California Mathematics Concepts Skills and Problem Solving GR 7 PDF

interactive student edition
Authors
Day • Frey • Howard • Hutchens
Luchin • McClain • Molix-Bailey
Ott • Pelfrey • Price
Vielhaber • Willard
(t)Created by Michael Trott with Mathematica. From Graphica 1, Copyright ©1999 Wolfram Media, Inc., (b)Richard Cummins/SuperStock
About the Cover
The sailboard was invented by Newman Drake in the 1950s, and the
sport was popularized by Californians Jim Drake and Hoyle Schweitzer
in the 1970s. The sport spread rapidly from California, throughout the
United States and around the world. By standing on the rudderless
board and maneuvering the sail to glide along the water’s surface,
a sailboarder can reach speeds of up to 45 miles per hour.
In Chapter 4, you will learn to solve problems involving rate,
speed, and distance.
About the Graphics
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A torus with rose-shaped cross section is constructed. Then the cross
section is rotated around its center as it moves along a circle to
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construct such graphics, see: www.wolfram.com/r/textbook.
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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
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Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 978-0-07-877850-6
MHID: 0-07-877850-6
Printed in the United States of America.
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Start Smart: Be a Better Problem Solver
Unit 1 Number and Operations: Rational and Real Numbers
1 Algebra: Integers
2 Algebra: Rational Numbers
3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem
Unit 2 Patterns, Relationships, and Algebraic Thinking

4 Proportions and Similarity
5 Percent
Unit 3 Geometry and Measurement

6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning
7 Measurement: Area and Volume
Unit 4 Algebraic Thinking: Linear and Nonlinear Functions

8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities
9 Algebra: Linear Functions
10 Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials
Unit 5 Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability

11 Statistics
Standards Review
12 Looking Ahead to Grade 8: Probability
iii
Authors
Rhonda J. Molix-Bailey Roger Day, Ph.D. Patricia Frey, Ed.D.

Mathematics Consultant Mathematics Department Math Coordinator at
Mathematics by Design Chair Westminster Community
DeSoto, Texas Pontiac Township High Charter School
School Buffalo, New York
Pontiac, Illinois
Arthur C. Howard Deborah A. Hutchens, Beatrice Luchin

Mathematics Teacher Ed.D. Mathematics Consultant
Houston Christian Principal League City, Texas
High School Chesapeake, Virginia
Houston, Texas
Contributing Author
Viken Hovsepian
Professor of Mathematics
Rio Hondo College
Whittier, California
iv Meet the Authors at ca.gr7math.com

Aaron Haupt
Kay McClain, Ed.D. Jack M. Ott, Ph.D. Ronald Pelfrey, Ed.D.
Assistant Professor Distinguished Professor Mathematics Specialist
Vanderbilt University of Secondary Education Appalachian Rural
Nashville, Tennessee Emeritus Systemic Initiative and
University of South Carolina Mathematics Consultant
Columbia, South Carolina Lexington, Kentucky
Jack Price, Ed.D. Kathleen Vielhaber Teri Willard, Ed.D.

Professor Emeritus Mathematics Consultant Assistant Professor
California State St. Louis, Missouri Department of Mathematics
Polytechnic University Central Washington
Pomona, California University
Ellensburg, Washington
Contributing Author
Dinah Zike
Educational Consultant
Dinah-Might Activities, Inc.
San Antonio, Texas
v
Aaron Haupt
California Mathematics Advisory Board
Glencoe wishes to thank the following professionals for their

invaluable feedback during the development of the program. They
reviewed the table of contents, the prototype of the Teacher
Wraparound Edition, and the California Standards Review chapter.
Cheryl L. Avalos William M. Bokesch Patty Brown

Mathematics Consultant Rancho Bernardo High Teacher
Retired Teacher School John Muir Elementary
Hacienda Heights, California San Diego, California Fresno, California
David J. Chamberlain Eppie Chung Lisa Marie Cirrincione

Secondary Mathematics K-6 Teacher Middle School Teacher
Resource Teacher Modesto City Schools Lincoln Middle School
Capistrano Unified School Modesto, California Oceanside, California
District
San Juan Capistrano, California
Carol Cronk Ilene Foster Grant A. Fraser, Ph. D.

Mathematics Program Teacher Specialist– Professor of Mathematics
Specialist Mathematics California State University,
San Bernardino City Unified Pomona Unified School Los Angeles
School District District Los Angeles, California
San Bernardino, California Pomona, California
vi
Suzanne Bocskai Freire Beth Holguin Donna M. Kopenski, Ed. D. Kelly Mack
Teacher Teacher Mathematics Coordinator K-5 6th Grade Teacher
Kingswood Elementary Graystone Elementary City Heights Educational Captain Jason Dahl
Citrus Heights, California San Jose, California Collaborative Elementary
San Diego, California San Jose, California
Juvenal Martinez John McGuire Dr. Donald R. Price Kasey St. James
Dual Immersion/ESL Associate Principal Teacher, Adjunct Professor Mathematics Teacher
Instructor Pacific Union School Rowland Unified School Sunny Hills High School
Aeolian Elementary Arcata, California District Fullerton, California
Whittier, California Rowland Heights, California
Arthur K. Wayman, Ph. D. Beverly Wells Frances Basich Whitney

Professor of Mathematics First Grade Teacher Project Director, Mathematics
Emeritus Mineral King Elementary K-12
California State University, School Santa Cruz County Office of
Long Beach Visalia, California Education
Long Beach, California Capitola, California
vii
Consultants
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill wishes to thank the following professionals for

their feedback. They were instrumental in providing valuable input
toward the development of this program in these specific areas.
Mathematical Content Graphing Calculator

Viken Hovsepian Ruth M. Casey
Professor of Mathematics Mathematics Teacher
Rio Hondo College Department Chair
Whittier, California Anderson County High School
Lawrenceburg, Kentucky
Grant A. Fraser, Ph. D.
Professor of Mathematics Jerry Cummins
California State University, Los Angeles Former President
Los Angeles, California National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics
Western Springs, Illinois
Arthur K. Wayman, Ph. D.
Professor of Mathematics Emeritus
California State University, Long Beach Learning Disabilities
Long Beach, California Kate Garnett, Ph. D.
Chairperson, Coordinator
Differentiated Instruction Learning Disabilities
School of Education
Nancy Frey, Ph. D. Department of Special Education
Associate Professor of Literacy Hunter College, CUNY
San Diego State University New York, New York
San Diego, California
Mathematical Fluency
English Language Learners
Jason Mutford
Mary Avalos, Ph. D. Mathematics Instructor
Assistant Chair, Teaching and Learning Coxsackie-Athens Central School District
Assistant Research Professor Coxsackie, New York
University of Miami, School of Education
Coral Gables, Florida
Pre-AP
Jana Echevarria, Ph. D.
Professor, College of Education Dixie Ross
California State University, Long Beach AP Calculus Teacher
Long Beach, California Pflugerville High School
Pflugerville, Texas
Josefina V. Tinajero, Ph. D.
Dean, College of Education
The University of Texas at El Paso Reading and Vocabulary
El Paso, Texas Douglas Fisher, Ph. D.
Director of Professional Development and Professor
Gifted and Talented City Heights Educational Collaborative
San Diego State University
Ed Zaccaro San Diego, California
Author
Mathematics and science books for gifted children Lynn T. Havens
Bellevue, Iowa Director of Project CRISS
Kalispell School District
Kalispell, Montana
viii
California Reviewers
Each California Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters of the

Student Edition, giving feedback and suggestions for improving
the effectiveness of the mathematics instruction.
Mariana Alwell Derrick Chun Kei Hui Rudy C. Sass

Teacher & Mathematics Coach Certified BCLAD Mathematics Teacher Mathematics Chair
Garden Gate Elementary Natomas Middle School Orangeview Junior High School
Cupertino, California Sacramento, California Anaheim, California
Cheryl Anderson Robin Ingram David Schick
District Mathematics Resource Teacher Mathematics Instructor/Department Chair Mathematics Teacher
Cupertino School District Alta Sierra Intermediate School Wangenheim Middle School
Cupertino, California Clovis, California San Diego, California
Aimey Balderman Debra C. Lonso James Douglas Sherman
Mathematics Teacher Mathematics Teacher Pre-Algebra/Algebra Instructor, 7th/8th
Tommie Kunst Junior High School Dover Middle School grade
Santa Maria, California Fairfield, California Miller Middle School
San Jose, California
Kristine A. Banfe Roxanne Mancha
Mathematics Teacher Mathematics Department Chair Charles P. Toots
Hyde Middle School Crystal Middle School Mathematics Department Chairsperson
Cupertino, California Suisun City, California Le Conte Middle School
Los Angeles, California
Dianne Chrisman Mary Beth Moon
Mathematics Teacher Mathematics Teacher/Consulting Teacher Judith Vincent
Coronado High School Earl Warren Jr. High School Teacher
Coronado, California Bakersfield, California Cavitt Junior High School
Granite Bay, California
Patricia Elmore Grainne O’Malley
6th Grade Mathematics Teacher Middle School Mathematics Coordinator Carrie M. Wong
Heritage Intermediate School Crossroad Middle School 6th/7th Mathematics Teacher
Fontana, California Santa Monica, California Taylor Middle School
Millbrae, California
Jill Fetters Candice Richards
Mathematics Teacher Mathematics Teacher
Tevis Jr. High Newport Mesa Unified School District
Bakersfield, California Costa Mesa, California
Rosalee Hrubic Steven Robitaille
Staff Development Specialist, Secondary Mathematics Instructor
Mathematics Trabuco Hills High School
Riverside Unified School District Mission Viejo, California
Riverside, California
ix
Be a Better Problem Solver
A Plan for Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Problem-Solving Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Multi-Step Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tools for Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Techniques for Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
How to Use Your Math Book
Why do I Need my Math Book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Doing Your Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Studying for a Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Scavenger Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
California Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
x
Gabe Palmer/CORBIS
APTER
CH
1 Algebra: Integers
1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1-2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Table of Contents
1-3 Integers and Absolute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Extend 1-3 Algebra Lab: Graphing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1-4 Adding Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1-5 Subtracting Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Prerequisite Skills
1-6 Multiplying and Dividing Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 • Get Ready for Chapter 1 23
• Get Ready for the Next Lesson 28, 34,
1-7 Writing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 39, 45, 49, 56, 61, 69
1-8 Problem-Solving Investigation:
Work Backward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Reading and Writing Mathematics
• Reading in the Content Area 29
Reading Word Problems: Simplify the Problem. . . . . . . 64
• Reading Math 26, 35, 53, 71
1-9 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations . . . . . . . . . . 65 • Reading Word Problems 64
1-10 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations . . . . . . . . . 70 • Vocabulary Link 31
• Writing in Math 28, 34, 39, 45, 49, 56,
ASSESSMENT 61, 69, 73
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 California Standards Practice

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 • Multiple Choice 28, 34, 39, 45, 49, 56,
59, 61, 69, 73
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 • Worked Out Example 58
H.O.T. Problems
Higher Order Thinking
• Challenge 28, 33, 39, 45, 49, 56, 60,
69, 73
• Find the Error 34, 49, 61
• Number Sense 56, 73
• Open Ended 28, 33, 45, 49, 56, 69, 73
• Select a Technique 28
• Which One Doesn’t Belong? 39, 69
xi
APTER
CH
2 Algebra: Rational Numbers

2-1 Rational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Reading Word Problems: New Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . 90
2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . 91
2-3 Multiplying Positive and Negative Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2-4 Dividing Positive and Negative Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2-5 Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2-6 Adding and Subtracting Unlike Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Look for a Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2-9 Powers and Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2-10 Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
ASSESSMENT
Prerequisite Skills
• Get Ready for Chapter 2 83 Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
• Get Ready for the Next Lesson 89, 95, Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
101, 107, 112, 118, 123, 129
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Reading and Writing Mathematics
• Reading Word Problems 90
• Vocabulary Link 85
• Writing in Math 89, 95, 101, 107, 111,
117, 122, 124, 129, 133
California Standards Practice

• Multiple Choice 89, 95, 101, 107, 112,
116, 118, 123, 129, 133
• Worked Out Example 115
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 89, 95, 101, 106, 111, 117, 122,
129, 133
• Find the Error 100, 111
• Number Sense 95, 107, 117, 129, 133
• Open Ended 88, 95, 101, 106, 111, 117,
122, 129
xii
Tom Brakefield/CORBIS
APTER
CH
Real Numbers and
3 the Pythagorean Theorem
3-1 Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3-2 Estimating Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3-3 Problem–Solving Investigation:
Use a Venn Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Reading Word Problems: The Language
of Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3-4 The Real Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Explore 3-5 Geometry Lab: The Pythagorean Theorem . . . . 161
Table of Contents
3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Extend 3-6 Geometry Lab: Graphing Irrational Numbers . . 172
3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane . . . . . . . . 173
ASSESSMENT
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Prerequisite Skills
• Get Ready for Chapter 3 143
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 147, 151, 159,
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 166, 171

• Reading Math 148
• Writing in Math 147, 151, 152, 159, 166, 171,
177

• Multiple Choice 147, 151, 159, 166, 169, 171,
178
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 147, 151, 159, 166, 171, 177
• Number Sense 147, 150
• Open Ended 147, 151, 159, 166, 170
• Select a Tool 177
• Which One Doesn’t Belong? 170
xiii
APTER
CH
4 Proportions and Similarity

