John W.

Moore
Conrad L. Stanitski

http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore

Chapter 1
The Nature of Chemistry

Stephen C. Foster • Mississippi State University

Why Care about Chemistry?
Chemistry
The science of matter and the transformations it can
undergo.

Why should you study it?

• It helps us understand our surroundings and the
way we function.
• It plays a central role in medicine, engineering and
many sciences.

Consider how chemistry impacts the availability of

clean drinking water.
Cleaning Drinking Water
In the 1960s UNICEF installed wells in Bangladesh:
• Surface water sources were often contaminated with raw
sewage.
• Dysentery and cholera were widespread.

Adding wells halved the mortality rate for children…

• Bacterial contamination was avoided.

…BUT replaced one problem with another

• Sediments just below the surface contained arsenic.
• Groundwater in the region is often contaminated with
arsenic.
Cleaning Drinking Water
Chronic arsenic poisoning from well water was
recognized in the early 1980s.

In the late 1990s:

• A major well-water testing program began.
• About 20% of tested wells were contaminated.
• In some villages >80% of the wells were unsafe.

It’s a widespread problem in that part of the world:

• >100,000,000 people are exposed to arsenic-contaminated
drinking water.
Cleaning Drinking Water
In 2005 the U.S. National Academy of Engineering
announced a competition:
• Develop a method to reduce arsenic in drinking water to
safe levels.
• The prize: $1 million.
• 2007 winner: Chemist Dr. Abul Hussam (George Mason U.)

The winning SONO filter removes all common forms of

arsenic (As):
• H3AsO3
• H2AsO4-
• HAsO42-
Cleaning Drinking Water
A SONO filter The red bucket contains three layers:
• 10 kg coarse river sand
• 5 - 10 kg CIM (composite iron matrix)
• 10 kg brick chips and coarse river sand.

The blue bucket contains:

• 10 kg coarse river sand
• Charcoal (adsorbs organic material)
• 9 kg fine river sand
• 3.5 kg brick chips.

Clean drinking water emerges from the blue bucket.

Cleaning Drinking Water
In the red bucket:
• The O2 in air converts H3AsO3 to H2AsO4- and
HAsO42-
• The CIM binds As to surface iron (▐=Fe):
▐=FeOH + H2AsO4- → ▐=FeHAsO4- + H2O
▐=FeOH + HAsO42- → ▐=FeAsO42- + H2O

The SONO filter:

• works well.
• does not further pollute the environment.
• costs very little.
How Science is Done
• Observations are made.
• A hypothesis is proposed.
• A tentative idea to explain the observations.
• Suggests further experiments to check if correct.

• A hypothesis:
“arsenic can be removed by binding to iron”

• Experiments generate:
Qualitative data – no numerical information, or
Quantitative data – contains “numbers”
How Science is Done
Qualitative or Quantitative?

A SONO filter removes almost all arsenic from water.

Qualitative

Water processed by a SONO filter contains < 1 ppm

arsenic.

Quantitative
How Science is Done
A law summarizes a large number of experiments.

A theory is a unifying principle to explain a body of facts

and the laws based on them.

A theory:
• is not contradicted by any known experiments.
• can predict unknown results.
• but may be disproved in the future…
Identifying Matter: Physical Properties
Physical properties can be measured without changing
the composition of a substance.

Examples

Temperature Melting point

Pressure Boiling point
Mass Density
Volume Color
State (solid, liquid or gas) Shape of crystals
Physical Change
The same substance is present before and after a
physical change.
• A physical state may change.
• ice can melt
• solid water → liquid water

• A gross shape may change.

• a lump of lead can be hammered into a sheet.

• Size may change

• a piece of wood can be cut in two.
Melting & Boiling Point
Temperature (T)
Measures relative energy (E) content of an object.
• E transfers from high-T to low-T objects.

U.S.: often in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

Elsewhere: degrees Celsius (°C).
T (°F) T (°C)
Water freezes 32 0
Water boils 212 100
Normal body T 98.6 37.0
Melting and Boiling Point
water
boils
T (°C) = [T (°F) – 32] x 100
180 100°C 212°F

or
T (°C) = [T (°F) – 32] x 5 100 180
9 steps steps
and

T (°F) = 9 [T (°C)] + 32 0°C 32°F

5
water
freezes
Density
A physical property. Substance Density*
Ethanol 0.789
mass
density = Water 0.998
Volume
Magnesium 1.74

d= m
Aluminum 2.70
V Titanium 4.50
Copper 8.93
Lead 11.34
Mercury 13.55
Gold 19.52

Water, copper and gold *g/mL at 20 °C

Density
A lump of metal has mass of 215.8 g and displaces
19.1 mL of water. Identify the metal.
Substance Density
d = m = 215.8 g Ethanol 0.789
V 19.1 mL Water 0.998
Magnesium 1.74
Aluminum 2.70
d = 11.3 g/mL Titanium 4.50
Copper 8.93
Lead 11.34
Probably this
Mercury 13.55
Gold 19.52
Measurements, Units & Calculations
A measurement is the comparison of a quantity (e.g.
volume) with a unit (e.g. mL).

