Work notes on the Tavola Cortonensis

- a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts -

_____________________________________________________________

Updated 5.19.17

By Mel Copeland
relating to http://www.maravot.com/Tabula_Cortonensis.html
a work in progress

The Tavola Cortonensis is a bronze tablet written on both sides that was found near Cortona,
Italy and dates ca. 600 B.C. The text addresses various rocky forts (PETRVIS - to the
rocks/promontories (2nd.
Decl. pl. dat. -is; It. pietra)
and the payment of passage
money NAL (L. naulum-I).
The army of Sulla (TC23) is
mentioned, then the
Etruscan army of Stelinni.
Many names appear in the
text, such as Felara and the
festival of the Salini. Salini;
the prince/lord of the Salinis
appears in the beginning of
the text on side two (See
also RASNA SILINNI PES
the Etruscan (RASNA) army
(PES) of Silinni.The salinae
were saltworks at the mouth
of the Tiber river. The
context of the tablet appears
to relate to a prince
appealing the payment of
fares or passage money
and the boundaries of the
recipient. “Choose which
part of the river bank you
want as your territory,”
summarizes the complaint.
The Latins are mentioned
(“The Latins I trusted”).
Much of the action in the
text is around Vulci, Volci
(Etr. Velche-s) and the
boundary dispute appears
to revolve around the Arno
river.

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Following our approach in “Work notes on the Zagreb Mummy,” we continue comparing words
and phrases in the Tavola Cortonensis with like words and phrases in other Etruscan texts from
“Etruscan Phrases”: (http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_Phrases_a.html) Portions of this text
were discussed in “Work notes on the Zagreb Mummy,” page 8-10, 59-60. Characters with an
underline are unclear, damaged areas of the text. The translation of the Etruscan texts involves
comparing one text against another, one like phrase or word against its usage in another text.
As a result the declensions are becoming more refined.
In general Etruscan words follow Latin declension tables. There are exceptions with regard to
the suffix –o and –es, in particular, which look like they are being used with regard to Latin 2nd
Declension cases. In those cases where –es appears to apply in a non-3rd Declension case, we
apply the Acc. Pl. case. Verbs conjugate very much in line with Latin verbs and the most popular
cases are Present, Imperfect, Future in Indicative and Conjunctive cases. Third person single
follows a consistent shift, of dropping the final consonant; i.e., Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single amat
becomes ama, “he, she, it loves, likes.” 3rd Person Plural also drops the final consonant in a
consistent shift. There are some peculiarities in some characters. The “O” = “R,” the “M” = “S,”
the “ǂ” approximates a hard S or “Z,” the “↓” = “CH,” (K). The character “M” is rendered in
Etruscan with a tang: . The vowel, omega “o” is rendered as “V.” There is another “R” which
is written as in Greek, P. From one Etruscan text to another this character may have its stem
shorter, almost disappearing. It appears along with the “O.” There are many places and names
mentioned in this text which makes it interesting from a historical standpoint. What is shown as
Side 2 of the text appears to be the beginning of the text.
We have updated Etruscan_GlossaryA.pdf (and the Etruscan_Glossary.xls spreadsheet)
05.19.17 to reflect changes in this text.

Side 1 of the text

(TC1) ET PETRVIS SCE FISE LIVNTS F (F to line TC7) and (L. et) to the rocks/promontories
(2nd. Decl. pl. dat. -is; It. pietra) she will know (L. scio, scir, scivi or scli, scitu; Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers.
Single sciet) by, with the fixed, firm (L. fixus-a-um, Abl. Single –e) Lionts, name Leontini-orum, a
town on the east coast of Sicily.

Note: In Tuscany today hilltop towns are often referred to as "rocks." SCE also appears at:

(TC61) ES PETRVS TA SCE F _ _ NVRA NATVR LAR Te PETR you are (L. es)
by, from the rocks/promontories (L. lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra, f. L. 2nd.
Decl. Acc. Pl. –os); you, your (L. tuus, vester; Fr. ta, thy, votre, your); she will know how
to, understand (L. scio, scir, scivi or scli, scitu, Ind. Fut.3rd Pers. Single sciet)....
daughters-in-law (L. nurus-us, Nom. Pl. -a?) of nature, birth (L. natura-ae, Gen. Single)
of the god, household, lars, penates (L. lar, laris, lares, Gen. Single) to, by you (L. tu, te,
vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) of the stone, rock (L.
lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra, f. L. 2nd. Decl. Nom. Single)

(TC190) RISA LIS FLA PETRVS Ce SCE FAS PES STAR KIAN she quarrels,
complains (L. rixor-ari, Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single rixat) of the lawsuit, legal controversy
(L. lis, litis, Nom. Single) she laments (L. fleo, flere, flevi, fletum; 3rd pers. Sing. Subj.
fleat); by, from the rocks/promontories (L. lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra, f. L.
2nd. Decl. Acc. Pl.. –os) to us (It. ce); she will know, understand (L. scio, scir, scivi, Ind.
Fut. 3rd Pers. Single sciet; It. saper; Fr. savoir) fate, divine command, law, right (L. fas);
of the foot, army (L. pes, pedis, Nom. Single; It. piede; Fr. pied) it may stand, to stand (L.
sto, stare, Cond. Imperf. 3rd Pers. Single stā́ret ; It. stare; Fr. stationner)