4-1 Ratios and Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4-2 Proportional and Nonproportional Relationships . . . . . 194
4-3 Solving Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Extend 4-3 Geometry Lab: The Golden Rectangle . . . . . . . .203
4-4 Problem–Solving Investigation:
Draw a Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
4-5 Similar Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Prerequisite Skills 4-6 Measurement: Converting Length, Weight/Mass,
• Get Ready for Chapter 4 189 Capacity, and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
• Get Ready for the Next Lesson 193, 197, Extend 4-6
202, 211, 218, 223, 229, 235
Spreadsheet Lab: Converting Measures . . . . . . 219
4-7 Measurement: Converting Square Units and
Reading and Writing Mathematics Cubic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4-8 Scale Drawings and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
• Reading Math 190, 191, 207, 220
• Writing in Math 193, 197, 202, 204, 211, 4-9 Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
218, 223, 229, 235, 241
4-10 Constant Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
California Standards Practice ASSESSMENT
• Multiple Choice 193, 197, 202, 209, 210,
211, 218, 223, 229, 235, 241 Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
• Worked Out Example 209 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
H.O.T. Problems California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

• Challenge 193, 197, 202, 211, 218, 223,
229, 235, 241
• Number Sense 235
• Open Ended 197, 202, 228, 235, 241
xiv
Steve Vidler/SuperStock
APTER
CH
5 Percent
5-1 Ratios and Percents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents . . . . . . . . 256
Reading Word Problems: Comparing Data . . . . . . . .262
5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
5-4 Finding Percents Mentally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Reasonable Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Table of Contents
5-6 Percent and Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
5-7 Algebra: The Percent Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5-8 Percent of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
5-9 Simple Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Extend 5-9 Spreadsheet Lab:
Compound Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
ASSESSMENT
Prerequisite Skills
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 • Get Ready for Chapter 5 251
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 255, 261,
267, 271, 278, 283, 289
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
• Reading Math 264, 275
• Writing in Math 255, 261, 262, 267, 271, 272,
278, 283, 289, 293

• Multiple Choice 255, 261, 267, 271, 278,
283, 289, 292, 293
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 255, 261, 267, 271, 278, 283, 289,
293
• Open Ended 255, 261, 271, 293
xv
APTER
CH
6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning

6-1 Line and Angle Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Extend 6-1 Geometry Lab: Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Use Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
6-3 Polygons and Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
6-4 Congruent Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Extend 6-4 Geometry Lab: Investigating
Congruent Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
6-5 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Prerequisite Skills
6-6 Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
• Get Ready for the Next Lesson 310, 319, 6-7 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
323, 331, 336
ASSESSMENT
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
• Reading Math 307, 308, 311, 313, 321, Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
332
• Writing in Math 310, 314, 318, 323, 331,
336, 341

• Multiple Choice 310, 319, 323, 331, 336,
339, 341
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 318, 323, 331, 336, 341
• Open Ended 310, 336
• Reasoning 310, 341
xvi
Jon Hicks/CORBIS
APTER
CH
7 Measurement: Area and Volume

E.S. Ross/Visuals Unlimited
7-1 Circumference and Area of Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Extend 7-1 Geometry Lab: Investigating Arcs and Angles . . 358
Solve a Simpler Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Explore 7-3 Measurement Lab: Area of Irregular Figures . .362
7-3 Area of Complex Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
7-4 Three-Dimensional Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
7-5 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Table of Contents
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
7-6 Volume of Pyramids and Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Explore 7-7 Measurement Lab:
Surface Area of Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
7-7 Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Extend 7-7 Measurement Lab:
Net of a Cone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 Prerequisite Skills
7-8 Surface Area of Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 • Get Ready for Chapter 7 351
Explore 7-9 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 357, 367,
Spreadsheet Lab: Similar Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 372, 378, 384, 391, 396
7-9 Similar Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
ASSESSMENT • Reading in the Content Area 363
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 • Vocabulary Link 368, 386
• Writing in Math 357, 360, 367, 372, 378,
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 384, 391, 396, 403
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . 410
• Multiple Choice 357, 367, 372, 378, 384,
391, 396, 402, 404
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 357, 367, 372, 377, 384, 391, 396,
403
• Find the Error 377
• Number Sense 356, 384, 391
• Open Ended 356, 372, 377, 384, 396, 403
• Reasoning 391, 403
• Select a Tool 378
xvii
APTER
CH
Algebra: More Equations and
8 Inequalities
8-1 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
8-2 Solving Two-Step Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Explore 8-4 Algebra Lab: Equations with
Variables on Each Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
8-4 Solving Equations with Variables on Each Side . . . . . . .434
Guess and Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438
Prerequisite Skills
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
• Get Ready for the Next Lesson 421, 426, 8-6 Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
431, 437, 444, 448
8-7 Solving Inequalities by Adding or Subtracting . . . . . . . .445
Reading and Writing Mathematics 8-8 Solving Inequalities by Multiplying or Dividing . . . . . . .449
• Reading Math 441 ASSESSMENT
• Vocabulary Link 417 Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
• Writing in Math 420, 426, 431, 437, 438,
444, 448, 453 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
• Multiple Choice 421, 426, 431, 437, 444,
447, 448, 453
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 420, 426, 430, 437, 444, 448,
453
• Open Ended 420, 430, 437, 448, 453
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Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
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9 Algebra: Linear Functions

Jonathan Daniel/Getty Image s
Explore 9-1 Algebra Lab: Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464

9-1 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Explore 9-2 Algebra Lab:
Graphing Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
9-2 Representing Linear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
9-3 Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
9-4 Direct Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
Table of Contents
Explore 9-5Algebra Lab: Proportional and
Nonproportional Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490
9-5 Slope-Intercept Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Extend 9-5 Graphing Calculator Lab:
Modeling Linear Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
9-6 Writing Systems of Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . .498
Prerequisite Skills
Use a Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 • Get Ready for Chapter 9 463
9-8 Scatter Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 482, 488, 495, 501
Extend 9-8 Graphing Calculator Lab: Scatter Plots . . . . . . . 510
ASSESSMENT • Reading in the Content Area 465
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
• Writing in Math 468, 475, 482, 487, 495,
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 501, 508
California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

• Multiple Choice 469, 474, 476, 482, 488,
495, 501, 509
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 468, 475, 482, 487, 494, 501, 508
• Open Ended 468, 475, 482, 487, 494, 508
• Reasoning 494
xix
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Algebra: Nonlinear Functions
10 and Polynomials
10-1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
10-2 Graphing Quadratic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Make a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
10-4 Graphing Cubic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Extend 10-4 Graphing Calculator Lab: Families of
Nonlinear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
10-5 Multiplying Monomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
10-6 Dividing Monomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
10-7 Powers of Monomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
10-8 Roots of Monomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
ASSESSMENT
Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Prerequisite Skills California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
SBI/NASA/Getty Images
537, 542, 548, 552

• Writing in Math 526, 531, 532, 537, 542,
548, 552, 556

• Multiple Choice 527, 531, 537, 542, 546,
548, 552, 556
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 526, 531, 537, 542, 548, 552,
556
• Open Ended 526, 531, 537, 542, 548,
552, 556
xx
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11 Statistics
Make a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Table of Contents
11-2 Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Extend 11-2 Graphing Calculator Lab: Histograms . . . . . . . . 575
11-3 Circle Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Line, Bar, and Circle Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
11-4 Measures of Central Tendency and Range . . . . . . . . . . .585
Mean, Median, and Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Prerequisite Skills
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592 • Get Ready for Chapter 11 567
11-5 Measures of Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593 • Get Ready for the Next Lesson 574, 582,
590, 598, 604, 610
11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
Extend 11-6 Graphing Calculator Lab: Reading and Writing Mathematics
Box-and-Whisker Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605 • Reading in the Content Area 570
• Vocabulary Link 593
11-7 Stem-and-Leaf Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606
• Writing in Math 568, 574, 581, 590, 598,
11-8 Select an Appropriate Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 604, 610, 614
ASSESSMENT California Standards Practice

Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 • Multiple Choice 574, 582, 588, 590, 598,
604, 610, 615
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 • Worked Out Example 587
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 574, 590, 598, 610, 614
• Open Ended 573, 581, 589, 598, 603, 614
• Reasoning 581, 590, 604
xxi
California Standards Review
Tips for Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA1
Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA2
Practice by Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA4
APTER
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Looking Ahead to Grade 8:
12 Probability
12-1 Counting Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626
12-2 Probability of Compound Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
12-3 Experimental and Theoretical Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Extend 12-3 Probability Lab: Fair Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642
Act it Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
12-5 Using Sampling to Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
ASSESSMENT
Prerequisite Skills Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
641 California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658

• Vocabulary Link 631, 632, 648
• Writing in Math 629, 636, 640, 643, 644,
651

• Multiple Choice 630, 633, 636, 641, 652
H.O.T. Problems
• Challenge 629, 636, 640, 651
• Find the Error 635
• Open Ended 629, 635, 640
xxii
Terry Eggers/CORBIS
Student Handbook
Built-In Workbooks
Prerequisite Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .662
Extra Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Mixed Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Reference
English-Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Selected Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Table of Contents
Mission bells, also known as
California poppies
xxiii
Correlation
California Content Standards, Grade 7

Correlated to California Mathematics, Grade 7 ©2008
= Key Standards defined by Mathematics Framework for California Public Schools
* = Standard assessed on the California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE)
Primary Supporting
Standard Text of Standard
Citations Citations
Number Sense
1.0 Students know the properties of, and compute with, rational 41–49, 51–56, 84–89, 62–63, 65–73, 91–95,
numbers expressed in a variety of forms: 91–112, 114–118, 119–125, 148–153,
126–133, 155–159, 155–159, 203,
252–261, 263–273, 256–261, 310,
275–294, CA4, CA5, 314–315, 319,
CA6 631–636
1.1* Read, write, and compare rational numbers in scientific notation 91–95, 130–133, CA5, 256–261
(positive and negative powers of 10) with approximate numbers CA6
using scientific notation.
1.2* Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers, 41–49, 51–56, 96–112, 62–63, 65–73,
fractions, and terminating decimals) and take positive rational 114–118, 126–129, CA4, 119–125, 152–153,
numbers to whole-number powers. CA6, CA34, CA36, 256–261, 631–636
CA37, CA38
1.3* Convert fractions to decimals and percents and use these 84–89, 252–261, 91–95, 203, 314–315
representations in estimations, computations, and applications. 263–273, 275–283,
CA4, CA6, CA35
1.4 Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers. 155–159, CA6 148–151
1.5 Know that every rational number is either a terminating or 84–89, CA6 91–95, 155–159
repeating decimal and be able to convert terminating decimals
into reduced fractions.
1.6* Calculate the percentage of increases and decreases of a quantity. 284–289, CA6 310
1.7* Solve problems that involve discounts, markups, commissions, and 279–294, CA4, CA5, 310, 319
profit and compute simple and compound interest. CA6, CA39
2.0 Students use exponents, powers, and roots and use exponents in 35–39, 114–118, 124, 549–556
working with fractions: 126–129, 144–151,
539–542, 544–548,
CA7, CA8, CA9
2.1* Understand negative whole-number exponents. Multiply and divide 126–129, 539–542, 549–552
expressions involving exponents with a common base. 544–548, CA7, CA9
2.2* Add and subtract fractions by using factoring to find common 114–118, CA7, CA8, 124
denominators. CA9
2.3* Multiply, divide, and simplify rational numbers by using exponent 539–542, 544–548, 126–129
rules. CA7, CA8, CA9
2.4* Use the inverse relationship between raising to a power and 144–151, CA8, CA9 553–556
extracting the root of a perfect square integer; for an integer that is
not square, determine without a calculator the two integers between
which its square root lies and explain why.
xxiv California Content Standards for Mathematics

Primary Supporting
Citations Citations
2.5* Understand the meaning of the absolute value of a number; interpret 35–39, CA9 553–556
the absolute value as the distance of the number from zero on a
number line; and determine the absolute value of real numbers.
Algebra and Functions
1.0 Students express quantitative relationships by using algebraic 29–34, 40, 57–61, 24–34, 41–49, 51–56,
terminology, expressions, equations, inequalities, and graphs: 102–107, 119–123, 65–73, 90, 102–112,
416–421, 427–431, 154–159, 316–319,
434–437, 441–453, 416–426, 432–437,
470–476, 490, 496–501, 465–469, 498–501,
528–531, CA10, 522–527, 532–537
CA11, CA12
1.1* Use variables and appropriate operations to write an expression, an 57–61, 119–123, 29–34, 65–73,
equation, an inequality, or a system of equations or inequalities that 416–421, 427–431, 316–319, 438–439,
represents a verbal description (e.g., three less than a number, half 434–437, 441–453, 532–533
as large as area A). 498–501, CA10, CA12,
CA35, CA37
1.2* Use the correct order of operations to evaluate algebraic expressions 29–34, CA11, CA12, 46–49, 51–56,
such as 3(2x ⫹ 5)2. CA39 416–426, 432–433,
465–469, 534–537
1.3 Simplify numerical expressions by applying properties of rational 29–34, 102–107, 41–45, 51–56,
numbers (e.g., identity, inverse, distributive, associative, 416–421, CA10, CA12, 108–112, 155–159,
commutative) and justify the process used. CA37 498–501, 534–537
1.4 Use algebraic terminology (e.g., variable, equation, term, coefficient, 29–34, 57–61, 416–421, 90, 102–107, 154,
inequality, expression, constant) correctly. CA12 422–426, 434–437,
498–501
1.5* Represent quantitative relationships graphically and interpret the 40, 470–476, 490, 24–28, 498–501,
meaning of a specific part of a graph in the situation represented 496–497, 528–531, 522–527, 532–533
by the graph. CA11, CA12
2.0 Students interpret and evaluate expressions involving integer 126–129, 539–542, 29–34, 51–56,
powers and simple roots: 544–556, CA13, CA14, 96–101, 144–147,
CA15 548–556
2.1* Interpret positive whole-number powers as repeated multiplication 126–129, 539–542, 29–34, 51–56,
and negative whole-number powers as repeated division or 544–548, CA13, 96–101, 144–147,
multiplication by the multiplicative inverse. Simplify and evaluate CA14, CA15 549–556
expressions that include exponents.
2.2* Multiply and divide monomials; extend the process of taking powers 539–542, 544–556, 548, 552, 556
and extracting roots to monomials when the latter results in a CA13, CA14, CA15
monomial with an integer exponent.
3.0 Students graph and interpret linear and some nonlinear 471–482, 491–495, 194–197, 230–241,
functions: 528–538, CA16, CA17, 464–469, 471–476,
CA18 483–488, 537, 542,
548, 552, 559
3.1* Graph functions of the form y ⫽ nx2 and y ⫽ nx3 and use in 528–531, 534–538, 542, 548
solving problems. CA16
3.2 Plot the values from the volumes of three-dimensional shapes for 534–537, CA18 552, 559
various values of the edge lengths (e.g., cubes with varying edge
lengths or a triangle prism with a fixed height and an equilateral
triangle base of varying lengths).
California Content Standards for Mathematics xxv