Scientists use SI units (Système International d'unités)

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electrical current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela cd
SI Units
Prefixes multiply or divide a unit by multiples of ten.

Prefix Meaning Example

mega M 106 1 megaton = 1 x 106 tons
kilo k 103 1 kilometer (km) = 1 x 103 meter (m)
deci d 10-1 1 deciliter (dL) = 1 x 10-1 liter (L)
centi c 10-2 1 centimeter (cm) = 1 x 10-2 m
milli m 10-3 1 milligram (mg) = 1 x 10-3 gram (g)
micro μ 10-6 1 micrometer (μm) = 1 x 10-6 m
nano n 10-9 1 nanogram (ng) = 1 x 10-9 g
pico p 10-12 1 picometer (pm) = 1 x 10-12 m
Significant Digits & Rounding Numbers
All measurements involve some uncertainty.

What’s the volume of water in this

measuring cylinder?
It’s between 8.3 mL and 8.4 mL.
• 8.30 mL ?
• 8.31 mL ?

The last digit is uncertain, but is a good

estimate (it is a significant digit).
Uncertainty & Significant Figures

Scientists typically report a number with one uncertain

digit.

Consider a reported mass of 6.3492 g

• Last digit (“2”) is uncertain
• Close to 2, but may be 4, 3, 1, 0 …

Even though the last number is uncertain, 6.3492 g

includes 5 significant digits.
Uncertainty & Significant Figures
To determine the number of significant figures:
• Read numbers from left to right.
• Count all digits; start with the 1st non-zero digit.
• All digits are significant except zeros used to
position a decimal point (“placeholders”).

0.00024030 (2.4030 x 10-4)

significant
placeholders significant
5 sig. figs.
Significant Digits & Rounding Numbers

Number Sig. figs. Comment on Zeros

2.12 3
4.500 4 Not placeholders. Significant.
0.002541 4 Placeholders (not significant).
0.00100 3 Only the last two are significant.
500 1, 2, 3 ? Ambiguous. May be placeholders or
may be significant.
500. 3 Add a decimal point to show they are
significant.
5.0 x 102 2 No ambiguity.
Significant Figures in Calculations
Addition and subtraction
Find the decimal places (dp) in each number
answer dp = smallest input dp

Add:
17.245 dp = 3
+ 0.1001 dp = 4
17.3451

Rounds to: 17.345 (dp = 3)

Significant Figures in Calculations

Subtract 6.72 x 10-1 from 5.00 x 101

Use equal powers of 10:

5.00 x 101 dp = 2
– 0.0672 x 101 dp = 4
4.9328 x 101

Rounds to: 4.93 x 101 dp = 2

Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division
Answer sig. fig = smallest input sig. fig.

17.245 sig. fig. = 5

x 0.1001 sig. fig. = 4
1.7262245

Rounds to: 1.726 sig. fig. = 4

Multiply 2.346, 12.1 and 500.99 = 14,221.402734

Rounds to: 1.42 x 104 (3 sig. fig.)
Rules for Rounding
Examine the 1st non-significant digit. If it is:
• > 5, round up.
• < 5, round down.
• = 5, check the 2nd non-significant digit.
▪ round up if absent or odd; round down if even

Round 37.663147 to 3 significant figures.

2nd non-sig.
last Rounds up to 37.7
digit
retained
1st non-sig.
digit
digit
Rules for Rounding
Round the following numbers to 3 sig. figs.

1st non-sig. 2nd non-sig. Rounded

Number
digit digit Number
2.123 2.123 2.12
51.379 51.379 51.379 51.4
131.5 131.5 132.
24.752 24.752 24.752 24.7
24.751 51.379 24.751 24.8
0.06744 0.06744 0.0674
51.379 51.379 51.379 51.4
Rules for Rounding
Answer dp = 3.
92.803 is the sig.result.
dp = 5 dp = 3 (5 sig. figs).

