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Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an update

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Lasbela, U. J.Sci. Techl., vol.V , pp. 90-114, 2016 ISSN 2306-8256
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an update
Muhammad Sadiq Malkani1*, Muhammad Imran Alyani2, Mureed Hussain Khosa3, Sonia
Tariq3, Faisal Saeed3, Gulawar Khan4 and Jalal Faiz4
1
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
2
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.
3
Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences,
Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
4
Faculty of SSM&IT, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal,
Balochistan, Pakistan

Abstract:-Pakistan contains Pre-Cambrian to Recent rocks with different tectonometallic and


sedimentary basins. The Chagai-Raskoh magmatic arc and Indus Suture areas are the richest metallogenic
zones in Pakistan. Pakistan has high potential of minerals like indigenous iron, copper (associated some gold,
silver, molybdenum), lead, zinc, barite, chromite, coal, gypsum, ochre, silica sand, granite, limestone
(marble), clays, sandstone, etc, and low potential of antimony, asbestos, celestite, fluorite, magnesite,
soapstone, sulphur, vermiculite, etc. Some commodities are being utilized and some are being exported but
most of the commodities are waiting for their utilization. Cement raw materials are common, so the
installation of more cement industries especially in Daman of Sulaiman Range can help a great for the
country economy by exporting. Further water resources are two much and water is going into sea after
creating flood and loss in the agricultural lands and population, so small and large dams are necessary due to
population increasing. To overcome energy crises the small diversion dams are vital. The first and huge
gypsum deposits of Pakistan are found in Sulaiman foldbelt of Balochistan but not utilizing for well
development of provinces and Pakistan. Most of the coal in Pakistan is lignitic but not being exploited. Only
metallic coal is being mined and used. So there is a need to develop technology to mix lignitic and metallic
coal. Pakistan is rich in energy and natural resources like coal, solar, wind, biomass, terrestrial and marine
water but deficient in development. In short Pakistan should cease the imports of these commodities and to
save foreign exchange. The main purposes and goals of the present study are to present handy and brief
information based on previous and recent wide spread work and also recent discoveries. Furthermore, the
mineral resources are vital for the development of Pakistan due to increasing population.

Keywords: Natural Resources, Balochistan, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh,


Pakistan, many geoscientists incorporated the
INTRODUCTION new discoveries in the previous records and
reported the review of mineral/minerals of
Pakistan contains Pre-Cambrian to Pakistan or part of it. Gee (1949) presented a
Recent rocks with different tectonometallic summary of known minerals of northwestern
and sedimentary basins like Khyber-Hazara- India (now Pakistan) with suggestions for
Kashmir (northernmost/uppermost Indus), development and use. Heron (1950) and
separated by MBT from Kohat and Potwar Heron and Crookshank (1954) reported
(north/upper Indus), separated by Sargodha economic minerals of Pakistan. Ahmad
high to Pezu from Sulaiman (middle/central (1969) Ahmad and Siddiqui (1992) and
Indus), separated by Sukkur rift to Jacobabad Kazmi and Abbas (2001) presented a
high, and Kirthar (south/lower Indus) basins comprehensive report on minerals of
of Gondwanan, separated from the Pakistan. It is a common routine to report the
Balochistan basin and Kohistan magmatic arc minerals of Pakistan with fresh discoveries
of Tethys by western Indus Suture and after one or two decades. Arbab and Shah
northern Indus Suture respectively, and (1997) and Hussain and Karim (1993)
Karakoram-Hindu Kush basin of Tethys and prepared a mineral map of Azad Kashmir and
Asia (Laurasia). From the beginning of NWFP respectively. Malkani (2010b, 2011)
*Corresponding author: malkanims@yahoo.com presented the mineral potential of Sulaiman

90
foldbelt and Balochistan provinces Gilanchi and Machi Koh (35M/15), Palantak
respectively. After Kazmi and Abbas (2001) Koh (35A/2), Lidi (35A/14), Saghar (35A/4)
many discoveries of fluorite, gypsum, and Miani. Other small localities of stibnite
celestite, coal, marble, gold-silver, antimony, associated with gold and silver hosted by
copper, REE, gemstones, cement resources, quartz carbonate veins in toposheet 35A/11
etc are made. The main purposes and goals of are South Surmagi Patkin, North Surmagi
the present study are to present handy and Patkin, Haspi Patkin, Kulo Patkin, Hurain
brief information based on previous and Patkin, Siagari, Kuchaki south, Ahmadab
recent wide spread work, recent discoveries Kaur, Sor Jor Jauder, Mahmoodi Kaur, Kasig
and many field observations done by senior Kaur, Musa Kaur, Panir body east, Nagindap
author. Damagi, Hashani Damagi, Hashani and Panir
Body west (Malkani 2011).
MATERIAL AND METHOD Arsenic: The orpiment and realgar
The materials belong to compiled are reported from Chitral areas. They are
data from previous work and new discoveries associated with marbles and calcareous
and also field data collected by senior author shales of probable Cretaceous age. The
during many field seasons about mineral Lundku and Mirgasht orpiment deposits are
potential and new discoveries (Fig.1; Table 1, located few kms to the north of Lundku in the
2, 3, 4, and 5). The methods applied here are Tirich valley, Malikho district (White,
many discipline of purely geological undated). Some of these mines are mined in
description. the past. Arsenopyrite, alongwith
chalcopyrite and pyrite occur in Dainyor and
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Jotiyal nalas in Gilgit agency (Ahmed, 1969).
Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an updae Bismuth, cadmium and cobalt:
Industrial Resources (Metallic and non- These are reported from the Lahor and
metallic Minerals) Pazang areas 3 km N and SE of Besham,
Antimony: The main antimony Besham nappe.
mineral stibnite is reported from the Chitral Bauxite: The commercial bauxite deposits
state, Qila Abdullah and Siahan and North are found in the Indus Formation (bauxite
Makran ranges. Minor showings of antimony and laterite) in the Katha-Pail area of Salt
occur in Salt range, Zaimukht hills of Kurram Range, Chhoi-Akhori area of Kalachitta
valley and near Khuzdar. The significant Range and Muzaffarabad-Kotli region of
stibnite of Chitral state is reported from the Azad Kashmir. Katha-Pail bauxite-laterite-
Krinj, Partsan and Awireth Gol area of clay bed (1-7m thick) occurs at the boundary
Lutkho valley in the north and northwest of between Wargal/Amb Formation and Hangu
Chitral. The Qila Abdullah stibnite is Formation. It contains 35.5-72.5% alumina,
reported in the Qila Viala area 40 km east of 8.68 to 50% silica and 10-20% iron (Ashraf
Qila Abdullah. The stibnite veins are hosted et al., 1972). It represents generally low grade
by Eocene–Oligocene Murgha Faqirzai shale bauxite with high silica and moderate to low
and Shaigalu Sandstone. Makran and alumina and iron. The ore contains boehmite
Siahan ranges show many small veins of and kaolinite with minor amounts of diaspore
stibnite (Malkani 2004a,b; 2010b; 2011). and gibbsite with more than 100 million
Gold, silver and sulphur mineralizations are tones/mt (Khan and Hussain, 1970; Cruijs
also enriched in this zone. Stibnite occurs in 1975). Chhoi-Akhori deposits occur
the form of veins, stringers and lenses in the between Lumshiwal and Hangu formations
faults especially oblique strike slip faults, and Jurassic Samanasuk limestone and the
gash fractures and shear zone in the Siahan, Triassic Kingriali formation. The upper
Hoshab and Panjgur formations. The main horizon comprises of upper 3m thick oolitic
antimony localities are Jauder, Hurain, or pisolitic laterite and lower 4m thick
Gokumb and Kuchaki North (35 A/11), bauxitic material. The alumina clay, laterite,
Siminj (35A/4), Mir Baig Raidgi, Safed and bauxite occur as lenticular bodies

91
associated with ironstone, ferruginous and 30-86%) is 11mt, Surge (Alumina 45%) is
quartzose sandstone and claystone. The 13mt, Buta is 17t and Akhori (Alumina 55%)
bauxite contains 32-76% Al2 O3, 2.5-43% is 3.5mt (Hussain and Naqvi, 1973).
SiO2, 0.25-12% Fe2 O3, and 2.2-4.2% TiO2 Muzaffarabad- Kotli deposits occur i n
(Cruijs, 1975). The lower lateritic horizon at Indus formation which is a disconformity
the base of Datta Formation is more between the Cambrian Abbotabad dolomitic
widely distributed and contains alumina limestone an overlying coal and Paleocene
clays, and claystones and alumina. The coal and shales of Hangu (synonym Patala)
alumina clay samples from Chhoi contain formation. The Indus Formation showed in to

74.24-86.84% Al2 O3, 0.64-0.74% Fe2 O3, 6- bauxitic and lateritic deposits in Seri Dara,
7% SiO2, and 3.65-4.28% TiO2. Some of this Dhaman Jhal-Niazpur, Khila, Maira
material is being used for fireclay. Estimated Tanolian, etc, areas of Muzaffarabad, and
reserves down to 33 m depth of Bagh Nilab Salhun, Nikial, Khander-Karela,Shiester,
(Alumina 40-50%) is 2mt, Chhoi (Alumina Giain, Dandili, Kamroti and Sangar Marg