Primary Supporting
Citations Citations
3.3* Graph linear functions, noting that the vertical change (change in 477–482, 491–495, 230–241, 464–469,
y-value) per unit of horizontal change (change in x-value) is always CA16, CA18 471–476, 483–488
the same and know that the ratio (“rise over run”) is called the
slope of a graph.
3.4* Plot the values of quantities whose ratios are always the same 471–482, CA17, CA18 194–197, 236–241
(e.g., cost to the number of an item, feet to inches, circumference to
diameter of a circle). Fit a line to the plot and understand that the
slope of the line equals the quantities.
4.0 Students solve simple linear equations and inequalities over the 190–193, 198–202, 204–205, 360–361,
rational numbers: 422–426, 434–437, 427–431
445–453, 483–488,
CA19, CA20, CA21
4.1* Solve two-step linear equations and inequalities in one variable over 422–426, 434–437, 427–431
the rational numbers, interpret the solution or solutions in the context 445–453, CA19, CA20,
from which they arose, and verify the reasonableness of the results. CA21, CA34
4.2* Solve multistep problems involving rate, average speed, distance, 190–193, 198–202, 204–205, 360–361
and time or a direct variation. 483–488, CA19, CA20,
CA21, CA35, CA37,
CA38, CA39
Measurement and Geometry
1.0 Students choose appropriate units of measure and use ratios 96–107, 190–193, 96–107, 192–197,
to convert within and between measurement systems to solve 213–219, 224–229, 207, 401
problems: CA22, CA23, CA24
1.1* Compare weights, capacities, geometric measures, times, and 213–223, CA22, CA23, 192, 193, 196
temperatures within and between measurement systems (e.g., miles CA24
per hour and feet per second, cubic inches to cubic centimeters)
1.2* Construct and read drawings and models made to scale. 224–229, CA24, CA37 207, 401
1.3* Use measures expressed as rates (e.g., speed, density) and measures 190–193, 213–218, 96–107, 194–197
expressed as products (e.g., person-days) to solve problems; check CA22, CA23, CA24,
the units of the solutions; and use dimensional analysis to check the CA36
reasonableness of the answer.
2.0 Students compute the perimeter, area, and volume of common 220–223, 352–357, 110, 161, 197, 229,
geometric objects and use the results to find measures of less 362–367, 373–384, 235, 372, 385, 528,
common objects. They know how perimeter, area, and volume 386–391, 397–404, 530, 535–536, 542,
are affected by changes of scale: 674–675, CA25, CA26, 549–552
CA27
2.1* Use formulas routinely for finding the perimeter and area of basic 352–357, 373–384, 110, 161, 197, 229,
two-dimensional figures and the surface area and volume of basic 386–391, CA25, CA27, 235, 362–367, 372,
three-dimensional figures, including rectangles, parallelograms, CA35, CA38, CA39 380, 385–392, 528,
trapezoids, squares, triangles, circles, prisms, and cylinders. 530, 535–536, 542,
549–552, 674–675
2.2* Estimate and compute the area of more complex or irregular 362–367, 373–378, 372, 385–391
two-and three-dimensional figures by breaking the figures down CA26, CA27, CA34,
into more basic geometric objects. CA35, CA39
xxvi California Content Standards for Mathematics

Primary Supporting
Citations Citations
2.3* Compute the length of the perimeter, the surface area of the faces, and 397–404, CA25, CA26 380, 385–391
the volume of a three-dimensional object built from rectangular solids.
Understand that when the lengths of all dimensions are multiplied by a
scale factor, the surface area is multiplied by the square of the scale
factor and the volume is multiplied by the cube of the scale factor.
2.4* Relate the changes in measurement with a change of scale to the units 220–223, CA26, CA27 229, 235
used (e.g., square inches, cubic feet) and to conversions between units
(1 square foot ⫽ 144 square inches or [1 ft2] ⫽ [144 in2], 1 cubic inch
is approximately 16.38 cubic centimeters or [1 in3] ⫽ [16.38 cm3]).
3.0 Students know the Pythagorean theorem and deepen their 161–178, 311–313, 193, 197, 206–211,
understanding of plane and solid geometric shapes by 320–325, 327–341, 311–313, 324–325,
constructing figures that meet given conditions and by 352–359, 368–372, 378, 384, 393
identifying attributes 380, 385, 388, 392,
of figures: CA28, CA29, CA30
3.1 Identify and construct basic elements of geometric figures (e.g., 311–313, 352–359, 324–325
altitudes, mid-points, diagonals, angle bisectors, and perpendicular CA26, CA27
bisectors; central angles, radii, diameters, and chords of circles) by
using a compass and straightedge.
3.2* Understand and use coordinate graphs to plot simple figures, 172–178, 327–341 161
determine lengths and areas related to them, and determine their
image under translations and reflections.
3.3* Know and understand the Pythagorean theorem and its converse 161–178, CA27, CA30 193, 197
and use it to find the length of the missing side of a right triangle and
the lengths of other line segments and, in some situations,
empirically verify the Pythagorean theorem by direct measurement.
3.4* Demonstrate an understanding of conditions that indicate two 320–325, CA30 206–211, 311–313
geometrical figures are congruent and what congruence means about
the relationships between the sides and angles of the two figures.
3.5 Construct two-dimensional patterns for three-dimensional models, 380, 385, 388, 392 393
such as cylinders, prisms, and cones.
3.6 Identify elements of three-dimensional geometric objects 368–372, CA28, CA30 378, 384
(e.g., diagonals of rectangular solids) and describe how two or
more objects are related in space (e.g., skew lines, the possible
ways three planes might intersect).
Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probablility

1.0 Students collect, organize, and represent data sets that have one 504–511, 570–591, 502–503, 568–569,
or more variables and identify relationships among variables 593–615, CA31, CA32, 599–605, 611–615
within a data set by hand and through the use of an electronic CA33
spreadsheet software program:
1.1* Know various forms of display for data sets, including a stem-and- 570–584, 599–615, 568–569
leaf plot or box-and-whisker plot; use the forms to display a single CA33, CA36
set of data or to compare two sets of data.
1.2* Represent two numerical variables on a scatterplot and informally 504–511, CA32, CA33 502–503, 611–615
describe how the data points are distributed and any apparent
relationship that exists between the two variables (e.g., between time
spent on homework and grade level).
California Content Standards for Mathematics xxvii

Primary Supporting
Citations Citations
1.3 Understand the meaning of, and be able to compute, the minimum, 585–591, 593–598, 599–605
the lower quartile, the median, the upper quartile, and the maximum CA31, CA32, CA33,
of a data set. CA37
Mathematical Reasoning
1.0 Students make decisions about how to approach problems: Used throughout the text. For example, 24–28,
314–315, 360–361, CA34, CA35
1.1* Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant 24–28, 62–63, 194–197, 314–315,
from irrelevant information, identifying missing information, 124–125, CA34, CA35 324–331, 360–361,
sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing patterns. 490
1.2* Formulate and justify mathematical conjectures based on a general 203, 314–315, CA35 24–28
description of the mathematical question or problem posed.
1.3 Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts. 360–361, CA34, CA35 64, 190–197
2.0 Students use strategies, skills, and concepts in finding solutions: Used throughout the text. For example, 62–63,
124–125, 230–235, CA36, CA37
2.1* Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results. 62–63, CA36 275–278
2.2 Apply strategies and results from simpler problems to more complex 360–361, CA36, CA37 96–101, 294, 362,
problems. 397–398, 490
2.3* Estimate unknown quantities graphically and solve for them by using 230–235, CA36 155–159
logical reasoning and arithmetic and algebraic techniques.
2.4* Make and test conjectures by using both inductive and deductive 124–125, CA37 24–34, 161, 311–315,
reasoning. 324–325, 358–359
2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, 152–153, 204–205, 172, 464, 490, 575,
graphs, tables, diagrams, and models, to explain mathematical 432–433, 465–469, 583–584, 591, 605
reasoning. 502–503, 532–533,
568–569, 644–645,
El Capitan and the Yosemite Valley
CA37
2.6 Express the solution clearly and logically by using the appropriate 154, 306, CA37 642–643
mathematical notation and terms and clear language; support
solutions with evidence in both verbal and symbolic work.
2.7 Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions 148–151 155–159, 162–166,
to problems and give answers to a specified degree of accuracy. 256–261, 352–357
2.8 Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from 438–439, CA37 204–205
the context of the problem.
3.0 Students determine a solution is complete and move beyond a Used throughout the text. For example,
particular problem by generalizing to other situations: 162–166, 272–273, 316–319, CA38, CA39
3.1 Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the 24–28, 272–273, CA38, 62–63, 124–125,
original situation. CA39 152–153, 204–205,
316–319
3.2 Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual 162–166, CA38, CA39 62–63, 124–125,
understanding of the derivation by solving similar problems. 152–153, 204–205, 219,
272–273, 316–319,
360–361, 441–444,
502–503, 532–533,
568–569, 644–645
3.3* Develop generalizations of the results obtained and the strategies 316–319, CA38, CA39 96–101, 161, 496–497,
used and apply them to new problem situations. 538
xxviii California Content Standards for Mathematics

Start Smart
Be a Better Problem Solver
As you gear up to study mathematics, you are
probably wondering, “What will I learn this year?”
You will focus on these three areas:
• Use basic principles of algebra to analyze and represent
proportional and nonproportional linear relationships,
• Apply operations with rational numbers, and
• Use probability and statistics to make predictions.
Along the way, you’ll learn more about problem solving,
how to use the tools and language of mathematics, and how to
THINK mathematically.
Start Smart 1
Gabe Palmer/CORBIS
Reinforcement of Standard 6MR1.1 Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing
relevant from irrelevant information, identifying missing information, sequencing and prioritizing
information, and observing patterns. Reinforcement of Standard 6AF3.1 Use variables in
expressions describing geometric quantities (e.g., P = 2w + 2, A = ½bh, C = πd—the formulas for the
perimeter of a rectangle, the area of a triangle, and the circumference of a circle, respectively).
Real-World Problem Solving A lot of planning

goes into running a restaurant, and this is the
responsibility of the executive chef. Executive chefs
have many duties, including planning the menu,
setting menu prices, directing food preparation, and
managing the budget. With all of these different
responsibilities, they must have a plan to make sure
that the restaurant runs smoothly. Executive chefs
have to be creative problem-solvers and at times
have to modify their daily plans. Their final objective
is to have a great restaurant for customers like you.
In mathematics, there is a plan that will help you solve

problems. It’s called the four-step plan. The plan will
keep you focused and on track.
ART Mrs. Moseley’s art students are designing rectangular collages.

Each student is given a piece of trim that is 20 inches long to go
around the outside of the collage. Edwina wants to design a collage
that will have the largest area possible. What are the dimensions that
Edwina should use if all measurements are to the nearest inch?
1 EXPLORE What are you trying to find? Restate the problem in your
own words. Use as few words as possible.
Edwina needs to find the dimensions of the collage.
Do you think you’ll need any additional information such
as a formula or measurement conversion?
The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle.
P = 2( + w)
You also need the formula for the area of a rectangle.
A = w
2 PLAN Make a table with different combinations of lengths and

widths that total 20 inches. Use the lengths and widths to
calculate the area of each rectangle.
2 Start Smart
Stewart Cohen/Getty Images
Start Smart
3 SOLVE Perimeter Length Width Area
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches 2)
20 1 9 9
20 2 8 16
20 3 7 21
20 4 6 24
20 5 5 25
20 6 4 24
The dimensions that produce the largest collage are

5 inches by 5 inches.
4 CHECK Is the answer reasonable?

