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Cloud Computing

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 History ............................................................................................................................................... 3
2. What is Cloud? .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Cloud Development Models ......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Main Characteristics of Cloud Computing .................................................................................... 7
2.3 Other similar technologies to Cloud computing ........................................................................... 8
3. Cloud Computing Architecture ........................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Architectural layers of cloud computing ..................................................................................... 10
4. Cloud computing benefits ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Security and data .............................................................................................................................. 14
6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Reference .............................................................................................................................................. 16

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Cloud Computing

1. Introduction

Cloud computing is fully enabled by virtualization technology and virtual appliance. Cloud
computing provides dynamically scalable and reliable services through next generation data
resources that are built on compute and storage virtualization technologies. [1] A virtual
appliance is an application that is included all the components that it requires to run along
with the operating system. In a cloud computing environment, these application can be
immediately provisioned and decommissioned as on demand, without complex
configuration of the operating environment.

1.1 History
Up to the 1990s, data circuits (including Internet traffic) ware carried hard-wired between
destinations. Later on, telephone companies began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN)
service for data communications.

The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John McCarthy
opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares
characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s

In 1990s the term cloud already into commercial use to refer to large Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) networks. However cloud computing began to emerge in the 21 st century,
most of the focus module at that time was limited to SaaS (Software as a service).

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and their associates.
They applied many technologies developed by companies such as Google and Yahoo! to
business applications. They also provided the concepts of "on demand" and SaaS with their
real business and successful customers.

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the development of
web services. IBM completed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic Computing
Manifesto, it described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-
healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with
heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other
system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data
centers. Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on
a utility computing basis in 2005. In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities
embarked on a large scale cloud computing research projects.

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2. What is Cloud?

Cloud computing is a relatively new way of referring to the use of shared computing
resources, and it is an alternative to having local servers handle applications. User will able
to access common business applications and data from a Cloud over the internet. Clouds
work as a single point for all user needs.

Servers in a cloud can be physical machine or virtual machine. Advanced clouds typically
include other computing resources such as storage area networks (SANs), network
equipments, firewall and other security devices. [2]

Cloud applications use large data centres and powerful servers that host Web applications
and Web services. Anyone with a suitable Internet connection and a standard browser can
access a cloud application.
A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can:
 Host a variety of different workloads, user-facing applications.

 Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the fast provisioning
of virtual machines or physical machines.

 Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow


workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures.

 Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when


needed.[2]

Basic cloud computing diagram

2.1 Cloud Development Models

IT organization can choose different application models to deploy a cloud. IT organizations


have been developed several models for cloud infrastructure to suitable for customers.
Private cloud
The private cloud infrastructure is operated exclusively for an organization. In a private
cloud, the infrastructure for implementing the cloud is controlled completely by the
enterprise or a third party. Typically, private clouds are implemented in the enterprise’s
data centre and managed by internal resources.

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A private cloud maintains all corporate data under the control of the legal and
contractual umbrella of the organization. Private clouds require high expenditure as well
as highly skilled employees to provide better business services. This model is ideal for
enterprises that are organized with a shared services IT infrastructure.

Private clouds are built for the exclusive use of one client, providing the highest control
over data, security, and quality of service. The company owns the infrastructure and has
control over how applications are deployed on it. Private cloud can be built and control
by a company’s own IT organization or by a cloud provider. This model provides high
level of control over the use of cloud resources.

Public Cloud
Public cloud is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is
owned by an organization selling cloud services. These are run by third parties, and
applications from different customers are together on the cloud’s servers, storage
systems and networks. Public clouds are usually hosted away from customer location
and they provide better flexible infrastructure to reduce customer risk and cost.

One of the benefits of public cloud is, that it can be much larger than company’s private
cloud and ability to scale up and down on demand, and shifting infrastructure risks from
the enterprise to the cloud provider.

Portion of a public cloud can be carved out for the exclusive use of a single client,
creating a virtual private datacenter. Rather than being limited to deploying virtual
machine images in a public cloud, a virtual private datacenter gives customers greater
visibility into its infrastructure. Now customers can manipulate not just virtual machine
images, but also servers, storage systems, network devices, and network topology.
Creating a virtual private datacenter with all components located in the same facility
helps to reduce the issue of data locality because bandwidth is abundant and typically
free when connecting resources within the same facility. [4]

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Community Cloud.
The community cloud infrastructure is shared by a number of organizations and supports a
specific community that has common concern (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may
exist on premise or off premise. [3]

Hybrid Cloud
The hybrid cloud infrastructure combine with two or more clouds (private, community,
or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or
proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting
for load-balancing between clouds).

Hybrid cloud can provide on-demand, externally provisioned scale. A hybrid cloud can be
used to handle planned workload spike. It also can be used to perform periodic tasks
that can be deployed easily on a public cloud. Hybrid clouds introduce the complexity of
determining how to distribute applications across both a public and private cloud.
Among the issues that need to be considered is the relationship between data and
processing resources. If the data is small, or the application is stateless, a hybrid cloud
can be much more successful than if large amounts of data must be transferred into a
public cloud for a small amount of processing. [5]

Companies make number of considerations to choose which cloud model to use and they
might use more than one model to solve their different problems. If application is needed
on temporary basic, it is best way to deployment in a public model because it avoids
additional equipment cost to solve a temporary need. Permanent application or one that

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has specific requirements on quality of service or location of data, might best be deployed in
a private or hybrid cloud.

