EQUAL OF MECHANICAL HEAT

Nurfadilah, Helmy Thalia, Risdah Damayanti N, dan Utari Ratih Purwaningrum

Education of Chemistry ICP A

Abstract

From the observation of the mechanical heat equal has a purpose that can also learn how to determine
the equivalence of mechanical heat with calorimeter, knowing the things that cause differences in
theory and experiment in determining the equivalence of heat and energy is released and received
calorimeter. Equal means equality. Means of heat energy in the form of heat. Mechanical mechanical
energy is equal to the energy in the form of heat. Equal electric heat is the ratio between the electrical
energy supplied to the heat generated. Black principle is a principle in thermodynamics expressed
by Joseph Black. Black is a sound principle as follows: "On mixing the two substances, the amount
of heat that is released substances higher temperature equal to the amount of heat received lower
temperature substances". The instrument used to measure the heat is called a calorimeter.

Keywords : Black Principle, Heat, Joule, Mechanics

PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. How do I determine the mechanical heat equality with calorimeter?

2. How do I know that energy is released and received calorimeter?

PURPOSES
1. Students know how to determine the equivalence of mechanical heat with
calorimeter.
2. Students know the things that cause differences in theory and experiment in
determining the equivalence of heat.
3. Students know energy is released and received calorimeter.
EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY

Basic Theory
Equal means equality. Means of heat energy in the form of heat. Mechanical energy
is equal to the energy in the form of heat. So the mechanical heat is equal to the
mechanical energy unit of heat energy (heat). Calor is the temperature when the two
systems are different in contact with each other, then the final temperature reached
by the two systems are in between these two surface temperature. Furthermore,
stated only that the temperature amendment is "something" of an object at a higher
temperature to a body at a lower temperature and "something" we call heat. So heat
move from high temperature objects to objects in low general. So temperature heat
is a form of energy and not a substance. The instrument used to measure the heat is
called a calorimeter.
Equal electric heat is the ratio between the electrical energy supplied to the heat
generated. Underlying theory of equal electrical heating:
Joule's Law and Principles Black
A form of energy can be transformed into another form of energy. For example, in
the event of mechanical friction energy turns into heat. In the heat of the steam
engine is converted into mechanical energy. Similarly, electrical energy can be
converted into heat or vice versa. So the known presence of heat energy equivalence
between mechanical / electrical, quantitatively it is expressed by the number of
heat-energy equivalence electrical / mechanical. Equality of heat-mechanical
energy was first measured by Joule to take the mechanical energy of falling objects
to stir the water in the calorimeter so that the water gets hot. Electrical energy can
be converted into heat by means of an electric current in a wire immersed in water
prisoners who are in the calorimeter. Electrical energy is lost in the wire custody
magnitude are:
𝑊 = 𝑉 ∙ 𝐼 ∙ 𝑡 [𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒] … (2)
where:
V = potential difference between two ends of the wire prisoners [volts]
i = strong electric current [Amperes]
t = duration of an electric current [sec]
Electrical energy is V . I . t Joule for this is the mechanical energy is lost from
electrons moving from potentially lower end of the wire to the end of high potential.
This energy is transformed into heat.
Specific heat of an object is defined as the amount of heat that need to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 cal. This kind of heat that is characteristic
of an object that indicates its ability to absorb heat, at the same temperature change.
Specific heat physically means the amount of energy required per unit mass of a
substance so that the temperature is changed. In other words the amount of heat Q
which takes one object to another object different from each other.
Heat is received / released is proportional to the mass of matter, a decrease / increase
in temperature and the heat of substances formulated:
𝑄 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇 … (3)
Specification:
Q = heat (J)
m = mass (g)
c = specific heat (J / kg ° C)
ΔT = temperature difference (° C)
In general formulas Black Principles are:
𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑
Specification:
Qsend is the amount of heat given off by a substance
Qreceived is the amount of heat received by the substance
and the following formula is the translation of the formula above:
𝑚1 ∙ 𝑐1 ∙ (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑐2 ∙ (𝑇𝑎 − 𝑇2 )
Specification:
m1 = mass of the object that has a higher temperature level
c1 = Heat types of objects that have a temperature higher level
T1 = temperature of objects that have a temperature higher level
Ta = temperature of the final mixing of the two objects
m2 = mass of objects that have a lower temperature level
c2 = Heat types of objects that have a lower temperature level
T2 = temperature of objects which have a lower temperature level
Mechanical heat Equal:
 Heat energy (Q) is usually expressed in units of calories
 Mechanical energy (W) is usually expressed in units of Joules, so that W
and Q can be "equivalent" (of equal value), then the value of W is still in
Joules, must be converted into calories, wherein the value of energy: 1 cal
= 4.186 Joules. Value "4,186" known as "heat-mechanical equal"
 If it turns heat energy (Q) is in units of Joules, then we no longer need to
wear "equal value" will be, so we must immediately write: Q = W (both
sides already in units of Joules)
Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Plastic Chemical Glassware (Calorimeter)
b. Power Supply
c. Voltmeter
d. Ammeters
e. Thermometer
f. Connecting Cable
g. Ohauss Balance 311 g
h. Stopwatch
2. Material
a. Water