Looking at the table, the area of 25 square inches is the
largest area in inches.
Practice
Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.
1. The Boneque family is planning a family Fraction
Location
reunion in the southwest United States. of Votes
Each family member gets to vote on two
Carlsbad Caverns _4
locations that they would most like to visit. 5
The table shows the fraction of votes each Bryce Canyon _11
15
location received. Which two locations are
the most popular?
Natural Bridges _7
National Park 10
Rocky Mountain _5
2. Using eight coins, how can you make change National Park 6
for 65¢ that will not make change for a quarter?
3. Mrs. Patterson is selecting ceramic tile for her new bathroom. She is
choosing between the two tiles shown. Which tile is the better buy per
square inch?
IN
IN
IN IN
PERTILE PERTILE
swer
4. There are four boxes that weigh a total of Is your an
?
10 pounds. One box weighs 1_
7
pounds, reasonable
e
24 Check to b
and another box weighs 2_
3
pounds. What
8 sure it is.
are the possible weights of the other
two boxes?
John Evans
Reinforcement of Standard 6MR1.3 Determine when and how to break a problem into
simpler parts. Reinforcement of Standard 6NS2.1 Solve problems involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of positive fractions and explain why a particular operation was used for
a given situation.
Real-World Problem Solving Teachers are

expert problem-solvers. Every day, teachers have
to use many problem-solving skills. So, take a tip
from the experts! Become an effective problem-
solver by using different strategies.
There are many different types of problems that

you encounter in your life. In mathematics, one
type of problem-solving strategy is the solve a
simpler problem strategy.
DANCE Zoë and her friend Isabella are ordering punch for the spring
dance. Fruit punch is sold in 1-gallon containers. A serving size is
8 ounces, and they are expecting about 160 students at the dance. If
each student has 2 servings of punch, how many gallons of punch
will Zoë and Isabella need to purchase?
1 EXPLORE What are you trying to find? Restate the problem in your
own words. Use as few words as possible.
You need to know how many gallons of punch to buy.
Do you think you’ll need
any additional information PROBLEM
-SOLVING
such as a formula or STRATEGIE
measurement conversion? • Draw a d S
iagram.
You need to know how many • Look for
ounces are in 1 gallon. a pattern.
• Guess an
1 gallon = 128 ounces d check.
• Act it ou
t.
• Solve a s
impler
2 PLAN First, solve a simpler problem problem.
by finding the total number of • Work ba
ckward.
ounces of punch needed. Then
convert the number of ounces
to gallons.
4 Start Smart
(t)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit, (b)John Evans
Start Smart
3 SOLVE Multiply the total number of students by number of ounces
needed for each person.
servings ounces
160 students × 2 _ × 8 _ = 2,560 ounces
student serving
To find the total number of gallons needed, divide the total
number of ounces by the number of ounces in 1 gallon.
2,560 ounces ÷ 128 _
ounces
= 20 gallons
gallon
So, 20 gallons of punch are needed.
4 CHECK Is the answer reasonable?

One gallon of punch has 128 ÷ 8 or 16 servings. Since each
student has 2 servings, one gallon serves 8 students. So,
20 gallons would serve 160 students. ✔
Practice
Use the solve a simpler problem strategy to solve each problem.
1. Two supermarkets are having sales on detergent. The sales are shown
in the tables below. Which supermarket has the better buy?
2. How many links are needed to join 30 pieces of chain into one long
chain?
3. Five workers can make five chairs in five days. How many chairs can
10 workers working at the same rate make in 20 days?
4. The first three molecules for a certain family of hydrocarbons are shown
below. How many hydrogen atoms (H) are in a molecule containing
6 carbon atoms (C)?
( ( ( ( ( (
( # ( ( # # ( ( # # # (
( ( ( ( ( (
#( -ETHANE #( %THANE #( 0ROPANE
5. Gabriel is playing Chinese checkers with his brother, Keenan. The

brothers are playing until the win-to-loss ratio is at least 3 to 2. So far,
Gabriel has won 4 games and Keenan has won 3 games. What is the
minimum number of games that will have to be played for either
brother to meet the win-to-loss ratio of 3 to 2?
Problem-Solving Strategies 5
Reinforcement of Standard 6MR2.7 Make precise calculations and check the validity of the
results from the context of the problem. Reinforcement of Standard 6AF1.4 Solve problems
manually by using the correct order of operations or by using a scientific calculator.
Real-World Problem Solving In 2005,

Kingda Ka was the world’s tallest and fastest
roller coaster. The coaster, located at Six
Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey,
has a height of 465 feet and reaches a
maximum speed of 128 miles per hour! Prior
to opening the ride, the technicians and
engineers encountered many problems that
needed to be solved. With hard work and
determination, they were able to solve these
problems and open the ride.
Often the mathematics problems you encounter

take more than one step to solve. We call these
problems multi-step problems. How do you
solve a multi-step problem?—one step at a
time, just like engineers and technicians solve
their problems.
SHOPPING The local department store is )TEMS "OX3ET

having a special on accessories. How much
money will you save if you buy 2 box sets
instead of buying each item separately?
1 EXPLORE What are you trying to find?

You need to find how much you’ll
save by buying 2 box sets instead
of buying the items separately.
2 PLAN What steps do you need to solve the problem?

Step 1 Find the total cost of the items.
Step 2 Find the difference between the cost of the box
set and the total of the items.
Step 3 Multiply the difference by 2.
6 Start Smart
Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
Start Smart
3 SOLVE Step 1 $9.99 hat Step 2 $38.48 total cost
15.50 scarf - 32.99
_______ cost of box set
+ 12.99
_______ gloves $5.49 difference
$38.48 total cost
Step 3 $5.49 difference

× 2
______ number of box sets
$10.98 savings
So, you will save $10.98 by buying the box set.
4 CHECK Use estimation to check. The three items together cost about
$10.00 + $15.50 + $13.00 or about $38.50. The special costs
about $33.00. The difference is about $5.50. So, $5.50 + $5.50
is $11.00. ✔
Practice
1. WALKING A walking path around a lake MI

is shown at the right. If Nadia walks MI
around the lake two times, how many MI

miles did she walk?
2. MONEY The Student Council spent $220 MI

MI
to rent a cotton candy machine and a

popcorn machine for the school carnival.
They also spent $125 on cotton candy mix,
popcorn, bags, and other supplies. If they sold 325 bags of popcorn for
$2 each and 385 bags of cotton candy for $3 each, how much money did
they make after paying for the machines and the supplies?
3. SKATING The table shows 3KATING0RICES

the prices including tax at #HILD
the local ice-skating rink.
3TUDENT
Mr. Dewenger bought 2 adult
tickets, 2 child tickets, and !DULT
1 student ticket. He gave the 3ENIOR
cashier $20. If he had a
coupon for $2 off, how much
change should he receive?
4. FIELD TRIP Harding Middle School is going on a field trip. Each

school bus has 32 seats, and each seat can hold 2 people. If there are
16 homerooms with 18 students each and 32 staff members, how
many buses are needed for the field trip?
Multi-Step Problems 7
Reinforcement of Standard 6AF1.4 Solve problems manually by using the correct order of
operations or by using a scientific calculator.
This year, you may use an exciting tool to help you visualize
and strengthen concepts—a graphing utility or graphing
calculator. Graphing Calculator Labs have been included in
your textbook so you can use technology to extend concepts.
These labs use the TI-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus calculator. A
graphing calculator does more than just graph. You can also
use it to calculate.
Press 2nd [TABLE]

to display a table
is used to enter of values for
equations. equations entered
using the key.
Press 2nd to access

the additional Press CLEAR once
functions listed to clear an entry.
above each key. Press CLEAR twice
to clear the screen.
Use the operation

The key is used keys to add,
to find the second subtract, multiply,
power of a number or divide.
or expression. Multiplication is
shown as * on the
screen and division
Press ON to turn is displayed as /.
on your calculator.
Press 2nd [OFF] to
turn off your The ENTER key acts
calculator. like an equals
button to evaluate
an expression. It is
( ) is used to also used to select
indicate a negative menu items.
or opposite value.
8 Start Smart
Matt Meadows
Start Smart
Entering Expressions
1 Evaluate each expression.
a. (3 × 6) ÷ (14 ÷ 7)
Keystrokes: 3 6 µ
14 µ 7 ENTER
b.
_
6×8
9+3
Keystrokes: 6 8 µ 9 3 ENTER
Evaluate each expression.

1. (15 - 5) + (9 × 2) 2. (12 + 20) - (4 × 6) 3. 6 × (9 ÷ 3) - 1
4. _
3 × 10
5. _
9×8
6. _
16 × 7
2+4 4×6 12 ÷ 3
Evaluating with Integers

a. 12 + (-6) + 5
Keystrokes: 12 ( ) 6 5 ENTER
b. -4(15) + (-10)
Keystrokes: ( ) 4 15 ( ) 10
ENTER

7. -6 + 12 + (-20) 8. 4 + 9 + (-16) 9. 5 + 9 - 3 + (-17)
10. -6 + 8 - 10 + 15 11. -3(-8) - (-20) 12. 12(5) + (-6)
Squares and Square Roots

a. (-16) 2
Keystrokes: ( ) 16 ENTER
b. √
121
Keystrokes: 2nd ⎡⎣ √ ⎤⎦ 121 ENTER

13. -25 2 14. -(6 2) 15. √
225 16. - √
36
The Graphing Calculator 9

Reinforcement of Standard 6MR2.1 Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated
results.
Reinforcement of Standard 6AF1.4 Solve problems manually by using the correct order of operations or
by using a scientific calculator.
Solving problems is more than using paper and pencil. Follow the path
to choose the best method of computation.
1.99 2.15 4.2785

Start
Read the problem
carefully. Look for key
$19.99 2 words and numbers.
is about $40
Need an
exact answer?
If not, then
ESTIMATE.
Are the numbers

Can I do this very large or are there
“in my head?” lots of calculations?
If so, use If so, use a
MENTAL MATH. CALCULATOR.
$10 25 $250
Are the calculations
simple? Use
PAPER AND PENCIL. $3.99 2.15 $6.14
Finish
PROBLEM
SOLVED!
10 Start Smart
(tl tr br)John Evans, (bl)Laura Sifferlin
Start Smart
Practice
Choose the best method of computation to solve each problem.
Then solve.
1. Evan bought a hat, a scarf, gloves, and a pair of boots. He gave the
cashier $100. If the change Evan received was $8.72, what was the total
cost including tax of the merchandise?
2. In one day, a coffee shop sold 274 cups of hot chocolate. About how
many cups of hot chocolate will they sell in 1 week?
For Exercises 3–5, use the information in Boat Rental Fees

the table. Company Cost ($/h)
3. What is the total cost of renting a boat from A 20.00
Company E for 8 hours? B 18.99
4. What is the total cost of renting a boat from C 24.95
Company C for 7 hours? D 32.39
5. How much money would you save if you E 30.00
rented a boat for 12 hours from Company B
instead of Company D?
6. Mrs. Coughin is making bread. She needs 4 _ cups of flour. Mrs.

3
4
Coughlin already has 1_
1
cups. How many more cups of flour does she
4
still need?
7. Paige has a bag of apples that weighs 5.5 pounds. If the bag has
12 apples in it, about how much does each apple weigh?
8. The table shows the circumference of various planets.
Planets’ Circumferences
Planet Circumference (mi)
Venus 23,627
Earth 24,901
Mars 13,263
Saturn 235,298
Jupiter 279,118
Source: NASA
What is the difference between the circumference of Jupiter and the

circumference of Mars?
9. The price of a certain stock has tripled in value since the beginning of the
year. If the original value of the stock was $12.64, what is the current
value of the stock?
10. An adult male chimpanzee weighs about 55 kilograms. An adult male
manatee, by contrast, weighs about 11 times as much. About how much
does an adult male manatee weigh?
Techniques for Problem Solving 11

StockTrek/Getty Images
Why do I need my math book? Have you ever been in class and not
understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything
in class, but at home, got stuck on how to solve a couple of problems?
Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff?
These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything
your math book can be used for … besides homework problems!
Before you read, have a goal.

• What information are you trying to find?
• Why is this information important to you?
• How will you use the information?
Have a plan when you read.

• Read the Main IDEA at the beginning of the lesson.
• Look over photos, tables, graphs, and opening activities.
• Locate words highlighted in yellow and read their definitions.
• Find Key Concept and Concept Summary boxes for a preview of
what’s important.
• Skim the example problems.
Keep a positive attitude.

• Expect mathematics reading to take time.
• It is normal to not understand some concepts the first time.
• If you don’t understand something you read, it is
likely that others don’t understand it either.
12 Start Smart
John Evans
Start Smart
Doing Your Homework
Regardless of how well you paid attention in class, by the time you
arrive at home, your notes may no longer make any sense and your
homework may seem impossible. It’s during these times that your book
can be most useful.
• Each lesson has example problems, solved step-by-step, so you can
review the day’s lesson material.
• has extra examples at ca.gr7math.com to coach you

through solving those difficult problems.
• Each exercise set has (/-%7/2+ (%,0 boxes that show you which
examples may help with your homework problems.
• Answers to the odd-numbered problems are in the back of the

book. Use them to see if you are solving the problems correctly. If
you have difficulty on an even problem, do the odd problem next
to it. That should give you a hint about how to proceed with the
even problem.
t or
r … n al Tu
o s o
ok F with Pe
r
Lo ne
Onli amples
a t h Ex
•M boxe
s
Extra p n
a n d
o r k H e l
t a r t ing o
mew ss
• Ho A n swer
ected
• Sel 743
page
Doing Your Homework 13

John Evans
Studying for a Test
You may think there is no way to study for a math test. However, there
are ways to review before a test. Your book can help!
• Review all of the new vocabulary words and be sure you

understand their definitions. These can be found on the first page of
each lesson or highlighted in yellow in the text.
• Review the notes you’ve taken on your and write down

any questions that you still need to have answered.
• Practice all of the concepts presented in the chapter by using the

chapter Study Guide and Review. It has additional problems for
you to try as well as more examples to help you understand. You
can also take the Chapter Practice Test.
• Take the Self-Check Quizzes at ca.gr7math.com.
Look For …
• Self-check Quizzes at
ca.gr7math.com
• Study Guide and Review at the
end of each chapter
14 Start Smart
John Evans
Start Smart
Let’s Get Started
Use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located
in each chapter.
1. What is the title of Chapter 1?
2. How can you tell what you’ll learn in Lesson 1-1?
3. In the margin of Lesson 1-2, there is a Vocabulary Link. What can you
learn from that feature?
4. What is the key concept presented in Lesson 1-2?
5. Sometimes you may ask “When am I ever going to use this?” Name a
situation that uses the concepts from Lesson 1-3.
6. How many examples are presented in Lesson 1-3?
7. What is the title of the feature in Lesson 1-3 that tells you how to read
inequality symbols?
8. What is the Web address where you could find extra examples?
9. Suppose you’re doing your homework on page 38 and you get stuck on
Exercise 19. Where could you find help?
10. What problem-solving strategy is presented in the Problem-Solving

