9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

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Experimental Investigation on the Strength

and Durability Characteristics of Concrete
Containing
Dr. S.M.Gupta, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute (/component/banners/click/288.htm
of Technology, Kurukshetra.

The use of silica fume as a mineral admixture for the

production of high strength concrete and high durable
concrete is gaining importance in recent years. The (/component/banners/click/216.htm
objective of the present experimentation is to study
the effect of silica fume as additive on the strength and
(/component/banners/click/280.html)
durability characteristics of concrete obtained using
locally available material. Concrete mix for M20 gradeis
designed which serves as basic control mix. Silica fume (/component/banners/click/178.htm
concrete mixes are obtained by adding silica fume to
basic control mix in percentages varying from 0 to 16%
at an increment of 2% by weight of cement. The
compressive strength development and durability
against acidic and alkaline attack is studied.
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Introduction
The present trend in concrete technology is to increase the
strength and durability of concrete to meet the demands of the
modern world. These factors can be achieved in concrete by (/component/banners/click/180.htm
adding various blending materials with cement or separately to
concrete. The materials suitable for blending are flyash, blast
furnace slag, silica fume, etc. Silica fume concrete (SFC) is
emerging as one of the new generation construction material. It
can be considered as high strength concrete or high performance
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concrete

The use of pozzolanic admixtures like condensed silica fume,

because of its finely divided state and very high percentage of
amorphous silica, proved to be the most useful if not essential for
the development of very high strength concretes and/or concretes (/component/banners/click/338.htm
of very high durability. It is recommended that for applications in
concrete silica fume should conform to certain minimum
specifications such as silicon dioxide content of not less than 85%,
spherical shape with a number of primary agglomerates with
particles of size ranging from 0.01 to 0.3 microns (average of 0.1 to (/component/banners/click/106.htm
0.2 microns), amorphous structure and a very low content of
unburnt carbon.

Silica fume is known to improve both mechanical characteristics

and durability characteristics of concrete since, both the chemical
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and physical effects are significant. Physical effect of silica fume in
concrete is that of a filler, which, because of its fineness, can fit
into spaces between cement grains in the same way that sand fills
the spaces between particles of coarse aggregate and cement

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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

grains fill the spaces between sand grains. As for chemical

reactions of silica fume, because of high surface area and high
content of amorphous silica, this highly active pozzolan reacts
more quickly than ordinary pozzolans.

Experiments have revealed that silica fume in concrete essentially

eliminates pores between 500 to 0.5 micron sizes and reduces the
size of pores in the 50 to 500 micron range. Physical and chemical
mechanisms made the silica fume more effective in reducing pore
size.

Experimental Programme
An experimental program was carried out to find out the strength
and durability characteristic of concrete containing silica fume as
an additive. Concrete mix for M20 grade was designed, which
served as basic control mix. Silica fume concrete mixes were
obtained by adding silica fume to basic control mix in percentages
varying from 0 to 16% at an increment of 2% by weight of cement.

Materials Used
Ordinary Portland cement
was used throughout the
Experimentation. Silica fume
used in the experimentation
was obtained from FOSROC
Chemicals (India) Limited.
The physical and chemical
properties of OPC and silica
fume (SF) are given in Table
1. Locally available
aggregates were used.
Coarse aggregates crushed
from igneous basalt rock of
20mm and down size having
specific gravity of 2.74 and
conforming to IS 383-1970
were used. For Fine
aggregate local sand having
specific gravity of 2.56 and
conforming to grading zone I
of IS: 383-1970 was used.
Superplasticizer based on sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde was used to impart additional desired properties to
the silica fume concrete. The dosage of super plasticizer was 0.7%
by weight of cement. Ordinary potable water was used for mixing
of the ingredients.

Concrete Mixes
Mix design for M20 grade of concrete was carried out using the
guidelines prescribed by IS: 10262- 1982. The designed concrete
mix for M20 served as basic control mix (CM). Silica fume concrete
mixes were obtained by adding silica fume to basic control mix in
percentages varying from 0 to 16% at an increment of 2% by
weight of cement. (viz SFC2, SFC4, SFC6, SFC8, SFC10, SFC12,
SFC14, SFC16). The Basic control Concrete mix proportion
obtained was 1 part cement: 1.62 parts of fine aggregate: 3.28
parts of coarse aggregate with water–cement ratio of 0.5 and 0.7%
of Superplasticizer.

Batching, Mixing, and Curing

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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

The concrete ingredients viz. cement, sand and coarse aggregate

were weighed according to proportion 1:1.62:3.28 and are dry
mixed on a platform. To this the calculated quantity of silica fume
was added and dry mixed thoroughly. The required quantity of
water was added to the dry mix and homogenously mixed. The
calculated amount of superplasticizer was now added to the mix
and then mixed thoroughly. The homogeneous concrete mix was
placed layer by layer in moulds kept on the vibrating table. The
specimens are given the required compaction both manually and
through table vibrator. A er through compaction the specimens
were finished smooth. A er 24 hours of casting, the specimen
were demoulded and transferred to curing tank where in they
were immersed in water for the desired period of curing

Tests Conducted
The tests were conducted both on Fresh and Hardened concrete.
The tests on fresh concrete was the workability test conducted
through Slump test, Compaction factor test; Table 2 and Vee-bee
consistometer test. The strength and durability tests conducted
on hardened concrete are briefed here:

Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength test was carried out on cube specimens
of dimensions 150 ´ 150 ´ 150 mm. The compressive strength test
specimens were cured and tested for 3-days, 7-days, 28-days, and
60-days in compressive testing machine. Three specimens were
used for each test.

