Value is the amount of light reflected from a surface.

Value is created by a light source that shines on an object creating highlights and shadows. It also
illuminates the local or actual color of the subject. Value creates depth within a picture making an object
look three dimensional with highlights and cast shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in value as it
recedes to the background giving the illusion of depth.

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 Values show space, depth, or perspective.
By lightening the more distant objects, artist can create an illusion of
depth (atmospheric (or aerial) perspective).

Chiaroscuro is a method for applying

value to a two-dimensional piece of
artwork to create the illusion of a
three-dimensional solid form.

This way of working was devised during

the Italian Renaissance and was used by
artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and
Raphael. In this system, if light is coming
in from one predetermined direction, then
light and shadow will conform to a set of
rules.
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Highlight is the lightest value of an object. This is where direct
light hits the surface.
Light - as the surface curves, it does not get as much light, so
value becomes slightly darker.
Shadow - once the surface curves away from the light source, it
does not receive any direct light, but it does get some indirect light
from the surroundings - that's why it is not completely black.
Reflected light is light that is bounced off the surface, making the
value slightly lighter.
Cast shadow is the darkest value, but further it is from the object -
lighter it gets.
 Shading a box

Shading a box is easy:

1. Determine the direction of a light

source. The closest side will be the
lightest.

2. The side that does not get any light -

shade it the darkest. Keep in mind that
bigger contrast will be near the corner,
next to the lighted sides. As you move
away from the corner - the value gets
little lighter.
That's because the light bounces off the
surface and we get some reflected light
on the side of the box.

3. Cast shadow is the darkest value you

shade. Just remember, that even the
cast shadow gets lighter as it moves
away from the box.

4. And please, don't outline the box with

dark lines - it will make it look
cartoon-like

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Shading a sphere

Shading a sphere is also easy.

Divide the circle into four oval shapes
like on the picture.

Then just follow the pattern:

highlight
light
shadow
reflected light
cast shadow

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 Shading a cone

Same steps with a cone,

just divide the shape into
triangular areas
and shade them following
the same pattern:

highlight
light,
shadow,
reflected light,
cast shadow

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Shading a cylinder

Draw a cylinder.

Divide the shape into

rectangular areas
and shade them following
the pattern:

highlight
light,
shadow,
reflected light,
cast shadow

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 There are many shading techniques. Use a different technique when it's appropriate. Remember:
smaller strokes are easier to control while shading.

HATCHING CROSS-HATCHING

I don’t like this particular cross hatching.

Never ever use cross hatching like this.
It is plain and boring.
It does not fade, and it's too technical to
use on anything except perhaps a
building, and even then you'd want to
use something like Figure 1 instead.
Also, the lines all intersect at right
angles, which makes it look too
mathematical for it's own good. Very very
boring.

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STIPPLING (POINTILLISM) BLENDING

This is time
consuming technique.
It looks good when all
dots are the same
size.
To change value -
alter space between
the dots.

Use blending technique with soft materials

(graphite, charcoal, pastel, etc.)

Always use proper tools for blending:

tortillons (paper stumps), cotton, tissue,
Chamois leather, etc.
Do not use your finger for blending - the oil
that is on your finger can ruin your drawing.

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CROSS-CONTOUR

Cross contour uses line to map the

curved surface of depicted forms in a
drawing, but instead of dealing with the
profile of the form, it moves within the
outer boundaries and maps the surface
facing the viewer.

In a sense, you could think of cross

contour as the multiple profiles of the
form actually drawn onto its skin.
There are many strategies for applying
cross contour to the surface of forms.

It can be useful to mix and overlap

cross contours, to let them fade in and
out of application, or to use them in a
"broken" manner.

Cross contour brings elliptical curves within the boundaries of form to map the surface.
Cross contour can be applied in one direction or in any mix of directions as long as the mark follows
the surface of the form.
Cross-hatching refers to a softer, woven application often used to build up tonal areas of shadow.

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