92
areas of Kotli District. The bauxite is NW Himalayas (Abbottabad, Galdanian,
pisolitic, embedded in a clayey matter, 0-12% Langrial and Besham), Indus Suture (Shekran
boehmite, 0-14% of gibbsite, 1.5-10%quartz, and Mona Talar), Besham, Sherkot Kolai and
0-35% chalcedony, 2-89% iron oxides Jijal); Kohistan magmatic arc (Shah Dheri,
(Ahmad and Siddiqi 1992). These deposits Mamarai-Saidu, Ghazanosar, Manarsi,
have been sporadically mined. The reserves Munda, Dammer Nissar-6.5mt and along
of Dhanwan (alumina 41-60%, silica 18- MKT). Major iron deposits are Dammer
40%, iron 1-8%) is 4.9mt, Kamroti (alumina Nissar iron deposits, Langrial iron deposits,
50-70%, silica 9-28%, iron 1-2.5) is 1.36mt, Kalabagh iron deposits, Pezu iron deposits,
Sawar (alumina 52-56%, silica 25%, iron Nizampur iron deposits, Dilband iron
5%) is 0.93mt, Dandili (alumina 34-46%, deposits (200mt; Fig.1b), Pachin Koh-
silica 36-44%) is 1.18mt, Nikial (alumina 41- Chigendik iron deposits and Chilghazi iron
46%, silica 13-35%, iron 2-27%) is 0.424mt, deposits. Fort Munro low grade iron
Goi (alumina 47%, silica 35%) is 1.103mt, deposits (Fe2 O3 14-21%) are hosted by
Shisetar is 0.656mt, Bermoach (alumina Paleocene Rakhi Gaj Formation (Malkani
51%, silica 23%) is 0.2mt, Balmi (alumina 2010b). The hematite and possibly hydrous
46%, silica 31%) is 0.209mt, Khandar Karela iron silicates (chamosite and glauconite) are
is 0.209mt and Palan is 0.283mt with total major iron mineralization of Rakhi Gaj
11.454mt. Aluminous rocks can be formation. It is widely exposed on the both
associated in Vitakri formation and Vihowa limbs of Fort Munro anticlinorium, Kingri,
group red beds (Malkani 2010b; 2011a). Pekal, Aram and Badhi-Dhaola anticlines.
Further recently Malkani collected samples This ironstone deposits are very large but low
of fuller earth from Domanda and Drazinda grade. It’s testing for steel, cement and other
shales of western (Zin area) and eastern limb industries should be make, and it may prove
(Mahoi area) of Zinda Pair anticline, Tehsil worthy. The extensive iron beds thickness
Taunsa, Dera Ghazi Khan District and their varies from 2 to 50m. The highly anomalous
chemical results show SiO2 50.86 to 64.01%, thickness is found in Khar, Top Girdu, Fort
Al2 O3 9.79 to 17.18%, Fe2O3 3.10 to 6.89%, Munro and Rakhi Gaj and its vicinity areas.
CaO 6.41 to 12.20%, MgO 2.01 to 5.64%, Its reserves seem to be 400mt from surface
P205 nil and loss on ignition/volatiles 8.87 to exposure to easily mineable depth 200m. Its
12.60%. mining is easy due to exposure above the
Iron, late ground surface, and at places low dips. The
rite and ochre: Iron have been Fort Munro iron deposits seems to be feasible
reported from Indus Platform (at Kirana hills due to availability of huge but low garde raw
near Chiniot 110mt of hematitic iron ore), materials, peacefull and favourable locations
Indus fold and thrust belt subdivided in to on metalled road and near to D.G.Khan
Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir (uppermost Indus) railway station. It is located in the centre of
foldbelt (Langrial-30mt, Galdanian-Hazira- Pakistan and ideal location for all provinces.
Churi Gali 100mt, Nathiagali), Kohat and They are mainly located along
Potwar (upper Indus) foldbelt (Mazar Tangi, unconformities in the Foreland basin. The
Marai Bala, Samana Range, Nizam Pur deposits of Ziarat found in the KT boundary
100mt, Kalabagh-Chichali-Makerwal 300mt, disconformity named as Vitakri formation
Pezu 66mt), Sulaiman/middle Indus foldbelt which is contacted by the Dungan and Parh
(Rakhi Munh-Zin-Taunsa), and Kirthar/lower limestones in Ziarat and its vicinity areas.
Indus foldbelt (Dilband 200mt), Balochistan Gossan/red iron oxide coloration are found
Basin include Chagai magmatic arc iron in Shyok Suture. Laterite has also been
deposits of about 85mt (Saindak, Mashki reported from Moza Mungiwali, Gakkar,
Chah, Durban Chah, Amir Chah, Chilghazi, Pind Trer, Daud Khel, Kathwai, and several
Gorband, Kasanen Chapar, Kundi Baluchap, localities in Kalachitta range; in Kohat
Pachin Koh, Chigendik, Bandegan and Nok district at Mazari Tang and Marai Bala; in
Chah), Makran basin, Kaker Khurasan basin; Samana range16km from Hangu; near

93
Langrial 32km south of Abbottabad and near within 8-10km of Drosh town. The
Kalabagh. The disconformity in the Eocene mineralization is in the Karakoram
Sohnari Formation has limonite and ochre at Suture/Shyok Suture. SDA estimated
Lakhra, Meting and Makli hills. Dilband iron reserves of 24mt of the ore averaging 0.5%
ore (Fig.1b) found in Dilband Formation at copper with silver ranging from 3 to 130
J/K boundary in the Vicinity of Dilband and gms/ton. Chagai is the most promising arc
Johan area of Mastung, Kalat, and Bolan and which contains many copper occurrences like
Quetta districts. K/T boundary in Sulaiman Talaruk, Saindak, Koh Dalil, Mashki Chah,
Range is represented by Vitakri Formation), Darban Chah, Amuri, Yakmach, Kangord,
is also very significant for ochre and lateritic Galtori, Omi, Ziarat Pir Sultan, Kabul Koh,
materials. The possible low grade but large Dasht Kain, Chagai, Koh Marani, Pakus
deposits of Ochre/Iron from Chitarwata, Nala, Nok Chah, Dalbandin, Amir Chah,
Rakhi Gaj, Vitakri, Drazinda formations and Ziarat Malik Karkam, Bazgawanan, Kundi
Vihowa group of Sulaiman Foldbelt have Balochap, Bandegan and Robat. Dasht Kain
been expected (Malkani 2011). Micaceous copper deposit is a porphyry type copper
hematite is also reported from Muzaffarabad prospect associated with two tonalite
area of Azad Kashmir (Malkani and porphyry stocks. Average copper values in
Mahmood in process; Mahmood and Malkani quartz sericite zone vary from 0.1-0.17% and
in process). in the potassium silicate zone from 0.25 to
Chromite: Chromite occurs mostly 0.54 %. The breccia pipe zone in the eastern
in the Indus Suture (Western and Northern stock contains surface values upto 4.5%
Indus Suture). Main localities of Chromite copper but not drilled. Talaruk copper
are Chilas, Besham Jijal, Kohistan, deposit is a massive Kuroko type deposit and
Harichand-Sakhakot-Qila west of Dargai, mineralization is of submarine exhalative
Kot-Pranghar (Mohmand), Bucha origin. Saindak copper deposits are
(Mohmand), Boya (Waziristan), developed in siltstone, sandstone, and tuff of
Muslimbagh, Zhob, Bunap and Rayo Ras Amalaf Formation. The mineralization is
Koh, Wad, Sonaro and Ornach. The ophiolite related to small patterns cantered on three
contains lenticular or disseminated bodies of porphyry stocks of Mid-Miocene age and
chromite. consequently there are three main ore bodies,
Copper: The Saindak, Dasht Kain, the North, South, East ore bodies. The total
Talaruk and Shinkai (Boya) deposits studied reserves at Saindak comprised 412mt of ore
in detail so far. Copper deposits at Dir and containing average 0.38% copper and
Drosh in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa are also 0.3228gm/to of gold. At Saindak an open cast
significant. Shinkai (Boya), Mami Rogha mine with infrastructure, crushing plant,
and Spin Kama of Waziristan copper concentrators and smelter has been developed
deposits is located in the west of Razmak. and trial production of blister copper has
According to Badshah (1994), ninety two test been done. It is planned to produce annually
holes revealed average copper content 15,800 tons of copper, 1.47 tons of gold and
0.386% with inferred reserves of 120 million 2.76 tons of silver (Bizenjo, 1994). Other
tons (mt; 1ton=1000kg) upto depth of 159m. porphyry copper deposits in Chagai
Dir copper deposits represent a number of district are explored and evaluated by BHP
copper showings. The SDA has explored one recently. Their results suggest that the
of the more promising ones in Bekarari- western part of the district has great potential
Rokhan area, a few Km NW of Dir. The for development of porphyry copper deposits.
result indicates total reserves of about 45mt Based on the results of 80 test holes, it is
with 0.4-0.6% of copper and 2-30 ppm silver estimated that this region has reserves of
(Khan and Ahmad, undated). Some localies 550mt (Razique 2001) of averaging 0.4 to
are Mirkhani, Pana Kot, Usheri region and 0.6% copper and 0.2 to 0.5gm/ton of gold.
Bekarai-Rokhan of Dir; Drosh copper The world class copper-gold deposts are
deposits contain several showings of copper reported in the Rekodiq area. According to

94
BHP besides Rekodiq, Buzzi Mashi and Madashil, Awireth of Chitral; Faqir Mohd
western Ware Chah, other localities such as (Hazara), Hal, Kokal, Mihal, Paswal, Lahor,
Parrah Koh, Borghar Koh, Koh Dalil, Koh Pazang and Ushu. The estimated lead zinc
Sultan and Ting Daragaun look promising reserves of Pakistan are about 16mt, only
and merit detailed exploration. Tethyan small, sporadic mining of the smaller
Copper Company has recently drilled 30 deposits in Chitral and Chagai districts have
holes at Rackodiq (Koh Dalil) and has been carried out. The Makki Chah is a zinc
encountered a chalcocite blanket and deposit. Some Pb-Zn showings are also found
hypogene zone. In this zone reserves of 70mt near Nikial (on Kotli-Nikial road) and also
of ore with 0.85% copper are indicated Surgan and Gamut areas in Neelam valley
(Kazmi and Abbas 2001). Copper, gold and Azad Kashmir (Malkani and Zafar in
other minerals are found from epigenetic, process).
polymetallic and metamorphic deposits in Manganese ore: ophiolite related
Chitral like Kaldam Gol, Shishi, Madashil, mineralization in Kassai area of Lower
Shoghot, Pir Burhanuddin, Kogazi, Baig and Mohmand Agency, Sakhakot-Qila, Prang
Awireth-Shogor-Sewakht-Krinj. Some other Ghar, Qila, Behram Dheri, Narai Obe, Bucha,
copper localities are Babusar, Phalkot and Newe Kili and Hero Shah and Shangla area
Galdanian; Gujarghuna Parachinar (Kurram of Swat; Thal, Shinkai Waziristan; Lahor-
Agency), Gawuch Gol, Kaldam Gol, Gorin Pazang area, near Besham; from Galdanian,
Gol and Langer; Yarkhun valley (near Churi Gali; In the Himalayan region, the
Kunhar); Chapali, Chapchirag, Pakhturi and discontinuous lenses occur in red-bed
Rain of Mastuj. The vein type copper-silver hematitic sequence in the Cambrian Hazara
deposits are found from Imirdin, Madashi, Formation. The manganese in the Bela
Shoghot, Prince Burhanuddin, Koghozi, ophiolitic thrust belt, lenticular manganese
Mogh and Kokil Gahirat of Chitral. Copper ore bodies occur in ferruginous and siliceous
from volcanogenic magnetite deposits of horizons overlying basaltic pillow lavas. The
Ashnamal, Lal Qila, Barwa Kambat and more important localities are Kharari Nai,
Dommel Nissar are reported. In Raskoh arc Siro Dhoro, Sanjro Dhoro, Bhampani Dhoro,
and ophiolitic rocks include significant Gadani ridge and Dadi Dhoro. The estimated
pockets of copper minerals which may be total reserves of manganese in Pakistan is 0.5
categorized as small deposits. From Kirana million tons with manganese range from 15-
hills some copper mineralizations are also 48% (Nasim 1996).
reported by Hassan et al. 1987. Haq et al. Nickle: It occurs in Malam Jabba;
(2013) reported significant copper in Dir area Souch (Kaghan) and Swat and Shangla-
of Kohistan magmatic arc. So this arc is the Alpurai areas.
second arc in Pakistan after the Chagai arc. Tungston: Tungston occurs in Oghi
Like Chagai, the Kohistanh magmatic arc Hazara, Susagali granite, Amalaf Chagai and
may contain significant world class copper Miniki Gol area of Chitral. The placer
and gold deposits. sheelite occurs in the Siran River sand
Lead and Zinc: The major lead-zinc (Mansehra district) and in the Indus River of
and barite deposits occurred in Las Bela- northern areas where it is estimated 96 tons
Khuzdar region. This region also hosted the of detritial tungsten minerals in about 40
Bela ophiolitic thrust belt. The mineralization million tons of placers.
is found in the upper part of Lower Jurassic Fluorite: It is reported from Mirgasht
Shirinab Formation. Main deposits are Gol and Yarkhun valley (NE part of Chitral);
Shekran, Ranj Laki, Malkhor (NW of Chakdara (Dir) comprise fluorite quartz veins
Khuzdar), Gunga, Surmai (SW of Khuzdar, cutting two mica granite gneiss; Bicheha
and Duddar (SE of Bela). Minor deposits and Kurd (Sherwan); Khyber-Hazara
showings of lead-zinc are found from metasedimentary fold and thrust belt as
Parabeck, Imirdin, Muzhigram, Tashker and disseminations; After the first largest deposits
Pakhturi of Tirich Mir zone, and Baig, of fluorite from Dilband and its vicinity areas

