Key Notes On Plant Anatomy

Biology Crash Course for NEET 2019
Key notes on Plant Anatomy

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1. Study of internal structure of plants is called PLANT ANATOMY.

2. Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal structure due to
different functions. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
3. Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also seen to be
anatomically different.
4. Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse environments so
environment influence the anatomy of organism.
5. A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and usually
performing a common function.
6. On the basis of division capacity, plant tissue is of two type.
• MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
• PERMANENT TISSUE.
This content developed by Biomentors classes online @ COPYRIGHT – ALL RIGHT RESERVED 1
7. Meristematic tissue:
• Cells of meristematic tissue have division capacity.
• Root tip and shoot tip are the example of apical meristem.
8. Axillary bud is the “left behind “part of the shoot tip. Such buds are present
in the axils of leaves and are capable of forming a branch or a flower.
9. Intercalary meristem is the meristematic tissue present between permanent
tissue and they are responsible for primary growth. They occur in grasses and
regenerate parts removed by the grazing herbivores.
10. Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary meristems
because they appear early in life of a plant and contribute to the formation of
the primary plant body. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
11. Secondary / lateral meristem/ cylindrical meristems: Fascicular vascular
cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of lateral
meristems. These are responsible for producing the secondary tissues
(increase in girth).
• Quiescent centre is low activity zone
• Stem branches à Exogenous in origin by buds
• Root branches à Endogenous in origin by Pericycle
• Hanstein proposed histogen theory
• Schmidt proposed tunica carpus theory.
12. Permanent tissue:
• These are newly formed cells from meristematic tissue
• Structurally and functionally specialised.
• They don’t have division capacity.
• Permanent tissue is of two types à Simple tissue and Complex tissue.
• Permanent tissues having all cells similar in structure and function à
simple tissues. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Permanent tissues having many different types of cells à Complex
tissues. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Simple tissue is of three types:
§ Parenchyma.
§ Collenchyma
§ Sclerenchyma.
13. PARENCHYMA:
• Forms the major component within organ.
• Their walls are thin and made up of cellulose.
• The parenchyma performs various functions like photosynthesis,
storage, secretion. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
14. COLLENCHYMA:
•It consists of cells which are much thickened at the corners due to a
deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
• Intercellular spaces are absent.
• They provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant
such as young stem and petiole of a leaf.
• They make hypodermis in dicots.
• It is found either as a homogeneous layer or in patches.
• Living mechanical tissue of plant
• Exclusive in distribution
§ Never present in root
§ Never present in monocot
§ Never present in stele region
§ Present only in Dicot stem in cortex region
15. SCLERENCHYMA:
• It consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having
a few or numerous pits.
• They are usually dead and without protoplasts.
• sclerenchyma tissue is two type fibres and sclereids.
• FIBRES are thick-walled, elongated and pointed cells, generally
occurring in groups. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• SCLEREIDS are spherical, oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead
cells with very narrow cavities (lumen). These are commonly found in
the fruit walls of nuts; pulp of fruits like guava, pear and sapota; seed
coats of legumes and leaves of tea.
• Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to organs.
• Dead mechanical tissue of plant
16. COMPLEX TISSUE:

•Made of more than one type of cells and these works together as a
unit. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Xylem and phloem are complex tissue.
17. XYLEM:
• Conduct mineral and water in upward direction
• Also provide mechanical support to plant because of lignified wall.
• It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely,
§ Tracheids,
§ Vessels,
§ Xylem Fibres And
§ Xylem Parenchyma.
• GYMNOSPERMS LACK VESSELS IN THEIR XYLEM.
• Tracheids are elongated or tube-like cells with thick and lignified walls
and tapering ends. These are dead and are without protoplasm.
• Vessel is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells
called vessel members.
• Each cells of vessel are with lignified walls & a large central cavity and
dead. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their
common walls.
• The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.
• Xylem fibres have highly thickened wall so there is no lumen.
• Xylem parenchyma cells are the only living cell in xylem and thin-
walled, and their cell walls are made up of cellulose.
• The radial conduction of water takes place by the ray parenchymatous
cells.
• Protoxylem (early formed xylem) & metaxylem (late formed xylem) are
two type of primary xylem.
• Stem shows ENDARCH arrangement of xylem in which protoxylem is
towards centre and metaxylem is towards periphery.
• The root shows EXARCH condition where protoxylem is towards
periphery and meta xylem is located towards centre.
18. PHLOEM:
o Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of
the plant.
o Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements,
companion cells(parenchymatous), phloem parenchyma and phloem
fibres.
o Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells. But they lack
sieve tubes and companion cells.
o Sieve tube elements are also long, tube-like structures, arranged
longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells.
o Their end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form the sieve
plates. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
o A mature sieve element possesses a peripheral cytoplasm and a large
vacuole but lacks a nucleus.
o The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus of
companion cells.
• The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by pit
fields present between their common longitudinal walls.
• The companion cells help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the
sieve tubes.
• Phloem parenchyma is made up of elongated, tapering cylindrical
cells, having cellulosic cell wall and has plasmodeta connection
through pits.
• Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the monocotyledons.
• Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made up of sclerenchymatous cells.
• These are generally absent in the primary phloem but are found in the
secondary phloem.
• Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.
• The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is
referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger
sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem.
19. The Tissue System:
• THE EPIDERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM forms the outer-most covering of
the whole plant body and comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the
epidermal appendages – the trichomes and hairs.
• It is the outermost (usually single layer) layer of the primary plant body.
It is made up of parenchyma cells.
• Epidermis of aerial parts of plant has waxy deposition called cuticle to
prevent loss of water.
• Cuticle is absent in root.
• Stoma(plural: stomata) is the aperture, composed of two guard cells
and present in epidermis for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
• In dicot guard cells are bean shaped whereas in monocots (grass) it is