99.12444 – 6.321 92.80344

= = 3.37153195571
27.5256 27.5256
6 sig. figs.

Significant figures? = 3.3715 (5 sig. figs.)

Rules for Rounding
To avoid rounding errors
• Carry additional digits through a calculation.
• Use the correct number of places in the final
answer.

Note
Exact conversion factors:
(100 cm / 1 m) or (2H / 1 H2O)
Have an infinite number of sig. figs.
Calculations Involving Density
Example
Determine the mass of 1 gallon (3274 mL) of mercury.

m = V x d = 3274 mL x 13.55 g = 4.436 x 104 g

1 mL

A proportionality (or conversion) factor was used.

known units x desired units = desired units

known units
Dimensional Analysis
Since 1 lb = 453.59 g we can write:

453.59 g = 1 and 1 lb =1
1 lb 453.59 g

Example
What is the mass in grams of a 2011 lb car?

2011. lb x 453.59 g = 9.122 x 105 g

1 lb
Multiplication by 1!
The quantity doesn’t change – just the units!
Chemical Changes & Chemical Properties
Chemical property
A chemical reaction that a substance can undergo.
Chemical Reaction?
Reactants change into different substances.

Sucrose will caramelize, then form carbon on heating.

sucrose heat carbon + water

reactant products
Chemical Properties
Describe these changes as a chemical or physical:
(a) A cup of household bleach changes the color of
your favorite T-shirt from purple to pink.
Chemical change

(b) Fuels in the space shuttle (hydrogen and oxygen)

combine to give water and provide energy to lift
the shuttle into space. Chemical change

(c) An ice cube in your glass of lemonade melts.

Physical change
Classifying Matter: Substances & Mixtures
Mixtures are either:
• homogeneous
• two or more substances in the same phase.
• completely uniform.

• heterogeneous
• properties vary from point to point.
• may need a microscope to see variation.
Classifying Matter: Substances & Mixtures

Sample heterogeneous homogeneous

blood
air
apple
oil & vinegar dressing
milk
filtered ocean water
Blood appears homogeneous to the unaided eye, but not under a microscope.
“Homogenized” milk appears homogeneous, but not under a microscope.
Separation & Purification
Mixtures can be separated by physical methods.

e.g. magnetic separation of iron filings from sulfur

powder.
Classifying Matter: Elements & Compounds
Elements
Cannot be decomposed into new substances

Compounds
Can be decomposed
• Sucrose is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Have specific composition

• Sucrose is always 42.1% C, 6.5% H and 51.4% O by mass.

Have specific properties

• Water always melts at 0.0°C and boils at 100.0°C (1 atm.)
Types of Matter
Matter (may be solid, liquid, or
gas): anything that occupies
space and has mass

Physically
Heterogeneous matter: separable into
Homogeneous matter:
nonuniform composition uniform composition throughout

Physically
Substances: fixed separable into Solutions: homogeneous
composition; cannot mixtures; uniform compositions
be further purified that may vary widely

Chemically
separable into
Compounds: elements Elements: cannot be subdivided
united in fixed ratios by chemical or physical changes
Combine chemically
to form
Nanoscale Theories & Models

macroscale objects are large enough to be seen,

measured and handled without any aids.

microscale objects require a microscope to view

them.

nanoscale objects have dimensions ≈ an atom.

(nano: SI prefix for 10-9, so 1 nm = 1x10-9 m)
States of Matter: Solids, Liquids & Gases
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
“Matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion”.

Solid
• Closely-packed particles often in regular arrays.
• Fixed locations.
• Vibrate back & forth.
• Rigid materials.
• Small fixed volume.
• External shape often reflects inner structure.
States of Matter: Solids, Liquids & Gases
Liquid
Very similar to a solid, BUT:
• Slightly more open.
• Slightly larger volume.
• More randomly arranged.
• Less confined; molecules can move past each other.