2.2 Main Characteristics of Cloud Computing

There are five essential characteristics in cloud computing


1. On-demand self-service.
A user can perform computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as on
demand automatically without involving human interaction with each service’s provider.

2. Broad network access.


Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by various thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

3. Resource pooling.
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple users using a multi-tenant
model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to user demand. User has no control or knowledge about provider’s resources but
may be able to specify location at higher level of abstraction (e.g. country, state or data centre).
Provider’s resources can be storage, processing memory, network bandwidth and virtual
machines.

4. Rapid elasticity.
Capabilities can be rapidly provisioned as needed and it must be available for provisioning often
appears to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time to the customer.

5. Measured Service.
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled,
and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
[3]

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2.3 Other similar technologies to Cloud computing

Software practitioners are facing many new challenges creating software for millions of consumers.
Over the years, new computing paradigms have been proposed and implemented, such as
multicore processors and networked computing environments. And also new paradigms
include
 Cluster computing,
 Grid computing,
 P2P computing,
 Service computing,
 Utility computing,
 Autonomic computing
 Market-oriented computing.[1]

Indeed, many cloud computing deployments depend on grids, autonomic characteristics,


and bill like utilities—but cloud computing tends to expand what is provided by grids and
utilities. [6]

3. Cloud Computing Architecture


The majority of cloud computing infrastructure consists of reliable services delivered
through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization technologies.
The services are accessible anywhere that provides access to networking infrastructure.
Clouds work as single points of access for all customers’s computing needs. Open standards
are critical to the growth of cloud computing, and open source software has provided the
foundation for many cloud computing implementations.

The diagram below illustrates some common architectural components. [7]

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Virtualized Infrastructure
Virtualized Infrastructure provides the concept necessary to ensure that an application or
business service is not directly joined to the underlying hardware infrastructure such
servers, storage or networks. This permit business services to move dynamically across
virtualized infrastructure resources in a very efficient manner based on policies that ensure
that specific service level agreements are met for these business services.

Virtualized Applications
Virtualized applications decouple the application from the underlying hardware, operating
system, storage and network to enable flexibility in deployment. Virtualized Application
servers that can take advantage of grid execution coupled with Service Oriented
Architectures enable the greatest degree of scalability to meet the business requirements.

Enterprise Management
Enterprise management provides top-down, end-to-end management of the virtualized
infrastructure and applications for business solutions. The this layer handles the virtualized
resources and provides additional common infrastructure elements for service level
management, metered usage, policy management, license management, and disaster
recovery. Mature cloud service management software allows dynamic provisioning and
resource allocation to allow applications to scale on demand.

Security and Identity Management


Clouds must control an identity and security infrastructure to enable flexible provisioning,
enforced security policies throughout the cloud. As clouds provision resources outside the
enterprise’s legal boundaries, it becomes essential to implement an Information Asset

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Management system to provide the necessary controls to ensure sensitive information is
protected and meets agreement requirements.

Development tools
Next generation development tools can improve cloud’s distributed computing capabilities.
The development tools must support dynamic provisioning. [8]

3.1 Architectural layers of cloud computing


Cloud computing can describe services being provided at any of the traditional layers from
hardware to applications. In general, cloud service providers offer services that can be
grouped into three categories such as software as a service, platform as a service, and
infrastructure as a service. These categories group together the various layers illustrated in
following figure. [9]

Software as a service (SaaS)


The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a
cloud infrastructure. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services
multiple end users or client organizations (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of
limited user-specific application configuration settings.

The most commonly known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, even if many other examples
have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic business services including

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email and word processing. Although salesforce.com preceded the definition of cloud
computing by a few years, it now operates by leveraging its companion force.com, which
can be defined as a platform as a service.

Platform as a service (PaaS)


The ability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-
created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported
by the provider. The consumer does not need to manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control
over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
(Deploy customer-created applications to a cloud)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)


Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as standardized
services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers, and other systems
are pooled and made available to handle workloads that range from application
components to high-performance computing applications. The consumer is able to deploy and
run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications on these resources.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over
operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking
components (e.g., host firewalls).
Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Secure Storage Service (S3) are
examples of IaaS offerings. [10]

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High-level market-oriented cloud architecture

Users/Brokers:
Users or brokers acting on their behalf submit service requests from anywhere in the world
to the Data Centre.

SLA (Service Level Agreements) Resource Allocator:


The SLA Resource Allocator acts as the interface between the Data Centre / Cloud service
provider and external users/brokers. It needs the following mechanisms to support SLA-
oriented resource management:

 Service Request Examiner and Admission Control:


When a service request is first submitted, the Service Request Examiner and
Admission Control mechanism interprets the submitted request for QoS
requirements before determining whether to accept or reject the request.

