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2.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Convection is the process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid


such as air or water. Most fluids expand when heated. They become less dense and more buoyant,
and so rise. The heated molecules eventually cool, become more dense, and sink. This repeated
process sets up convection currents that account for the uniform heating of the air in a room or
water in a kettle. Air convection can be forced by a fan, and water convection by a pump.

The fluids(heating fluid and the fluid being heated) in the fluid-tube system transfer heat
through convection. Their movement facilitate the transfer of heat within the system.
heat conduction

Heat conduction or Thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy


through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and hence
acts to even out temperature differences.

The thermal energy, in the form of continuous random motion of the particles of the matter,
is transferred by the same forces that act to support the structure of matter, so can be said to move
by 'physical' contact between the particles.

It should be noted that heat can also be transferred by Thermal radiation and/or
convection, and often more than one of these processes occur in a particular situation.

The law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that the time rate of
heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to
the area at right angles, to that gradient, through which the heat is flowing:

where

Q is the amount of heat transferred,


t is the time taken,
k is the material's conductivity. (this generally varies with temperature, but the variation can
be small, over a significant range of temperatures, for some common materials.),
S is the surface through which the heat is flowing,
T is the temperature.

Linear heat flow

The above differential equation, when integrated for a simple


linear situation (see diagram), where uniform temperature across
equally sized end surfaces and perfectly insulated sides exist, gives
the heat flow rate between the end surfaces as:
where

A is the cross-sectional surface area,


ΔT is the temperature difference between the ends,
Δx is the distance between the ends.

As stated, heat flow in conductions occurs because the conducting bodies are in thermal
contact with each other. Heat cannot be transferred from the heating fluid to the pipe if conduction
doesn’t exist. Conduction is the only mechanism possible for the transfer of heat.

Radiation is the transmission of heat through space by means of electromagnetic waves;


the heat energy passes through the air between the source and the heated body without heating
the intervening air appreciably. Being defined here, in the process of transferring heating, the
intervening medium between the two bodies must not change temperature substantially. And if this
happen in the fluid-tube system in the heat exchanger, the transfer of heat from the fluid and the
tube is disregarded.

3. Materials of Construction

According to the Chemical Compatibility Table ethanol is generally good in Aluminum and
Hastelloy-C having 0.002 inch penetration per year.

A heat exchanger made of aluminum alloys comprising a tube made of an aluminum alloy
consisting of 0.2 to 1.0 wt % of Cu and the balance Al and inevitable impurities, and fins jointed to
the tube, at least a portion of each fin being formed from another aluminum alloy exhibiting and
electrochemical potential value lower than that of the aluminum alloy from which the tube is made,
so as to provide a sacrificial corrosion effect. Disclosed also is an aluminum alloy material having
superior hot-extrusion characteristics and pitting corrosion resistance suitable for use as the
material of heat exchanger tubes, the aluminum alloy material consisting of 0.2 to 1.0 wt % of Cu
and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.

HASTELLOY Alloy C-22 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with enhanced resistance


to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. It resists the formation of grain boundary
precipitates in the weld-heat affected zone making it suitable for use in the as-welded condition. C-
22 has outstanding resistance to both reducing and oxidizing media and because of its resistibility
can be used where "upset" conditions are likely to occur. It is proven to possess excellent
weldability and high corrosion resistance as consumable filler wires and electrodes. The alloy has
proven results as a filler wire in many applications. As filler wire use when other corrosion resistant
wires have failed.

C-22 can easily be cold-worked because of its ductility and cold-forming is the preferred method of
forming. More energy is required because the alloy is generally stiffer than austenitic stainless
steels. 0.28" thick sheet in the heat-treated at 2050°F, rapid quenched condition, has an average
olsen cup depth of 0.49".

Our group chose Hastelloy C because it has more benefits than using aluminum in pipe making.

4. Classification of Heat Exchanger

In a heat exchanger with gases or some liquids, the heat transfer coefficient is quite low on
one or both fluid sides. This results in a large heat transfer surface area requirement.
One of the most common methods to increase the surface area and exchanger compactness is to
add the extended surface (fins) and use fins with the fin density as high as possible on one or both
fluid sides, depending on the design requirement. Addition of fins can increase the surface area by
5 to 12 times the primary surface area in general, depending on the design. The resulting
exchanger is referred to as an extended surface exchanger. Flow area is increased by the use of
thin gauge material and sizing the core properly. The heat transfer coefficient on extended surfaces
may be higher or lower than that on unfinned surfaces.
We’ll be using the Longitudinal, rectangular and smooth tube-fin system. We used
rectangular because it further increases the surface area in contact with the heating fluid. Smooth
surfaces are proven to facilitate better heat transfer in heat exchangers. No disturbances in the
heat transfer are observed in smooth surfaces.

References:
http://www.answers.com/topic/convection?cat=health
http://www.answers.com/conduction?cat=health
http://www.answers.com/radiation?cat=health
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4410036.html
http://www.hpalloy.com/DataSheets/c22.htm

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