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MATH 4A
BASIC CONCEPTS
QUADRANTS
1. First Quadrant ( Q1) - all the values of the coordinates are positive.
2. Second Quadrant ( Q2) - a negative x coordinate and a positive y coordinate
3. Third Quadrant (Q3) - all values of the coordinates are negative.
4. Fourth Quadrant ( Q4) - a positive x coordinate and a negative y coordinate.
RULE 1: The length of a horizontal line segment joining two points is the abscissa of the point on the
right minus the abscissa of the point of the left
d = ( x2-x1) horizontal line segment distance formula if and only if the value of the y-coordinate
of both pair are equal or y2 = y1
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RULE 2: The length of a vertical line segment joining two points is the ordinate of the upper point
minus the ordinate of the lower point.
d = ( y2-y1) vertical line segment distance formula if and only if the value of the x coordinate of
both pair are equal or x2 = x1
RULE 3: The distance between two points whose x coordinates and y coordinates are not equal is equal
to the sum of the differences of the abscissas to the square of the difference of the ordinate and take the
positive square root as the sum.
The inclination of a line is defined as the angle, measured counterclockwise from the initial side to
the terminal side. The slope of a line is defined as the tangent of its inclination. A line leaning to the
right has a positive slope and a line leaning to the left has a negative slope.
THEOREM 1: Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope
m1=m2
THEOREM 2: The slope of a line is defined as the tangent of its inclination and it is equal to the
ratio of the differences of the abscissa and ordinate.
rise y y2 y1 dy
m tan
run x x2 x1 dx
The following are the different forms of the slope of a line. dy/dx represents the change in the y
coordinate with respect to the x coordinate and will be explicitly defined in higher mathematics.
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C. Angle between two lines.
If two lines having different slopes intersect to each other, the angle between this two lines measure
along the horizontal x-axis counter clockwise is
m1 m2
tan
1 m1m2
Two slant lines are perpendicular if and only if the slope of one is the negative reciprocal of the other.
The midpoint of the line segment is defined as point that is in the middle of two points wherein the
abscissa of the midpoint is half the sum of two x coordinate the half the sum of two y coordinate is the
ordinate of the midpoint
x1 x2 y1 y 2
x y
2 2
THEOREM 1: The equation of every straight line is expressible in terms of the first degree. Conversely,
the graph of first degree equation is a straight line.
examples
LINEAR EQUATIONS - equations in the first degree. 2x + 1 = 3
LINEAR FUNCTIONS - functions in the first degree f(x) = 2x + 1
LINEAR EXPRESSIONS - algebraic expressions in the first degree 2x + 1
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LINEAR INEQUALITIES - inequalities in the first degree 2x + 1 ≥ 1
BASICS:
IF the value of x is set into zero, then the resulting value is its y-intercepts.
IF the value if y is set into zero, then the resulting value is its x - intercept
1. SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM - the slope and the y intercept are given y mx b
2. SLOPE POINT FORM - a single order paired point and a slope is given. y y1 mx x1
y2 y1
3. TWO POINT FORM - two ordered pairs are given. y y1 x x1
x2 x1
x y
4. INTERCEPT FORM - an x-intercept “a” and a y-intercept “b” are given. 1
a b
The General Equation of the line is the transposition of the standard equation of a line as the
equation is equal to zero.
Ax By C 0
E. DIRECTED DISTANCE
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Ax By C
d
A2 B 2
RULES.
1. The value of the denominator is POSITIVE if the point is ABOVE THE LINE
2. The value of the denominator is NEGATIVE if the point is BELOW THE LINE
F. INTERSECTION OF LINES
Lines are said to be intersect if and only if two equations of the line are said to be equal. To solve for
the point of intersection, just equate the equations of a line into a singular variable then solve.
QUIZ 1
WORD PROBLEMS IN ANALYICAL AND SOLID GEOMETRY
(DISTANCE and MIDPOINT FORMULA)
Directions: Solve the following problems. Use a graphing paper and graph the lines. (10 points each)
Time limit ( 45 mins)
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1. Find the distance from (2,1) to the point that is midway to the distance of points (3,4) and (6,1)
( Hint: Use Midpoint and Distance Formula)
2. Find the value of k such that the distance between (-4 ,2) and ( 2 , k ) is 100.
( Hint: Use distance formula)
3. Find the value of a such that the points (0,0) , (4,3) , ( 6, 0) and ( a , -4 ) is a square.
(Hint: A square has equal sides. The distance from any two ordered pair is always equal to the distance
of two other ordered pair.)
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