THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 Gonads- actual organ that produce gametes (mature haploid male or female germ
cell)
 Reproduction:
A. Methods:
1. Sexual
2. Asexual
B. Function:
1. Produce hormones
2. Produce sperm and egg cell
3. Transport and sustain these cell
4. Ensure survival of species
5. Nurture developing offspring

MALE REPRODUTIVE SYSTEM

 Located around the pelvic region

A. Parts
1. Testes- make testosterone, generate sperm
2. Epididymis- transport and store sperm, tube, bring sperm to maturity
3. Scrotum- sac of skin, contains the testes, climate control (cool down)
 4. Penis- external reproductive organ, for se
A. Parts
A. Root- attaches to the abdomen
B. Body/ shaft
C. Glans penis- end
5. Vas deferens- thin tube, travels from epididymis to pelvic cavity, transport
mature sperm to the urethra
6. Urethra- transport semen and urine
7. Bulbourethral glands- “Cowpers” glands, below prostate glands, produce clear
slippery fluid (lubricate urethra and neutralize any acidity present due to urine)
8. Prostate gland- in front of rectum, produce fluid (nourish sperm)
 Puberty- child to adult, physical changes
 Secondary male characteristics
- Facial hair, deepening of voice, a prominent Adam’s apple, broadening of
shoulders, body hair
 Hormones that affect male reproductive processes
1. GnRH- Hypothalamus; secrete gonadotropins
2. LH- pituitary; secrete testosterone
3. FSH- pituitary; secrete sperm
4. Testosterone- testes’ development of primary and secondary characteristics
5. Inhbin- testes’ production of FSH

SPERM CELL

 Greek sperma (seed)

 Male reproductive cell
 Haploid cell
 Parts
1. Head- contains nucleus, contains genetic material from the 23 chromosomes
2. Neck- contain mitochondria (supply the energy)
3. Tail- movement. 3 mm per min.
 Made in the testes
 72 days to produce a sperm cell
 Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes
 Nocturnal emission- “wet dream”
 Masturbation- sexual stimulation
 Ejaculation- ejecting of semen (Anejaculation- condition of unable to ejaculate)
 Orgasm- sexual climax
 Semen- seminal fluid, contains spermatozoa
 Circumcision- removal of some foreskin (prepuce) from the penis; Latin circum
(around) caedere (to cut)
 DISORDER
1. Testiscular trauma- mild injury
2. Varicocele- swollen vein in testicles
3. Testicular cancer- divide abnormally and form tumor
4. Epididymitis- inflammation of epididymis
5. Phimosis- tightness of foreskin
6. Hydrocele- fluid collection in the membrane of the testes
7. Micropenis- penis is below average size

FEMALE REPRODUCTIIVE SYSTEM

A. Two main parts:
1. Vagina
2. Uterus

Parts:
1. Ovaries- “eggs” are produced, w/n the ovary, a follicle consist of one precursor
egg cell
 Ovulation- release of mature egg
 One egg per cycle matured due to FSH. Due to LH ovulation occurs and
stimulates the follicle cells to turn into corpus luteum which secretes
progesterone
2. Fallopian tube- pair of tube, uterus to paired female ovaries, “oviducts”
 Fertilization of ovum
 Ectopic pregnancy- embryo attaches outside the uterus
 Tubal ligation- cause infertility in women
3. Uterus- muscular womb, shape of flattened pear, lies in the urinary bladder
4. Endometrium- thinner membrane of mammalian uterus, lining for uterus,
increases during pregnancy.
  Placenta forms which supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
5. Cervix- bottom end of the uterus, secretes mucus
6. Vagina- genital canal, forms the birth canal w/ the uterus,
 Virgin- partially closed by thin fold of tissue (hymen)
7. Labia minora
8. Labia majora
9. Urethra- junction of the vagina and the vestibule
10. Clitoris- equivalent to penis. Most sensitive
11. Mons pubis- “mons”, flesh covered by pubic hair

 Secondary Characteristics
1. Breast development
2. Body and facial hair
3. Pubic hair
4. Menstruation and fertility
5. Body odor
6. Body shape
 Ovulation- release of an ovum (from one ovary- fallopian tube- uterus)
 Menstruation- shedding of endometrium w/ blood loss, (menarche- first
time)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

 Cycle last from 28 to 35 days

 Interrupted by pregnancy

 Copulation- sex

 Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube

 Pregnancy (Latin graviditas) – carrying embryo in the uterus, obstetrics (surgical field),
midwifery (non-surgical)

COMPLICATION

1. Infertility treatment- increase probability of pregnancy

2. Premature birth
3. Birth defect
4. Stillbirth- birth of dead
5. Birth trauma- baby experiences extreme pain during pregnancy
6. VBAC- vaginal birth before a caesarian birth
7. Miscarriage- abortion
 DISORDER
1. Cervical cancer
2. Vulvodynia- burning of the vulva
3. Vaginismus- contraction of the vagina
4. Vestibulitis- severe pain on touch
5. Dyspareunia- pain during sex
6. STD (Sexually transmitted disease) or veneral disease
a. Syphilis-
b. Gonorrhea
c. Aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
d. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
e. Genital herpes