Investigation in Lesson 1-8?
11. List the new vocabulary words that are presented in Lesson 1-9.
12. What is the Web address that would allow you to take a self-check quiz
to be sure you understand the lesson?
13. There is a Real-World Career mentioned in Lesson 1-10. What is it?
14. On what pages will you find the Study Guide and Review for Chapter 1?
15. Suppose you can’t figure out how to do Exercise 25 in the Study Guide
and Review on page 76. Where could you find help?
Scavenger Hunt 15
The following pages contain data about California that you’ll use
throughout the book.
ACORN BREAD DESERT TORTOISE,

STATE REPTILE
_1 c lukewarm water
• 6 Tbsp. cornmeal • 4 Weight: 8-15 poun
ds
• _12 c cold water • 1 c mashed potatoes Length (carapac
e):
• 2 c all-purpose flour 9-15 inches
• 1 c boiling water
• 2 c finely ground leached Height: 4-6 inch
• 1 tsp salt es
acorn meal Incubation Perio
• 1 Tbsp. butter d:
90-120 days
• 1 pkg active dry yeast Number Of Eggs
: 4-8
Source: desertusa Lifespan: 80-100
.com years
Typical Diet: he
rbs,
grasses, wildflow
ers
Source: siouxme.com/acorn
H BOARDWALK
SANTA CRUZ BEAC
Price Limits
Ride Tickets
” with
Tickets Price Limits 4 $2.60 under 36
Ride Merry-Go-Round chap ero ne
3 $1.95 56”maximum
” with
Bulgy 3 $1.95 under 36
Starfish chaperone
3 $1.95 56”maximum
Jet Copters ” to 34”
4 $2.60 under 42
Freefall with chaperone
3 $1.95 56”maximum
Rugged Buggies 5 $3.25 42” minimum
Space Race ” to 34”
3 $1.95 56”maximum
e 5 $3.25 under 48
Red Baron Logger ’s Reveng with chaperone
3 $1.95 56”maximum
Speed Boats ” to 34”
4 $2.60 under 48
Rock-O-Plane with chaperone
3 $1.95 under 36” with
Speedway ” to 34”
chaperone 4 $2.60 under 48
” with Sea Serpent
3 $1.95 under 36
Convoy chaperone
” with
3 $1.95 under 36
Sea Dragons chaperone
rdwalk.com
Source: beachboa
16 California Data File

(tr)Theo Allofs/CORBIS, (b)Gary Crabbe/Alamy
California Data File
CALIFORNIA SCIENCE CENTER
ia Science Center HOLLYWOOD

Located in Los Angeles, the Californ
n science center.
is the west coast’s largest hands-o
Source: californiasciencecenter.org
SURFING
Source: yahoo.c
om
2004 X Games
Team Surfing
East West
27.60 22.47
Quarter 1 EDUCATION
22.79 26.22
Quarter 2
24.73 21.99
Quarter 3 California Scho
ol Enrollment
21.91 19.34 Trends
Quarter 4 1990-2011 (th
ousands)
97.03 90.02 Type
Total 1990 2001
.com K-12 2011
Source: skatelog 4,842.2 6,068.9
Higher Education 6,295.3
2,035.7 2.254.2
UC, CSU 2,841.5
EMPLOYMENT 522.7 567.6
Community College 751.4
s 1,513.0
California Employment Outperforms Source: Californ 1,666.6 2,090.1
arm payrolls ia Department of
Year-on-year percent change in total non-f Finance
Percent
4.0
3.0
California
2.0
U.S.
1.0
-1.0
-2.0 2005
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
California Data File 17

Nik Wheeler/CORBIS
GRIZZLY BEAR, STATE ANIMAL
Yellowish brown to
dark brown, often
with white-tipped ROSE BOWL FACTS
hairs, giving grizzled
appearance.
Claws of Front Feet:
4 in. (10 cm).
_1
Height: 4 4 ft (130 cm)
_11
Length: 5 12 –7 ft
(180–213 cm)
–680 kg)
Typical Weight: 324–1,499 lb (147
kg)
Maximum Weight: 1,700 lb (700
Source: stateanimals.com
• Approximate seatin
g capacity to date: 90,000
• The Rose Bowl has +.
approximately 77 row
• The stadium measu s of seats.
res 880 feet from north
695 feet from east to we to south rims and
st rims.
• The perimeter of the
rim is 2,430 feet, while
perimeter at field level the inside
is approximately 1,350
• The turfed area ins feet.
ide the bowl measures
• The fence around the 79,156 square feet.
Rose Bowl is one mile
• There are over 100 long.
different varieties of ros
between the stadium and e bushes situated
the fence.
• The dimensions of the
playing field for footba
The dimensions of the pla ll are 53 yd x 100 yd.
ying field for soccer are
• The stadium itself 70 yd x 120 yd.
is approximately 830 fee
• It would take approx t abo ve sea level.
imately 84,375,000 gal
the Rose Bowl to the rim lons of water to fill
.
• The Rose Bowl Pre
ss Box is the highest poi
BASKETBALL 100 feet above ground
.
nt of the stadium at
Source: pasadena.com
ars
California Golden Be
3-Point Free Points Average
Scoring/ Field
FG Th rows
Rebounds Goals ENNIS HOUSE, LOS ANGE
553 20.5 LES
33.3% 71.9%
L. Powe 49.6%
451 14.5
41.3% 37.2% 83.3%
A. Ubaka 257 8.6
38.5% 38.6% 78.7%
R. Midgley 213 7.6
48.0% 44.9% 67.6%
O. Wilkes 225 7.3
49.7% — 62.5%
D. Hardin
Source: calbears.com
Built in 1923 by Frank

Llo
house is a monumenta yd Wright, the Ennis
l textile-block house.
textile-blocks form pa The
tterns that are symme
Source: greatbuild trical.
ings.com
18 California Data File

(tl)Michio Hoshino/Minden Pictures, (tr)Ken Levine/Getty Images, (b)Tim Street-Porter/Beateworks/CORBIS
California Data File
GEOGRAPHY
California includes 16
3,707 square miles, or
the nation’s total are 4.5% of WEATHER
a.
Source: 50states.com
Forecast for Sacr

amento, CA
July 10–17
Day High Probability of
Temperature Cloud
Precipitation
Monday Cover
98°
CES 10%
NATURAL RESOUR Tuesday
96°
20%
Sunny
Wednesday Partly cloudy
100°
Division 0%
• The California Thursday Sunny
of Beaches 94°
s a 10%
and Parks manage Friday
95°
Sunny
s,
total of 188 park Sat urd ay
20% Partly cloudy
tio n,
beaches, recrea 102°
10%
d
historic, and relate Sunday Partly cloudy
103 °
areas. Source: Nationa 0%
Sunny
Division l Weather Service
• The California
of Fish and
life
Game has 18 wild
as
management are
. nia
with 188,780 acres under the Califor
ht sta te fores ts with 70,225 acres
• There are eig
try. ng and
Division of Fores water for swimmi ing
ab ou t 200,000 acres of d moor
• The State has at- lau nc hin g an
oximately 500 bo
boating and appr
ies . complete, will
facilit Trail, about half HOUSING
e Ca lif or nia Hi king and Riding an d Co as t Ra nges.
• Th through the Sierra
exten d 1,9 00 mi les
Source: cr.nps.gov
Median Prices
$500K
$450K
$400K
Median Home Price
$350K
$300K
$250K
$200K
$150K
$100K
$50K
0
1980 1984 1988
1992 1996 2000
Source: realestat 2004
eabc.com
California Data File 19

Dale Sanders/Masterfile
Number and Operations:
Rational and Real Numbers
Focus
Use appropriate operations
to solve problems and
justify solutions.
CHAPTER 1
Algebra: Integers
Express quantitative
relationships by using algebraic
terminology, expressions, equations,
inequalities, and graphs.
Use exponents, powers,
Peter Cade/Getty Images

and roots and use exponents in
working with fractions.
CHAPTER 2
Algebra: Rational Numbers
Know the properties of,
and compute with, rational numbers
expressed in a variety of forms.
Choose appropriate units of
measure and use ratios to convert within
and between measurement systems to
solve problems.
CHAPTER 3
Real Numbers and the
Pythagorean Theorem
Know the Pythagorean
theorem and understand plane and solid
geometric shapes by constructing figures
that meet given conditions and by
identifying attributes of figures.
20
Math and Geography

Bon Voyage! All aboard! We’re setting sail on an adventure that
will take us to exotic vacation destinations. Along the way, you’ll act
as a travel agent for one of three different families, working to meet
their vacation needs while still staying within their budget. You will
also plan their itinerary and offer choices of activities for them to
participate in at their destinations. We’ll be departing shortly, so
pack your problem-solving tool kit and hop on board.
Log on to ca.gr7math.com to begin.
Unit 1 Number and Operations: Rational and Real Numbers 21

1 Algebra: Integers
• Standard 7AF1.0 Express

quantitative relationships by
using algebraic terminology,
expressions, equations,
inequalities, and graphs
• Standard 7NS2.0 Use
exponents, powers, and
roots and use exponents in
Key Vocabulary
algebraic expression (p. 29)
equation (p. 57)
integer (p. 35)
variable (p. 29)
Real-World Link
Submarines Integers can be used to describe the
depth of a submarine. You can also add and subtract
integers to determine a change in depth.
Algebra: Integers Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with a piece of
11” × 17” paper.
1 Fold the paper in sixths 2 Open and fold a 4” tab along 3 Draw lines along the folds and
lengthwise. the short side. Then fold the label as shown.
rest in half.
8ORDS &XAMPLE S
"1LANFOR
1ROBLEM4OLVING
OF
*NTEGERS
XOF
*NTEGERS
4OLVING
&QUATIONS
4OLVINGX
&QUATIONS
22 Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers

GET READY for Chapter 1
Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.
Option 2
Take the Online Readiness Quiz at ca.gr7math.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.
Add. (Prior Grade) Example 1 Find 14.63 + 2.9.

1. 64 + 13 2. 10.32 + 4.7 14.63 Line up the decimal points.
3. 2.5 + 77 4. 38 + 156 + 2.90
________ Annex a zero.
17.53
5. SHOPPING Mrs. Wilson spent
$80.20, $72.10, $68.50, and $60.70
on school clothes for her children.
Find the total amount she spent.
(Prior Grade)
Subtract. (Prior Grade) Example 2 Find 82 - 14.61.

6. 200 - 48 7. 59 - 26 82.00 Annex two zeroes.
8. 3.3 - 0.7 9. 73.5 - 0.87 - 14.61
________
67.39
Multiply. (Prior Grade) Example 3 Find 8.7 × 6.

10. 3 × 5 × 2 11. 2.8 × 5 8.7 1 decimal place
12. 12.7 × 6 13. 4 × 9 × 3 × 6
______ + 0 decimal places
_______________
52.2 1 decimal place
14. TRAVEL The Perez family drove
for 5.75 hours at 55 miles per
hour. How far did they drive?
(Prior Grade)
Divide. (Prior Grade) Example 4 Find 4.77 ÷ 0.9.

15. 244 ÷ 0.2 16. 72 ÷ 9 0.9
4.77 09.
47.7 Multiply both
numbers by the
17. 96 ÷ 3 18. 100 ÷ 0.5 same power of 10.
19. 2 ÷ 5 20. 0.36 ÷ 0.3 5.3 Place the decimal
point and divide as
9 47.7
with whole numbers.
21. BAGELS A bag of 8 assorted -45
____
bagels sells for $6.32. What is the 27
price per bagel? (Prior Grade) -27
____
0
Chapter 1 Get Ready for Chapter 1 23

1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving
Main IDEA
Solve problems by using Suppose you are designing rectangular gardens that are bordered by
the four-step plan. white tiles. The three smallest gardens you can design are shown
below.
Standard 7MR1.1
Analyze problems
by identifying
relationships, distinguishing
relevant from irrelevant Garden 1 Garden 2 Garden 3
information, identifying
missing information, 1. How many white tiles does it take to border each of these three
sequencing and prioritizing
information, and observing gardens?
patterns.
2. Predict how many white tiles it will take to border the next-longest
Reinforcement of Standard
6AF2.3 Solve problems garden. Check your answer by modeling the garden.
involving rates, average
speed, distance, and time. 3. How many white tiles will it take to border a garden that is 6 tiles
long? Explain your reasoning.
Some problems, like the one above, can be solved by using one or more
problem-solving strategies.
No matter which strategy you use, you can always use the four-step
plan to solve a problem.
1. Explore • Determine what information is given in the problem and

NEW Vocabulary what you need to find.
conjecture
• Do you have all the information you need?
• Is there too much information?
2. Plan • Visualize the problem and select a strategy for solving it.
There may be several strategies that you can use.
• Estimate what you think the answer should be.
• Make an educated guess or a conjecture.
3. Solve • Solve the problem by carrying out your plan.

