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TABLE I. SUMMARY OF OPERATING EVENTS AND RELIABILITY INDICES OF PS FOR 115/33 KV POWER TRANSFORMERS
TABLE II. SUMMARY OF OPERATING EVENTS AND RELIABILITY INDICES OF PS FOR 33/13,2 KV POWER TRANSFORMERS
Item CTO FTO CTC FTC FO FC R D S PFTO PFTC r λ
Communication 198 0 240 3 0 0 0,9932 0,9932 1,0000 0,0000 0,0125 N/A 0,0165
Current transformer 180 0 0 0 0 0 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 0,0000 -- -- 0,0000
Circuit breaker 199 1 249 12 30 2 0,9063 0,9710 0,9315 0,0050 0,0482 182,870 0,1239
Pressure relief valve 6 0 0 0 8 0 0,4286 1,0000 0,4286 0,0000 -- N/A 0,0440
Overcurrent relay 160 0 2 2 2 0 0,9756 0,9877 0,9877 0,0000 -- 25,000 0,0220
Differential relay 20 0 0 0 5 0 0,8000 1,0000 0,8000 0,0000 -- 35,300 0,0275
Oil temperature device 0 0 0 0 1 0 -- -- -- -- -- N/A 0,0055
Winding temperature device 2 0 0 0 1 0 -- -- -- -- -- 0,220 0,0055
PS as a whole 765 1 491 17 47 2 0,9487 0,9857 0,9619 0,0013 0,0346 154.652 0,3705
As can be seen in Tables I and II, the main problem of both TABLE IV. MODELS FOR REPAIRS OF FALSE OPENINGS [HOURS]
PS is FO; it is the most frequent type of misoperation and by PS Model
r
Parameters
this reason security is the weakest aspect of their reliability. [hours]
Lognormal
The PSC that cause most of FO are the circuit breakers 115/33 kV
distribution
35,479 μ = 2,7447 σ = 1, 2839
followed by the relays and sensors. Lognormal
33/13.2 kV 150,337 μ = 4,1887 σ = 1, 2839
The second more frequent misoperation of both PS is FTC distribution
which decreases dependency; these are caused mainly by the
circuit breakers followed by communication devices and As can be seen in tables III and IV, the process of arrival of
overcurrent relays. false openings and their corresponding repairs are stationary for
Repair times of PS for 33/13.2 kV power transformer are both PS. This means that, as time evolves, there is no evidence
higher than the corresponding ones of PS for 115/13.2 kV that FO arrivals and times to repair increase (reliability
power transformers; the reason for this high difference is that deterioration) or decrease (reliability improving).
most of 33/13.2 kV substations are located in rural areas and
transportation takes a long time. VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Security is the weakest aspect of the reliability of studied
TABLE III. MODELS FOR OCCURRENCE OF FALSE OPENINGS protective systems because for both false openings is the more
Mean time Intensity frequent misoperation.
PS Model between failures function The second more frequent misoperation of the studied
[years] [Failures/year] protective systems is failures to close which decreases their
Homogeneous λ(t ) = 0,1695
115/33 kV
Poisson process
5,899 dependency.
Homogeneous Circuit breakers are the protective system component that
33/13.2 kV 4,042 λ(t ) = 0, 2474
Poisson process require more attention by the operator of the system in order to
improve reliability because they cause most of FO and FTC Jhon F. Valencia was born in Colombia. He obtained his BSc degree in
electrical engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
and have the highest repair time. Manizales, Colombia, in 2005 and the degree of specialist in transmission and
Arrival of FO and the times to repair are stationary what distribution power systems from the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá,
means reliability of the studied PS is no deteriorating as time Colombia, in 2009. Since 2005 he has worked for CHEC S. A, Manizales,
evolves. Colombia.
Reliability of the PS for 115/33 kV power transformers is
higher than the one of the 33/13.2 kV power transformers.
IX. REFERENCES
[1] IEEE, Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers,
(Standard C37.91, 2008).
[2] G. H. Kjølle, O. Gjerde, B. T. Hjartsjø, H. Engen, L. Haarla, L. Koivisto,
P. Lindblad, Protective systems faults – a comparative review of fault
statistics, 9th International conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied
to Power Systems, 2006.
[3] T. Johannesson, F. Roos, S. Lindahl, Reliability of protection systems –
operational experience 1976-2002, Lund University, 2004.
[4] C. J. Zapata, H. A. Cely, “A survey on the reliability of protective
systems for large hydro generating units” in Proc. 2014 IEEE
Transmission & Distribution Latin America Conference, 2014, Medellín,
Colombia.
[5] C. J. Zapata, D. S. Kirschen, M. A. Ríos, A. Torres, Reliability
assessment of protective schemes considering time varying rates,
International Review of Electrical Engineering, No. 65, 2009.
[6] M. H. J. Bollen, P. Nassee, A classification of failures of protection, 3th
International conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power
Systems, 1991.
[7] IEEE Working Group, Terms Used by Power System Protection
Engineers (Tutorial Course TP-130-0-031998-1-0), 1997.
[8] IEEE Working Group, Transmission Protective Relay System
Performance Measuring Methodology, 1999.
[9] IEEE Working Group, Protective Relaying Performance Reporting,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 4, October 1992.
[10] C. J. Zapata, E. Ortiz, M. A. Ríos, Reliability aspects of protective
relaying for power systems, Mundo Eléctrico, No. 71, 2008. (In
Spanish).
[11] G. F. Johnson, Reliability considerations of multifunction protection,
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 38, No. 6,
November/December 2002.
[12] IEEE Working Group, Proposed statistical performance measures for
microprocessor-based transmission line protective relays, part 1 -
Explanation of the statistics, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
12, No. 1, January 1997.
[13] IEEE Working Group, Proposed statistical performance measures for
microprocessor-based transmission line protective relays, part 2 -
Collection and uses of data, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
12, No. 1, January 1997.
[14] C. J. Zapata, J. Díaz, M. L. Ocampo, J. D. Marriaga, J. U. Patiño, A. F.
Gallego, “The repair process of five Colombian power distribution
systems” in Proc. 2010 IEEE Transmission & Distribution Latin
America Conference, 2010, Sao Pablo, Brazil.
[15] C. J. Zapata, J. Urrea, “Assessing the service rendered by a power
distribution control center” in Proc. 2012 IEEE Transmission &
Distribution Latin America Conference, 2010, Montevideo, Uruguay.
[16] C. J. Zapata, S. C. Silva, O. L. Burbano, “Repair models of power
distribution components” in Proc. 2008 IEEE Transmission &
Distribution Latin America Conference, Bogotá, Colombia, 2008.
[17] J. F. Valencia, Reliability of protective systems of power transformers of
the CHEC system, Graduation Project, Universidad de los Andes,
Bogota, 2009. (In Spanish).
X. BIOGRAPHIES
Carlos J. Zapata was born in Colombia. He obtained his BSc degree in
electrical engineering from the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira,
Colombia, in 1991 and his MSc and PhD degrees in electrical engineering
from the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, in 1996 and 2010. Mr.
Zapata worked for eleven years for Concol S. A, Bogotá, Colombia. Since
2001 on, he has worked as a professor at the Universidad Tecnológica de
Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.