RENEWABLE DA-1

NAME: NAGARAJU THOTA

REG.NO:18BME0913
SLOT:C1+TC1

1)
Do estimation of solar angles of solar water heater located at
GDN Terrace, VIT University, Vellore on summer, winter
solstices, autumnal and vernal equinoxes days from sun rise
time to sun set time. (Include solar azimuth, zenith, incidence,
altitude angles).
FOR VIT (GDN BUILDING)

LATITUDE OF VIT=12.9833 N
LONGITUDE OF VIT=79.1833 E
SUMMER SOLSTICE = 21 JUNE
THE DAY IS 21st June
n=31+28+31+30+31+21
n=172 days

B=360/365(172-81)
B=89.75

EOT=9.87sin2B-7.53cosB-1.5sinB
= -1.36

Angle of declination (δ)=23.45* sin(360*(284+172))/365

 = 23.45
Solar hour angle (ω)=cos-1(-tanδ *tanϕ) = 95.7398

Day Length=2/15*(ω)
=12.7653 HOURS

SUN RISE TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=[ 12-(0.5*SMAX)=5 HOURS 37 MINUTES

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

=5 HOUR 37 MINUTES + [4* (82.5-79.13) + (1.36)]
=5 HR 37 MINS + 14.84
=5 HRS 51 MINS

SUN SET TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME =0.5*SMAX=6.38265= 6 hr 22 minutes

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

= 6 hr 22 minutes + 14.84
=6 hr 36 minutes
Zenith angle = Cos-1[ (Cosδ. CosØ. Cosω)+ (Sinδ. SinØ)]
=90.0013
Altitude angle (α) = 90 – θz
=-0.0013
INCIDENT ANGLE (θ)
= Cos-1[(Sinδ SinØ Cosβ) – (Sinδ CosØ Sinβ Cosγ) + + (Cosδ CosØ Cosβ
Cosω) + (Cosδ SinØ Sinβ Cosγ Cosω) + (Cosδ Sinβ Sinγ Sinω)]
=90.0013 degree

LATITUDE OF VIT=12.9833 N
LONGITUDE OF VIT=79.1833 E
WINTER SOLSTICE = 22 DECEMBER
DAY=22 DECEMBER
N = 31+28+31+30+31+30+31+31+30+31+30+22
=356 days
B=360/365(356-81)
=271.23

EOT=9.87sin2B-7.53cosB-1.5sinB
=0.91 minutes

Angle of declination (δ)=23.45* sin(360*(284+256))/365

= -23.45
Solar hour angle (ω)=cos-1(-tanδ *tanϕ)
= 84.26

Day Length=2/15*ω
=11.23

SUN RISE TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=[ 12-(0.5*SMAX)=6 HOURS 23 MINUTES

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

=6 HOUR 23 MINUTE + [4* (82.5-79.18) – (0.91)]
=6 HR 23 MIN + 12.37
=6 HOURS 35 MINUTES

SUN SET TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=0.5*SMAX=5.615= 5 hr 36 minutes

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

 =5 HOUR 36 MINUTE + 4(82.5-74.12)-(0.91)
= 5 HOUR 36 MINUTE + 12.37
= 5 HOURS 48 MINUTES

Zenith angle (θZ ) = Cos-1[ (Cosδ. CosØ. Cosω)+ (Sinδ. SinØ)]

= 89.99
Altitude angle (α) = 90 – θZ
= 0.01
INCIDENT ANGLE (θ)
= Cos-1[(Sinδ SinØ Cosβ) – (Sinδ CosØ Sinβ Cosγ) + + (Cosδ CosØ Cosβ
Cosω) + (Cosδ SinØ Sinβ Cosγ Cosω) + (Cosδ Sinβ Sinγ Sinω)
= 89.99

LATITUDE OF VIT=12.9833 N
LONGITUDE OF VIT=79.1833 E
AUTUMNAL EQUINOX = 23 SEPTEMBER
DAY=23 SEPTEMBER
N = 31+28+31+30+31+30+31+31+23
=266 days
B=360/365(266-81)
=182.46