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 R173 SCE: REøTE: KVRATV: SI: SCE: TESTRV: KARV he/she will know (L. scio, scir,
scivi or scli, scitu, Ind. Fut.3rd Pers. Single sciet); Rephte; at, by, with, from the rising (L.
coortus-us, Abl. Single –o) supposing that; (L. si; It. se, Fr. si) he will know (L. scio, scir,
scivi or scli, scitu, Ind. Fut.3rd Pers. Single sciet) I will testify/bear witness? (L. testor-ari,
Ind. II Fut. testā́verō); by the dear (L. adj. carus-a-um, Abl. Single -o; It. caro)

AH-1--ECA: SeREN: behold, see !(L. ecce) they will be joined together (L. sero, serere,
serui, sertum; Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers. Single serent) or

AH-3 TFA: IK NAC: (C from line AH6) she regards/watches over (L. tueor [or tuor] tueri,
tuitus and tutus, dep. and tueo-ere; Ind. Conj. 3rd Pers. Single tueat) or alternatively, the
two (L. duo-ae-o; It. due; Fr. deux; Welsh, dau, dwy; Gr. Dyo; Persian, do) here (L. hic
[and heic], hice; It. qui; Fr. ici) I give birth to, rise (L. nascor-i; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single
nāscō)

AH-6 (C) HERCLE Hercules (L. Hercules-is, m.)

AH-7 VNIA Le: CL (CL is part of AH-9) the (goddess) Uni there / to her (Fr. le, la)

Note: VNIA is gen. case for Uni, seen at Au13 as well. Unia is mentioned at Au13 in the
context of a parallel Punic text referring to Ishtar. CaL connects to A in AH-9 based on
script Z usage. See Etruscan GlossaryA.xls. TFA declines: TFAI, TFE, TFV. TFAI
appears to be L. duae, f. two. TFV would be L. duo, m. two. TFE coincides with Italian
due, Fr. duex; however, it appears that TFA and TFE relate to L. tueor or tueo-ere). The
“ai” suffix appears in LISIAI (L. lixa-ae), ARAI, CRVTHAI, ELINAI (Helen of Troy), AECAI
(Aesacus, son of King Priam of Troy), RONAI (name of woman in tomb mural), SIFAI,
CRAI, ARMAI, MIDAI (Midas, Lydian king(s)), ATAI (Hades), TIRAI.

AH-9 (CLA) NORA: SCE with / by Cleo (L. Clio-us; 5th Decl. Abl. -e, Etr. -a suffix) with
the young married woman/daughter-in-law (L. nurus-us, f; -a suffix is Abl. Single –a?; It.
nuora, f.) she will know (L. scio, scir, scivi or scli, scitu; Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers. Single sciet)

Note: Cleo was one of the nine Muses, daughter of Zeus (Etr. TINIA) and Mnemosyne,
who laughed at Aphrodite for her infatuation with the mortal Adonis. The goddess had
her revenge by making Cleo fall in love with Pierus, son of Magnes, by whom she bore a
son Hyacinth.

(TC7) (F)INA Ce RESTvM Ce CENV TENR VRS ARCVS He would bind, limit, enclose,
appoint, finish by speaking, or to die (L. finio-ire, Ind. Conj. 3rd Pers. Single fīniat) to us (It. ce); I
may stop, await (L. resto-stare-sti, 1st Pers. Sing. Conj. Restem); to us (It. ce) to dine (L. ceno-
are) to hold (L. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum) the undertaking/beginning (L. orsus-us, m.) of
Argos / place name (L. Argos & Argi-orum, capital of Argolis in the Peloponnese) or ancient(s)
(Gr. arxaia) or bow, arch, arc (L. arcus-us). Note: FINA declines: FIN, Z1397.

(TC19) VR VRAS LARIS AL SFLA PES Ce SPANTE TENR VR I speak (L. oro-are, Ind.
Pres. 1st Pers. Single oro; Palaic, wer) of the boundaries (L. ora-ae; -as, 1st Decl. acc. pl. -as);
by the household gods/hearth (L. lar, laris, m, 2nd Decl. Single Abl. Pl. -is) to it, him (It. al) Sulla,
name, the army (L. m. pes, pedis.) to us (It. ce) he would scatter (L. expand-ere, Conj. 3rd Pers.
Single expandet; It. spandare); to possess, hold (L. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum) the region (L.
ora-ae) or with SA from TC28, undertaking or beginning (L. orsa-orum)

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(TC28) SA SeRAN SARC CERN TERSNA RVI SPANeRIM Le to herself (L. se or sese; It.
si; Fr. sa, f.) they join together (L. sero, serere, serui, sertum, Conj. 3rd Pers. Pl. serant); I mend,
make good (L. sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single sarciō) I resolve,
separate (L. cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single cernō) the Taurisci?
Astures, tribe of northern Spain? Personal name, Tersna. The king (Fr. roi) of Spanerim ( Acc.
Single –im? Hispania?) there (le)

Note: The "NA" suffix of TERSNA is found as a determinative, as in the name of the goddess,
THALNA (or RALNA), mother of Helen of Troy (See Divine_Mirror.html) and the name of the
Etruscans, RASNA, RASNE, RASNES.