• If your plan doesn’t work, try another.
Problem-Solving
Strategies 4. Check • Examine your answer carefully.
• Make a model.
• Solve a simpler • See if your answer fits the facts given in the problem.
problem.
• Make an organized
• Compare your answer to your estimate.
list. • You may also want to check your answer by solving the
• Make a table.
• Find a pattern. problem again in a different way.
• Work backward.
• Draw a graph.
• If the answer is not reasonable, make a new plan and
• Guess and check. start again.

1 GARDENING Refer to the Mini Lab
on page 24. The table shows how
the number of blue tiles it takes
to represent each garden is
related to the number of white
tiles needed to border the
garden. How many white tiles Blue Tiles 1 2 3 4 5 6
will it take to border a garden White Tiles 8 10 12 14 16 18
that is 10 blue tiles long?
Explore You know the number of white tiles it takes to border
gardens up to 6 tiles long. You need to determine how
many white tiles it will take to border a garden
10 tiles long.
Plan You might make the conjecture that there is a pattern to

the number of white tiles used. One method of solving this
problem is to look for a pattern.
Solve First, look for the pattern. Then, extend the pattern.
Blue Tiles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
White Tiles 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
It would take 26 white tiles to border a garden that was

10 blue tiles long.
Check It takes 8 white tiles to border a garden that is 1 blue tile

wide. Each additional blue tile needs 2 white tiles to
Reasonableness
Always check to be border it, one above and one below.
sure your answer is
reasonable. If the
answer seems
unreasonable, solve
the problem again. Garden 1 Garden 2
So, to border a garden 10 blue tiles long, it would take

8 white tiles for the first blue tile and 9 × 2 or 18 for the
9 additional tiles. Since 8 + 18 = 26, the answer is correct.
a. INTERNET The table shows the number of

Day Visitors
visitors, rounded to the nearest thousand, to
1 15,000
a new Web site on each of the first five days
2 30,000
after the owners place an ad in a newspaper.
3 60,000
If this pattern continues, about how many
visitors should the Web site receive on day 8? 4 120,000
5 240,000
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving 25

Ed Bock/CORBIS
Some problems can be solved by a combination of operations.
Use the Four-Step Plan

READING Math 2 ANIMALS Refer to the 8e`dXcJg\\[
Word Problems It is graphic. If a cheetah
important to read a problem and a giant tortoise #HEETAH
more than once before travel at their top speed
attempting to solve it. You
may discover important for 1 minute, how 1UARTER(ORSE
details that you overlooked much farther does the
!NIMAL
when you read the problem
the first time. cheetah travel?
$OMESTIC#AT
'IANT4ORTOISE

4OP3PEEDFEETPERSECOND
Explore What do you know?

You know the top speeds for a cheetah and a giant tortoise
in feet per second.
What are you trying to find?

You need to find the difference in the distances traveled by
a cheetah and a giant tortoise in 1 minute.
Plan Begin by determining the distance each animal traveled in

1 minute. Since 1 minute is 60 seconds, multiply each top
speed by 60. Then, subtract to find the difference of the
distances traveled by the two animals.
Estimate 100 × 60 = 6,000 and 0.25 × 60 = 15

6,000 - 15 = 5,985
Solve 103 × 60 = 6,180 Distance cheetah travels in 1 minute

0.25 × 60 = 15 Distance giant tortoise travels in 1 minute
6,180 - 15 = 6,165 Difference in distances traveled
A cheetah will travel 6,165 feet farther than a giant tortoise

in 1 minute.
Check Is your answer reasonable? The answer is close to the

estimate, so the answer is reasonable.
b. FOOD Almost 90 million jars of a popular brand of peanut butter

are sold annually. Use the four-step plan to determine the
approximate number of jars sold every second.
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Example 1 1. CRAFTS A quilt is made using different-sized groups of square patches as
(p. 25) shown below. Use the four-step plan to determine how many square
patches it will take to create the 10th figure in this pattern.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
Example 2 ART For Exercises 2 and 3, use the following information.

(p. 26)
The number of paintings an artist produced during her first Paintings
four years as a professional is shown in the table at the right. Year
Produced
2. About how many more paintings did she produce 1 59
in the last two years than in the first two years? 2 34
3. Estimate the total number of paintings the artist 3 91
has produced. 4 20
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.

Second and Elm
For See 4. TRAVEL The table shows a portion of the bus Bus Schedule
Exercises Examples schedule for the bus stop at the corner of Second
4–5 1 Street and Elm Street. What is the earliest time 6:40 A.M.
6:58 A.M.
6–7 2 that Tyler can catch the bus if he cannot make it 7:16 A.M.
to the bus stop before 9:30 A.M.? 7:34 A.M.
7:52 A.M.
5. HOBBIES Owen fills his bird feeder with 4 pounds 8:10 A.M.
of sunflower seeds on Sunday morning. On
Thursday morning, the bird feeder was empty,
so he filled it again. The following Saturday, the seeds were half gone.
If this feeding pattern continues, on what day will Owen need to fill
his feeder?
6. FIELD TRIP Two 8th-grade teams, the Tigers and the Waves, are going
to Washington, D.C. There are 123 students and 4 teachers on the Tigers
team and 115 students and 4 teachers on the Waves team. If one bus holds
64 people, how many buses are needed for the trip?
7. HISTORY In 1803, the United States

acquired the Louisiana Purchase from
France for $15 million. The area of
Louisiana
this purchase was 828,000 square Non-U.S. or Purchase United
Disputed States
miles. If one square mile is equal to Territories 1803
640 acres, about how much did the
United States pay for the Louisiana
Purchase per acre?
Lesson 1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving 27

8. SCHOOL SUPPLIES A bookstore sells pens for $0.45 and writing tablets for
$0.85. How many pens and tablets could you buy for exactly $2.15?
9. JOBS John stocks the vending machines at Rose Hill Elementary every
9 school days and Nassaux Intermediate every 6 school days. In September,
he stocked both schools on the 27th. How many school days earlier had he
%842!02!#4)#% stocked the vending machines at both schools on the same day?
See pages 676, 708.
GEOMETRY For Exercises 10 and 11, draw the next two figures in each pattern.
Self-Check Quiz at 10. 11.
ca.gr7math.com
H.O.T. Problems 12. OPEN ENDED Refer to the Mini Lab at the beginning of the lesson. Describe
another method you could use to find the number of white tiles it takes to
border a garden 12 green tiles long.
13. CHALLENGE Draw the next figure in the

pattern at the right. How many white
tiles are needed when 21 green tiles are
used? Explain.
14. SELECT A TECHNIQUE Handy Crafts will paint a custom design on the back
of a cell phone for $3.25. Which of the following techniques should one use
to determine the fewest number of phones that will need to be painted in
order to earn $58.29 for the painting supplies? Justify your selection(s).
Then use the technique(s) to solve the problem.
mental math estimation paper/pencil
15. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Summarize the four-step problem-solving plan.

(*/
16. Mrs. Acosta wants to buy 2 flag pins 17. The next figure in the pattern will have
for each of the 168 band members for what fraction of its area shaded?
the Fourth of July Parade. Pins cost
$0.09 each. Which is the best estimate
of the cost of the pins?
A $8 C $30 F _
3
H _
5
8 8
B $20 D $50 _
G 1 J _
3
2 4
PREREQUISITE SKILL Add, subtract, multiply, or divide.

18. 15 + 45 19. 1,287 - 978 20. 4 × 3.6 21. 280 ÷ 0.4

1- 2 Variables, Expressions,
and Properties
Main IDEA
Evaluate expressions and The figures below are
identify properties. formed using toothpicks.
If each toothpick is a unit,
Standard 7AF1.2
Use the correct the perimeter of the first
order of operations figure is 4 units. }ÕÀiÊ£ }ÕÀiÊÓ }ÕÀiÊÎ
to evaluate algebraic
expressions such as 1. Copy and complete Figure Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
3(2x + 5)2.
Standard 7AF1.3
the table. What is the Perimeter 4 8
Simplify numerical relationship between the
expressions by applying figure number and the
properties of rational
numbers (e.g. identity, perimeter of the figure?
inverse, distributive,
2. What would be the perimeter of Figure 10?
associative, commutative)
and justify the process used.
Standard 7AF1.4 Use
algebraic terminology
(e.g. variable, equation, A variable is a symbol, usually a letter, used to represent a number.
term, coefficient, inequality, You can use the variable n to represent the figure number in the
expression, constant) correctly.
Mini Lab above.
figure number
4×n
NEW Vocabulary expression for perimeter of figure
variable
algebra
algebraic expression
The branch of mathematics that involves expressions with variables is
evaluate called algebra. The expression 4 × n is called an algebraic expression
numerical expression because it contains a variable, a number, and at least one operation.
order of operations
powers To evaluate or find the value of an algebraic expression, first replace the
property variable or variables with the known values to produce a numerical
counterexample expression, one with only numbers and operations. Then find the value
of the expression using the order of operations.
+%9#/.#%04 Order of Operations
1. Perform all operations within grouping symbols first; start with the
READING innermost grouping symbols.
in the Content Area 2. Evaluate all powers before other operations.
For strategies in reading 3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
this lesson, visit 4. Add and subtract in order from left to right.
ca.gr7math.com.
Lesson 1-2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties 29

Algebra uses special ways of showing multiplication. Since the
multiplication symbol × can be confused with the variable x, 4 times n
is usually written as 4 • n, 4(n), or 4n.
Expressions such as 7 2 and x 3 are called powers and represent repeated
multiplication.
7 squared or 7 · 7 72 x3 x cubed or x · x · x
Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

1 Evaluate 6(x - y)2 if x = 7 and y = 4.
Parentheses 6(x - y)2 = 6(7 - 4)2 Replace x with 7 and y with 4.
Parentheses around
a single number do = 6(3)2 Perform operations in the parentheses first.
not necessarily mean = 6 · 9 or 54 Evaluate the power. Then multiply.
that multiplication
should be performed 2 Evaluate g2 - 2g - 4 if g = 5.
first. Remember to
multiply or divide in g 2 - 2g - 4 = (5)2 - 2(5) - 4 Replace g with 5.
order from left to
right. = 25 - 2(5) - 4 Evaluate powers before other operations.
20 ÷ 4(2) = 5(2) = 25 - 10 - 4 Multiply 2 and 5.
or 10
= 15 - 4 or 11 Subtract from left to right.
Evaluate each expression if c = 3 and d = 7.

a. 6c + 4 - 3d b. 4(d - c)2 + 1 c. d2 + 5d - 6
The fraction bar is another grouping symbol. Evaluate the expressions

in the numerator and denominator separately before dividing.
Evaluate Algebraic Fractions

3 Evaluate _
4 + 6m
if m = 9 and n = 5.
2n - 8
=_
_
4 + 6m 4 + 6(9)
Replace m with 9 and n with 5.
2n - 8 2(5) - 8
=_
58
Evaluate the numerator.
2(5) - 8
=_
58
or 29 Evaluate the denominator. Then divide.
2
Evaluate each expression if p = 5 and q = 12.

2
3p - 6
_ 4q
_ q
_
d. e. f.
8-p q + 2(p + 1) 4p - 2

A property is a feature of an object or a rule that is always true. The
following properties are true for all numbers.
Property Algebra Arithmetic

a+b=b+a 6+1=1+6
Commutative
a·b=b·a 7·3=3·7
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c 2 + (3 + 8) = (2 + 3) + 8
Associative
a · (b · c) = (a · b) · c 3 · (4 · 5) = (3 · 4) · 5
a(b + c) = ab + ac 4(6 + 2) = 4 · 6 + 4 · 2
Distributive
a(b - c) = ab - ac 3(7 - 5) = 3 · 7 - 3 · 5
a+0=a 9+0=9
Identity
a·1=a 5·1=5
Identify Properties
4 Name the property shown by the statement 2 · (5 · n) = (2 · 5) · n.
BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com
The order of the numbers and variables did not change but their
grouping did. This is the Associative Property of Multiplication.
Name the property shown by each statement.

g. 42 + x + y = 42 + y + x h. 3x + 0 = 3x
You may wonder whether any of the properties applies to subtraction or

division. If you can find a counterexample, an example that shows that
a conjecture is false, the property does not apply.
Find a Counterexample
Vocabulary Link 5 State whether the following conjecture is true or false. If false,
Conjecture provide a counterexample.
Everyday Use a guess
Division of whole numbers is commutative.
Math Use an informed
guess based on known Write two division expressions using the Commutative Property.
information.
15 ÷ 3 3 ÷ 15 State the conjecture.
5≠_
1
Divide.
5
We found a counterexample. That is, 15 ÷ 3 ≠ 3 ÷ 15. So, division is
not commutative. The conjecture is false.
i. State whether the following conjecture is true or false. If false,

provide a counterexample.
The difference of two different whole numbers
is always less than either of the two numbers.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties 31

Examples 1–3 Evaluate each expression if a = 2, b = 7, and c = 4.
(p. 30)
1. (a + b)2 2. 4(a + b - c)2
3. c2 - 2c + 5 4. b2 - 2a + 10
_
bc c2
_
5. 6.
2 b-5
7. INSECTS The expression _ + 37 gives the approximate temperature of the

c
Example 3
(p. 30)
4
air in degrees Fahrenheit, given the number of chirps c per minute made by
a cricket. If Brandon estimates that a cricket has chirped 140 times in the
past minute, what is the approximate temperature of the air in degrees
Fahrenheit?
Example 4 Name the property shown by each statement.

(p. 31)
8. 3(m + n) = 3m + 3n 9. 6(5 · y) = (6 · 5)y
Example 5 10. State whether the following conjecture is true or false. If false, provide a
(p. 31) counterexample.
Subtraction of whole numbers is associative.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Evaluate each expression if w = 2, x = 6, y = 4, and z = 5.