EOT=9.87sin2B-7.53cosB-1.5sinB
=8.43 minutes

Angle of declination (δ)=23.45* sin(360*(284+266))/365

= -1.0088
Solar hour angle (ω)=cos-1(-tanδ *tanϕ)
= 89.77

Day Length=2/15*ω
 =11.96

SUN RISE TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=[ 12-(0.5*SMAX)=6 HOURS 1 MINUTES

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

=6 HOUR 1 MINUTE + [4* (82.5-79.18) – (8.43)]
=6 HR 1 MIN + 4.85
=6 HOURS 5 MINUTES

SUN SET TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=0.5*SMAX=5.98= 5 hr 58 minutes

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

=5 HOUR 58 MINUTE + 4(82.5-74.12)-(8.43)
= 5 HOUR 58 MINUTE + 4.85
= 6 HOURS 2 MINUTES

Zenith angle (θZ ) = Cos-1[ (Cosδ. CosØ. Cosω)+ (Sinδ. SinØ)]

= 90.0024
Altitude angle (α) = 90 – θZ
= -0.0024
INCIDENT ANGLE (θ)
= Cos-1[(Sinδ SinØ Cosβ) – (Sinδ CosØ Sinβ Cosγ) + (Cosδ CosØ Cosβ Cosω)
+ (Cosδ SinØ Sinβ Cosγ Cosω) + (Cosδ Sinβ Sinγ Sinω)
= -0.0024

LATITUDE OF VIT=12.9833 N
LONGITUDE OF VIT=79.1833 E
VERNAL EQUINOX = 21 MARCH
DAY=21 MARCH
N = 31+28+21
 =80 days
B=360/365(80-81)
= -0.98

EOT=9.87sin2B-7.53cosB-1.5sinB
= -7.84 minutes

Angle of declination (δ)=23.45* sin(360*(284+80))/365

= -0.4036
Solar hour angle (ω)=cos-1(-tanδ *tanϕ)
= 89.9069
Day Length=2/15*ω
=11.98

SUN RISE TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=[ 12-(0.5*SMAX)=6 HOURS 6 MINUTES

WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT

=6 HOUR 6 MINUTE + [4* (82.5-79.18) + (7.84)]
=6 HR 6 MIN + 7.84
=6 HOURS 13 MINUTES

SUN SET TIME

MEASURE THE SUN RISE TIME=0.5*SMAX= 5 hr 59 minutes
WATCH TIME= Solar time + 4(long standard- long local)-EOT
=5 HOUR 59 MINUTE + [4* (82.5-79.18) + (7.84)]
=5 HR 59 MIN + 7.84
=6 HOURS 6 MINUTES

Zenith angle (θZ ) = Cos-1[ (Cosδ. CosØ. Cosω)+ (Sinδ. SinØ)]

= 89.99
Altitude angle (α) = 90 – θZ
 = 0.01
INCIDENT ANGLE (θ)
= Cos-1[(Sinδ SinØ Cosβ) – (Sinδ CosØ Sinβ Cosγ) + + (Cosδ CosØ Cosβ
Cosω) + (Cosδ SinØ Sinβ Cosγ Cosω) + (Cosδ Sinβ Sinγ Sinω)
= 89.99

2)
Suggest suitable techniques for hybridizing the conventional
thermal power plant by using renewable energy sources

