned studies and the
effectiveness of h-version, this paper proposes using the h-refinement of the FEM to evaluate the energy norm
error for the butt weld for AISI 1018 steel by laser. At the same time, there have not been many studies applying h-
version in determining this error for welding in general and laser welding in particular.
II. THE ERROR ESTIMATION FOR THE H-REFINEMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The equilibrium equation (the strong form):
Lu f Lu f 0; u (1)
The principle of virtual work (weak form):
v ( Lu f )d 0; u, v (2)
The homogenous Dirichlet’s boundary condition:
u 0 on D (3)
Find the energy u V such that it satisfies equation (3):
B (u , v) L(v ) v V (4)
V v H 1 nsd : v 0 on
D
the infinite dimensional space
Where B(u, v ) (v ) : (u ) d the virtual work of internal stresses
L( v ) f d v.t d the virtual work of external forces
v.
N
1
The strain energy: U (u ) B (u, u ) (5)
2
The energy norm: u E ( ) B (u , u ) (6)
The error e and the energy norm error e E
in the finite-dimensional space:
e u uh (7)
e E
u uh E
(8)
where u is the exact energy and uh is the approximation element finite energy
The error of the energy norm can be theoretically estimated by equation (9):
k
eh E ( ) u uh E ( ) (9)
N
where k is a positive problem's dependent constants, N the number of degrees of freedom, and the asymptotic
rate of convergence. Using the Richardson extrapolation technique, the error can be written in term of energy:
__________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2017); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco
(2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 | ISRAJIF (2017): 4.011 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 19, All Rights Reserved Page–587
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 09, Volume 6 (September 2019) www.ijirae.com
2 k2
eh E () 2 U Uh E () (10)
N 2
where U 1 u is the exact strain energy and U 1 u
2 2
is the finite element strain energy.
h
2 Ω 2 h Ω
(1) The base material (2) The heat-affected zone (3) The zone of fusion
Fig. 1 The scheme of the laser weld with the tensile stress
1 2V
The exact strain energy U by given ([10], [11]): U (14)
2 E
Replacing the tensile strength of the laser weld after the test = 562 MPa [4], the volume V = L × H × t = 800 mm3,
and the modulus of elasticity E = 205 GPa into the equation (14), the value of the exact strain energy
U = 0.616281 kJ. The finite element analysis is performed in case of the plane strain.
Figure 2 presents the Matlab code program structure.
Fig. 5 The displacement field in the x-direction Fig. 6 The normal stress field in the x-direction
__________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2017); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco
(2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 | ISRAJIF (2017): 4.011 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 19, All Rights Reserved Page–589
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 09, Volume 6 (September 2019) www.ijirae.com
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper implemented an assessment of the strain energy error for the tensile laser weld by the h-refinement of
the FEM in two-dimensional mesh with the quadrilateral element. The base material of the butt weld is AISI 1018
steel highness 8mm. Corresponding to the mesh size, number of elements, and degrees of freedom, Table 1 has
shown the relative error results of the strain energy 4.917944624 FEM (%) 5.634525995 ,
2.197735303 extra (%) 3.682658519 and the effective index in the (0.446881 – 0.653588) range. This result is
reliable, satisfying: 1 ≤ (%) ≤ 10, ≤ 1.2 ([12])
REFERENCES
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7825(93)90231-L
__________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2017); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco
(2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 | ISRAJIF (2017): 4.011 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 19, All Rights Reserved Page–590
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 09, Volume 6 (September 2019) www.ijirae.com
6. Michael R. Dörfel, Bert Jüttler, Bernd Simeon, Adaptive isogeometric analysis by local h-refinement with T-
splines, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Volume 199, Issues 5–8, Pages 264-275,
ISSN 0045-7825, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2008.07.012
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Acevedo-Dávila, J., Effect of Laser Welding on the Mechanical Properties AISI 1018 Steel, MRS Advances, 2(64),
4031-4039, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.599
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__________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – Mendeley (Elsevier Indexed); Citefactor 1.9 (2017); SJIF: Innospace, Morocco
(2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 | ISRAJIF (2017): 4.011 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 19, All Rights Reserved Page–591