For See 11. 2x + y 12. 3z - 2w 13. 9 + 7x - y 14. 12 + z - x
Exercises Examples x2
_
-3 wz2
_
15. wx2 16. (wx)2 17. 18.
11–22 1–3 2z + 1 y+6
23, 24 3
Evaluate each expression if a = 4, b = 3, and c = 6.
25–32 4
33–36 5 19. 3(c - b)2 - a 20. 2(ab - 9)2 ÷ c 21. 3b2 + 2b - 7 22. 2c2 - 4c + 5
23. MEASUREMENT When a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit F is known,

the expression _
5F - 160
can be used to find the temperature in degrees
9
Celsius C. If a thermometer shows that the temperature is 50°F, what is
the temperature in degrees Celsius?
24. TRAVEL The cost of renting a car from EZ Rent-A-Car for a day is given by
the expression _, where m is the number of miles driven. How much
270 + m
10
would it cost to rent a car for one day and drive 50 miles?

25. 1(12 · 4) = 12 · 4 26. 14(16 · 32) = (14 · 16)32
27. a + (b + 12) = (b + 12) + a 28. (5 + x) + 0 = 5 + x
29. 15(3 + 6) = 15(3) + 15(6) 30. 16 + (c + 17) = (16 + c) + 17
31. 9(ab) = (9a)b 32. y · 7 = 7y

State whether each conjecture is true or false. If false, provide a
counterexample.
33. The sum of two even numbers is always even.
34. The sum of two odd numbers is always odd.
35. Division of whole numbers is associative.
36. Subtraction of whole numbers is commutative.
PETS For Exercises 37 and 38, use the information below.

You can estimate the number of a certain type of pet National Percent of
in a community with a population of c people by Households Owning
evaluating the expression _
c
n · p. The variable n is the Pets
number of people per household, and p is the percent Dogs 0.316
of households owning that pet. Cats 0.273
37. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, there are Birds 0.046
Real-World Link
approximately 2.62 people per household. Horses 0.015
The average dog visits
its veterinarian almost Estimate the number of dog-owning households Source: U.S. Pet Ownership &
twice as many times for a community with a population of 50,000. Demographics Sourcebook
as the average cat or
horse. 38. Estimate the number of bird-owning households
Source: The American in this community.
Veterinary Medical
Association 39. PHYSICAL SCIENCE The distance in feet an object falls t seconds after it is
gt2
released is given by the expression _, where g is the force of gravity.
2
How many feet will a stone fall 3 seconds after it is released from the top
of a cliff? Assume a force of gravity of 16 feet per second squared.
Write each verbal statement as an algebraic expression.

40. the square of x minus the sum of four times x and 6
41. three times n cubed increased by four times n
42. the product of 3 and r decreased by the quotient of r squared divided by 6
RECREATION For Exercises 43–45, use the following information.

A group is planning to go to an amusement park. There are two parks in the
area, Fun World and Coaster City. The cost in dollars for n admission tickets to
Fun World is 37n. If the group has 15 or more people, the cost at Coaster City is
30n + 75. If the group has fewer than 15 people, the cost at Coaster City is 40n.
As few as 10 people or as many as 25 people might go.
%842!02!#4)#% 43. Find the cost for each possible group size if they go to Fun World.
See pages 676, 708. 44. Find the cost for each possible group size if they go to Coaster City.
45. Write a recommendation that details which park they should go to based
Self-Check Quiz at on the number of people they expect to attend. Justify your answer.
ca.gr7math.com
H.O.T. Problems 46. OPEN ENDED Write an equation that illustrates the Commutative Property
of Multiplication.
CHALLENGE Decide whether each equation is true or false. If false, copy the
equation and insert parentheses to make it true.
47. 8 · 4 - 3 · 2 = 26 48. 8 + 23 ÷ 4 = 4 49. 6 + 7 · 2 + 5 = 55
Lesson 1-2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties 33

Gabe Palmer/CORBIS
50. FIND THE ERROR Regina and Camila are evaluating 10 ÷ 2 × 5. Who is
correct? Explain.
10 ÷ 2 × 5 = 10 ÷ 10
=1
10 ÷ 2 × 5 = 5 × 5
= 25
Regina Camila
51. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare the everyday meaning of the term variable
(*/
with its mathematical definition.
52. The expression 6s 2 can be used to find 53. Which equation is an example of the
the surface area of a cube, where s is Associative Property?
the length of an edge of the cube. F 4·a=a·4
What is the surface area of the cube
G 5 + (x + y) = (x + y) + 5
shown below?
H w + (3 + 2) = w + (2 + 3)
J d(9 · f) = (d · 9)f
54. If r = 4 and t = 3, then rt - 2r =

CM
A 4
A 144 cm2
B 6
B 432 cm2
C 19
C 864 cm2
D 40
D 5,184 cm2

55. DINING Kyung had $17. His lunch cost $5.62, and he gave the cashier a
$10 bill. How much change should he receive from the cashier? (Lesson 1-1)
56. BABY-SITTING Kayla earned $30 baby-sitting last weekend. She wants to
buy 3 CDs that cost $7.89, $12.25, and $11.95. Does she have enough
money to purchase the CDs? Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 1-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
57. 4 ● 9 58. 7 ● 7 59. 8 ● 5 60. 3 ● 2

(l)Cleve Bryant/PhotoEdit, (r)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
1- 3 Integers and Absolute Value
Main IDEA
Compare and order
integers and find absolute
GEOGRAPHY Badwater, in
value. Death Valley, California,
is the lowest point in North
Standard America, while Mt. McKinley
7NS2.5 Understand
the meaning of the
in Alaska is the highest point.
absolute value of a number;
interpret the absolute value
1. What does an elevation of
as the distance of the -86 meters represent?
number from zero on a
number line; and determine 2. What does a temperature
the absolute value of real of -35° represent?
numbers.
With sea level as the starting point 0, you can express 86 meters below
sea level as negative 86 or -86. A negative number is a number less
NEW Vocabulary than zero. A positive number like 125 is a number greater than zero.
negative number Numbers like -86 and 125 are called integers. An integer is any number
positive number
from the set {..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} where ... means continues
integer
coordinate without end.
inequality negative integer positive integer
absolute value
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Numbers to the Numbers to the

left of zero are Zero is neither right of zero are
less than zero. positive nor negative. greater than zero.
To graph an integer, locate the point corresponding to the integer on

a number line. The number that corresponds to a point is called its
coordinate.
graph of a point graph of a point
with coordinate ⫺5 with coordinate 4
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Notice that -5 is to the left of 4 on the number line. This means that -5
is less than 4. A sentence that compares two different quantities is called
READING Math
an inequality. Inequalities contain symbols like < and >.
Inequality Symbols
< is less than
-5 is less than 4. -5 < 4 4 > -5 4 is greater than -5.
> is greater than
Lesson 1-3 Integers and Absolute Value 35

Compare Integers
1 Replace the ● with < or > to make -2 ● -4 a true sentence.
Graph each integer on a number line.

Since -2 is to the right of -4, -2 > -4.
Replace each ● with < or > to make a true sentence.

a. -3 ● 2 b. -5 ● -6 c. -1 ● 1
The distance between a number and 0 on a number line is called its

absolute value. On the number line below, notice that -4 and 4 are each
4 units from 0, even though they are on opposite sides of 0. They have
the same absolute value, 4.
4 units 4 units
⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The symbol for absolute value is two vertical bars on either side of the
number.
The absolute value The absolute value
of 4 is 4.
⎪4⎥ = 4 ⎪-4⎥ = 4 of -4 is 4.
Absolute Value
Since distance cannot
be negative, the
absolute value of a
number is always
Expressions with Absolute Value
positive or zero.
2 Evaluate ⎪-7⎥.
7 units The graph of -7 is 7 units
to the left of 0 on the
⫺8 ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 number line.
⎪-7⎥ = 7
3 Evaluate ⎪5⎥ + ⎪-6⎥.

⎪5⎥ + ⎪-6⎥ = 5 + ⎪-6⎥ The absolute value of 5 is 5.
=5+6 The absolute value of -6 is 6.
= 11 Simplify.
4 Evaluate ⎪5 - 3 ⎥ + ⎪8 - 10⎥.
⎪5 - 3⎥ + ⎪8 - 10⎥ = ⎪2⎥ + ⎪-2⎥ Simplify the absolute value expressions.
= 2 + ⎪-2⎥ The absolute value of 2 is 2.
=2+2 The absolute value of -2 is 2.
=4 Simplify.

5 Evaluate 8 + ⎪n⎥ if n = -12.
8 + ⎪n⎥ = 8 + ⎪-12 ⎥ Replace n with -12.
= 8 + 12 or 20 ⎪-12⎥ = 12

d. ⎪14⎥ e. ⎪-8⎥ - ⎪-2⎥
f. ⎪7 - 4⎥ + ⎪12 - 15⎥ g. ⎪a⎥ - 2, if a = -5.
You can also use an absolute value expression to find the distance
between a number and zero on a number line.
6 SNAKES A tank used to keep a pet snake should be kept at

a temperature of 80°F, give or take 5°. Graph the equation
⎪x - 80⎥ = 5 to determine the least and the greatest temperatures.
⎪x - 80⎥ = 5 means that the distance between x and 80 is 5 units. Start
at 80 and move 5 units in either direction to find the value of x.
5 units 5 units The distance from 80 to 75 is
5 units.
74 76 78 80 82 84 86 The distance from 80 to 85 is
Real-World Link 5 units.
Snakes are cold-blooded, The solution set is {75, 85}.
which means that they
cannot regulate their
body temperature. Their
body temperature will
reflect the temperature
of their surroundings, h. The average lifespan of an elephant in the wild is 65 years, give
and these animals or take 6 years. Graph the equation ⎪y - 65| = 6 on a number line
cannot survive
temperature extremes. to determine the least and greatest average age of an elephant.
Source: trailquest.net
Example 1 Replace each ● with < or > to make a true sentence.

(p. 36)
1. 1 ● -5 2. -1 ● -2 3. -4 ● 3 4. -7 ● -3
Examples 2-4 Evaluate each expression.

(p. 36)
5. ⎪5⎥ 6. ⎪-9⎥ 7. ⎪6 - 3⎥ - ⎪2 - 4⎥ 8. ⎪-8⎥ - ⎪-2⎥
Example 5 Evaluate each expression if x = -10 and y = 6.

(p. 37)
9. 3 + ⎪x⎥ 10. ⎪y⎥ + 12 11. ⎪x⎥ - y
12. PROFIT In order to ensure a profit, the average cost of a CD must be $16,
Example 6
(p. 37) give or take $3. Graph the equation ⎪c - 16⎥ = 3 to determine the least and
greatest cost of a CD.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-3 Integers and Absolute Value 37

© Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
For See 13. 0 ● -1 14. 5 ● -6 15. -9 ● -7 16. -6 ● -1
Exercises Examples 17. -7 ● -2 18. 0 ● 12 19. -9 ● -10 20. 4 ● -11
13–24 1
21. -3 ● 0 22. -15 ● 14 23. -8 ● -8 24. -13 ● -13
25–30 2–4
31–34 5
35–38 6
25. ⎪-14⎥ 26. ⎪25⎥
27. ⎪0⎥ + ⎪-18⎥ 28. ⎪2⎥ - ⎪-13⎥
29. ⎪6 - 8⎥ + ⎪9 - 5⎥ 30. ⎪14 - 7⎥ - ⎪5 - 8⎥
Evaluate each expression if a = 5, b = -8, c = -3, and d = 9.

31. ⎪b⎥ + 7 32. a - ⎪c⎥
33. d + ⎪b⎥ 34. 6⎪b⎥ + d
Graph the equation to determine the solutions.

35. ⎪x - 15⎥ = 10 36. ⎪a - 7⎥ = 4
37. SOCCER A professional soccer player is in his prime at age 26 plus or

minus 7 years. This range can be modeled by the equation ⎪x - 26⎥ = 7.
Graph the equation on a number line to determine the least and the
greatest ages.
38. MONEY The Perez family spends an average of $435 per month on groceries
give or take $22. This range can be modeled by the equation ⎪y - 435⎥ = 22.
Graph the equation on a number line to determine the least and the
greatest money spent.
CHEMISTRY For Exercises 39–42, use the table at Freezing Point (°F)
the right. Gas
at Sea Level
39. Which of these gases freezes at the coldest hydrogen -435°
temperature? krypton -251°
40. Which of these gases freezes at the warmest oxygen -369°
temperature? helium -458°
argon -309°
41. The freezing point for xenon at sea level is
about 200 degrees warmer than the freezing
point for oxygen. What is the approximate
%842!02!#4)#% freezing point of xenon? Justify your answer
See pages 676, 708. using a number line.
42. How many degrees lower is the freezing point
Self-Check Quiz at for oxygen at sea level than the freezing point for
ca.gr7math.com
argon? Justify your answer using a number line.