95
of Kirthar foldbelt, the Malkani (2002; Range of Kirthar foldbelt, Malkani (2010b)
2004d) discovered the second largest deposits discovered the third largest deposits of
(6750 tons) of fluorite from Mula-Zahri fluorite from Sulaiman Foldbelt. Malkani

Table 1. Reserves size of Mineral Resources of Pakistan.


Industrial Mineral Resources
Antim Small Arsenic Small Bauxite Small Laterite Large Ochre Large Celestite Mediu
ony (orpimen m
t)
Chrom Large Quartz Mediu REEs Small Copper Large Iron Large Vermiculi Small
ite veins m ore te
Zinc Mediu Mangan Mediu Magnesi Mediu Asbest Small Fluorit Medi Barite Large
m ese m te m os e um
Kyanit Small Soapston Small Pyrite Small Mica Small Witheri small Abrasives Mediu
e e&Talc te m
Pumice large Millston large Lead mediu Rare Small Quartzi large Calcite Mediu
e m metal te vein m
Rock Large Lake Mediu Trona Small
Salt Salt m
Ceramic Mineral and Clay Resources
Clays Lar Fuller’s earth Large China Mediu Benton Medi Fire Large Feldspar Small
ge clay m ite um clay
Silica Lar Nepheline Medium
sand ge syenite
Fertilizer Resources
Gypsum Very large Rock phosphate Medium Nitrogen Large Brine/Potash Small
salt
Cement Raw Material Resources
Limestone Very Large Clays/shale Very large Gypsum deposits Very large
Construction, Dimension and Decorative Stone Resources
Agglomerate Very Marble Very Onyx Very Basalt Very Granite Very Large
Large Large marble Large Large
Gabbro Very Serpentine Very Slate stone Very Dolomite Very Limestone Very Large
Large Large Large Large
Sandstone Very Gravel Very Bajri Very Sand Very Clays/shale Very Large
Large Large Large Large
Conglomerat Very Chalk Very
e Large Large
Jewelry and Gemstone Resources
Gold-Silver-Platinum Medium Gemstone Resources Medium to Large
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Coal Large Uranium Small Oil Medium Natural Medium
Gas
Renewable Energy Resources
Solar Very Large Air/Wind Large Terrestrial Very Marine Very Biomass Large
water Large water/ocean Large
Tides Very Large Waves Very Large Current Large Land Very Large

2012a). Further exploration in Jurassic


(2010b) reported first time fluorite from Chiltan, Loralai and Samanasuk limestones is
Gadebar and Daman Ghar ranges of Loralai promising for fluorite and trackways of
area occurring as veins in faults and fractures reptiles (dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles,
which are hosted by the Jurassic Loralai etc) and birds.
limestone. The fluorite represents many Celestite deposits: It is reported
colour like pink, blue, light grey, green, light from Thano Bula Khan (Sindh), Daud Khel
yellow, etc. Mining is in progress in the (Punjab) and Barkhan (Balochistan). Malkani
Mekhtar (Balao, Inde, Sande and Zhizhghi), (2004a, 2010b, 2011) reported celestite from
Tor Thana and Zarah areas. The estimated Sulaiman Basin (Balochistan). Malkani
reserves are about 50000 tons (Malkani 2011; (2011) found the celestite nodules in the Late

96
Eocene Kirthar limestone and shale of Karkh indicator of hydrothermal activity in this
area of Khuzdar district. Both discoveries are area.
compelling for further exploration in Magnesite: There are several
Sulaiman and Kirthar basins. (Malkani occurrences in the Indus Suture ophiolitic
2010b, 2012b) reported some new deposits of thrust belt showing small deposits or trivial
celestite in the Sulaiman Basin (Balochistan showings. The main deposits occur at Wad
Province) of Pakistan. These are the third (Khuzdar) and Muslimbagh in Balochistan,
deposits in Pakistan and have great Sakhakot Malakand and Sherwan Hazara in
significance as the previous proved reserves KPK. It is found along fractures, joints and
of celestite in Pakistan are going to be faults in ultramafic rocks. The Sherwan
exhausted, shortly. The recently discovered (Kumbar) magnesite deposit of Hazara has
localities are under the administrative control been estimated 11.2mt of total reserves with
of Barkhan, Kohlu, Dera Bugti, Musa Khel good quality. Bashir (2008) reported 1.23
and Loralai districts. These deposits are Vein million tons from Khuzdar area.
type and disseminated crystals in limestone. Mica: In Karakoram block limited
Malkani (2010b,2012b) estimated the and sporadic mining has been done near
reserves of Lal Khan village is 2000 tons, Baltit, Dassu, Mogh (32km NE of Chitral),
Gadumra area is 2000 tons, Lakha Kach areas and Kasu northeast of Drosh. In the Kohistan
is 5,000 tons, Sham area of about 2000 tons, magmatic arc, mica has been worked at
Toi Nala area of about 1000 tons, Chamalang Khadong Banda (near Dir). In the Himalayan
and Bahlol area of about 1000 tons and crystalline zone, mica deposits have been
Pirkoh area of about 100 tons. Further reported from Astor, Bagarian, Hawa Gali,
exploration in Kohat sub-basin is promising and in the Neelam valley of Azad Kashmir.
for celestite due to adjacent occurrences in Among these the better deposits are the ones
Eocene limestone of Daudkhel in Potwar in the Neelam valley and near Astor.
basin and also in Sulaiman basin. Mica/muscovite occurs in Mogh village
Asbestos: Asbestos is found in Latkho valley, Simik Gol, Gabar-o-Boch,
serpentines of the ophiolitic complex near Imirdin, Kesu-Shera Shing north of Drosh
Wad (Khuzdar), Muslimbagh and Naweoba and Kahdujal of Chitral, Khandong
(Zhob), Boya, Kaniguran (Waziristan), and Banda/Khadan village north of Chakdara in
Sakhakot-Qila area (Mohmand/ Malaknd). Dir, Bagarian west of Belega near Hawa
The asbestos from Sakhakot-Qila area is Gali, Gidarpur in Indus Kohistan. Significant
largely chrysotile with local occurrence of deposits are found in Rajdhwari pegmatites
antigorite and tremolite. (significant, 0.2-3%) and Tangali hill of
Barite: The deposits of Gunga (near Hazara district.
Khuzdar) and Duddar in Las Bela district Lithium: Lepidolite occurs in
have over 12 million tons of barite (Ahsan Shengus of Nanga Parbat Massif; Bagarian,
and Qureshi, 1997). The Gunga deposit is Hawa Gali, Giddarpur and Koga areas.
being mined by joint venture of Balochistan Niobium and platinum: It occurs in
Government and Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. Chilas, Jijal, Sakhakot Qila (west of Dargai)
Barite deposits are estimated about 30 mt. It and Loe Shilman of Khyber Agency.
also occurs in Kag, Aluli, Darwaza, Kacchi, Rare earth: It occurs in Koga
Faqir Mohd, and Tipra (near Haripur). (Swat), Sillai Patti (Dargai), Loe Shilman
Malkani and Tariq (2000; 2004) reported first (Khyber Agency) and Sakhakot-Qila
time small barite deposits (20,000ton) in (Malakand) areas.
Cretaceous Sembar formation from Mekhtar Sulphur: Sanni Sulphur occurs as
and Murgha Kibzai areas of Loralai and Zhob veins or as replacement of sandstone matrix
districts. It occurred as large nodules in the Nari Formation. The reserves are
arranged as parallel to bedding in Early estimated at about 58,000 tons. Koh Sultan
Cretaceous Sembar shales. These deposits are deposit is located in the Koh Sultan volcano
with 738,000 tons reserve. Minor showings