Then, it makes sure that there is no overloading of resources whereby many service
requests cannot be fulfilled successfully due to limited resources available.

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It also needs the latest status information regarding resource availability (from VM
Monitor mechanism) and workload processing (from Service Request Monitor
mechanism) to make resource allocation decisions efficiently.

 Pricing:
The Pricing mechanism decides how service requests are charged. For instance,
requests can be charged based on submission time (peak/off-peak), pricing rates
(fixed/changing) or availability of resources (supply/demand).

 Accounting:
The Accounting mechanism maintains the actual usage of resources by requests so
that the final cost can be computed and charged to the users.

 VM Monitor:
The VM Monitor mechanism keeps track of the availability of VMs and their resource
entitlements.

 Dispatcher:
The Dispatcher mechanism starts the execution of accepted service requests on
allocated VMs.

 Service Request Monitor:


The Service Request Monitor mechanism keeps track of the execution progress of
service requests.

Virtual Machines (VMs):


Multiple VMs can be started and stopped dynamically on a single physical machine to meet
accepted service requests. Multiple VMs can concurrently run applications based on
different operating system environments on a single physical machine since every VM is
completely isolated from one another on the same physical machine.

Physical Machines:
The Data Centre comprises multiple computing servers that provide resources to meet
service demands. [1]

4. Cloud computing benefits

The benefits of deploying applications using cloud computing include reducing run time and
response time, minimizing the risk of deploying physical infrastructure, lowering the cost of
entry, and increasing the pace of innovation.

 Reduce run time and response time

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For applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs, cloud
computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to accomplish a task in
1/1000 the time that a single server would require.

 Minimize infrastructure risk


IT organizations can use the cloud to reduce the risk in purchasing physical servers.
When implement a new system there is risk always. Will a new application be
successful? If so, how many servers are needed and can they be deployed as quickly
as the workload increases? If not, will a large investment in servers go to waste? The
risk is too much.

 Lower cost of entry


There are a number of features of cloud computing that help to reduce the:
• Because infrastructure is rented, not purchased, the cost is controlled, and
the capital investment can be zero.
• Reduced costs due to operational efficiencies and more rapid deployment
of new business services. [

Other benefits
• Flexibility to choose multiple providers that provide reliable and scalable business
services, development environments and infrastructure that can be leveraged out of the box
and billed on a metered basis with no long term contracts.
• Flexibility of the infrastructure to quickly allocate and deallocate massively scalable
resources to business services on a demand.

5. Security and data


Data is the most valuable of a company’s assets, and it must be protected with high
attention. If companies don’t use proper system to protect their data it is easy to reach to
important data from anywhere on the internet.

Some steps include:


• Encrypt data at rest so that if any hacker is able to enter a cloud provider’s security, or if a
configuration error makes that data accessible to unauthorized parties, that the data cannot
be interpreted.

• Encrypt data in transit. Assume that the data will pass over public infrastructure and could
be observed by any party in between.

• Require strong authentication between application components so that data is


transmitted only to known parties.

• Pay attention to cryptography and how algorithms are cracked and are replaced by new
ones over time. For example, now that MD5 has been proven vulnerable to attack, use a
stronger technique such as SHA-256.

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• Manage who has access to the application and how:

• Consider using strong, token-based authentication for administrator roles.

• For customer login/password access, consider who manages the authentication server and
whether it is under the company or the cloud provider’s control.

• For anonymous access to storage, for example anonymous FTP, consider whether a
customer would have to register with the cloud provider for access or whether the cloud
provider could federate with the company’s authentication server.

6. Conclusion
Cloud computing offer an exciting opportunity to customers to improve flexibility and lower
cost. It brings on demand applications in an environment of increased reliability and
reduced risk. When developing a cloud application it is important to understand all the
requirements. Cloud base applications should be deployed as virtual applications and they
contain all the components needed to operate, update and manage them.
Several companies have already built internet services such as search, social networking,
web email and online commerce that use cloud computing infrastructure. However
developers must develop the high efficiency and scalability clouds architectures to make this
technology work in practice successfully.

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Reference

1. Market-Oriented Cloud Computing


http://www.gridbus.org/~raj/papers/hpcc2008_keynote_cloudcomputing.pdf Page 2

2. Cloud Computing Greg Boss, Padma Malladi, Dennis Quan, Linda Legregni,Harold Hall, 8
October 2007 Page 4.

3. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing.


http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/index.html

4. Introduction to Cloud Computing architecture 1st Edition, June 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Page 10

5. Introduction to Cloud Computing architecture 1st Edition, June 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Page 11

6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_infrastructure#Layers

7. An Oracle White Paper in Enterprise Architecture (2009Architectural Strategies for Cloud


Computing) August 2009. Page 6

8. An Oracle White Paper in Enterprise Architecture (2009Architectural Strategies for Cloud


Computing) August 2009. Page 7

9. Introduction to Cloud Computing architecture 1st Edition, June 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
page 13

10. Introduction to Cloud Computing architecture 1st Edition, June 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Page 14

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