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This document defines key terms related to ocular therapeutics including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery methods to the eye. It describes the different structures of the eye that can be affected by drugs and factors that influence drug penetration. Common drugs used in eye clinics are also outlined, such as anesthetics, mydriatics, miotics, anti-glaucoma medications, anti-infectives, and anti-inflammatories. Drug delivery methods include topical administration through solutions, gels, ointments and solid devices or periocular injections like subconjunctival, subtenon's, and retrobulbar injections.
This document defines key terms related to ocular therapeutics including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery methods to the eye. It describes the different structures of the eye that can be affected by drugs and factors that influence drug penetration. Common drugs used in eye clinics are also outlined, such as anesthetics, mydriatics, miotics, anti-glaucoma medications, anti-infectives, and anti-inflammatories. Drug delivery methods include topical administration through solutions, gels, ointments and solid devices or periocular injections like subconjunctival, subtenon's, and retrobulbar injections.
This document defines key terms related to ocular therapeutics including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery methods to the eye. It describes the different structures of the eye that can be affected by drugs and factors that influence drug penetration. Common drugs used in eye clinics are also outlined, such as anesthetics, mydriatics, miotics, anti-glaucoma medications, anti-infectives, and anti-inflammatories. Drug delivery methods include topical administration through solutions, gels, ointments and solid devices or periocular injections like subconjunctival, subtenon's, and retrobulbar injections.
III. Intracameral Pharmacodynamics - otherwise known as mechanism of IV. Intravenous action, refers to the therapeutic effect of the drug V. Systemic - oral, intravitreal, intramuscular a) Agonist of antagonist b) Activator or inhibitor COMMON DRUGS USED IN THE EYE CLINIC
Pharmacokinetics - its effect on the eye 1. Anesthetic - topical and injectable
1. Absorption o Alcaine - proparacaine hydrochloride 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 2. Mydriatic - red cap 4. Excretion o Phenylephrine o Tropicamide Tears o Atropine Oil - secreted by the meibomian glands strong cycloplegic Aqueous paralyzes muscles of Mucus layer - hydrophobic, glycoproteins from accommodation goblet cells can last up to 14-28 days press on the nasolacrimal area DRUG EFFECTS ON EYE STRUCTURES 3. Miotic - green cap o Pilocarpine 1. Cornea, sclera and conjunctiva o Carbachol 2. Iris o Notorious for headaches and vomiting 3. Ciliary body and aqueous humor 4. Lens 5. Vitreous 6. Retina and optic nerve
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG PENETRATION
1. Drug concentration and solubility - more
concentrated, the greater the penetrability 2. Viscosity 3. Lipid solubility - more soluble, greater penetrance 4. Surfactants 5. pH - acidic or alkaline, mahapdi sa mata. Isotonic 0.9% 4. Anti-glaucoma drugs 6. Drug tonicity o PGA (latanoprost, bimataprost, travaprost) 7. Molecular weight and size - greater size and weight, o Beta blockers (ololtimolo, betaxolol) lesser penetrance o Alpha agonist ( brimonidine) o Carbonic anhydrace inhibitors DRUG DELIVERY (brinzolamide, dorzolamide, acetazolamide) I. Topical administration o Osmotic agents (mannitol, glycerine) A. Solutions and suspensions B. Gels - 2 to 4x a day 5. Anti-infective drugs (antibacterial, anti-fungal, C. Ointments - pediatric patients, lesser times antiviral) of application, messy and blurred in adults 6. Anti-inflammatory agents (corticosteroids, NSAIDs) D. Lid scrubs 7. Special preparations (artificial tears, E. Solid delivery devices - contact lens, decongestants, antiallergy) collagen shields, filter paper strips, cotton wafts
II. Periocular injections
A. Subconjunctival B. Subtenon’s C. Retrobulbar - prior to cataract extraction or eye surgery