97
occur in Muzhigram of Chitral) and Panoba, Thal Waro area of Panjgur district,
Jatta and Dandi areas of Kohat. Balochistan (35 M/16). Chemical results
Alum:; Alum has been manufactured show highly anomalous mercury (more than
in the past from pyritiferous shales of 115ppb) mineralization in Panjgur formation.
Gajbeds from Maki Nai, shales of Ranikot Thickness of stringes and lenses vary from
group and Nari/Gaj group and at Shah 0.5cm to 15cm. Some calcite veins are also
Hassan near Trimi. Bituminous alum shale stained by yellowish brown to maroon iron
has occurs possible Carboniferous age near colorations (Malkani 2011).
Shahidmena in Khyber Agency, in Jatta and Graphite: It occurs in Chalt,
in a gorge near Dozha Banda in Kohat area Chhelish, Bola Das and Mohriwal Baikh of
(Heron and Crookshank 1954). Nearly pure Gilgit area, Stak-Pondu Shigar Nala
alunogen occurs in veins in sulphur at Sanni. Baltistan, Chota Kazi Nag mountain northern
Alum occurs in Koh Sultan (Nok Kundi slope of Jhelum River (Salkhala series of
area).Alum shales occur in two horizons in Precambrian age). It is found in Shah Salin,
the Salt Range near Kalabagh. One in Eocene Momi village, Mohzigram Gol and Barzin
rocks (10feet alum shale), and other in valley of Chitral state; Norang and Babusar
Jurassic age (alum shales 25-40feet pass, Sherwan, Haripur and Garhi Habib
thick).The shale from which alum is Ullah of Hazara district, Sper Tor (Landi
manufactured contains on average 9.5% Kotal). Shahidmena and Lowaramena of
sulphur. Many salts deposits and lakes are Khyber Agency, Majk to Kundi and Dheri
located in the vicinity of Makran coast and village in Mardan district, Loe Agra in
Hamun Mashkel area. Alum may also be Malakand. It has also been reported from
associated with these salts Sheikh Wasil of Mashelakh Range.
Soapstone and Talc: Soapstone Kyanite: Kyanite quartz veins in
deposits occur in Kharwala Nala mica schist occur in the near south of Jabba
(Gujarghuna; Sufaid Koh-Parachinar; of Hazara district. Kyanite schists occur in
Kurram Agency), Jamrud (Peshawar), south of Kuza Banda rest house at Oghi-
Khyber Agency; Derai (Swat), Sherwan Batgram road. It is also found in Landakai at
(Abbottabad) and Golen Gol (Chitral) areas. frontier boarder of Malakand-Saidu Sharif
The Sherwan deposit is the major producer of road and near Tindodog police post in Swat
soapstone in the country. Soapstone deposits state (Ahmad 1969).
of Kurram agency have been estimated to Pyrite: Pyrite is disseminated in
contain 1.6 million tones of reserves carbonaceous shale and coal between Nikial
(Badshah, 1994). The Golen Gol (Chitral) and Khandar in Kotli, Mirpur district. It is
soapstone deposits are recently reported in also reported from north of normal near
Shyok Suture (Ashraf and Khan 2013). The Hottar peak, near Normal (25% pyrite in
ophiolitic and volcaniclastic rocks in the slates), in Dainyor Nala and Jutial Gol (pyrite
Wazhdad area and its vicinity show in quartz veins) near the Gilgit town, Gilgit
soapstone mineralizations (Malkani 2011). Agency. Pyrite is disseminated in quartz
Some showings of soapstones are also veins in SE of Ghazhazi village at Shingarh
observed in the Butrasi area of Mansehra north of fort Sandeman and in the Bandagan
(Malkani and Mahmood in process). nala in Chagai district. These mineralization
Calcite veins: Calcite is used for are observed in the Durgi Kaur, Surap Kaur,
paint and transparent pure crystals are also and Wazhdad Kaur, etc from Makran and
used in microscopes. Pure calcite is also Siahan ranges (Malkani 2011). Pyrite
found in many calcite veins in limestone of nodules are common in the shale of different
different age. ages.
Mercury: Cinnabar is reported in the Vermiculite: Vermiculite deposits
sands of rivers in Chitral State (Heron 1954). are reported from Doki River on the northern
Malkani (2011) reported mercury and silver edge of the western Raskoh. It occurs in cliff
mineralization in the western and eastern 160m long, 140m wide and 40m high with

98
reserves of 11 mt. The vermiculite contents Formation (in both Girdu and Bawata
vary from 5-20%. Exfoliation tests at 7750 C members) are significant in eastern Sulaiman
resulted in tenfold increase in the particle foldbelt for further study. Phosphate is
size. reported from Rakhi Gorge (Sangiali and
Witherite A witherite deposit has Rakhi Gaj formations) and Mari-Bugti hills,
been discovered a few kilometers west of and in black and green shale and sandstone of
Degari in Balochistan and it occurs in veins Mughalkot formation of Gharwandi (Alu
and lenses in the Jurassic Chiltan limestone Khan Kach) areas (Malkani 2010b).
and mineralization extends for about 1 km Rock salt: Large deposits of rock salt
(Sispal Kella, verbal communication with are found in the Slat Range Formation of
Kazmi and Abbass, 2001). Precambrian age in Punjab and Eocene
Abrasives: Abrasive type red ochres Bahadur Khel Salt Formation in Karak and
occur in Eocene Sohnar beds nodular flints Kohat areas of KPK.
between Rohri and Kot Diji; red and yellow Potash salt: Potassium salts are
ochre in Uchali of Salt range, red ochre in preent in the rock salt and salt marl of
Kutki village of Isa Khel, west of Jhol Billianwala salt member of the Salt Range
Dhaund, around Harmon Mohatta coal mine Formation and occur as layers and lenses
west of Sohnari Dhand (west of Jhimpir), upto 4m thick and 240-400m wide. These
west of Ongar Jhol Dhand (north of Thatta) lenticular bodies contain 7.83-9.4% K and the
and Sohnari 15km east of Jhimpir. Grity Pab reserves at Khewra are estimated at about
sandstone of Fort Munro areas can be used 124, 350 ton.
for abrasive purposes. Gypsum: Gypsum is a good for soil
Millstone: It is found in the hard and conditioning. Its resources are huge (Malkani
compact quartzite/ sandstone of Pab 2010b, 2011) and are being described here
Formation of Rakhi Gaj, Girdu and Khar fort under subtitle Cement resources.
Minro, Rakhni, Rarkhan, Mughalkot and Nitrogen: It is a gas and found in the
Ragha SAR areas of eastern Sulaiman Range. air. It is being used for Urea production. The
Fertilizer Resources urea industries should be increased because
Rock phosphate: The phosphate Pakistan is an agricultural country.
deposits of Kakul-Mirpur, Kalue-de-Bandi Ceramic Mineral Resources
and Lagarban, Dalola, Minind and its vicinity Various types of Clay deposits are found
areas of Hazara district are most significant. from Ghazij, Kahan and Vihowa groups.
It has been reported in the Cretaceous Ball clay: It is mostly used for
sequence near Kohat (Chichali Formation), ceramics. It is found in the alluvium, alluvial
near Chhoi in Kalachitta Range (Kawagarh flood plain strata like
Formation), in Paleocene and Eocene rocks Potwar/Vihowa/Manchar group, and also
in the Salt Range (Patala Formation), in the Kahan and Chamalang/Ghazij groups.
Eocene Chamalang/Ghazij group, and China clay: It is found in Shah Dheri
Paleocene Sangiali Group (Sangiali and (Swat) and in Nagar Parker. Drilling for
Rakhi Gaj formations) of Sulaiman Range, evaluation of Thar coal has revealed large
and in the Oligocene sequence in the deposits of China clay in Islamkot area.
Southern Kirthar Range (Nari Formation) Smaller deposits found from Dir, Hazara and
(Ahmad, 1969). The Rakhi Gaj formation Gilgit also. The Shah Dheri deposits contain
(Gorge beds) has possibly phosphate deposits 2.8mt of raw china clay.
in the Fort Munro, Rakhi Gaj and Bawata Fuller’s earth/Bentonite: It is
areas of Dera Ghazi Khan District. The nonplastic clay usually contain appreciable
phosphate from green and black shale and magnesia and valued for its decolorizing and
greenish grey sandstone of Mughalkot purifying properties. Thick immense reserves
formation and green to greenish grey shale of fuller’s earth/bentonite are found in
and greenish grey to red spotted and red Domanda and Baska formations in eastern
wavy laminated sandstone of Rakhi Gaj Sulaiman foldbelt. The D.G.Khan and

99
Khairpur are significant producers. In Punjab Sohnari beds. The fire clay, ochre, limonite
the main producer is the D.G.Khan while the and iron may be expected in Chitarwata,
Thano Bulla Khan (Dadu district) and Shadi Rakhi Gaj, Vitakri, Drazinda formations and
Shahid (Khairpur) are from Sindh. It is also Vihowa group of northern Sulaiman foldbelt.
found in the Bhimbar area, Mirpur District, The fire clay beds are associated with many
Azad Kashmir. It is formed in the flood coal horizons in the Sulaiman foldbelt and
plains of Tertiary river channels which also Azad Kashmir. The possible Fire clay from
deposited coal in Pakistan. With activation Chitarwata, Rakhi Gaj, Vitakri, Drazinda
this clay may be used in vegetable oil and formations and Vihowa group, etc of eastern
ghee industries. It is also being used in Sulaiman Foldbelt seems to be significant.
insecticide, foundries and steel industries. Feldspar: Large deposits of potash
The bentonite is found in Kohala (Hazara and sodic feldspar occur near Mingora and
slates) and in Karakm areas. Malkani and Bunair in Swat district (Badshah, 1994). It is
Mahmood (2016) also found bentonite widespread in pegmatites in Chitral, Gilgit
(10,000 million tons/mt) in Quaternary and Skardu. It is also found in Rajdhwari
alluvium of Dheri Chohan, Dheri Laghal and pegmatite, Khaki, Doga, Trangri and
Shenbagh village and surrounding areas Gidarpur areas of Hazara. Deposits of
located on the southern vicinity of Attock orthoclase feldspar also occur in Nagar
town area (Kala-Chita Range) where now Parkar.
mining is stopped. Further recently Malkani Nepheline syenite: It is rock
collected samples of fuller earth from consisting of albite and microcline feldspar
Domanda and Drazinda shales of western and nepheline. Its deposits occur in Swat and
(Zin area) and eastern limb (Mahoi area) of Mardan districts. It occurs as intrusive bodies
Zinda Pair anticline, Tehsil Taunsa, Dera at several localities like Agari, Landi Patao,
Ghazi Khan District and their chemical Miane Kadao, Shoal, and Kharkai. Jadoon
results show SiO2 50.86 to 64.01%, Al2 O3 and Baig (1991) reported Tor Ghar nephlene
9.79 to 17.18%, Fe2O3 3.10 to 6.89%, CaO syenite. Malkani and Haq (1998) have
6.41 to 12.20%, MgO 2.01 to 5.64%, P205 nil reported it as a Tor Ghundi pegmatite
and loss on ignition/volatiles 8.87 to 12.60%. (micropegmatite; very coarse grained
Present author estimated reserves of 10mt intrusive) with deposit of feldspar and minor
upto 200 meter easily mineable depth in mica crystal (3-5cm) in the southwest of
Zinda Pir anticline areas. Huge reserves of Kasa and south of Killi Shabozai. It is a
fuller’s earth are observed in Domanda, circular pipe or plug type (1km in diameter)
Drazinda and Baska formations in eastern surrounded by Parh limestone and Sember
Sulaiman Range. The present research shows Shale. There are one another showing about
its existence from Dera Bugti-Rajan Pur- 2km in the east in Sembar formation.
D.G.Khan-Musakhel-D.I.Khan and Barkhan- Silica sand: It is found in
Kohlu districts. The deposits upto easily Abbottabad district, Paniala and Shirani areas
mineable depths 200 meter are estimated (D.I.Khan), Nowshera, Dera Bugti and
about 1billion ton of eastern Sulaiman D.G.Khan. Large deposits of silica sand
foldbelt. occur also in Nowshera, D.I.Khan and
Fire Clay: It is resistant to shrinkage, Abbottabad districts of KPK and Dadu
abrasion and corrosion under high district of Sindh. Datta Formation of Jurassic
temperatures and low in iron and high in and its equivalent formations contain thick
silica. Its main producers are Mianwali, beds of silica sand Khisor and Marawat
Sargodha and Attock districts. It is also found ranges, between Paniala and Pezu. In Salt
from Dadu, D.G.Khan, D.I.Khan (Paniala) range and Surghar range glass sand occur in
and Kotli (Tatta Pani to Nikial many Datta Formation (Jurassic) and Patala
localities) districts. These are residual formation (Late Paleocene). Near Malakhel,
sedimentary deposits generally found at the glass sand beds with over 99% SiO2 occur in
base of Paleocene Hangu/Patala and Eocene Cretaceous Lumshiwal Formation. In Hazara