The possible name of TERS appears at Z530:

Z530 ETeNAM FEL RINA Le ETeNAM AI SVNA Le RVN TERS we wonder/we are
inspired (L. attono-tonare-toni-tonitum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Pl. attonā́mus; to be stunned,
inspired, frantic; Fr. étonner and s'étonneer) the great (FEL) queen (L. regina,; It.
reginna, f.; Fr. reine, f.) there (le) we wonder/we are inspired (L. attono-tonare-toni-
tonitum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Pl. attonā́mus; ai! (L. ai!) he/she celebrates/sings (L. sono,
sonare, sonnui, sonitum, Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single sonat) there (le); I watch (It. ronda, f.
rounds, watch, patrol; Fr. rond, adj.) the perfect (L. tersus-a-um)

(TC38) ESI E RIC RASNA SILINNI PES PETRVS PAF ESI E RIC, I left (L. exeo-ire-li-
[ivi]-itum, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single exiī) from (L. e, ex) rich, wealthy (L. dives-vetis; It. ricco; Fr.
riche) the Etruscan (Rasna) of the Silinni? (Silinus, 2nd Decl. Nom. Pl. –i) army (L. pes, pedis); of
the rocks/promontories (It. pietra; L. 2nd Decl. Acc. Pl. -os); I fear (L. paveo, pavere, pavi; Ind.
Pres. 1st Pers. Single paveō) I left (L. exeo-ire-li- [ivi]-itum, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single exiī) from
(L. e, ex) the rich? (It. ricco);

Note: The phrase at TC19, SFLA PES coincides with RASNA SILINNI PES. RIC appears to be
an adjective or noun, wealthy, rich, and is used five times in the Zagreb Mummy script. Another
word is RIKE, RIKES, used in the Tavola Eugubine, Script Q: Q460, Q726, Q837, Q671, Q737,
Q745, Q754. The "E" faces the word ESI and thus belongs with that word.

(Tavola Eugubine, Script Q) http://www.maravot.com/Translation_EugubineQ.html

Q460 PVP RIKE APEN TV: TIbLV (TIGLV) SECA KaNI: NARATV: the junior
priest/temple servant (L. popa-ae) rich (It. adj. ricco; Fr. adj. riche) they go away / die (L.
abeo-ire, Ind. Pres. 3rd. Pers. Pl. abeunt); you, of thine (L. tu, te, vos; It. te, to you; Fr. te,
to you) the tough (It. tigiloso) simply/plainly (L. siccus-a-um) you sang / prophesied (L.
cano, canere, cecin, cantum); narrarate! (L. narrow, narrare, imper. narrā́tō)

Q726 E REbLe (REGLe) VMA: PERSNIMV: PV EMVNE: PVP RIKE: CESV: NE since
(L. e, ex) I cultivate (L. recolo-colere-colui-coltum, Ind. Pres. 1st. Pers. Single recolo) or
alternatively I rule, to support (L. regno-are; rego, regere; It. reggere; Fr. regler; Sanscrit,
raj) she moistens (L. umeo [hu]-ere, Ind. Conj.. 3rd Pers. Single umeat); Persnimus; a
little (It. poco, Fr. peu, m., adv.) he warns (L. verb, emoneo-ere, Ind. Pres. 3rd pers.
singl. emonēt); the junior priest/temple servant (L. popa-ae) riche (It. adj. ricco; Fr. adj.
riche; richesse, f.); I stop/to stop (L. cesso-are) lest/not (L. ne)

Q737 PV EMVNES PVP RIKES: KLA CLES PERSNIΦMV: little (It. poco, Fr. peu, m.,
adv.) you warn (L. verb, emoneo-ere, Ind. Pres. 2nd pers. singl. emonēs) the junior
priest/temple servants (L. popa-ae) of the riches (3rd Decl. Acc. Pl. –es; It. adj. ricco; Fr.
adj. riche); he would name, call (L. clueo-ire, Conj. 3rd Pers. Single clueat; It. cloe,

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 namely) the keys (L. clavis-is, f.; It. chiave) Fr. clé or clef, f.) of Persniphmo; ( 2nd Decl.
Dat. or Abl. –o). *Cles may be L. clavus-i, Nom. Pl. -es., the stripe of purple on tunics
worn by senators and knights. CLES appears at BS28, PG-4

BS-21: AI ATIE: ERCE 8ISES _ _ _ _ _ _S: RAM_ _ _E: CLES NASR ai!, woe! of the Ati
(sons of Atys): about/towards, about (L. erga) you look at, visit L. visio, visere, visi,
visum, Ind. Pres. 2nd Pers. Single visīs; It. visione, vision; Fr. viser, to sight) _ _ _ _ _RAM
_ _ __E : the keys (L. clavis-is, It. chiave; Fr. clé, clef) or *stripes to be born (L. nascor-i,
natus and gnatus) or alternatively name, Naser

B-25: SILCI :: He is silent, still (L. silesco-ere, Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single silēscit;
alternatively, silicernium-i, a funeral feast or flint, hard stone (L. silex-icis; It. silice; Fr.
silex)

PG-1 SI LARFAIA or LARFAI ATELI CLES LEKTVM VTA if, supposing that (L. si; It. se,
Fr. si) the ghosts, spectres (L. larva (larua) –ae; ia= ae) of the Ateli, name, (L. Attalus-i,
adj. Attalicus-a-um, name of several kings of Pergamum) the keys (L. clavis-is, f.; It.
chiave) Fr. clé or clef, f.) or the *stripes chosen, excellent (L. lectus-a-um, 2nd Decl. Gen.
-um) he may be at leisure (L. otior-ara, Conj. 3rd Pers. Single otiat)

(TC46) AC TRA VLA Ce TI VRTE VRC TENRA SACINA Te PR and also/ indeed (L. ac,
atque) he takes up / pulls (L. traho, trahere, traxi, tractu, Conj. 3rd Pers. Single trahat), the oils (L.
oleum –I, Nom. Pl. N. -a; It. olio, m. Fr. huille, f.) to us (It. ce); your, yours (L. tu; te, tui, Acc. vos,
tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te, to you) by the rising, origin (L. ortus-us, Abl. –e) the infernal regions
(L. Orcus-i) or a pot or jar with a large belly (L. orca-ae) she held (L. teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum,
Conj. Imperf. tenḗret) Sacina (name, such as L. Sacinius, first tribune, and father of Gaius
Sicinius) to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you)
PR – belongs to line TC56. Note: -NA suffix suggests a name.

