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Fiber:
It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or
other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length. A fiber is a
material which is several hundred times as long as its thick.

Spinning
Spinning is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of fibers to form yarn, and is a
major part of the textile industry. The yarn is then used to create textiles, which are
then used to make clothing and many other products.

Textile Fiber:

Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. Textile
fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including
weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for fibers to
be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and
sufficient strength. Other important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity,
durability, and luster.
Types of Textile Fiber:

Generally two types of fiber.

1. Natural fiber.
2. Manmade fiber or Manufactured Fibers

Natural Fiber:

Natural fibers include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.
They are biodegradable over time. They can be classified according to their origin.

A class name for various genera of fibers (including filaments) of:

1. Animal (i.e., silk fiber and wool fiber);

2. Mineral (i.e., asbestos fiber); or
3. Rubber
4. Vegetable origin (i.e., cotton fiber, flax fiber, jute fiber, and ramie fiber).

Manmade Fiber:

It is also known as Manufactured fiber. Synthetic or man-made fibers generally come from
synthetic materials such as petrochemicals. But some types of synthetic fibers are
manufactured from natural cellulose; including rayon, modal, and the more recently
developed Lyocell. A class name for various genera of fibers (including filaments)
produced from fiber-forming substances which may be:

(1) Polymers synthesized from chemical compounds, e.g., acrylic fiber, nylon
fiber, polyester fiber, polyethylene fiber, polyurethane fiber, and polyvinyl fibers;

(2) Modified or transformed natural polymers, e.g., alginic and cellulose-based fibers such
as acetates fiber and rayons fiber; and
(3) Minerals, e.g., glasses. The term manufactured usually refers to all chemically
produced fibers to distinguish them from the truly natural fibers such as cotton, wool, silk,
flax, etc.e.g:
Glassfiber.

Man made fibres

These refer to those fibres that are not naturally present in nature and are made
artificially by man. Man made fibres have high strength, strong when wet low moisture
absorption characteristics. Examples of man made fibres are viscose rayon, acetate
rayon, nylon, polyester etc. Depending on raw material chosen for making of the fibres
they are classified as cellulosic fibres, protein fibres and synthetic fibres.

Introduction:

Carbon fibers are a new breed of high-strength materials consisting of extremely thin
fibers about 0.005–0.010 mm in diameter. Carbon fibers have been described as the
fibers containing at least 90% carbon obtained by the controlled pyrolysis of appropriate
fibers.
Carbon fiber has many different weave patterns and can be combined with a plastic
resin and wound or molded to form composite materials, such as carbon fibers
reinforced plastic, to provide high strength-to-weight ratio materials

Properties:
High tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion make it very popular in
aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports along with other competition
sports.
However, it is relatively expensive when compared to similar materials such
as fiberglass or plastic. Carbon fibers are very strong when stretched or bent but weak
when compressed or exposed to high shock (e.g., a carbon fiber bar is extremely
difficult to bend but will crack easily if hit with a hammer).
Classified:
Based on precursor materials, carbon fibers are classified into:

1. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers

2. Pitch-based carbon fibers
3. Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers
4. Isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers
5. Rayon-based carbon fibers
6. Gas-phase-grown carbon fibers
Carbon fibers are the strongest fibers currently available to reinforce polymeric
matrices. High performance grade carbon fibers display tensile strength exceeding 6
GPa and tensile modulus exceeding 600 GPa. Coupled with their low-density (1.8 -2.0
g/cm3)
Advantage:
 The main advantage of carbon fibers compared to other fibers are the
high tensile strength,
 high stiffness,
 low density, and a high chemical resistance.

Uses:
The main applications of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers include aerospace and
defense, automotive, wind turbines, sport and leisure, and civil engineering.

Composition
Carbon fibers refer to fibers which are at least 92 wt% carbon in composition.

carbon fibers possess the highest specific stiffness and strength, find extensive use in
aerospace grade composites.
The modulus of carbon fiber is typically 33 msi (228 GPa) and its ultimate tensile
strength is typically 500 ksi (3.5 Gpa).

Glass Fibres

The idea of making yarns and fabrics from glass is hundreds of years old.
G la ss Fib e r

The glass fibers mainly used for papermaking are the chopped strands with a fiber
diameter of 6–20 µm and a fiber length of 3–25 mm with superior heat resistance and
dimension stability. The sheets containing glass fiber are used for floor, insulation, and
building materials due to their characteristics.

Introduction
In the 1700s, Reaumur recognised that glass could be finely spun into fibre that was
sufficiently pliable to be woven into textiles.

Glass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.

Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass
manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine
tooling. In 1893, Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited a dress at the World's Columbian
Exposition incorporating glass fibers with the diameter and texture of silk fibers. This
was first worn by the popular stage actress of the time Georgia Cayvan. Glass fibers
can also occur naturally, as Pele's hair.

Type:

 A Soda-lime glass.  E Electrical type (Borosilicate)  C Chemical resistant type  AR

Alkali resistant type  S High performance application

Ingredients Used In Glass Fibre:

The ingredients normally used in making glass fibre are:

 Silicon dioxide  Calcium oxide  Aluminum oxide  Boron oxide plus a few other
metal oxides

Chemical Properties:
1.Acids: Hydro choric acid and hot phosphoric acid causes harm to the glass fiber.
2.Basic: It has enough protection ability to alkali.
3.Effect of bleaching: Bleaching agent does not cause harm to glass fiber.
4.Organic solvent: It does not change on organic solvents.

5. Protection ability against mildew: It does not affected by mildew.

6. Protection ability against insects: Insect does not affect on glass fiber.
7. Dyes: It is not possible to dye after production. But it could be color before production
by adding dye in the solution bath.
Uses:
Uses for regular glass fiber include mats and fabrics for thermal insulation, electrical
insulation, sound insulation, high-strength fabrics or heat- and corrosion-resistant
fabrics. It is also used to reinforce various materials, such as tent poles, vault poles,
arrows, bows and crossbows, translucent roofing panels, automobile bodies, hockey
sticks, surfboards, boat hulls, and paper honeycomb. It has been used for medical
purposes in casts. Glass fiber is extensively used for making FRP tanks and vessels.