Variable Identification
1. Control Variable
a. Strong electrical currents
b. Power supply voltage
2. Manipulation Variable
a. Mass of the empty calorimeter
b. Water mass
 3. Variable Response
a. Temperature
b. Time
Operational Definition of Variables
1. Control Variable
a. Strong electrical currents : current depends on the extent of free electrons
moving through a wire cross section in units of time.
b. Power supply voltage : style that resulted in an electrical current.
2. Manipulation Variable
a. Mass of the empty calorimeter : calorimeter weight empty
b. Water mass : weight of water
3. Variable Response
a. Temperature : the state of the air at a certain time and place.
b. Time : sooner or later required a research activity.
Working Procedure
1. The tools are mentioned above was assembled.
2. The mass of the empty calorimeter + stirrer are measured.
3. Calorimeter is filled with water up to half the mass was measured.
4. Detailed Calorimeter mounted on the circuit, then the power supply is
turned on and the current is set to 2 A, and current and potential difference
across the ends of the coil in the record.
5. The power supply is turned off by not changing the position of the voltage
regulator.
6. The temperature of the calorimeter is measured and its contents and the
temperature is recorded as the initial temperature.
7. The power supply is turned back along with lighted stopwatch to measure
the time until the current drainage system temperature rose to 10 ° C from
the initial temperature and the stopwatch is stopped simultaneously with
the power supply turned off. Appointment stopwatch recorded.
8. Activity is repeated up to three (3) times.
OBSERVATION RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
1. Observation Results
NST Ohauss Balance 311 g : 0,01 g
NST Voltmeter :1V
NST Ammeters : 0,01 A
NST Thermometer : 1 oC
NST Stopwatch : 0,01 s
Table 1. Observation Result
Measurements to -
Measured
magnitudes I II III

Mass of empty
calorimeter + |61,62 ± 0,01| |61,62 ± 0,01| |61,62 ± 0,01|

stirrer, m1 (g)
Calorimeter +
water mass, m2 |183,00 ± 0,01| |192,81 ± 0,01| |196,35 ± 0,01|

(g)
Water Mass, ma |134,73 ± 0,01|
|121,38 ± 0,01| |131,19 ± 0,01|
(g)

Voltage, V (volt) |9,0 ± 0,5| |8,5 ± 0,5| |9,0 ± 0,5|

Strong currents, I |2,00 ± 0,01|

|2,00 ± 0,01| |2,00 ± 0,01|
(A)
Initial
Temperature, To |43,0 ± 0,5| |41,0 ± 0,5| |37,5 ± 0,5|

(oC)
Final
Temperature, Tf |53,0 ± 0,5| |51,0 ± 0,5| |47,5 ± 0,5|

(oC)

Time, t (s) |397,40 ± 0,01| |379,10 ± 0,01| |319,10 ± 0,01|

 2. Analysis of Data
Measurement to – I
1. The amount of heat energy (Q) required :
Q = m × c × ∆T
= 121,38 g × 1 cal⁄g °C × 10°C
= 1213,8 cal
∆m ∆∆T
∆Q= | + | ×Q
m ∆T
0,005 g 0,5°C
∆Q= | + | × 1213,8 cal
121,38 g 10°C
∆𝑄 = 60,74 cal
∆Q 60,74 cal
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 5,00%  3 A.P
Q 1213,8 cal