(TC56) (PR)INISERA Ce SAL CaSa E SIS FERE CVSVR VRSVM he would have
known/announced beforehand (L. praenosco-ere, Conj. Imperf. praenoscā́ret; It. preannunziare,
to announce, to forebode) to us (It. ce); the salt (L. sal, salis, m.) the house (L. f. casa-ae); since
(L. e, ex) to wish/to be willing/suppose (L. si vis, sis) he will bear, bring (L. fero, ferre, tuli, latu,
Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers. Single, feret) to give as a reason / plead (L. causor-ari) of the
beginning/understanding (L. orsa-orum, 2nd Decl. Acc. Single –um) Note: For VRSvM see
Z1654.

(TC65) ES PETRVS TA SCE F _ _ NVRA NATVR LAR Te PETR you are (L. es) of the
rocks/promontories ( L. 2nd Decl. Nom. Single –us; It. pietra); of yours (L. tibi; It. ti; Fr. ta, f. thy,
your); she will know, understand (L. scio, scir, scivi, Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers. Single sciet) F....of the
daughters-in-law/young married women (L. nurus-us f., Pl.-a) nature (L.natura-ae; 1st Decl. Gen.
Single) the household god/hearth (L. lar, laris, m.) to you, your (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. sing.
acc., abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) the stone, rock (L. lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra,
f. L. 2nd. Decl. Nom. Single). Note: PETR is used at TC146: …...LARIS AI PETR

(TC75) VNI APNI PINI LAR Te PILVS CE LARIS SALINI F the goddess Uni; you
denied (L. abno-nuere-nu; Ind. Perf. 3rd Pers. Single abnuit); the wings/battlements along the top
of the wall (L. pinna-ae; Nom. Pl. ae = i? ); the [household] god/hearth (L. lar, laris, m.) your, to
you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you); the pilus,
division of Roman army (L. pilus-i) wherewith, wherefrom (L. old ablative of qui) by the

5
household gods/hearths (L. lar, laris, m., 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is); of the Salini/salt-marsh, salt-
works (L. salinae-arum, f.; Nom. Pl. -i).

Note: SALINI also appears at TC279: AVLE SALINI CVSV. This may be the beginning of the
text, an address to the Lord/Prince of the Salini. See also TC290 LARIS ALC SALINIS AVLE.
“by the household gods someone by the Salinis the prince…

Salini may refer to the coast near Ostia involved both Etruscan and Roman salt mining,
"Campus Salinus Maior." “…the area of Maccarese became an important centre of salt
production under both Etruscan and Roman domination. Although mentioned by the ancient
sources, the Etruscan salt pans have never been found. After the conquest of Veio in 396 B.C.,
the salt works came under Roman control and were used under the name Campus salinarum
romanarum throughout the Republican and Imperial period.The salt pans of Maccarese were
exploited at long, and are mentioned in several documents at least until the end of the fifteenth
century, under the names Campus Maior, Campus salinarius or Campus Salinus Maior (Morelli
& Forte 2014). Recent trench prospection and excavation campaigns (Grossi et al. 2015) have
brought to light Roman imperial salt works, composed of a complex of canals dug into the earth,
used to channel and distribute salt water from the Maccarese Pond. Connected to the salt
extraction systems was a structure composed of a one-kilometre string of 1439 amphorae
inserted upright into the muddy substrate..” [From http://www.ostia-foundation.org]

Note: PINI declines: PINA, PINAS, PINA8, PINE, PINES, PINI, PINIE. If PINI is L. pinna-ae, the
declension of this word does not fit the 1st Declension pattern and appears to be another
declension altogether. The –as suffix appears in other Etruscan words; the -es suffix may be L. –
is. The -a8 (ab?) suffix may be L. ebus.

LAR declines: LAR, LARE, LARI, LARIS, LARO (LARV).

(TC86) (F)ET NAL LAR Te FEL ARA LAR THAL (ΘAL) IS A LAR Te FEL ARA the
holiday/fest/feast (feast, holiday (L. festus-a-um; It. festa; Fr. fête) the fare/passage money (L.
naulum-i) of the household god/hearth (L. lar, laris, m.) of your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd
pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) the great (Fel) altar (L. ara-ae); the
goddess (L. lar, laris, m.) THAL (name, goddess THALNA, mother of Helen of Troy) that person
(L. is, ea, id) at (L. a) of the household god/hearth (L. lar, laris, m.) your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos;
2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) the great (Fel) altar (L. ara-ae)

Note: A name akin to THAL is THALNA), a wife of the god Tin who is the mother of Helen of
Troy. See the Divine_mirror.html for her grouping in the Etruscan pantheon.

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 (text from the Perugia Cippus, a history of Etruscan regents)
http://www.maravot.com/Translation_Perugia_Cippus.html
K154 RI VOLVM (8VLVM) the matters (L. res, ri) of the volume (L. volumen-inis, a
scroll, book, wreath, fold; It. volume; Fr. volume, bulk, mass, volume)

K156 CHUAS (KFAS) FELaRI you cherish,

fondle, pet (L. foveo, fovere; Fr. choyer)
of the great (fel) matters (L. res, ri) or alternatively,
the Felari] Note: See FELaR, FELaRA, FELaRE,
sailing ships? (L. velum-i, a sail; It. vellero, Fr.
voilier, sailing ship).