Gas
• Continuous rapid motion.
• Particles are widely spaced.
• Travel large distances before colliding.
• No fixed volume or shape.
The Atomic Theory
• All matter is made up of extremely small atoms.
• All atoms of a given element are chemically
identical.
• Compounds form when atoms of two or more
elements combine.
• usually combine in the ratio of small whole numbers.
• Chemical reactions join, separate, or rearrange
atoms.
• Atoms are not created, destroyed or converted into
other kinds of atoms during a chemical reaction.
The Chemical Elements
• Elements have unique names and symbols.
• From people, places, mythology…
• Symbols start with a capital letter.
• Extra letters are lower-case.
• Most symbols are obvious abbreviations
• Helium = He Hydrogen = H
• Titanium = Ti Zinc = Zn
• “Old”-element symbols come from ancient names.
• Gold = Au (aurum) Tin = Sn (stannum)
• Silver = Ag (argentum) Lead = Pb (plumbum)
The Chemical Elements

Element/Symbol Discovery Name’s Origin

Copernicium Cn 2009: S. Hofmann et al. Honoring Nicolaus Copernicus
Curium Cm 1944: G. Seaborg et al. Honoring Marie & Pierre Curie
Hydrogen H 1766: H. Cavendish Gr. hydro (water) + genes (maker)
Mercury Hg Ancient Mythology: messenger of the gods
Gr. hydrargyrum (liquid silver)
Titanium Ti 1791: W. Gregor L. Titans (1st sons of the earth)
Neon Ne 1898: W. Ramsey & M. Gr. neos (new)
Travers
Polonium Po 1898: M. Curie & P. Curie Honoring Poland (Marie’s home)
Types of Elements
More than 110 elements are currently known
• 90 occur naturally on earth.
• the rest are man-made (synthetic).
• most are metals (only 24 are not).
Metals
• solids (except mercury – a liquid).
• conduct electricity.
• ductile (can be drawn into wires).
• malleable (can be rolled into sheets).
Iron, aluminum,
copper & gold
Types of Elements
Nonmetals Occur in all physical states.
• solids: sulfur, phosphorus, carbon.
• liquid: bromine
• gases: oxygen, helium, nitrogen.
Non metals do not conduct electricity.
• graphite (a form of carbon) is an exception.
Types of Elements
Six are metalloids:
• boron
• silicon
• germanium
• arsenic
• antimony
• tellurium
They exhibit metallic and nonmetallic properties:
• Look like metals (shiny).
• Conduct electricity (not as well as metals).
• semiconductors.
Periodic Table
International
1A
(1)
USA: “A” = main block… 1… 18
8A
(18)
1 2
1 H 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He
1.008 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.003
3 4 …“B” = transition 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be element. B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.30 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) 226.0 227.0 261.1 262.1 263.1 262.1 (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (289) (293)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 237.0 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Periodic Table Noble
gases
1A
Alkali metals 8A
(1) Alkaline Halogens (18)
(not H) earth metals
1 2
1 H 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He
1.008
3
(2)
4
Group = vertical column (13)
5
(14)
6
(15)
7
(16)
8
(17)
9
4.003
10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 Period = horizontal row 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.30 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) 226.0 227.0 261.1 262.1 263.1 262.1 (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (289) (293)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 237.0 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Periodic Table
1A 8A
(1) Main group metal (18)
1 2
1 H 2A Transition metal 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He
1.008 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.003
3 4 Metalloid 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 Nonmetal 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.30 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) 226.0 227.0 261.1 262.1 263.1 262.1 (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (289) (293)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Inner transition elements 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 237.0 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
Elements that Consist of Molecules

Most non-metal elements form molecules.

A chemical formula shows the composition:

Diatomic examples:
H2 O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2 l2

Polyatomic examples:
O3 P4 S8
Communicating Chemistry: Symbolism

Chemical formulas show:

• Number and type of atoms in the molecule.
• Relative ratio of the atoms in a compound.
C12H22O11 CH3OH NaCl
sucrose methanol table salt

Chemical equations show:

• How reactants convert into products.
heat
C12H22O11 12 C + 11 H2O
sucrose carbon + water
Biological Periodic Table
1A 8A
(1) (18)
1
1 H 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1.008 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
5 6 7 8 9
2 B C N O F
10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00
11 12 14 15 16 17
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Si P S Cl
22.99 24.30 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45
19 20 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34
4 K Ca V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ge As Se
39.10 40.08 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 72.59 74.92 78.96
42 53
5 Mo I
95.94 126.9

Building block element: 99.36% of atoms in the body

Major minerals: most of the remaining atoms
Trace element
Biological Periodic Table

Element in Symbol Abundance

the body atoms/106 atoms
Hydrogen H 628,000
Oxygen O 257,000 98.0%
99.4%
Carbon C 95,000
Nitrogen N 13,600
Calcium Ca 2,400
Phosphorus P 2,100
Sulfur S 500
0.6%
Sodium Na 420
Potassium K 330
Chlorine Cl 270
Magnesium Mg 130