PF = |1,21 ± 0,06|×103 cal

2. The amount of electrical energy (W) generated :
W=V×I×t
W = 9 volt × 2 A × 397,4 s
W = 7153,2 Joule
∆V ∆I ∆t
∆W = | + + | ×W
V I t
0,5 volt 0,01 A 0,1 s
∆W = | + + | × 7153,2 Joule
9 volt 2A 397,4 s
∆𝑄 = 434,97 Joule
∆W 434,97 Joule
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 6,08%  2 A.P
W 7153,2 Joule

PF = |7,2 ± 0,4|×103 Joule

3. Equality of heat energy (Q) and mechanical energy (W) :
Q=W
1213,8 cal = 7153,2 Joule
1 cal = 5,89 Joule
Measurement to– II
1. The amount of heat energy (Q) required :
Q = m × c × ∆T
 = 131,19 g × 1 cal⁄g °C × 10°C
= 1311,9 cal
∆m ∆∆T
∆Q = | + | ×Q
m ∆T
0,005 g 0,5°C
∆Q= | + | × 1311,9 cal
131,19 g 10°C
∆𝑄 = 65,645 cal
∆Q 65,645 cal
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 5,00%  3 A.P
Q 1311,9 cal

PF = |1,31 ± 0,06|×103 cal

2. The amount of electrical energy (W) generated :
W=V×I×t
W = 8,5 volt × 2 A × 379,1 s
W = 6444,7 Joule
∆V ∆I ∆t
∆W = | + + | ×W
V I t
0,5 volt 0,01 A 0,1 s
∆W = | + + | × 6444,7 Joule
8,5 volt 2A 379,1 s
∆𝑄 = 413,02 Joule
∆W 413,02 Joule
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 6,41%  2 A.P
W 6444,7 Joule

PF = |6,4 ± 0,4|×103 Joule

3. Equality of heat energy (Q) and mechanical energy (W) :
Q=W
1311,9 cal = 6444,7 Joule
1 cal = 4,91 Joule
Measurement to– III
1. The amount of heat energy (Q) required :
Q = m × c × ∆T
= 134,73 g × 1 cal⁄g °C × 10°C
= 1347,3 cal
∆m ∆∆T
∆Q= | + | ×Q
m ∆T
 0,005 g 0,5°C
∆Q= | + | × 1347,3 cal
134,73 g 10°C
∆𝑄 = 67,415 cal
∆Q 67,415 cal
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 5,00%  3 A.P
Q 1347,3 cal

PF = |1,35 ± 0,07|×103 cal

2. The amount of electrical energy (W) generated :
W=V×I×t
W = 9 volt × 2 A × 319,1 s
W = 5743,8 Joule
∆V ∆I ∆t
∆W = | + + | ×W
V I t
0,5 volt 0,01 A 0,1 s
∆W = | + + | × 5743,8 Joule
9 volt 2A 319,1 s
∆Q= 349,62 Joule
∆W 349,62 Joule
KR = × 100% = × 100% = 6,09%  2 A.P
W 5743,8 Joule

PF = |5,7 ± 0,3|×103 Joule

3. Equality of heat energy (Q) and mechanical energy (W) :
Q=W
1347,3 cal = 5743,8 Joule
1 cal = 4,26 Joule

DISCUSSION
Practicum this time titled "Electric heat Equality" which has a purpose, Determining
the amount of electrical energy that is released in the calorimeter, determine the
amount of heat energy / heat received by the calorimeter, and determine the calorific
value of equality of electricity. To achieve these goals, students perform several
steps that include, measuring the mass of the calorimeter, the mass of water,
temperature, voltage, current, and time.