K159 RENERI EST the Reneri she is (L. sum,

esse, fui, futurus; Ind. Pres. 3rd pers. singl. est)

K161 AC FEL RINA indeed, and also (L. ac) the

great (Fel) queen (L. f. regina; It. f. regina; Fr. f.
reine)

K164 ACIL VNE the eagle (L. aquila-ae) the

one one (L. unnus-a-um, unius, uni, una; It. un,
uno, una; Fr. Un, une; Welsh, un-au); probably,
northern (L. aquilonius-a-um), i.e., "the great
northern queen." The next word at K165 appears
to be the city of Turin, and this would be the
northern most city.]

K165 TVRVNE (SC to line 168) with a (citizen)

of Turone (Turin) (L. taurinus-a-um; Abl. Single -e)

Note: the NE suffix is an augmentative suffix

applied to nations, such as RASNA, RASNE,
RASNES.

(resuming the Tavola Cortonensis)

(TC100) AVLES A FEL PVMPVI RVCIV AVLE CE LATINAS I; the lords/princes (L.
aule, 3rd Decl. Nom. Pl. -es) to (L. a); the great/good (Fel) to, for the procession, display,
ostentation (L. pompa-ae; Dat. –i or –ui); or name Pompeius or Pompeius-a-um) to, for
the funeral pile (L. rogus-i, m, Dat. Single -o); the prince (L. aule) wherewith, wherefrom
(L. old ablative of qui) to, for the Latins (L. Latinus-a-um,Dat. Pl. N. -is; Latium-i) (I to next
line)

Note: If RVCIV is L. rogus-i, funeral pile then this could be a funeral oration to Pompey, a
common gens. (Pompeius-a-um).

TC108) (I)TiM NAL ARNSA 8ELSiNI FEL RINA Le FEL (3) LVISNA; also, likewise
(L. item) the fare/passage money (L. naulum-i); the tool/implement (It. arnese, m.)? of
the person of Felsina, Gen. Single -i (later called Bologna, after the Boii invaders); the

7
 great/good (Fel) queen (L. regina-ae; It. regina; Fr. reine) there (Fr. le); the great (Fel)
Luisna, or Loisna, Luisna, Loisna, name of a "great" person of the Oscans? Or the
Etruscans (L. Tusci-orum)

Note: The NA suffix generally refers to the name of people, such as the RASNA,
RASNE, RASNES (name of Etruscans) or person, such as the goddess THALNA. Does
the name refer to Lois, originally a “German” name? The reference however is to a
Queen Luisna the Oscan or Tuscan – see next line.

(TC108) VSCE or TVSCE FELVS INANV8 RESA LARVS LANSV LAR Te from the
Oscan (L. Osci-orum, Abl. Single –e, an ancient people of Italy or Etruscan (L. Tusci-
orum, bl. Single –e) ; the skin/fleece (L. vellus-eris - used here to refer to a map?) she
made void, idle, vain( L.inanio-ire, Ind. Imperf. 3rd Pers. Single inanā́bat;) calms, sittings
(L. resis-sidis, Acc. Pl. –a) or alternative yield, surrender, return (It. resa, f.); of the
ghosts/spectres/masks (L. larva [larua]-ae; Acc. Pl. –os) by the lance, light spear (L.
lancea-ae, Abl. –o) god (L. Lar, Laris, m.) your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex.
Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you)

Note: RESA appears to be “yield, surrender, return” in the context, “she made void the
surrender of the ghosts by the lance your god.”

Note: This line presents problems in terms of altering current knowledge on the origin of
the Oscans. The Romans referred to them, but “According to Aristotle, the Opici lived in
"the part of Italy towards Tyrrhenia" and were called also Ausones. Antiochus of
Syracuse agreed that the Opici were Ausones and placed them in Campania. Strabo,
however, the chief source for the fragments of Antiochus, himself distinguished between
the Osci and the Ausones, remarking that the Osci had disappeared, but the Romans
still used their dialect as a literary language…” If the line refers to the Tuscans, it seems
odd, since they called themselves RASNA, as noted in this text. The other possibility
could refer to the bird of augury, raven, owl, crow (L. Oscen-inis).

(TC116) A LAR Te LEFE LAFES AN PETRV RA OBE (V8E) E PRV (S)- from line
TC127
to (L. a) god (L. Lar, Laris, m.) your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing.
Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) y may, would lift up (L. levo-are Conj. Pres. 3nd
Pers. Single levēt;) you would bathe/moisten (L. lavo, lavare, lavere, lavi, lautum or lotu
or lavatum; Conj. Single 2nd Pers. Single lavēs) or/whether (L an), by the rock (It. pietra,
f. L. ;2nd Decl. Abl. Single -o); the party in a law-suit (L. rea-ae, f.) he goes against (L.
obeo-ire-ivi-itum, Conj. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single obeat) out of, from (L. e, ex) the straight-
forward/prose (L. prosus-a-um. 2nd Decl. Nom. Single); or alternatively EPROS, Epirus-I,
region in N.W. Greece.