100
high grade silica sand occurs as thick layers able to export these materials to earn
within a 150 metres thick sequence of exchange.
metamorphosed calcareous sandstone at Clays/shale: It is used 25% in
Mand Kachcha. Large deposits of silica sands Cement preparation. Vast and huge deposits
are found in the Eocene and Oligocene strata of easily mineable (200m depth to exposed
near Thano Bula Khan in Dadu district. Large surface) limestone, sandstone and shale of
lenticular bodies of silica sand occur in Meta Sulaiman, Kirthar and Balochistan basins are
sediments in Mohmand agency with reserves presently estimated (Malkani, in process).
of 537mt. Silica Sands is also found mostly The shale deposits of Sulaiman, Kirthar and
in the sandstone of Toi and Kingri formations Balochistan basins are estimated about
and Vihowa group in Sulaiman foldbelt. In 5799bt with breakup as Jurassic 33bt,
the Toi and Kingri formations it is found Cretaceous 418bt, Paleocene 27bt, Eocene
from Duki, Chamalang, Alu Khan Kach 4131bt and Oligocene-Pliocene 1190 bt
(Gharwandi), Kingri and Shirani area, while (Malkani in process).
from the Vihowa Group it is found in the Gypsum and anhydrite deposits:
Zinda Pir, Taunsa and Dera Bugti area. Gypsum is reported Kohat and Potwar,
Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges. It is also
Cement Raw Materials Resources reported from Khyber-Hazara (uppermost
Cement Industry raw materials like Indus) basin like Dowatta (Hazara) and
limestone, shale/clays and gypsum are huge Macol (Abbottabad). Large deposits from
in Pakistan and especially in Sulaiman basin. Daudkhel, Khewra, D.G.Khan and Rajan Pur
More than a dozen cement industries can be areas of Punjab, Karak-Kohat and D.I.Khan
installed in the Dera Bugti, Harand, Barkhan, areas of KPK, Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu,
Kohlu, Loralai, Musa Khel, Rajan Pur, Musa Khel and Sibi districts of Balochistan,
D.G.Khan and D.I.Khan districts due to close and small deposits in Dadu district and
existence of its raw material like limestone, coastal areas of Sindh, and Las Bela and
gypsum and shale. Further its suitability will Chagai districts and coastal areas of
be strengthens by the close occurrence of raw Balochistan, and Reshian, Muzaffarabad, etc
materials which will be provided to industry of Azad Kashmir. Gypsum and anhydrite
by belts and not by trucks. It is a strong need separate deposits are unknown. Salt Range
to fulfill the cement requirement of country contains at least 137 mt of gypsum. Heron
and earn foreign exchange through cement (1950) reported Saiduwali Khisor gypsum
export for the development of Pakistan. deposits (3km NW of Saiduwali, D.I.Khan
Limestone: It is used 75% in cement district) as alternating beds of dolomite and
preparation. The inexhaustible reserves of gypsum with 150m thickness. These
limestone are found in Pakistan. Huge Cambrian Khisor Formation gypsum beds
deposits of easily mineable (200m depth to dipping NW are found on the base of Khisor
exposed surface) limestone, sandstone and thrust fault near the general ground surface
shale of Sulaiman, Kirthar and Balochistan and seems feasible for cement industry. This
basins are presently estimated. The limestone present investigation shows 5.5mt upto 50m
deposits of 1205bt with breakup as Jurassic easily mineable depth, and 220 mt reserves
490bt, Cretaceous 75bt, Paleocene 18bt, and upto 2km depth but deposits will more than
Eocene 622bt. The small fraction of this estimate and the gypsum strata on other
resources is being used by cement industries side of fault is also expected subsurface. Very
in Pakistan. Pakistan has the lowest per capita large reserves of Jatta gypsum (4.7 bt) have
consumption of cement. Further Pakistan is been reported from Karak-Kohat regions.
paying several hundred million rupees every Gypsum beds are 15-60m thick and extend in
year for calcium chemicals. It is highly a 55km long belt. Main deposits occur at
desirable to take step for extending cement, Braghdi, Shiwakki, Jatta, Nashpa-Chanda,
lime and calcium chemicals industries, so Mami Khel, Manda Daud Shah, Lachi,
that the country will be self-sufficient and Bahadur Khel, Karak, Banda Spina-Dhand,

101
Idal Khel and Malgin. Alizai et al. (2000) The gemstones and jewelry resources
reported three beds ranging in thickness from are commonly found in the northern Indus
0.33 to 0.93m occur in shales near Johi and Suture and Shyok Suture. The Gilgit-
K.N.Shah in Dadu district in the Miocene Gaj Baltistan has mostly sheared zones and also
Formation. The estimated reserves are 10.4mt holds the double sutures like the Shyok
and gypsum beds seem to be extensive. Suture (convexing north arced) in the north,
Malkani (2010b) reported 675mt upto 50 m and n-type belt of Indus Suture in the south.
easily minable depths of 21 localities of The limbs of n-type belt are found on the east
Sulaiman Foldbelt. The quality of gypsum is and west of Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif
good as impurities are less than 2% based on and cap of n-type lobe is formed by northern
chemical results of 125 samples (Malkani bend/apex of Nanga Parbat-Haramosh
2010b). There are 4 to 15 beds of gypsum in Massif. This is the reason the Gilgit-Baltistan
Baska Formation with cumulative thickness area are enriched in gemstone and gold
of 5m to 25m in Sulaiman foldbelt while one resources and seems to be rich in copper also.
bed (0.3m-6m) of gypsum in Domanda Major and also minor gemstone resources are
formation in only southern Sulaiman foldbelt. shown in Table 2.
Malkani (2011) reported 26 billion tons Gold-Silver-Platinum: Small
(1bt=1000mt) estimated reserves (measured, amount of gold is also recovered by panning
indicated, inferred and hypothetical) of in the upper Indus and its tributaries. The
Sulaiman foldbelt. The present investigations production of copper along with gold will be
show 28.5 billion tons of estimated reserves started soon from Saindak porphyry copper
(measured, indicated, inferred and deposits. Pakistan has several regions which
hypothetical) of Sulaiman foldbelt, which are hold these deposits. Chagai district has a
the first largest deposit in Pakistan. The number of porphyry copper deposits with
breakup of total gypsum reserves includes gold and silver mineralisations. Telethermal
14.5bt in Balochistan Province (Barkhan vein type and skarn deposits are also
4.25bt, Kohlu 5.5bt, Sibi 1bt, Dera Bugti reported. Broken Hill Propriety (BHP) of
1.75bt, Musa Khel 2bt); 11bt in Punjab Australia in collaboration with BDA has
(Rajan Pur 2bt and D.G.Khan 9bt); and 3.1bt discovered world class gold deposits. Lake
in KPK (D.I.Khan and South Waziristan). Resources (Australia) also explored copper
The Balochistan Province with detail as and associated gold deposits and their
Barkhan District includes Lakha Kach or alteration zones (Kazmi and Abbas 2001). In
Rakhni 1bt, Kodi More-Nodo-Ishani- Northern areas 24 sites show high
Gadumra 2bt, Khurcha 0.25bt, Anokai- anomalous gold (Clavarino et al., 1995).
Bahlol 0.5bt and Bala Dhaka-Karher Buzdar Sargodha District shows traces of gold from
0.5bt; Kohlu District includes Nisau-Safed volcanogenic hematite iron ore near Chiniot.
3bt, Kahan-Khatan 1bt, Mawand 1bt, Lunda- Chitral district was studied by SDA for gold
Bahney Wali 0.25bt and Janthali 0.25bt; Dera and silver prospects in the Sewakht formation
Bugti includes Sham-Kulchas, Phailawagh- in the Awireth-Shogor-Sewakht areas of
Jiandari, and Pirkoh 1.75bt, Sibi district Chitral, 6-8km west, northwest and north of
includes Spintangi 1bt; and Musa Khel Krinj. The estimated reserves of gold and
district includes Drug-Toi Nala-Zamaray 2bt, silver bearing ferruginous carbonates are
Kingri 1mt and Chamoz Khan Mohd Kot about 50 mt (Khan and Ahmad, undated). Dir
1mt; Punjab province with detail as Rajan district was studied for gold, silver and
Pur district 2bt and D.G.Khan district 9bt; copper anomalies in the Dir volcanic group
KPK province with detail as D.I.Khan district near Zaluka village, 250km north of
(Mughalkot, Ragha Sar and Khowara Khel; Peshawar. The host rock show subporphyritic
Domanda, Drazinda, Drabin etc) 3bt, and to porphyritic sequence. Gold-silver-copper
South Waziristan 0.1bt (Malkani 2013b). is found in gossans along Shyok Suture
(Malkani 2013a). Besham area shows PGE
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources associated with gold in the Jijal layered