• Collectors can be placed to absorb the solar thermal energy, and this can be used to heat
water to produce steam which can be used to rotate turbine to produce electricity.
• Possible adaptation/reuse of existing infrastructure and control systems. Many coal-fired
power plants already use natural gas as a start-up or back-up fuel, so the necessary
infrastructure and control systems for feeding gas to the boiler may already be in place;
• Enhanced fuel flexibility. Cofiring removes total reliance on a single source of fuel, creating
fuel flexibility. If a problem arises with availability of one fuel, the plant has the ability to
maintain operations by switching to the other. Similarly, increases in the price of either fuel
can be countered by changing the cofiring ratio such that the cheaper fuel predominates;
• Cost savings can be achieved by switching to the cheapest fuel at the time. It may also be
possible to switch to lower-cost coals without the risk of lost capacity;
• Some emission control upgrades may be reduced in scope, delayed, or avoided, depending
on the coal quality, level of gas cofiring intended, and the regulatory environment;
• Improved operational flexibility. Cofiring can reduce warm-up times, allowing the unit to be
brought on line faster than an unmodified equivalent, as well as enabling faster ramp-up. A
faster start-up can help minimize higher emissions sometimes experienced during this
phase. This technique allows some US power plants to comply with the federal Mercury and
Air Toxins Standards;
• Cofiring can provide a significant reduction in the minimum unit load achievable, an
important factor for many coal-fired powers plants. Also, by cofiring a significant amount of
 gas when in low-load conditions, the minimum operating temperature of a plant’s selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) unit (where fitted) can be maintained;
• Less coal throughput will reduce wear and tear on pulverizes and coal handling systems, as
well as reduce associated operation and maintenance (O&M) costs;
• Reduced coal throughput generates fewer solid and liquid plant wastes. Bottom ash, fly ash,
FGD scrubber sludge or gypsum, mill rejects, and various other waste products will be
reduced as well as handling and disposal costs; and
• Emissions to air will be proportionately lower. O&M costs of environmental control systems
such as FGD, SCR units, and ESP or bag filters are likely to be lower. In the case of SCR
systems, ammonia use will be less and extended catalyst life is likely. Where mercury
control systems are in place, less activated carbon will be required.

3)
Identify the favourable points that to choose your home town is suitable for
erection of solar thermal based power generation plant
My hometown is Hyderabad located in Telangana.
There are many reasons why Hyderabad is suitable for erection of solar thermal based
power generation plant:

1) Hyderabad receives ample amount of sunlight and heat compared to the rest of
India.

2) Out of all the renewable energy sources solar thermal energy is the highest used
renewable source of energy used for generation of electricity in Telangana.

3) Currently there are 8 solar thermal power plants located in Telangana and plans are
being made to construct more in the upcoming years.

4) Currently there is 11,580MW energy worth of solar thermal plants being constructed
in Telangana.This shows the scope of this energy in Hyderabad.

5) The summers in Hyderabad reach to around 40 degrees. Therefore, it would be

highly beneficial for solar thermal power plants as they could use this heat.
 6) Due to the encouragement of development of renewable energy sources by the
Hyderabad government the setting up of the plant will also be not expensive. Large
subsidies are also provided by the government

7.) There are many talented unemployed youths in Telangana. With the construction of
more powerplants more job opportunities will be created and in turn these talented
youth can come up with better ideas to use solar thermal energy. In the end it’s a win-
win situation.

4)

Give your suggestion for controlling the utilization of natural renewable energy
sources across globally.

Renewable energy is a practical, affordable solution to our electricity needs. By ramping up

renewable energy, we can:

• Reduce air pollution

• Cut global warming emissions
• Create new jobs and industries
• Diversify our power supply
• Decrease dependence on coal and other fossil fuels
A Renewable Electricity Standard (RES)—also called a Renewable Portfolio Standard—
requires utility companies to obtain a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable
sources. To date nearly two-thirds of states have established them, with many meeting or
exceeding their goals ahead of schedule.
Appropriate government incentives can be an important tool to speed deployment and
reduce costs for clean energy technologies.

In recent years there has been modest federal support for renewables like wind and solar
power, but it pales in comparison to the large government subsidies that continue to prop
up coal, natural gas, and nuclear power.

We need a fair and stable federal tax policy for renewable energy that will attract new
investments and maintain the strong growth that renewables have experienced in recent
years.
The power lines, transformers, and control stations that make up our current energy grid
are old, increasingly unreliable, and not adequate to handle a significant increase in
renewable energy.

To move toward a cleaner energy economy, we must improve our nation’s electrical grid, as
well as construct the transmission infrastructure needed to connect renewable energy
facilities to cities and regions with high power demand.

Renewable energy facilities must be sited and developed in a way that effectively balances
land conservation priorities and best protects wild animals and their habitats.