Note: PROS declines: PRVS, PRVSE (Q512, R487)

TC127 S AME FELiKE CVSV LARI AI _ _ LENI ARC LARIS he may love, like (L. amo-
are, Conj. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single amet) the Vulci, people of Velcha (L. Nom. Pl. -ae = e) an
ancient Etruscan town, Velcha, modern Volci, Vulci) I give as a reason (L. causor-ari; Ind. Pres.
1st Pers. Single causō) for the gods (L. Lar, Laris; Dat. Single -i); ai! (L. ai!, interjection of grief); _
_ I made straight (L. lineo-are, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single linuī) the bow (L. arcus-us, m. the bow);
by the household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. –is)

8
(TC139) ......V...................................text damaged.............................LARIS ALIS
ALAE...IAC...LARIS AL PETR ... (unreadable)... by the household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris,
m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. –is) of another, other, different (L. alis, alid, old form of alius -a- aliud)
wings, poet., of the oars of a ship, squadron (L. ala, ae, f.) .. I lay, cast, throw (L. iacio, iaceere,
ieci, iactum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single iaco).... by the household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris, m,
2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. –is) to him, it (It. al) the stone, rock, fortress (L. lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre;
It. pietra, f. L. 2nd. Decl. Nom. Single)

(TC147 .. VC…..S ARN Te LEI PETRVS PVIA ...s the Arno, chief river of Etruria. Arno, river
& gens (L. Arnus-i, 2nd Decl. Nom. Single) your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing.
Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you); lioness (L. lea-ae and laena; 1st Decl. Single Gen. -ae = -
i); of the rocks/promontories (L. lapis-ids; Gr. Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra, f. L. 2nd. Decl. Acc. Pl.. –
os); herb, grass, hay (L. herba-ae; Gr. ποίᾳ, ποίας, ἡ (cf. Curtius, § 387), herbage, grass), or
afterwards, then? (L. tum, tunc; It. pois, then; Fr. puis, then)

Note: The -ia suffix in PVIA suggests a proper name or noun. This may be a borrowed Greek
word, poia, as is also the case with PETRA. “Herb seems to go with “I dine.”

(TC153) CEN SIC SIKV KES PARSE STIS SAS LEIS IN I dine, to (L. ceno-are; Ind. Pres.
1st Pers. Single cenō); in this way/thus (L. sic); to make dry, staunch, drain (L. sicco-are) on this
side of, within (L. cis) by, with a part, piece, share, direction, region, side, party (L. pars, partis, -
Abl. single -e) you would stand, remain (L. sto, stare, steti, statum, Conj. Pres. 2nd Pers. Single
stēs) the stone, rock (L. saxum-i; It. m. sasso) of the lionesses (L. Lea-ae, Acc. Pl. –is) until, in,
into, towards, within (L. in)

(TC162) RVK TI CVSVR VRAS SV RIV AME TAL SV RIFE I propose/impose/demand (L.
rogo-are, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single rogō) you, yours (L. tu; te, Acc. vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr.
te, to you); to give as a reason/plead (L. causor-ari) the boundaries (L. ora-ae; -as, 1st Decl. Acc.
pl. -as) upon (L. su; It. su) the river (L. rivus-i, 2nd Decl. Dat. Single -o, stream; It. rio; Fr. rivière);
he would love, like (L. amo-are, Conj. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single amet); such, like, similar (l. talis-e; It.
tale; Fr. tel, telle) upon (L. su; It. su) the river (L. rivus-i, 2nd Decl. Dat. Single -o, stream; It. rio;
Fr. rivière) he may love, like (L. amo-are; Conj. Pres. 3rd pers. singl. amet) such, like, similar (L.
talis-e; It. tale; Fr. tel, telle) upon (L. su; It. su) the shore, stream (L. rivus-i, Abl. Single -e; It. rifa,
f. shore, bank, waterfront; Fr. rive, f. bank, shore)

(TC172) NAS RATvM RVK Te CESV Te TEL TEI SI ANS SPA; (SPAESE) I arise, I
am produced (L. nascor-i; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single nāscō); determined, settled (L. ratus-a-um,
Nom. Single N. or Acc. -um ) I propose/impose/demand (L. rogo-are, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single
rogō) to you (L. te, 2nd Pers. singl. Acc.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) to stop! (L. cesso-are; It.
cessare; Fr. cesser); [to] you (L. te, 2nd Pers. Singl. Acc.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you); the web,
warp, loom (L. tela-ae; It. tela, linen) of the gods (L. deus, dei; It. dio, dia; Fr. dieu, dieux, deese)
if/supposing that (L. si) the opportunity (L. ansa-ae, f., Nom. Single; handle, occasion,
opportunity; Fr. anse, f.) he will see, look at (L. specio (spicio) specere, spexi, Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers.
Single specie)

Note: RATvM see TC307 and Z1274.

(TC183) ESE TE RIV SALT SIC 8RATV CE CVSVR VRAS LA(RIS) (ESE goes to TC182;
LA goes to TC193) your, to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to
you; Fr. te, to you); to, for the river (L. rivus-i, 2nd Decl. Dat. Single -o, stream; It. rio; Fr. rivière) I
sing with gestures (L. salto-are, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single saltō) thus (L. sic to, for a thin plate of

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gold, gold leaf (L. bractea [brattea}-ae, Dat. Single -o) wherewith, wherefrom (L. old ablative of
qui) to give as a reason/plead (L. causor-ari) the boundaries (L. ora-ae, 1st Decl. Acc. Pl. -as; It.
orio; Fr. orée; Gr. orio) by the household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is)

Note: 8RATV declines: 8RATA, 8RATI. Before LA is a punctuation mark which appears to
include the phase LARISA LIS FLA.

(TC193) RIS A LIS FLA PETRVS Ce SCE FAS PES STAR KIAN (RIS goes to TC192; E
from line TC203) to, in (L. a) the legal controversy/strife (L. lis, litis, f.) he/she laments (L. fleo,
flere, flevi, fletum; Ind. Pres. 3rd pers. Sing. flat [of] the rocks/promontories (L. lapis-ids; Gr.
Petra; Fr. pierre; It. pietra, f. L. 2nd. Decl. Acc. Pl.. –os) to us (It. ce); he/she will know,
understand (L. scio, scir, scivi, Ind. Fut. 3rd Pers. Single sciet; It. saper; Fr. savoir) the divine
law/fate (L. fas); of the foot, army (L. pes, pedis, Nom. Single; It. piede; Fr. pied); to stand, (L.
sto, stare; It. stare; Fr. stationner) Chiane (Chianciano, Chiana Valley, near Chiuso).
See Miscellaneous_Scripts.html, AB-1, CHIANA.

