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IJCMAAS,E-ISSN:2321-9335,P-ISSN:2321-9327. Page | 05
Chetana P., KrishnakanthM., Sudha R., Gayathri R., MuruganS.&Mahalakshmi V.
However, work on automated analysis and recognition food, whereas some are useful for nitrogen fixation.
of algae images were restricted to some species of algae. Moreover, some Oscillatoria species are known to
This is because of the difficulties in implementation of produce hepatotoxins, which damage the liver, and
an application that can inspect all types of algae division neurotoxins, which affect the nerve cells. However, no
due to the differences in algae shapes, properties, and other useful function has been found for
colours. Until recently, only a few work exist on Oscillatoriacurviceps [12].
automated identification of tropical freshwater algae Experimental results found many evidences prove that
[7]. This review will discuss the automated at least one of molecular mechanisms action consistent
identification system for tropical freshwater algae. certain known carcinogens, which led researchers to
suspect that these toxins are liver poisons and could
Blue-Green Algae (Oscillatoria species): prove significance to humans after continuous low-level
Cyanobacteria, representing some of the most ancient exposure. Given the advantages and disadvantages to
life forms on earth, are one of the most studied the environment and to living organisms, algae would
organisms worldwide [8]. Margulis et al. characterized be easier to manage if identification and classification
them as unusual prokaryotic microorganisms that can can be done in a more automated and convenient
perform oxygenic photosynthesis. They can also manner [1].
synthesize chlorophyll a. Similar to eukaryotic algae and
plants, cyanobacteria use H2O as an electron donor for MATLAB Software:
the production of oxygen. The oldest fossil findings of MATLAB is considering as an object oriented graphical
cyanobacteria can be dated back to approximately 3500 language, and has an interactive environment for
million years ago [9]. On the last decades, cyanobacteria designing interface and development algorithm to solve
blooms had given special consideration over worldwide complex engineering problems such as data analysis,
because of it is highly effects on water environments by visualization, and numerical computation. Research
increasing anthropogenic input of nitrogen and reported that using MATLAB to solve the technical
phosphorus. To date, cyanobacteria are still largely computing problems is faster than using the traditional
present in oceans, freshwaters, and soils. Most programing language such as FORTRAN, and C. MATLAB
cyanobacteria live in water as phytoplankton. included a variety of built in function and procedure
Cyanobacteria are often called “blue-green algae” and that can be used in for different applications, including;
are named after the blue pigment phycocyanin, which, control design, computational biology, measurements,
together with chlorophyll a and other pigments, is used image processing, communications, and financial
to capture light for photosynthesis [10,11]. modelling. The add-on toolboxes which are a collection
Oscillatoriasp is one of the simplest filamentous blue- of scientific purpose functions was improve MATLAB
green algae, where each thread is surrounded by environments for solving technical problem in wide
gelatinous scabbard, and do not contain different variety application tasks. MATLAB have been enhanced
vesicles. One of the initial signs resulting from the with several advantages such as features of documents
presence of moderate pollution where it appears in and sharing projects and research, and it is ability to
large numbers, leading to change the colour of the integrate the code with other programming language
water. Oscillatoria uses photosynthesis to survive and which facilitates the distribution process for MATLAB
reproduce. Each filament of Oscillatoria consists of algorithms and applications [13].
trichomes made up of rows of cells. Filaments MATLAB is included a set of Image processing tools and
commonly exhibit oscillating, sporadic flexing, or gliding function to provide engineers and scientists with a
movements under the microscope, especially near the widespread suite of reliable functions for digital image
anterior ends. The filaments are composed of disk- processing analysis. Image processing tools integrated
shaped cells that are wider than they are long. Their end with MATLAB is developed by scientific researcher and
cells are usually rounded or tapered. Oscillatoria, with professional technical to reduce the time consuming of
an average size of 7 µm, is an organism that reproduces coding and debugging for the essential image processing
by fragmentation and forms long filaments of cells that tasks. Using built in function of image processing tools is
can break into fragments called hormogonia, which can more reliable and faster than building application from
grow into new and longer filaments. Breaks in the scratch, it is illustrated a significant results in saving
filament usually occur where dead cells (necridia) are time and operation cost which enable users to spend
present. Oscillatoriais categorized under the domain of less time in design and coding algorithms. MATLAB also
bacteria because it does not possess membrane-bound help user by allowing them to learn and apply
organelles, a nucleus, or an endoplasmic reticulum. In specialized technology in varying area of image
addition, metabolically active bacteria include those that processing approaches [14].
are heterotrophic, chemoautotrophic, and
photosynthetic. Oscillatoria is a photosynthetic bacteria Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs):
grouped under the kingdom of cyanobacteria. Some Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is abbreviations for
Oscillatoria species, such as Oscillatoriaplantesis, are artificial neural networks which is the scientific field
consumed for their nutritional contribution and sold as that model information-processing structures as
massively parallel structure similar to human brain. a representative sample of data patterns for each taxon
ANN is usually consisting of several nodes connected to be identified with related information identification
together through adjusted functions to construct the by using the training data [16].
neural networks. ANN is constructed from three ANN used to generate special mapping form between
different layers often which are the input layer, hidden input and output variables and produced a complex
layer, and output layer. ANN is considering as a arbitrarily for nonlinear decision boundaries. Mostly
powerful data modeling tool that create a neural network complexity increases with the number
representation form for complex input / output of nodes and layers of net. Neural networks usually use
relationships [15]. the sequential training process to observe data, and
ANN has become increasingly significantly in solving distinguish between patterns of interest that makes
complex problems which required special consideration them an efficient pattern recognizer [17].
of thinking and decision in many disciplines. ANN is ANN is developed to perform specific information
designed to be used for solving particularly complex computation which totally different from conventional
problems related to highly non-linear relationships. methods. Neural networks construct from nodes with
Particularly, ANN has been widely used as scientific numerous simple elements that process individually
tools in many disciplines to solve different types of several aspects of a large problem. A processing element
problems, such as identification and control, forecasting, (PE) is used to multiply the input elements by a set of
classification, and optimization because the weights, to transfer the results into nonlinear outputs
heterogeneous systems are extremely difficult to model values. Neural computation is represented a massive
in mathematic models. Flexible structure of ANN is interconnection among PEs to share the load of overall
providing simple and reasonable solutions to various processing task, and adaptive nature of the parameters
types of problems. In addition, ANNs were commonly (weights) with PEs. ANN usually has several different
employed in computerized pattern recognition tool for layers of PEs as shown in figure 1. Neural network
automated taxonomic identification based on several works to find optimal solution based on a measurement
types of features such as morphological features, shape of its performance by adapting its weights during
features, etc. ANN is simple has two phases training training process. ANN performance for a supervised
phase and decision phase, in training phase learning learning is measured in terms of error criteria, a desired
process of specific information is performed, and in signal, and iteration cycles or epoch, whereas the
decision phase the classification or recognition results is performance for unsupervised ANN is measured based
produced based on the learning phase. In training phase on learning law, and topology constraints [18].
the internal structure of ANN is adjusted in response to
Figure 1: A simple multilayer MLP neural networks. The circles are represents PEs which arranged in
different layers. The input is the left node, hidden layer are the two columns in the middle, and
outputs is represented by the right nodes in last column. The lines that connected between PEs is
represented the weighted or sometimes known as a scaling factor.
International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences [IJCMAAS], Volume: 11, Issue: 1.
Awatef Saad & Ahmed Atia
International Journal of Current Medical And Applied Sciences [IJCMAAS], Volume: 11, Issue: 1.