dumbbell shape. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• The outer walls of guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are thin
and the inner walls (towards the stomatal pore) are highly thickened.
• The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and
closing of stomata.
• Subsidiary cells are specialized cells epidermis cells near the guard
cell.
• The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cells
are together called stomatal apparatus.
• The root hairs are unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells and
help absorb water and minerals from the soil.
• The epidermal hairs on stem are called trichomes.
• Trichomes are generally multicellular whereas root hair is unicellular.
• The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.
20. THE GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
• All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the
ground tissue.
• It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma.
• Parenchymatous cells are usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith and
medullary rays, in the primary stems and roots.
• In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast
containing cells and is called MESOPHYLL.
21. THE VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

• The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and the
xylem and make vascular bundle.
• The vascular bundles form the conducting tissue and translocate
water, minerals and food material.
• OPEN VASCULAR BUNDLE: In dicotyledonous stems, cambium is
present between phloem and xylem.
• Cambium forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem during
secondary growth i.e. increase in girth.
• CLOSED VASCULAR BUNDLE: cambium is absent between xylem and
phloem in monocot stem. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• RADIAL VASCULAR BUNDLE: When xylem and phloem within a
vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner on different radii.
E.g. roots.
• CONJOINT TYPE: The xylem and phloem are situated at the same
radius of vascular bundles’. e.g. leaves and stem.
• The conjoint vascular bundles usually have the phloem located only on
the outer side of xylem.
22. STELE à All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis such as pericycle,
vascular bundles and pith constitute the stele.
23. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS ROOT
• Monocot root differ from dicot root in:
§ there are usually more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles in the
monocot root. (in dicot it is 2 -4 xylem bundle).
§ Pith is large and well developed.
§ Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any secondary
growth.
24. DICOTYLEDONOUS STEM

• In typical young dicotyledonous stem shows that the epidermis is the
outermost protective layer of the stem having cuticle, trichomes and
few stomata. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Cortex is consist of three sub layers namely Hypodermis, Cortex and
Endodermis. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Hypodermis: The outer layer of cortex, consists of a few layers of
collenchymatous cells just below the epidermis, which provide
mechanical strength to the young stem.
• Cortical layers below hypodermis consist of rounded thin walled
parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces.
• The innermost layer of the cortex is called the ENDODERMIS.
• The cells of the endodermis are rich in starch grains and the layer is
also referred to as the STARCH SHEATH.
• PERICYCLE is made up of sclerenchyma and present above the
phloem in semi-lunar patch and few celled thick.
• Medullary cells are radially placed parenchyma cells between vascular
bundles. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, with endarch protoxylem and
arranged in ring. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Pith occupy central place of stem.
25. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS STEM
• The monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis, a large
number of scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath, and a large, conspicuous
parenchymatous ground tissue.
• Vascular bundles are conjoint and closed.
• Peripheral vascular bundles are smaller than the centrally located ones.
• The phloem parenchyma is absent, and water-containing cavities are
present within the vascular bundles.
26. DORSIVENTRAL (DICOTYLEDONOUS) LEAF
• There are mainly three types of tissue namely epidermis, mesophyll
and vascular bundle.
• Epidermis present both side upper(adaxial) and lower side (abaxial
side). This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Abaxial surface has more stomata than adaxial surface.
• Cuticle present both side. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Mesophyll present between upper & lower epidermis.
• Mesophyll cells are basically parenchyma cell having chloroplast.
• They are differentiated in elongated PALISADE TISSUE and rounded
SPONGY PARENCHYMA.
• Palisade tissue are towards adaxial side and spongy parenchyma is
located towards lower epidermis.
• Spongy parenchyma has large air cavities and intercellular space.
• Vascular bundles are located at midrib and veins.
• The size of vascular bundle is depending upon size of vein.
• The vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of bundle sheath cells.
• Dicot leaf has reticulated venation.
27. ISOBILATERAL (MONOCOTYLEDONOUS) LEAF
• Stomata present on both side of leaf.
• Mesophyll cells are not differentiated into palisade and spongy
parenchyma.
• Bulliform cells are modified epidermal cells on veins regulate the leaf
surface exposure and curling in monocot leaf.
• Bulliform cells are larger than epidermal cells. When they are turgid
the leaf surface is exposed, if they are flaccid the leaf curling occur.
• Because of parallel venation, there is almost vascular bundles are
similar in size except midrib.
• Mid rib vascular bundles are bigger in size.
28. SECONDARY GROWTH