Durability Test Resistance Against Acid Attack

For acid attack test concrete cube of size 150 ´ 150 ´ 150 mm are
prepared for various percentages of silica fume addition. The
specimen are cast and cured in mould for 24 hours, a er 24 hours,
all the specimen are demoulded and kept in curing tank for 7-
days. A er 7-days all specimens are kept in atmosphere for 2-days
for constant weight, subsequently, the specimens are weighed
and immersed in 5% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution for 60-days.
The pH value of the acidic media was at 0.3. The pH value was
periodically checked and maintained at 0.3. A er 60-days of
immersing in acid solution, the specimens are taken out and were
washed in running water and kept in atmosphere for 2-day for
constant weight. Subsequently the specimens are weighed and
loss in weight and hence the percentage loss of weight was
calculated.

Resistance Against Alkaline Attack

For alkaline attack test concrete cube of size 150 ´ 150 ´ 150 mm
are prepared for various percentages of silica fume addition. The
specimen are cast and cured in mould for 24 hours, a er 24 hours,
all the specimen are demoulded and kept in curing tank for 7-
days. A er 7-days all specimens are kept in atmosphere for 2-days
for constant weight, subsequently, the specimens are weighed
and immersed in 5% sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) solution for 60-
days. The pH value of the alkaline media was at 12.0. The pH value
was periodically checked and maintained at 12.0. A er 60- days of
immersing in alkaline solution, the specimens are taken out and
are washed in running water and kept in atmosphere for 2-day for
constant weight. Subsequently, the specimens are weighed and
loss in weight and hence the percentage loss of weight was
calculated.

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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

Results and Discussions

Workability Test Results
The result of workability of
concrete as measured from
slump, compaction factor
and, Vee-bee degree are
shown in Table 2. According
to these results, workability
of concrete decreases as the
silica fume content in
concrete increases from to
16%. No wide variations in
the slump and compaction
factor values for the mixes
containing increased amount
of silica fume were observed.
The silica fume concrete did
not show tendencies for seggregation and bleeding. This is due to
the fact that as the percentage of silica fume increases the water
available in the system decreases thus affecting the workability.
As compared to control mix (CM), the mix containing 16% silica
fume (SFC16) has a slump reduction of 28% and compaction factor
reduction of 5.26%. The effect of silica fume content on the
workability with regard to slump of concrete is shown in Figure 1.

Compressive Strength Test Results

The compressive strength of concrete containing silica fume given
in Table 3 shows an increasing trend as the percentage of silica
fume increases, from 0 to 16%. This is true for 3-days, 7- days, 28-
days, and 60-days compressive strength. The strength activity
index for 3-days, 7-days, 28-days, and 60-days for 16% of silica
fume is 1.65, 1.33, 1.49 and 1.41 respectively. The effect of silica
fume content on the Compressive strength of concretes is shown
in Figure 2.

Resistance Against Acid Attack

Table 4 shows the change in weight of control mix and silica fume
mix when immersed in 5% sodium Sulphric acid (H2SO4) solution.
Under a very low pH (0.3 pH) of 5% - H2SO4 Solution, all hydrated
products, hydrated silicate and aluminate phases and calcium
hydroxide, can easily be decomposed. The control mix was
markedly affected by 5% - H2SO4 solution with a significant weight
loss. On the other hand, the progress of deterioration in silica
fume concrete immersed in 5% - H2SO4 solution varied widely
depending on the percentage of silica fume. SFCl6 mix was found
to be most effective in preventing the Sulphuric acid attack. It
appears that in the Sulphuric acid attack, the early decomposition
of calcium hydroxide and subsequent formation of layer amount
of gypsum are attributed to the progressive deterioration
accompanied by the scaling and so ening of the matrix. The
percentage weight loss, decreases as the percentage of silica fume
in concrete increases. The weight loss index for SFC16 is 0.65

The effects of silica fume content on the acidic media durability

shown in Figure 3.

Resistance Against Alkaline Attack

Table 4 shows the change in weight of control mix and silica fume
concrete when immersed in % sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) solution.

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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

The pH value of 5% sodium

sulphate (Na2SO4) solution
was found to be 12. The
percentage weight loss,
which is an indication of
durability, decreases as the
percentage of silica fume in
concrete increases.

The weight loss index for

SFC16 is 0.00 while for control
mix it is 1.00. This may be
due to the fact that the silica
fume, which also acts as a
filler material, increases the
density of concrete by filling
the voids. The voids, which
are very compactly filled up
by the silica fume, do not
allow the alkaline media to
penetrate into concrete mass
and also reduced content of
calcium hydroxide in die
silica fume concrete due to
pozzolanic reaction. Thus the
percentage weight loss will
be less as the percentage of
silica fume in concrete
increases. The effect of silica
fume content on alkaline
media of concretes is shown
in Figure 4.

