CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter present a review of related literature and studies from foreign research that
provides relevant and significant information to the present study.

The ideas enriched the views of the researcher and served as a guide in presenting this research.

Related Literature in Studies

Middle Eastern and African Journal of Educational Research (2014) started that the lack of
school facilities, equipment and educational materials, in term gently affected the teaching and
learning activities, which reduce the capacity of student skills development to be more
productive. According to Day (2001), modern school should contain all element that will uplift
the school system to meet the special needs of the student skills development.

According to O Neil (2000), the impact of school facilities can be saw on the skills
development of the student and teachers.

Mutsotso to the Earthman (2002) reputed in the same way that school facilities mainly
inadequate can have a positive impact on teacher motivation that likewise turn positively affects
students by which their teaching strategies decreases. Besides, Lawrence (2003) emphasized that
the un equability of school resources affects staff and staff and student motivation. Obviously,
adequate and insufficient school facilities is an undeniable that they have more in contrast even
more base it to its educational outcomes, like skills development and achievement. Students
being challenge to do their duties and practice to newer buildings motivated students to perform
and act so. Newer school buildings also reinforce students; perception, confidence, prowess and
with that can make them excel to the highest being mention is the successful summit of learning
outcomes improving skills development.

Montague, Wulfrek and Ellis (1983) highlighted that the best design does not compensate for
the lack of skills needed to develop quality instruction. An instruction is a set of events that
facilitate learning whist design means a creative pattern or rational, logical, sequential process
intended to save problems. Thus instructional design can be defined as The systematic process
of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials an
activity. However, there are many different definitions for instructional design and all of them
are an expression of underlying philosophies and viewpoints of what is involved in the learning
process (seimens, 2002).

Gayle (1962) conducted a study for proposed physical education programme for girls in
selected secondary schools of Pitt Country, Worth Carlin, girls physical education programs were
evaluated in Nine selected schools by visitation and interview using health and physical education
card for score. NO.11, developed by the committee or curriculum research of the college of
physical education association. The average o effectiveness was 32% compared to 28 for the
mention as a whole and thirty for North Carolina. The study revealed the inadequacies in the
program like lack of qualified instructors lack of funds limited curricula and insufficient facilities
and equipments.

Neson (1962) made a survey study using stratified random sample of hundred senior white
public high schools of Louisiana. They survey covered personnel, required classes intramural
sports covered personnel, required classes intramurals sport, inter-school’s tic athletics, health
education, facilities, equipment’s, financial support and community resources. This study
revealed the actual pattern of physical education programme as carried on.

According to Verky (1962) made study of physical education curriculum for higher
secondary schools in Mysore. As results of the study arguments were presented for the
compulsory inclusion of physical education in the curriculum. Standard for play area,
equipment’s, leadership, fitness test as an end in to planning and inventory were developed.

According to Reid (1963) Evaluated the attitudes towards physical education and studied
the personnel, facilities and programme in relation to physical education in high school of Shout
Carolina. He used the Wear Attitude Inventory and a modified La Porte score card to collect the
data. His study revealed that theme was paucity of facilities and equipment in those high schools
and the personnel showed favorable attitude towards physical education.

According to Manguso (1963) surveyed that physical education and athletic programme of
the Ranchi camp school of California contribute to the development of physical education and
athletic programme in the Ranchi camp school of delinquent’s boys committed to Ranchi camps
Nineteen out of 27 Ranchi camp school in California returned questionnaire, which covered the
general area of administration, curriculum, methods, teaching personnel’s facilities and
equipment pertinent literature related to the Ranchi camp school.

According to Chambers (1968) studied the appraisal of the attitude of the principals,
teachers and students towards physical education as a secondary school subject. Teachers and
students were aware of the importance of physical education in developing fitness activities in
which they desired instruction and in which they desired instruction and in which they
established their skill to be high.

According to Misra (1980) in his study revealed sending questionnaire to hundred schools
and fifty Orissa State, that the lack of qualified physical education personnel in proportion to
institution strength, the effectiveness of the programs, facilities and equipment’s etc. Play a
significant role in the success of the program. The findings of the study reveals that mass
participation was ignored by most of the institution and have stringent attitude in respect of
financial aids to the physical program and developing facilities for games and sports in various
educational institutions.
 According to Bhave (2008) and Chatrah (2008) have examined stress and anxiety in junior
college youth and stress among high school students and medical students respectively and
developed life skill program to overcome these, whereas, Kenneth (2008) investigated the effects
of life skill training on academic stress of standard tenth students and concluded that school is
major contributor to student’s stress.