AB-1 – MI MVLV LARI SALE FEL KAINA SI (Text from Archaeologica, "Scritti in onore
di Aldo Neppi Modona / A cura di Nelide Caffarello," L. S. Oshchki, Firenze, 1975, p.
207) to myself, mine, my (L. meus-a-um; mihi, Dat. It. mi, myself) I construct/stir/toil (L.
molior-iri) of the gods (L. lar, laris) of the hall (It sala, f.), or alternatively, you go up (It.
salire, sale, he goes up; L. salio, salire) of the great Chaina himself, itself (It. si)

(TC203) E (E faces and belongs with KIAN, TC202) SICNI NVRE MALE CIAR Te
CVC RINA LAVS IS A the people of Signia? near Florence; with, from the daughter in
law/young married women (L. nurus-us, f., Abl. Single -e; It. nuora, f.) unfavorable, evil, bad (L.
malus-a-um; Abl. Single -e; It. male; Fr. mal) to call (L. cieo, ciere, civi, citum); to, by you (L. tu,
te, vos; 2nd pers. Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) I collect, bring, draw to one
point (L. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single cōgō) the queen (L. regina,; It.
regina, f.; Fr. reine, f.); praise (L. laus, laudis) she, it (L. is, ea, id) to, in (L. a)

Note: On RINA see Z530.

LAVS appears on a ceramic, SC-1:

(SC-1): LAVS IN praise (L laus, laudis; to praise, L. laudo-are)

towards (L. in)

(TC213) SILAR MEK Le RASNA LARIS CE LATINA LAV (S on Line 221?) to be

inactive/silent about (L. sileo-ere-ui) to me (It. meco) there the Etruscans (Rasna) by the
household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is) wherewith, wherefrom (L. old
ablative of qui) in Latin (L. adv. latinē) the fame/praiseworthy action? (L. laus, ladis, f.)

(TC221) ...(missing/damaged text).....NR ARMI VSCN F_ R _ _ THAL (ΘAL) CLAN Ce LAR S

(S belongs with TC229) ...........N R the arms (L. arma-orum, -i 2nd Decl. Gen. Pl. -i; It. arme, f.;
Fr. arme, f.) bird used to predict auguries, i.e. raven, owl, crow (L. oscen-inis) ..F..R Thal,
Thalna, goddess, consort of Tinia; see THALIO, revenge, the clan (clan? (L. gens, tribus; It.

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tribu, Fr. clan, m.; Clanis River - runs through Clusium), m. to us (It. ce); the household god, lars,
penates (L. lar, laris, lares)

(TC229) (S)A LAR Te TVRMNAS A_ _ N.....(damaged script) herself, reflex. Pron. (L. se or
sese; Fr. sa) the household god/hearth (L. Lar, Laris, m.) to, by you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers.
Reflex. Sing. Acc., Abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you) Terminaus, the god of boundaries (L.
Terminaus-i, m.) a…n…

(TC235) IN AI CLENI ARC FELKE..... (missing text/tablet) towards, in (L. in) woe!, ai (L.
ai) the Cleni, name, gens, Clenarum? (L. 2nd Decl. Pl. –i) bow, arc, arch (L. arcus-us, m) from
Velcha (L. Abl. Single –e; ancient Etruscan town, Velcha, modern Volci, Vulci, north of
Tarquinia). Note: See also TC307 FELKES.

(TC240) SER Ce FELKE CVSV AVLE (missing text/table) I join together (L. sero, serere, serui,
sertum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single serō) to us (It. ce) ) with Velcha (L. Abl. Single –e; ancient
Etruscan town, Velcha, modern Volci, Vulci, north of Tarquinia) I give as a reason (L. causor-ari;
Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single causō) by, from, with the lord, prince (L. aule); common Latin name
(L. aulicus-a-um, of the court, princely)…..

(TC245) ANI NAL Ce LARIS 8VLaN (missing text/table) the years (L. annus-i, Nom. Pl. -i)
the fare/passage money (L. m. naulum-i) to us (It. ce) by the household gods / hearth (L. lar,
laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is) they ordain (L. volo, velle, volui, Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Pl. volant)

(TC 250) _RC LAR Te PET CE VSI NAL (....missing text/table....) the bow? (L. arcus-us, m.);
god, household, lars, penates (L. lar, laris, lares) of you/yours, to you (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers.
sing. acc., abl.; It. te, to you; Fr. te, to you I make for, assail, seek after, strive for, ask, (L. peto-
ere-ivi and -li-itum, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single petō) wherewith, wherefrom (L. old ablative of qui);
I burnt* (L. uro, urere, ussi, ustum, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single ussi; It. ustionare; Sanskrit, us,
osati) the fare/passage money (L. m. naulum-i)

(TC257) IN AR VR TECSI NAL FEL (missing text/table) until (L. in) I plow (L. aro-are, Ind.
Pres. 1st Pers. Single arō) boundary (L. ora-ae; It. orio; Fr. orée; Gr. orio); I covered/
protected/shielded (L. tego, tegere, texi, tectum, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single tēxī) the fare/passage
money (L. m. naulum-i); the great (fel?) or name, FELARA (TC-84) or FELCHE?