• Secondary growth is increase in girth/diameter.
• The tissues involved in secondary growth are the two lateral
meristems: VASCULAR CAMBIUM AND CORK CAMBIUM.
• Vascular cambium is meristematic in nature and present between
xylem and phloem is called intrafasicular cambium.
• Interfasicular cambium is present between two intrafasicular cambium,
it is secondary in origin . This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• Medullary cells present between vascular bundle become
meristematic and change into interfasicular cambium.
• Intrafasicular and interfascicular cambium make a complete ring which
produce secondary phloem toward periphery and secondary xylem
towards central side.
• The cambium is generally more active on the inner side than on the
outer. So, the amount of secondary xylem produced is more than
secondary phloem and forms a compact mass.
• The primary and secondary phloem is crushed due to continuous
formation of secondary xylem.
• The primary xylem remains more or less intact, in or around the centre.
• Secondary medullary rays are produced by cambium ring.
• They pass through secondary xylem and secondary phloem and
responsible for radial conduction of mineral water and food.
29. SECONDARY GROWTH IN ROOTS

• In the dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in
origin and originate from pericycle.
•Pericycle located just below the primary phloem and above the
protoxylem forming a complete and continuous wavy ring, which later
becomes circular. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
• After cambium ring formation, the pattern of secondary growth is
same in dicot root and dicot stem.
30. SPRING WOOD AND AUTUMN WOOD
• The activity of cambium is under the control of many physiological and
environmental factors.
• In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large
number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities. (due to
favourable season).
• This wood is lighter in colour and has a lower density is called spring
wood or early wood.
• In winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements
that have narrow vessels (less availability of water) and this wood is
called autumn wood or late wood. the autumn wood is darker and has
a higher density.
• The two kinds of woods (spring +autumn) that appear as alternate
concentric rings, constitute an annual ring. Annual rings seen in a cut
stem give an estimate of the age of the tree.
31. HEART WOOD:

•In old trees, the greater part of (centrally located) secondary xylem is
dark brown due to deposition of organic compounds like tannins,
resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils.
• These substances make it hard, durable and resistant to the attacks of
microorganisms and insects. This region comprises dead elements
with highly lignified walls and is called heartwood.
• The heartwood does not conduct water but it gives mechanical
support to the stem. This content developed by Biomentors classes online
32. SAP WOOD:
• The peripheral region of the secondary xylem, is lighter in colour and
is known as the sapwood.
• It is involved in the conduction of water and minerals from root to leaf.
(physiological active)
• Heart wood and sap wood both contain spring wood as well as
autumn wood.
33. CORK CAMBIUM
• Cork cambium is lateral meristem and secondary in origin.
• It is originated in cortical zone.
• Cork cambium or phellogen is a couple of layers thick. It is made of
narrow, thin-walled and nearly rectangular cells.
• Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides.
• The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells
differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.
• The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell
wall. It performs the function of epidermis i.e. protection as epidermis
is destroyed by activity of cambium ring during secondary growth.
• The cells of secondary cortex are parenchymatous.
• Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as
PERIDERM.
• Due to activity of the cork cambium, pressure builds up on the
remaining layers peripheral to phellogen and ultimately these layers
die and slough off
34. BARK is a non-technical term that refers to all tissues exterior to the vascular
cambium.
•Bark includes a number of tissue types, viz., periderm and secondary
phloem.
• Bark that is formed early in the season is called early or soft bark.
• Towards the end of the season, late or hard bark is formed.
35. LENTICELS:
• At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely arranged
parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of cork cells.
• These parenchymatous cells soon rupture the epidermis, forming a
lens shaped opening called lenticels.
• Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere
and the internal tissue of the stem. These occur in most woody trees
NCERT IMPORTANT IMAGES
MERISTEM
Permanent tissue
XYLEM & PHLOEM
STOMATA
Vascular Bundle types
DICOT ROOT & MONOCOT ROOT
DICOT STEM
MONOCOT STEM
DICOT LEAF
MONOCOT LEAF
SECONDARY GROWTH
Lenticel

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Biology Crash Course for NEET 2019

1. Study of internal structure of plants is called PLANT ANATOMY.

16. COMPLEX TISSUE:

• In dicot guard cells are bean shaped whereas in monocots (grass) it is

21. THE VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

24. DICOTYLEDONOUS STEM

28. SECONDARY GROWTH

29. SECONDARY GROWTH IN ROOTS

31. HEART WOOD:

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