102
ultramafic complex. Gold upto 1.7 ppm with chromitites in the Muslimbagh
occurs in Hall area. Muslimbagh area show ophiolites of Saplai Tor Ghar. Preliminary
platinum group elements (PGE) associated
Table 2. Gemstone Resources of Pakistan
Beryl Aquamarin Emerald Fluorite Moonstone Ruby Garnet
e (almandine)
Peridot Topaz/Pink Fluorapat Tourmaline Vesuvianite/ Pargasite(Horn Garnet(grossular)
Topaz ite ifocrase blende)
Chert Jasper Agate Flintstone Quartz/ fool Sapphire Garnet
diamond (Spessartine)
Spinel Malachite Azurite Kyanite Pyrite Rutile Garnet(Hessonite)
Actinolit Epidote Serpentin Rodingite Amazonite/microc Jadeite/ Kunzite
e e line nephrite (spodumene
pyroxene)
Margarite (hydrated silicate of Ca and Mg, Turquoise (phosphate minerals) Sapphire (blue
with pearly luster from AJK tourmaline)
Lapis Lazuli (lazurite, feldspathoid group) Tripoli (weathered chert/siliceous limestone)
agency. A high quality orange red spessartine
study shows the uneconomic deposits and garnet has been recently discovered in
however there are chances of economic pegmatites in Neelam valley of Azad
placer deposits. Antimony and Siagari Shand Kashmir. This deposit has yielded large
quartz vein of Makran and Siahan ranges transparent crystals.
have anomalous gold (Malkani 2011). Moonstone: It is a rock forming
Aquamarine: It is blue sparkling and feldspar. It has been mined from pegmatites
occurs in the pegmatites of Hindukush- of Shingus and Bulechi in Gilgit Agency. The
Karakoram and NW Himalayas. The better deposits are large with good quality.
known deposits are Iskere, Shingus, Dusso Peridot: It is found near the
and Tisgtung. Deeper colour varieties occur Kohistan-Kaghan watershed to the NE of
at Gabor-o-Bakh in Chitral. Naran. It occurs along shear zones and in
Emerald: Mingora, Gujarkilli and pockets in dunitic host rocks and are
Shamozai areas of Swat District are well associated with clinochlore, magnetite and
known producers of quality emerald. local magnesite (Jan and Khan 1996).
Mangora emerald deposits occur in Mingora Ruby/corundum: Its deposits occur
ophiolitic mélange, which appears in the in the dolomitic marble extending for over
form of highly tectonised fault blocks. 100 km from Hunza valley to Ishkoman,
Gujarkili emerald deposits are located near close to Shyok Suture. Ruby deposits of Azad
Gujarkili 24 kilometers ENE of Mingora, Jammu and Kashmir are located in
12km SSW of Alpurai in Swat district. Other Nangimali-Khora-Katha, Chitta Ratta and
emerald deposits occur at Dandao Kandao, Naril Nala areas close to northern Indus
Nawe Dand, Gandao Kot and Mora Dara in Suture. They are associated with Meta
Mohmand Agency, Arang Barang in Bajaur limestone and occur in calcite veins along
Agency, Makhad and Charbagh in Swat bedding planes. Ruby also occurs in a 30km
District and near Khaltaro in Gilgit area. long belt of amphibolites extending from
Garnet: Gem quality almandine (red Timurgarha to Kohat in Khyber
garnet) is found in Chitral district, red Pakhtunkhwa.
spessartine is associated with pegmatites of Pargasite: Its deep pistachio green
Dusso and Shingus in northern areas. crystals occur along with ruby and spinel in
Tsavolite or green grossularite is associated metamorphosed crystalline marbles in the
with graphitic schist in Jambil are of Swat, Hunza valley.
near Kot in Malakand and near Targhao in Spinel: Spinal with its ruby red
Bajaur agency. Beautiful honey yellow colour is closely associated with Hunza ruby
euhedral crystals of hessonite are found in deposits. The Hunza spinels are larger than
quartz mica schist near Targhao in Bajaur

103
those customarily found in Burma and are far Balochistan. Flint from Tor Thana area
more attractive. (39F/3) show banded and wavy white and
Topaz: Topaz bearing pegmatites are light blue colours which creates beauty for
found at Bulechi, Shingus and Gone near ornamental purposes. Many quartz carbonate
Dessu in the Skardu area. Pink Topaz is veins are observed in the iron oxidized zone
deep red, orange rose is unique to Katlang of Makran and Siahan ranges. Siagari Shand
topaz. In fact this is the only known naturally quartz vein (35A/11) is located on the
deep red or deep pink coloured topaz in the southern slope of the range. Quartz vein
world. The colour of these Katlang stones thickness is 2 meters with discontinuous
ranges from colourless to very pale beige to length of more than 500 meters. Quartz is
light brown and from very pale to deep pink crystalline to cryptocrystalline. Elongated
to bright red. Even violet coloured crystals hexagonal quartz crystal upto 1cm are
have been found (Gubelin et al., 1986). The observed. The host rock is Siahan shale. Gold
Katlang deposit is located in the Gundao upto 0.458 ppm is recorded. Eastern Waro
hillock 4km north of the town of Katlang, locality (35M/16) consists of network of
about 20km north of the city of Mardan, quartz vein and stringers and also have major
60km NE of Peshawar. ferruginous quartz carbonate vein trending
Tourmaline: Deposits of gem northwest to southeast. The best quartz
quality tourmaline (pink, blue and green crystals of different localities can be used as
varieties) are found in the pegmatites of the Mari diamond (quartz) in jewelry as diamond
Haramosh range near Gilgit. The best known (Malkani 2011). The study area also contains
deposits are located in Stak Nala (Between clear and well developed crystals of quartz
Gilgit and Skardu). Gem grade tourmaline and smoky quartz.
also occurs as Bulechi and Shingus (Gilgit Calcite: Many transparent calcite
Division). Indicolite (blue tourmaline) is crystals are commonly found in many calcite
found in the pegmatites of Garm Chashma veins in limestone of different agea in
(Chitral). Green tourmaline has been found in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts, which can be
pegmatites of Donga Nar in Azad Kashmir. used for jewelry.
The study area also contains precious gem Pegmatite gems: The pegmatite
minerals like Indicolite (blue tourmaline) fields of Northern areas have yielded
from pegmatite of Garam Chashma. excellent mineral specimens including light
Fluorite: Attractive fluorite crystals occur in pink crystals of fluorapatite, green fluorite,
the Koh-Dilband, Mula-Zahri range and soessartine, hambergite, green microcline,
Loralai areas of Sulaiman foldbelt (Malkani aquamarine, topaz, and many varieties of
2010b, 2011). tourmaline and garnet.
Quartz and flint; Clear and well Dimension, Construction and
formed crystals of quartz occur in gem Decorative stone Resources: Pakistan has
pegmatite in Skardu, Gilgit and Chitral areas, very large deposits of dimension and
and in Azad Kashmir. Smoky quartz occurs construction stones like attractive granite,
in these areas. Rose quartz is abundant is marble, recrystallised limestone, quartzite,
Dusso pegmatites near Skardu. Agate and schist and slatestones. The most commonly
chalcedony are found in near Nagar Parker used are marble, various types of limestones
Sindh, while jasper occurs in Las Bela area and igneous rocks, mainly granite. Large
(Balochistan) and Mari diamond (quartz) reserves of recrystallised limestone and
from Indus Mari (Punjab). Quartz veins marble occur widely in the Gilgit and Skardu
having white transparent to translucent quartz region, in Chitral, Khyber Agency, Swat and
crystals with gem qualities (Kingri Mardan districts of KPK, Bajaur and Khyber
diamond) are also found in the sandstone of agencies of FATA, in Azad and Kashmir
Cretaceous Mughalkot Formation in the (Asrarullah and Hussain, 1985). Vast
Khagoon Range (39 F/10) of Gharwandi (Alu reserves of onyx marble of high quality are
Khan Kach) area, Musa Khel district, found in Chagai district of Balochistan

104
province (Ahmad, 1969). Large reserves Chiltan, Loralai, Parh, Mughal Kot, Fort
(56million tons) of good quality and high Munro, Sangiali, Dungan, Drug, Habib Rahi
reflectance white marble is found in Nauseri- and Pirkoh formations, sandstone from
Jhugian area, Neelam valley, Muzaffarabad, Sembar, Pab, Vitakri, Sangiali, Toi and
Azad Kashmir (Malkani and Mahmood in Kingri formations and Vihowa group have
process; Mahmood and Malkani in process). been reported. Gravel and sand from
Igneous along with some metamorphic rocks Chaudhwan and Dada formations, Subrecent
are found in the Indo-Pakistan shield (Nagar and recent surficial deposits are significant
Parker, Kirana and Khyber-Hazara crystalline (Malkani 2010b, 2011; Gondal 2007). The
zone), Western and Northern Indus Suture, northern Sulaiman basin represents Jurassic
Balochistan magmatic arc, Kohistan Chiltan and Paleocene Dungan limestones as
magmatic arc and Karakoram block. marble from Mughal Kot and Ragha Sar
Attractive and good quality granitic rocks areas of Shirani. Vast and huge deposits of
occur in Gilgit, Chital, Swat, Hazara, Raskoh, easily mineable (200m depth to exposed
Las Nela, and Nagar Parker areas. Large surface) limestone, sandstone and shale of
reserves of good quality gabrro are found in Sulaiman, Kirthar and Balochistan basins are
Muslimbagh- Nisai area. Dolerite dykes from presently estimated (Table 3). The limestone
several localities provide jet black slabs for deposits of Sulaiman, Kirthar and
tiles and wall facings. Milk white granite has Balochistan basins are round about 1205bt
been mined from a locality 18km north of with breakup as Jurassic 490bt, Cretaceous
Gilgit. The major dolomitic deposits are 75bt, Paleocene 18bt, and Eocene 622bt
Kachi Haripur (Abbottabad Fm. Large), (Table 3). The shale deposits of Sulaiman,
Sherwan (Abbottabad Fm. Large), Wagh Kirthar and Balochistan basins are about
(Precambrian, Large), Nilawahan (Salt Range 5799bt with breakup as Jurassic 33bt,
Fm.Large), Saidu Wali Khisor Range (Salt Cretaceous 418bt, Paleocene 27bt, Eocene
Range Fm. Large), Ghundai Tarako Mardan 4131bt and Oligocene-Pliocene 1190bt
(Paleozoic), Khyber Agency (Khyber Fm., (Table 3). Further some clay deposits are also
Shagai limestone, Large), Kuch Kalabagh found in Subrecent and Recent alluvium in
(Kingriali Fm. 0.5mt), Makarwal (Datta, plain areas. The sandstone deposits of
Doya-Lunda, Narmia-Punnu) (Kingriali Fm. Sulaiman, Kirthar and Balochistan basins are
900 mt), Burikhel Mianwali (Kingriali Fm. about 5730bt with breakup as Cretaceous
Large), Kalachitta (Very Large), Kohat, NW 1129bt, Paleocene 15bt, Eocene 953bt and
of Pail (Large), and Chiltan Range-Ziarat Oligocene-Pliocene 3640bt (Table 3). Further
Nala (250mt). Several kinds of multicolored vast deposits of gravels (Gondal et al. 2007;
brecciated rocks are mined from the Bela Malkani 2010, 2011; Somro et al. in process;
and Kanar mélanges in Bela-Khuzdar area. Alyani and Malkani in process; Khosa in
Several varieties of fossiliferous limestone process; Malkani and Mahmood in process;
with beautifully oriented designs of Shehzad et al. in process) are found as terrace
foraminifers, mollusk shells and quartz and and fans. Large deposits of sands are found
calcite veins, ranging in shade from cream to in Thar, Cholistan and Balochistan desert, in
fawn, light brown to shades of grey occur many different parts of country.
extensively in the Paleocene to Eocene Karakoram may be correct for gold. It is
sequences in Las Bela area and various parts found in Chitral area but enriched in Gilgit-
of Sindh and in the Salt range. The huge Baltistan. It is also found in Kohistan
deposits (more than one billion ton) of magmatic arc like Karakar (Swat) and also
Dungan limestone (white) in the Kasa, Karu Khyber-Hazara areas like Ahl and Rajdhwari
and Anambar areas of Loralai district is being (Mansehra granite), Loe Shilman (30km w of
well used as marble for the preparation of Warsak), Silai Patti (35km W of Dargai in
many types of tiles. It is also found in Malakand granite), Bunji and Thakot near
Barkhan, Musa Khel, Kohlu and Dera Bugti Besham. It is also found in Parachinar
districts. Building stones like Limestone from (Kurram Agency) and Qabul Khel (Bannu