Its main activity is initiated by weighing the empty calorimeter along stirrer with
balance ohauss 311 g. Then put the water in the calorimeter half of the calorimeter
and weighed again. It should be noted that the filament coils should be immersed
all or more than half. Furthermore, the initial temperature of the water in the
calorimeter is measured. After the ingredients and equipment ready for use, the tool
coupled with installing the calorimeter and adjust the voltage and current in the
power supply for the V and I get a certain value that can be read directly on the
power supply. The series can be seen in the picture.

Figure 1. The series Power Supply, voltmeter, ammeter and Calorimeter

After obtaining the value of V and I, the power supply is turned off and then switch
back the power supply is turned back lit simultaneously with the stopwatch. Last
record water temperature every few minutes that have been determined.

In this experiment a strong set a current of 2 A and a change in temperature of 10oC.

Do variation in water mass. Then, performed three repetitions voltage
measurements and time.

First, the mass measurement results obtained calorimeter 61.62 grams and 121.38
grams of water with initial temperature 43oC. Then, given the strong current of 2
A and voltage values obtained by 9 V. The time required to change the temperature
by 10 ° C in this first measurement of 397.4 s. From the calculation of the equation
W = V. I. t to look for electrical energy is obtained by Joule 7153.2.

For the second variation is the amount of water mass of 131.19 g obtained voltage
of 8.5 V and a temperature initially at 41oC and required time of 379.1 s to achieve
a predetermined temperature changes. From the calculation of the equation W = V.
I. t to look for electrical energy is obtained by Joule 6444.7.

For the third variation is the amount of water mass of 139.73 g obtained voltage of
9 V and temperature initially at 37,5oC and required time of 319.1 s to achieve a
predetermined temperature changes. From the calculation of the equation W = V. I.
t to look for electrical energy is obtained by Joule 5743.8.

With the third variation obtained three mechanical heat equality different.
According to the theory of equal magnitude of the electric heat is 1 cal = 4.186
Joules. The presence of differences in measurement results are analyzed with the
actual value of this, the trial could take place. This can be caused by several factors,
among others:

1. Room temperature influenced the AC that will affect outcome measure, as

it makes changes to the initial temperature and the final temperature.
2. Lack of sensitivity of the observer when the push button stopwatch. This
will increase or decrease the time and eventually will change the outcome
measure.
3. The potential energy is absorbed by another object or no heat is lost to the
environment.
4. The ability to store heat calorimeter unknown, cause no detection of the
possibility of heat released into the environment.
5. Rounding data values also make the data changes from the actual value.
6. The delay while observing the voltmeter that strong current of 2 A so that
its value is different.

Then, the difference between the results of the first electric heat equality with the
latter due to the equipment used in the second experiment has been used in the first
experiment. So that the equipment is more sensitive to respond to thermal energy
or heat is transferred.

SIMPULAN DAN DISKUSI

Conclusions
Black principle is a principle in thermodynamics expressed by Joseph Black. This
principle describes:
  If two different objects whose temperature is mixed, hot objects provide
heat on cold objects so that the temperature of the same end.
 The amount of heat absorbed by a cold object is equal to the amount of heat
released hot objects.
 Objects cooled heat release equal to the heat absorbed when heated.

Black is a sound principle as follows: "On mixing the two substances, the amount
of heat that is released substances higher temperature equal to the amount of heat
received lower temperature substances".

In general formulas Black Principles are:

𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑

Specification:
Qsend is the amount of heat given off by a substance
Qreceived is the amount of heat received by the substance
And through this experiment, we can determine the mechanical heat keseequalan
by following the steps as above.
Discussion
Before the experiment and measurement of mechanical heat equal, it is advisable
to understand the concept equality of mechanical heat and use a tool to practice
running smoothly and easily understood. Perform each measurement at least three
times to get a more accurate result.
REFERENCE LIST
Giancolli.2001.Fisika.Erlangga:Jakarta.
Tipler.1991.Fisika Untuk Sains Dan Teknik.Erlangga:Jakarta.
Zemansky, Sears.1982.Fisika Universitas.Bina Cipta:Bandung.
http://www.academia.edu/6737710/Fisika_Dasar_2_-
_Dasar_teori_bab_Equal_Calor_Mekanik
http://brainly.co.id/tugas/91268