According to greenhill (2009) focused on how ongoing dialogue around 21 st century

knowledge and skills can be appropriately embedded in educator preparation, and to guide the
development of resources and services to support educator programs. The objectives: 1. Develop
a blue print for building the models, tools, recourse base, and capacity needed to support this
work; 2. Create an infrastructure of leadership and communication that will support the
contributions of educator’s preparation programs and other stakeholders to this initiative; and 3
Provide faculty training and resource pilot initiatives and partnerships to develop and test 21st
century instructional models among higher education institutions nationwide.

According to Miller (2009) conducted a research to study the development of 21 st century

communication, and digital literacy skills of students of the high school level through the use of
online network tools. The importance of this study way based on evidence high school and
college student are not graduating with the requisite skill of communication, collaboration, and
digital literacy skill get employers see these skills important to the success of their employees.

According to (2010) utilized the California Critical Thinking Skills Test to measure the growth
in critical thinking skills that students obtained through a traditional “seat bound” versus a
“performance-based” approached to the teaching of Shakespeare at the secondary level.
According to Zimmerman (2010) studied project based learning for social science based on
the assumption the project based learning (PBL) in 12th grade social studies classrooms
contributes to the development of life skills for high school seniors in Advanced and globalized
time this research will investigate student experience with PBL methods for helping them acquire
skills along with a case study of a successful PBL program. The purpose of this study is to help
educators discern the value of this instructional strategy. Constructivism refers to the concept
the student learns through their experiences and curriculum designed around the theory of
multiple intelligences allows them the opportunity to learn through a variety of method during
each lesson.
According to Tingen et all. (2011) Classroom websites have the potential to support and
enhance student learning by targeting 21st century skills, such as, collaboration among teachers,
students, parents and other teachers, media literacy, and interpersonal and self-directional skills,
are well as thinking and problem solving skills.
According to Olsen (2010) developed of instructional design that high school teachers use
to promote student’s proficiency in 21st century skills. Although researchers has led to the
development of frameworks of skills that high school graduates should develop during their years
of schooling.
According to Shenoy (2005) Studied curriculum of high school and its relevance for
developing skills for crisis management with the assumption that present school curriculum is
more informative than focusing on preparing students in managing the problems in life.
According to Lynch (2007) conducted exploratory study to gain an increased understanding
of an independent skills living skills for foster care youth participants.
According to Colacino (2013) Studied learning 21st century skills in a multicultural setting.
The case study examined how culturally diverse students at a Southeast Asia international school
were engaged in learning 21st century skills when multiple means of instruction and assessment
were provided.
According to Sardone and Schever (2012) conducted a mixed-method study 21
undergraduate university students majoring in education to determine their ability to recognize
the motivational factors and 21st century learning skills associated with digital equipment.
According to Mclaclan (2012) focused on one middle school that showed high academic
achievement, as well as boasted a mission statement focused on global skills. The purpose for
this study was to identify the programs and practices that promote the acquisition of 21 st Century
skill at a school
According to Sharma (1956) conducted a survey in connection with personnel, facilitates
and equipment’s revealed that only seventeen out of thirty high or higher secondary schools in
Delhi has got director of physical education and sports (D.P.E.S) as in charge or physical
education. The study also found that fifty percent of the schools have provided only one or two
periods for each class per week for physical education. He also found that eight three percent of
the schools in Delhi suffered badly for word of playground facilities.
EFFECTS OF INSUFFICIENT EQUIPMENT ON DEVELOPING SKILLS OF GRADE 11 CAREGIVING
STUDENT IN J.P LAUREL HIGH SCHOOL sy. 2019-2020

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN TRIPLE III (QUALITATIVE RESEARCH)
J.P LAUREL HIGH SCHOOL

Gina G. Agne
Jean N. Agne
Emerson L. Bartolay
Ashley Nicole V. Barba
Karen M. De Guzman
Allen E. Flores
Maria Fe A. Godilo
Maureen A. Graspela
Jessica A. Hona
Mark Ian A. Hona
Amy G. Laurio
Erica G. Listana
Rica G. Pacres
Jessa Mae M. Regio

OCTOBER 2019
NOTES:
Earthman, G. (2002) school faculty condition and student Academic achievement UCLAS
Institute for Democracy, Education and Access. (IDEA) Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from
http://scholarship
A.Bentulan, et, all (2018) caregiving laboratory and equipment. Its impact on skills
Development of Caregiving Students.
Marjhay A.Delacruz (2002) Effect of lock on instructional materials http://www. Academic
edu/
Shodnganga (2016) Effects of sufficient tools and equipment http:// shodnganga.
Inflibne.ac in / bitstream/…./ 12 _ chapter %20 2% Orr/ pdf
Hughes (2012) programs. Of skill Development Instructional Framework 21 st century with
course material