105
Basin). The main deposits are in the Dera along 190 kms NS oriented outcrop along the
Ghazi Khan and Taunsa areas. The fluviatile Foot Mountains of Sulaiman fold and thrust
cross bedded sandstones of the Vihowa group belt, in the territory of Dera Ghazi Khan,
host the uraniferrous placers. It is traced
Table 3. Limestone, Shale and Sandstone Resources (in billion tons from exposure to 200m depth from
ground surface) of Sulaiman and Kirthar basins, Western Indus Suture and Balochistan Basin. (J-Jurassic,
K-Cretaceous, P-Paleocene, E-Eocene, Ol-Pl- Oligocene-Pliocene)
Area Limestone Shale Sandstone

J K P E J K P E OL- K P E Ol-
PL PL
Loralai 50 0.3 0.3 - 5 100 1 1 - 5 - - -
Ziarat 50 0.4 0.4 - - 50 - 100 - - - Min 50
Quetta 50 0.1 0.1 - - 1 - 50 - - - 3 100
Mastung 50 0.1 0.1 1 1 - - 50 - - - Min min
Kalat 50 0.1 0.1 10 1 1 - 200 - - - 5 5
Khuzdar 50 10 2 50 1 5 2 200 - - - 5 5
Lasbela min min 1 min min min min 20 - 10 - - 20
MusaKh 50 50 2 200 - 200 2 500 - 400 3 500 -
Barkhan - 1 1 200 - 5 5 300 - 50 2 200 5
D.G.Khan - - 1 50 - 5 10 500 - 500 7 - 550
Panjgur - - - min - - - 500 - - - 10 550
Gawader-Pasni- - - - - - - - 350 - - - - 500
Ormara
Bolan 50 10 1 5 - - - 50 10 - - 5 50
Sibi - - - 1 - - - - 150 - - - 150
Pishin - - - - - - - - 50 - - - 20
Qila Abdullah - - - - - - - - 100 - - - 30
Dear Bugti - - 20 - - - - 10 150 - - - 200
Zhob 20 1 1 - 5 5 - - 50 2 - - 50
Qila Saif 20 1 min - 20 30 - - 20 - - - 10
Kohlu - - 1 50 - 5 1 300 10 10 1 30 200
Rajan Pur - - 5 30 - 1 5 400 50 2 - - 400
D.I.Khan 50 1 2 5 - 10 1 400 100 100 2 200 400
Turbat - - - min - - - - 500 - - - 300
Total 490 75 18 622 33 418 27 4131 1190 1129 15 953 3640
Grand Total 1205 5799 5737

Rajan Pur and Dera Ismail Khan. It may of Vitakri Formation. Uranium and
extend further south to Dera Bugti, Kohlu metatuyamunite in the Vihowa group, coal
and Sibbi districts. Radioactive primary and and sandstone formations like Mughal Kot,
secondary uranium mineralization are Pab, Vitakri, Sangiali, Rakhi Gaj, Toi and
commonly existed in the Vihowa group and Kingri formations in Shirani areas are
in other sandstone formations like Mughal promising. Uranium and iridium anomalies
Kot, Pab, Vitakri, Sangiali, and Rakhi Gaj can be found in the Cretaceous-Tertiary/K-T
formations. The Sandstone of Toi and Kingri boundary laterite, muds and coal especially in
formations have source from northwest and the eastern Sulaiman foldbelt in Vitakri
can not be ignored. Formation.
Radioactive Mineral Resources: Coal Resources: Due to present field
Uranium concentration is increasing toward work by senior author, the revised and
east in Iridium anomalies can be found in the updated total coal reserves of Pakistan are
KT boundary laterite, muds and coal increased from 186,282.41 million tones/mt
especially in the Gharwandi, Aram, and (Malkani 2012e) to 186,288.03mt (Table 4)
Kingri, Vitakri, Fort Munro and other areas with break up as Sind 185457 mt,

106
Balochistan 458.7mt, Punjab 235mt, Khyber found in Latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene
Pakhtunkhwa 126.74mt and Azad Kashmir Hangu Formation (synonym Patala) include
10.59 mt. Kali Mati (Harnoi, Bagnotar)-Kala 3.75mt deposits with break up as 0.25mt
Pani new coalfields of Abbottabad, Hazara

Table 4. Coal Reserves of Pakistan (million tones).Mea-Measured reserves, Ind-Indicated reserves, Inf-Infered reserves, Hyp-
Hypothetical reserves.Vol. Mattaer-Volatile Matter, T Sulphur-Total Sulphur, BTU/lb-Brististh Thermal Unit/Pound.
Coalfield Mea. Ind. Inf. Hyp. Total Moistu Vol. Fix Ash T BTU/lb Rank
re Matte Carbon Sulph
r ur
BALOCHISTAN
Chamalang 6 12 72 10 100 2.46-4.58 12.66 7.96- 6.25- 3.44- 2193- LigC to
- 50.05 74.80 6.93 13569 hvBb
41.71
Kingri (K-T) 3.9 7.8 35 34.3 81 1.64 18.4 25.1 55.2 5.58 2000- LigC to
10,000? SubC?
Kingri-Shikar 1 - - - 1 Interpreted Same as Chamalang Coalfield
Narwal-Dab 1 - - - 1 Interpreted Same as Chamalang Coalfield

Toi Nala- 1.2 2.4 10.8 1 15.4 1.8-1.9 42.3- 32.1-32.9 22.8- 5.8- 9,790- SubC to
Ghoze Ghar 42.9 23.1 6.1 13000? hvBb?
Khost-Sharig- 20.9 41.8 23.7 - 86.4 1.7-11.2 9.3- 25.5-43.8 9.3-34.0 3.5- 9,637- SubC to
Harnai 45.3 9.5 15,499 hvCb
SorRange- 9.84 19.68 25 - 54.52 3.9-18.9 20.7- 41.0-50.8 4.9-17.2 0.6- 11,245- SubA to
Deghari 37.5 5.5 13,900 hvBb
Duki-Anambar 22.8 45.6 12 - 80.4 3.5-11.5 32.0- 28.0-42.0 5.0-38.0 4.0- 10,131- SubB to
50.0 6.0 14,164 hvAb
Mach-Abegum 9 13.7 - - 22.7 7.1-12.0 34.2- 32.4-41.5 9.6-20.3 3.2- 11,110- SubA to
43.0 7.4 12,937 hvCb
Pir Ismail Ziarat 3.6 7.2 5 - 15.8 6.3-13.2 34.6- 19.3-42.5 10.3- 3.2- 10131- SubB to
41.0 37.5 7.4 14164 hvAb
Johan 0.25 0.25 - - 0.5 Interpreted Same as Mach Coalfield

Subtotal 79.49 150.43 183.5 45.3 458.72

PUNJAB
Makerwal 7 15 - - 22 2.8-6.0 31.5- 34.9-44.9 6.4-30.8 2.8- 10688- SubA to
48.1 6.3 14029 hvAb
Salt Range 50 16 2 145 213 3.2-10.8 21.5- 25.7-44.8 12.3- 2.6- 10131- SubC to
38.8 44.2 10.7 14164 hvAb
Subtotal 57 31 2 145 235

SINDH
Lakhra 244 629 455 - 1328 9.7-38.1 18.3- 9.8-38.2 4.3-49 1.2- 5503- LigB-
38.6 14.8 9158 SubC
Meting-Jhimpir 10 43 108 - 161 26.6- 25.2- 24.1-32.2 8.2-16.8 2.9- 7734- LigA-
36.6 34.0 5.1 8612 SubC
Sonda-Thatta 60 511 2197 932 3700 22.6- 16.1- 8.9-36.1 2.7-52.0 0.2- 8878- SubC-
48.0 36.9 15.0 13555 hvBb
Jherruck 106 810 907 - 1823 9.0-39.5 20.0- 15.0-58.8 5.0-39.0 0.4- 8800- SubC-
44.2 7.7 12846 hvCb
Ongar 18 77 217 - 312 9.0-39.5 20.0- 15.0-58.8 5.0-39.0 0.4- 5219- LigB-
44.2 7.7 11172 SubA
Indus East 51 170 1556 - 1777 9.0-39.5 20.0- 15.0-58.8 5.0-39.0 0.4- 7782- LigA-
44.2 7.7 8660 SubC
Badin 150 200 500 - 850 9.0-39.5 20.0- 15.0-58.8 5.0-39.9 0.4- 11415- LigB?-
44.2 7.7 11521 SubA
Thar 2700 9395 50706 112705 175506 29.6- 23.1- 14.2-34.0 2.9-11.5 0.4- 6244- LigB-
55.5 36.6 2.9 11045 SubA
Subtotal 3339 11835 56646 113637 185457

KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Hangu/Orakzai 2 4 75 - 81 0.2-2.5 16.2- 21.8-49.8 5.3-43.3 1.5- 10500- SubA-
33.4 9.5 14149 hvAb
Cherat 0.5 1 6.24 - 7.74 0.1-7.1 14.0- 37.0-76.9 6.1-39.0 1.1- 9386- SubC-
31.2 3.5 14171 hvAb
Gulakhel - - 25 5 30 2.8-6.0 31.5- 34.9-44.9 6.4-30.8 2.8- 10688- SubA to
48.1 6.3 14029 hvAb
Shirani 0.25 0.25 - - 0.5 Interpreted same as Toi coalfields
Nala
Dara Adamkhel 0.25 0.50 3 - 3.75 Interpreted same as Cherat coalfields

Bagnotar-Kala 0.25 0.50 3 - 3.75 Interpreted same as Cherat Kotli-Tatta coalfields


Pani (Hazara) and Pani
Subtotal 3.25 6.25 112.24 5 126.74

AZAD KASHMIR
Kotli-Tatta Pani 1 1 6.72 - 8.72 0.2-6.0 5.1- 26.3-69.5 3.3-50.0 0.3- 7336- LigA-
32.0 4.8 12338 hvCb
Muzaffarabad 0.12 0.25 1.50 - 1.87 interpreted same as Kotli Tatta coal fields
Pani
Subtotal 1.12 1.25 8.22 - 10.59

Grand Total 3479.86 12023.93 56951.96 113832.30 186,288.05

107
measured, 0.5mt indicated and 3mt inferred new showings of caol in the Reshian area-a
(Malkani in process; Malkani and Mahmood more than 1 m thick carbonaceous shale with
in process). Further from Azad Kashmir the some coal has been found in the Precambrian
Seri Dara-Khila-Maira Tanolian new Hazara Formation in the Reshian area of
coalfields of Muzaffarabad area found in Hattian District, Jhelum Valley. These coal
Latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Hangu seams seem to be metamorphosed to graphite
Formation include 1.87mt deposits with in the Neelam valley of Azad Kashmir
break up as 0.12mt measured, 0.25mt (Malkani in process; Malkani and Mahmood
indicated and 1.50mt inferred. Further the in process).
Table 5. Significant source, cap and reservoir rocks/formations in the Kohat and Potwar (upper Indus), Sualiman (middle Indus) and
Kirthar (lower Indus) basins of Pakistan.