Compressive strength of
Silica Fume Concrete a er
60-days Immersion in Acidic
Media and Alkaline Media

Table 5 shows test result of

60-days compressive
strength of silica fume
concrete, when exposed to two different media viz Acidic and
Alkaline media the strength activity index shows an increasing
trend as the silica fume increases from to 0 16%.

The strength activity index for SFC16 is 1.92 for acidic and 1.42 for
alkaline as compared to the control mix in the respective media.
The effects of silica fume content on the compressive strength
a er 60-days immersion in Acidic media and Alkaline media of
concretes is shown in Figure 5.

Conclusions
These studies have lead to the following conclusions:
1. The workability of concrete as measured from slump,
compaction factor and Vee-bee degree decreases as
percentage of silica fume in concrete increases. As compared
to the control mix, SFC16 has a slump reduction of 28% and
compaction factor reduction of 5.26%. Thus the workability
of concrete decreases as the percentages of silica fume in
concrete increases.
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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

2. The compressive strength of concrete shows an increasing

trend as the silica fume content increases, from 0 to 16%.
This increasing trend is evident for 3-days, 7-days, 28-days,
and 60- days compressive strength. The strength activity
index for SFC16 is 1.65, 1.33, 1.49, and 1.41 at 3- days, 7-days,
28-days, and 60- days respectively. Thus silica fume acts as a
pozzolanic material, hence the compressive strength of
concrete increases as the percentage of silica fume
increases.
3. Resistance against acidic attack of silica fume concrete
increases as the silica fume content increases from 0 to 16%.
The percentage weight loss, which is an indication of
durability in acidic media, decreases as the percentage of
silica fume in concrete increases. The weight loss index for
SFC16 is 0.65. Thus since silica fume acts as a filler material
and fills up the voids of concrete, the durability of concrete
in acidic media increases as the percentage of silica fume in
concrete increases.
4. Resistance against alkaline attack of silica fume concrete
increases as the silica fume content increases from 0 to 16%.
The percentage weight loss, which is an indication of
durability in alkaline media, decreases as the percentage of
silica fume in concrete increases. The weight loss index for
SFC16 is 0.00 while for control mix it is 1.00.
5. The 60-days compressive strength of silica fume concrete,
when exposed to two different media viz. Acidic and Alkaline
media shows an increasing trend as the silica fume increases
from 0 to 16%. The strength activity index for SFC16 is 1.92
for acidic and 1.42 for alkaline as compared to the control
mix in the respective media.

References
1. ACI Committee 226R (March- Apr. 1981), “Silica Fume in
Concrete,” ACI Material Journal, 84, 3, pp. 158–166.
2. Conferences/Seminars/ Workshops.
3. Cook, J.E., “Research and Application of High Strength
Concrete, 10.000 psi Concrete,” Concrete International, Oct.,
1989, pp. 67-75.
4. Duval R. and E.H. Kadri (1998), “Influence of Silica Fume on
the Workability and the Compressive Strength of High
Performance Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, 28,
4, pp.533-547.
5. Gupta, S.M., “Experimental Studies on the Behavior of High
Strength Concrete,” Ph.D. Thesis, 2001, K.U.Kurukshetra.
6. I.S. : 10262–1962, “Indian Standard Recommended
Guidelines for concrete mix design,” BIS, New Delhi.
7. I.S.: 383-1970 (1990), “Specification for coarse and Fine
Aggregate from Natural source for concrete,” Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
8. Leming M.L., “Properties of High Strength Concrete: An
Investigation of Characteristics High Strength Concrete
Using Materials in North Caroling Research Report FHWA/
NC/88-006,” Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, N.C., July, 1988.
9. Mehta, P.K., and Gjorv, O.E. “Properties of Portland Cement
Concrete Containing Silica Fume,” Cement and Concrete
Research, V. 12, No. 5, Sept.1982, pp. 587-595.

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9/21/2019 Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Concrete Containing

10. Moreno, J., “The State–of–the–Art of High Strength Concrete

in Chicago, 225W. Wacka Drive. Concrete International, Jan.,
1990, pp. 35-39.
11. Neville A.M. (2000), “Properties of Concrete,” Fourth and
Final Edition - Pearson Education Asia Ltd.
12. Ojho, R. N., “Use of Flyash and Condensed Silica in Making
Concrete,” IE (I), Journal V. 77, November, 1996, pp. 170-173.
13. Rachel J. Detwiler and P. Kumar Mehta (Nov.-Dec. 1989),
“Chemical and Physical Effect of Silica Fume on the
Mechanical Behavior of Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, 86,
6, pp. 609-614.
14. Sellevold, E.J. and Nilsen, T. Supp1ementary Cementing
Materials for Concrete, Ed. By V.M. Malhotra. CANMET, SP 86-
8E, pp. 167-246/1987.

NBMCW June 2007

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