(TC263) VS LARIS Ce CVSV VSI NAL a mouth (L. os, oris); by the gods (L. Lar, Laris, -is
2nd Decl. Abl. / Dat. pl.) to us (It. ce); I demand (L. causor-ari) I burnt (L. uro, urere, ussi, ustum,
Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. Single ussi; It. ustionare; Sanskrit, us, osati) alternatively, *the face (L. os,
oris, Gen. Single -i) the fare/passage money (L. m. naulum-i)

Note: *Coins had the faces of the rulers on them. In Roman times the face on the coin, Caesar,
was viewed and worshipped as a god. Here the comparison of the face of the gods and the face
of the passage money would be logical.

(End of side #1)

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 (Side 2)

(TC269) AVLE SALINI

CVSV AL the Prince (L. aule)
Salini I give as a reason (L.
causor-ari; Ind. Pres. 1st
Pers. Single causō)) to
him/to it (It. al). Note: Salinae
(saltworks) we located at the
mouth of the Tiber, near the
Roman port of Ostia.

(TC273) SILiCI LAR THAL

(ΘAL) CVSVS TI TIN AL
flints, hard stones, craigs (L.
silex-icis, Nom. Pl. -i ; It.
silice; Fr. silex); or
alternatively namely (L.
scilicet); the household
goddess (L. Lar, Laris, m.)
Thal (goddess Thalna
consort of the god Tinia on
the Divine_Mirror.html), of, to
the causes (L. causor-ari;
causa-ae or causea-ae - 1st
Decl. Acc. Pl. -os); you, yours (L. tu; te, Acc. vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te, to you) (of the god)
Tinia to him (It. al)

(TC280) LARIS ALC SALINIS AVLE LACEI TIN E ITIS; by the household gods/hearths (L. lar,
laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is) of someone/anyone (L. aliqui, aliquae); by, with, from the Salinis;
2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. –is) the lord, prince (L. aule); common Latin name (L. aulicus-a-um, of the court,
princely) Lacei (person’s name) the god Tini out of (L. e, ex) the movement, departure (L. itus-
us)

(TC288) STAR Se MINAS Se SPARSE IN RVK Te CESV to stand (L. sto, stare; It. stare; Fr.
stationner; Avestan, astaya) oneself, himself, herself, itself (L. se, sese; It. si; Fr. se) [of] the
battlements, threats, menaces (L. minae-arum, -as 1st Decl. acc. pl. –as) oneself, himself,
herself, itself (L. se, sese; It. si; Fr. se); I spread, scattered (L. spargo, sparger, sparsi,Ind. Perf.
1st Pers. Single sparsī; It. spandare; Fr. répandre) until (L. in) I propose/impose/demand (L.
rogo-are, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single rogō) to you, your (L. tu, te, vos; 2nd pers. sing. acc., abl.; It.
te, to you; Fr. te, to you) to stop/cease (L. cesso-are; It. cessare)

(TC297) RATvM SV RIV SV RIV SAL FELKES CVSV SA settled, determined (L. ratus-a-
um, Nom. Single N. or Acc. -um) upon (It. su) the river (L. rivus-i, 2nd Decl. Dat. Single -o,
stream; It. rio; Fr. rivière) the salt (L. sal, salis, salsus-a-um; It. sale; Fr. sel; Illyrian, sal) of the
Velches (L. Acc. Pl. –es; ancient Etruscan town, Velcha, modern Volci, north of Tarquinia); I give
as a reason (L. causor-ari; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single causō) to herself, reflex. Pron. (L. se or
sese; Fr. sa) Note: If SA is reflexive feminine, this letter is written to a woman.

(TC306) VLES LA FILaR VRVS TIN ITIS FILaR VRVS LA [of] the oil (L. oleum-i, 3rd.
Decl. Acc. Pl. -es It. olio; Fr. huile) of it/her (L. eius, illius; It. la; Fr. la); to manage an estate (L.
vileo-are); the boundaries (L. ora-ae; 2ndDecl. Acc. pl. -os); the god Tini; his movement (L. itus-

12
us); to manage an estate (L. vileo-are to the boundaries (L. ora-ae; -os, 2ndDecl. Acc. pl.); of
it/her (L. eius, illius; It. la; Fr. la)

(TC315) LAR THAL (ΘAL) Ce CEL RIMAT AMA Le LARIS ALC CI the household
god/hearth (L. Lar, Laris, m.) (the goddess) Ral or Thal, to us (It. ce) those (L. quegil, quel; It.
quel; Fr. quel) it/she cleaves to (L. rimor-ari, 3rd pers. singl. rimat); she/it loves (L. amo-are, Ind.
Pres. 3rd Pers. Single amat) there (L. ibi, ilic, istic; It. La, cola, vi, ci, ecco; Fr. La, y, voila); by the
household gods / hearth (L. lar, laris, m, 2nd Decl. Abl. Pl. -is) of someone/something (L. aliqui,
aliquae) who, which, what, that (L. qui, quae, quod; It. chi; Fr. qui))

(TC325) LATINA FITI .TI? NAL (end of the beginning of the document). The Latins (L. Latinus-
a-um, Nom. PL. -a; Latium-i) I trusted (L. fido, fido, fidere, fissus, sum, Ind. Perf. 1st Pers.
Single, fidā́vī) you, yours (L. tu; te, Acc. vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te, to you)? the fare,
passage money (L. naulum-i)

Launched: 11.10.11;
Updated: 11.11.11; 11.14.11; 11.18.11; 11.20.11; 11.22.11; 11.28.11; 12.05.11; 1.20.12;
2.16.13, 05.19.17
Copyright © 1981-2017 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.

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