Age Source and cap rocks Reservoir rocks


Upper Indus Middle Indus Lower Upper Indus Middle Indus
Indus Lower Indus
Olig- Potwar gr. clays Vihowa gr. sh. Vihowa gr. sh. Potwar gr. sst Vihowa gr. sst
Pliocene Manchar/Vihowa gr. sst
Eocene Vihowa gr. Shale Vihowa Gr. Sh.
Drazinda sh.
Domanda sh. Laki/ Kirthar sh. Pirkoh marl/lst Laki/
Bask ash. Kirthar/Gorag lst
Drug sh. Habib Rahi lst
Kohat-Kuldana shale Kingri shale Drug lst
Jatta gypsum-shale Toi shale Sohnari sh. Kuldana lst/sst Kingri sst Kingri
Panoba/Chorgali shale Shaheed Ghat sh. Shahed sst
Ghat sh. Sakesar lst Toi sst Toi sst
Shekhan lst
Paleocene Nammal shale Sakesar/Lockhart lst Dungan lst Lakhra
Hangu/Patala shale Sangiali/Rakhi Gaj shale Khadro lst
shale Sangiali lst,Rakhi Gaj sst Khadro and
Bara sst
Cretaceous Mughalkot shale Mughalkot shale Kawagarh lst Mughalkot, Pab&Vitakri sst;Fort
Goru marl/shale Goru Munro lst
marl/shale Lumshiwal sst G o r u and P a r h lst/marl
Chichali shale Sembar shale Sembar shale M e k h t a r sst
Jurassic Shinawari shale Sulaiman Gr. shale Sulaiman Gr. shale Samanasuk lst Sulaiman Gr. lst Sulaiman Gr. lst
(Spingwar & Loralai shale) (Shirinab/Anjira Datta sst
shale)
Triassic Wulgai shale Wulgai shale Musakhel group lst/dolomite/sst
Gwal shale Gwal shale
Permian Nilawahan-Zaluch groups (sst/lst)
Cambrian Khewra group shale Khewra group sst, dolomite.
Petroleum Resources: Due to the from Balochistan basin (300,000 km2)
present energy crises in the world and comprises about 10,000m thick flysch,
particularly in Pakistan, the government and deltaic and continental sediments. Super
power generation sectors have shown keen Indus Basin (533,500 km2) subdivided in to
interest in the coal and petroleum resources. northernmost (uppermost) Indus, northern
Production of domestic coal and petroleum (upper) Indus, central/middle Indus and
will reduce the demand for imported fuels southern/lower Indus basins. Oil resources
and ultimately save foreign exchange are frequently being developed from upper
resources. Petroleum is known in Pakistan Indus basin, while gas resources are being
since 1833. Sedimentary basins are the developed from middle and lower Indus
primary host of oil and gas. Pakistan has two basins. Attractive structures, extensive source
large sedimentary basins like Indus and and cap rocks are found in Kohat sub-basin
Balochistan which can yield significant oil and northern Sulaiman fold and thrust belt.
and gas (Kazmi and Abbas 2001). So far no The share of northern areas of Khyber
economic oil and gas reservoirs are known Pakhtunkhwa and FATA (part of Hindukush-

108
Karakoram block, Kohistan magmatic arc, construction of dams which can store water at
northern Indus suture and NW high tides and release water at low tides.
Himalaya/Khyber-Hazara basin) are nothing Pakistan has a long sea shore from Nagar
so far due to mostly igneous and Parker to Jiwani. Energy from sea waves can
metamorphic rocks (which are devoid of also be benefited by stable and non stable
petroleum) with minor sedimentary rocks plate’s movements. Pakistan also has a large
may act as negligible petroleum hosts waste biomass. Pakistan has some hot water
because of discontinuous nature and springs like Mahiwal, Zinda Pir, and Karu
metamorphism. The share of southern areas etc. which can be used during severe winter.
of FATA regions (western Indus Suture) Pakistan is famous for paleontological
seems to be nothing due to mostly igneous discoveries like dinosaurs, walking whale,
with some sedimentary and metamorphic baluchitherium, proboscideans, etc which can
rocks which may host negligible petroleum. earn significant foreign exchange during
The share of southern areas of Khyber peaceful conditions.
Pakhtunkhwa including the Kohat sub-basin
is encouraging and significant, while the CONCLUSIONS AND
northern Sulaiman basin may share RECOMMENDATIONS
successfully in future due to 15-20km thick Pakistan has a best potential of minerals. The
sedimentary cover with attractive structures, minerals alongwith other natural resources
extensive source and cap rocks. Kohat sub- like petroleum, solar, forest, wind, water,
basin and northern Sulaiman foldbelt mostly land, agriculture, vertebrate fossils like
includes the sedimentary rocks and show dinosaurs-the largest land animals, walking
promising petroleum exploration targets whales-the largest sea animal and
(Malkani 2013b). The significant source, cap baluchithere-the largest land mammals, etc,
and reservoir formations are shown in Table tourism, etc can play significant role for the
5. development of Pakistan because population
Natural Resources: The minerals, is increasing rapidly. Pakistan is spending a
coal, oil, natural gas, hot springs, geysers, lot of earnings for importing glass, glass
paleovertebrate fossils etc are non-renewable wares, pottery, iron raw materials and
resources while the solar, air/wind, terrestrial product, copper, aluminium, lead, zinc,
water, marine water/ocean, tides, waves, manganese, gold, nickel, sulphur, tools, clay,
current, land, forest, biomass, tourism, etc are coal, etc. Pakistan has these resources but not
renewable (recycled) resources of Pakistan exploiting. As Griffiths (1987) Pakistan may
which can play significant role for its be prince or pauper with reference to its
development. It is our urgent need to convert mineral and natural resources. Try should be
the non conventional energy resources into made to cease the imports and use own
conventional energy resources. Our global country raw materials and commodities. This
earth is receiving huge amount of energy capital can be saved and spent on developing
from sun. The coastal areas have high minerals, science and technology. In short
potential of wind energy. Gravitational force Pakistan is rich in mineral, energy and natural
of moon produces tidal energy in sea which resources but poor in development.
can be converted in energy by the
Ahsan, S.N. and Qureshi, A.H., 1997.
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Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Malkani, M.S., 2014a. Mineral resources of
Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, Sindh Province, Pakistan. Abstract
University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan,
Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Baragali Summer Campus,
Sciences, 45(2): 68-69. University of Peshawar, August 29-
Malkani, M.S., 2012c. Natural Resources of 31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
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Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Malkani, M.S., 2014b. Mineral and gemstone
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer resources of Azad Kashmir and
Campus, University of Peshawar, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Abstract
June 23-24, Pakistan, Journ. Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan,
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45(2): 70. Baragali Summer Campus,
Malkani, M.S., 2012d. A review on the University of Peshawar, August 29-
mineral and coal resources of 31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
northern and southern Punjab, Earth Sciences, abstract volume, 58-
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Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Malkani, M.S. 2015a. Mesozoic tectonics and
Campus, University of Peshawar, Sedimentary Mineral Resources of
June 23-24, Pakistan, Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun
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45(2): 67. Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial
Malkani, M.S., 2012e. A Review of Coal and Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd
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Science, Technol. and Development, Geoscience Program (IGCP 608)
31(3): 202-218. “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and
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Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Paleontological Museum of
FATA regions (Kohat sub-basin and Liaoning/Shenyang Normal
part of northern Sulaiman Basin and University, Shenyang, China, 261-
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review. Abstract Volume, Malkani, M.S. 2015b. Dinosaurs,
Sustainable Utilization of Natural mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, new
Resources of the Khyber fauna and flora from Pakistan.
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11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Information Release No. 823: i-iii:1-
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volume 2013, 30-31. Malkani M.S. 2016a. New Coalfields of
Malkani, M.S., 2013b. Coal and petroleum Balochistan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa FATA and Azad Kashmir. Abstract
and FATA (Pakistan)-An overview. Volume, Qazi, M.S., Ali, W. eds.,
Abstract, Sustainable utilization of International Conference on
Natural Resources of the Khyber Sustainable Utilization of Natural
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA. Abstract Resources, October 03, National
Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Centre of Excellence in Geology,
Natural Resources of the Khyber University of Peshawar, Peshawar,
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth
11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Sciences, 53-54.
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Volume 2013, 27-29. construction stone resources of
Balochistan, Sulaiman and Kirthar

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basins (Pakistan). Abstract Volume, Campus,University of Peshawar,
Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
July, Baragali Summer Campus, Earth Sciences, 102.
University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016g. Mineral
Journal of Himalayan Earth Resources of Azad Kashmir and
Sciences, 104. Hazara (Pakistan): special emphasis
Malkani M.S., Haq M. 1998. Discovery of on Bagnotar-Kala Pani (Abbottabad,
pegmatite and associated plug Hazara) new coalfield. Abstract
in Tor Ghundi, Shabozai area, Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan
Loralai Distt., Balochistan. GSP, IR 2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer
668, 1-19. Campus, University of Peshawar,
Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016a. Mineral Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth
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Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Arif S.J.,
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127: i-iii, 1-87. Mineral Resources of north and
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Resources of Pakistan: entry of Pakistan, Information Release 995:
new coalfields. Geological Survey of 1-52.
Pakistan, Information Release No. Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I.,
981: 1-28. Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J. in process.
Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016d. Fluorite Mineral Resources of Khyber
from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite Pakhtunkhwa and FATA,
from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Pakistan.Geological Survey of
Loralai and Musakhel districts Pakistan, InformationRelease 996: 1-
(Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh area 61.
of Khuzdar district (Kirthar Range): Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Usmani N.A.,
a glimpse on Tectonic and Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. in process.
Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir
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(ceramic) mineral resources of Arif S.J., Alyani M.I. in process.
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discoveries. Abstract Volume,Earth Province, Pakistan. Geological
Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Survey of Pakistan, Information
Baragali Summer Campus, Release (GSP IR) No. 1001: 1-43.
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Journal of HimalayanEarth Sciences, Alyani M.I., Arif S.J. in process.
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resources of Pakistan: new coalfields Pakistan. Geological Survey of
of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, Information Release No.
and Azad Kashmir. Abstract 1002: 1-38.
Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I.,
2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer Alyani M.I., Arif S.J. in process

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M.I. 2016. Agromineral Resources Received , August 15th, Accepted 18th
of Pakistan: an urgent need for September, 2016
further sustainable development. Manuscript can be viewed at:
Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S., Ali, http://www.lujst.com/ONLINE
W. eds. International Conference on
Sustainable Utilization of Natural
Resources, October 03, National
Centre of Excellence in Geology,
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Peshawar,Pakistan. Journal of
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72.
Malkani, M.S., Shah, M.R., Sajjad, A.,
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Resources of Northern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions,
Pakistan-A good hope. Abstract
Volume, Sustainable Utilization of
Natural Resources of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February
11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special
Volume 2013, 25-26.
Malkani, M.S. and Tariq, M., 2000. Barite

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