H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or
never true. Explain your reasoning.
43. The absolute value of a positive integer is a negative integer.
44. If a and b are integers and a > b, then ⎪a⎥ > ⎪b⎥.
45. If a and b are integers, a - ⎪b⎥ ≤ a + b.
46. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the phrase that cannot be described by
the same integer as the other three. Explain your reasoning.
5° below 5 miles above a loss of giving

normal sea level 5 pounds away $5
47. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why the absolute value of a number is never
(*/
negative.
48. The table shows the number of laps 49. If a = -3 and b = 3, then which of the
selected race cars finished behind the following statements is false?
winner of a race. F ⎪a⎥ > 2
Car Number Laps Behind Winner G ⎪a⎥ = ⎪b⎥
3 -1 H ⎪b⎥ < 2
8 -12 J ⎪a⎥ = b
15 -3
24 0 50. Which expression has the greatest
48 -8 value?
A ⎪-25⎥
Which list shows the finishing order of
the cars from first to fifth? B ⎪-16⎥
A 8, 48, 15, 3, 24 C 24, 3, 15, 48, 8 C ⎪18⎥
B 3, 8, 15, 24, 48 D 48, 24, 15, 8, 3 D ⎪22⎥
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if m = 3, n = 2, p = 10, and r = 15. (Lesson 1-2)

3p + m
_
51. r - 4n 52. 2m 2 - p + 3 53.
r - 2n
54. CHARITY WALK Krystal knows that she can walk about 1.5 meters per
second. If she can maintain that pace, about how long should it take her
to complete a 10-kilometer charity walk? (Lesson 1-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Add or subtract.

55. 9 + 14 56. 100 - 57 57. 47 - 19 58. 18 + 34 + 13
Lesson 1-3 Integers and Absolute Value 39

Extend Algebra Lab
1-3 Graphing Data
In this lab, you will investigate the relationship between the height of a
Main IDEA chute and the distance an object travels as it leaves the chute.
Graph and interpret data.
Standard 7AF1.5
Represent
quantitative Make a meter-long chute for the ball out of cardboard.
relationships graphically Reinforce the chute by taping it to one of the metersticks.
and interpret the meaning
of a specific part of a graph
in the situation represented
Use the tape measure to mark off a distance of 3 meters
by the graph. on the floor. Make a 0-meter mark and a 3-meter mark
Standard 7MR2.3 Estimate using tape.
unknown quantities
graphically and solve for
them by using logical Place the end of your chute at the edge of the 0-meter
reasoning and arithmetic mark. Raise the back of the chute to a height of 5
and algebraic techniques.
centimeters.
Let a tennis ball roll down the chute. When the ball stops,
measure how far it is from the 3-meter mark.
Copy the table shown and record your results. If the ball
stops short of the 3-meter mark, record the distance as a
negative number. If the ball passes the 3-meter mark,
record the distance as a positive number.
Raise the chute by 5 centimeters and repeat the

experiment. Continue until the chute is 40 centimeters
high.
meterstick
Height h of Distance d from
Chute (cm) 3-meter Mark (cm)
5
5 cm 0m 10
3m 15
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Graph the ordered pairs (h, d) on a coordinate grid.
2. Describe how the points appear on your graph.
3. Describe how raising the chute affects the distance the ball travels.
4. MAKE A PREDICTION Use your graph to predict how far the ball will
roll when the chute is raised to the 50-centimeter mark. Then check
your prediction.

1- 4 Adding Integers
Main IDEA
Add integers.
Thank you all
Standard
for participating in
our tournament! You owe
7NS1.2 Add, us a grand total
subtract, multiply, and of $13,200!
divide rational numbers
(integers, fractions, and
terminating decimals) and
take positive rational numbers
to whole-number powers.
Standard 7AF1.3
Simplify numerical
expressions by applying
numbers (e.g. identity, 1. Write an integer that describes the game show host’s statement.
inverse, distributive,
2. Write an addition sentence that describes this situation.
The equation -3,200 + (-7,400) + (-2,600) = -13,200 is an example of

adding integers with the same sign. Notice that the sign of the sum is
the same as the sign of each addend.
NEW Vocabulary
opposites Add Integers with the Same Sign
additive inverse
1 Find -4 + (-2).
Use a number line.
REVIEW Vocabulary • Start at zero. ⫺2 ⫺4
addends numbers that are • Move 4 units left.

added together ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1
sum the result when two or • From there, move 2 units left.
more numbers are added So, -4 + (-2) = -6.
together
Add. Use a number line if necessary.

a. -3 + (-2) b. 1 + 5 c. -5 + (-4)
These examples suggest a rule for adding integers with the same sign.
+%9#/.#%04 Add Integers with the Same Sign
Words To add integers with the same sign, add their absolute values.
The sum has the same sign as the integers.
Examples -7 + (-3) = -10 5+4=9
Lesson 1-4 Adding Integers 41

A number line can also help you add integers with different signs.
Add Integers with Different Signs

2 Find 5 + (-2).
Adding Integers on Use a number line. ⫺2
a Number Line 5
Always start at zero. • Start at zero.
Move right to model • Move 5 units right. ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a positive integer and
left to model a • From there, move 2 units left.
negative integer.
5 + (-2) = 3
3 Find -4 + 3.
Use a number line. 3
⫺4
• Start at zero.
• Move 4 units left. ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2
• From there, move 3 units right.

-4 + 3 = -1
Add. Use a number line if necessary.

d. 7 + (-5) e. -6 + 4 f. -1 + 8
These examples suggest a rule for adding integers with different signs.
+%9#/.#%04 Add Integers with Different Signs
Words To add integers with different signs, subtract their absolute

values. The sum has the same sign as the integer with the
greater absolute value.
Examples 8 + (-3) = 5 -8 + 3 = -5
Add Integers with Different Signs

4 Find -14 + 9.
-14 + 9 = -5 To find -14 + 9, subtract ⎪9⎥ from ⎪-14⎥.
The sum is negative because ⎪-14⎥ > ⎪9⎥.
Add.
g. -20 + 4 h. 17 + (-6) i. -8 + 27

Two numbers with the same absolute value but different signs are called
Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com opposites. For example, -2 and 2 are opposites. An integer and its
opposite are also called additive inverses.
+%9#/.#%04 Additive Inverse Property
Words The sum of any number and its additive inverse is zero.
Examples Numbers Algebra
7 + (-7) = 0 x + (-x) = 0
The Commutative, Associative, and Identity Properties, along with the

Additive Inverse Property, can help you add three or more integers.
Add Three or More Integers

5 Find -4 + (-12) + 4.
-4 + (-12) + 4 = -4 + 4 + (-12) Commutative Property
= 0 + (-12) Additive Inverse Property
= -12 Identity Property of Addition
Add.
j. 33 + 16 + (-33) k. 3 + (-2) + (-10) + 6
6 MONEY The starting balance in a checking account is $75. What is

the balance after checks for $12 and $20 are written?
Writing a check decreases your account balance, so integers for this
situation are -12 and -20. Add these integers to the starting balance
to find the new balance.
75 + (-12) + (-20) = 75 + [-12 + (-20)] Associative Property
= 75 + (-32) -12 + (-20) = -32
= 43 Simplify.
Real-World Link The balance is now $43.
One out of every five
Americans does not
have a checking
account.
Source: harpers.org l. BANKING A checking account has a starting balance of $130. What
is the balance after writing checks for $58 and $62, then making a
deposit of $150?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-4 Adding Integers 43

Ross M. Horowitz/Getty Images
Add.
Examples 1–4 1. -4 + (-5) 2. -18 + (-8) 3. -3 + (-12)
(pp. 41–42)
4. 10 + (-6) 5. 7 + (-18) 6. -9 + 16
Example 5 7. 11 + 9 + (-3) 8. 8 + (-6) + 5 9. 3 + (-15) + 1
(p. 43)
Example 6 10. GOLF Suppose a player shot -5, +2, -3, and -2 in four rounds of a
(p. 43) tournament. What was the player’s final score?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Add.

For See 11. 14 + 8 12. 12 + 17 13. -14 + (-6)
Exercises Examples 14. -21 + (-13) 15. -5 + (-31) 16. -7 + (-24)
11–16 1
17. 20 + (-5) 18. 45 + (-4) 19. -15 + 8
17–22 2–4
23–28 5 20. -19 + 2 21. -10 + 34 22. -17 + 28
29, 30 6 23. 5 + 18 + (-22) 24. 8 + 13 + (-14) 25. -17 + (-4) + 10
26. -26 + (-8) + 2 27. -12 + 9 + (-15) 28. -34 + 19 + (-16)
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 29 and 30, use the table below that shows the
change in music sales to the nearest percent from 2001 to 2003.
29. What is the percent of Percent of Music Percent Change
music sold in 2003 for each Style of Music
Sold in 2001 as of 2003
of these musical categories? Rock 24 +1
30. What was the total percent Rap/Hip Hop 11 +2
change in the sale of these Pop 11 -2
types of music? Country 11 -1
Source: Recording Industry Association of America
Write an addition expression to describe each situation. Then find each sum
and explain its meaning.
31. FOOTBALL Your team gains 8 yards on its first play. On the next play, your
team loses 5 yards.
32. SCUBA DIVING A scuba diver dives 125 feet below the water’s surface. Later,
she rises 46 feet.
33. WEATHER The temperature outside is -2°F. The temperature drops by 9°.
%842!02!#4)#%
Add.
See pages 677, 708.
34. -47 + (-41) + (-33) 35. -51 + (-38) + (-44)
Self-Check Quiz at 36. -31 + (-26) + (-60) 37. -13 + 6 + (-8) + 13

ca.gr7math.com
38. 9 + (-4) + 12 + (-9) 39. -14 + 2 + (-15) + 7

H.O.T. Problems 40. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a positive and a negative integer with a
negative sum. Then find their sum.
41. CHALLENGE Determine whether the following statement is always,

sometimes, or never true. Give examples to justify your answer.
If x and y are integers, then ⎪x + y⎥ = ⎪x⎥ + ⎪y⎥.
42. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Find the sum of -8, 25, and -2 mentally by applying
(*/
the properties of numbers. Justify the process.
43. A stock’s opening value on Monday 44. Marcus started the month with a
morning was $52. What was the stock balance of $75 in his checking account.
worth at the end of the day on Friday? He made a deposit of $12.50 and wrote
three checks in the amounts of $25,
Day Change
$58.75, and $32. What is the balance of
Monday -$2 his checking account?
Tuesday +$1
F $3.75
Wednesday +$3
G $0
Thursday -$1
Friday -$4 H -$18.75
J -$28.25
A $41 C $57
B $49 D $63
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence. (Lesson 1-3)
45. -6 ● -11 46. 5 ● -5 47. 5 ● ⎪8⎥ 48. ⎪-7⎥ ● -7
49. WEATHER The time s in seconds between seeing lightning and hearing
thunder can be used to estimate a storm’s distance in miles. Use the
expression _s to determine how far away a storm is if this time is
5
15 seconds. (Lesson 1-2)
Prime-Time Viewers (millions)
50. STATISTICS The graph shows the number
of prime-time television viewers in millions 18 to 24 73.8
for different age groups. Estimate the total 25 to 34 81.3
Age Group
number of viewers for all the age groups 35 to 44 81.1

45 to 54 83.5
given. (Lesson 1-1)
55 to 64 85.6
65 and 86.7
over
70 80 90
PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression if x = 3, y = 9,

and z = 5. (Lesson 1-2)
51. x + 14 52. z - 2 53. y - z 54. x + y - z
Lesson 1-4 Adding Integers 45

1- 5 Subtracting Integers
Main IDEA
Subtract integers. You can use algebra tiles to model the subtraction of two integers.
Follow these steps to model 3 - 5. Remember that subtract means
Standard take away or remove.
7NS1.2 Add,
subtract, multiply,
and divide rational numbers

(integers, fractions, and

terminating decimals) and
take positive rational

numbers to whole-number
powers.
Place 3 positive tiles Add 2 zero pairs to Remove 5 positive

on the mat. the mat, so you have tiles.
5 positive tiles.
Since 2 negative tiles remain, 3 - 5 = -2.

1. How does this result compare with the result of 3 + (-5)?
2. Use algebra tiles to find -4 - 2.
3. How does this result compare to -4 + (-2)?
4. Use algebra tiles to find each difference and sum. Compare the
results in each group.
a. 1 - 5; 1 + (-5) b. -6 - 4; -6 + (-4)
When you subtract 5, as shown in the Mini Lab, the result is the same as
adding -5. When you subtract 2, the result is the same as adding -2.
same integers same integers
3 - 5 = -2 3 + (-5) = -2 -4 - 2 = -6 -4 + (-2) = -6
opposite integers opposite integers
These and other examples suggest a method for subtracting integers.
+%9#/.#%04 Subtract Integers

Words To subtract an integer, add its opposite or additive inverse.
4 - 7 = 4 + (-7) or -3 a - b = a + (-b)

Subtract a Positive Integer
1 Find 9 - 12.
9 - 12 = 9 + (-12) To subtract 12, add -12.
= -3 Add.
2 Find -6 - 8.
-6 - 8 = -6 + (-8) To subtract 8, add -8.
= -14 Add.
Subtract.
a. 3 - 8 b. -5 - 4 c. 10 - 7
Subtract a Negative Integer

3 Find 7 - (-15).
7 - (-15) = 7 + 15 or 22 To subtract -15, add 15.
4 CHEMISTRY The melting point of mercury is about -39°C and

the melting point of aluminum is about 660°C. Find the difference
between these temperatures.
660 - (-39) = 660 + 39 or 699 To subtract -39, add 39.
The difference between the temperatures is about 699°C.
Subtract.
d. 6 - (-7) e. -5 - (-19) f. -14 - (-2)

Common Error
In Example 5, a Evaluate each expression if a = 9, b = -8, and c = -2.
common error is to 5 14 - b
replace b with 8
instead of its correct 14 - b = 14 - (-8) Replace b with -8.
value of -8. Prevent
this error by inserting = 14 + 8 or 22 To subtract -8, add 8.
a set of parentheses
before replacing b 6 c - a2
with its value.
14 - b = 14 - ( ) c - a2 = -2 - 92 Replace c with -2 and a with 9.
= 14 - (-8) = -2 - 81 Simplify 92.
= -2 + (-81) or -83 To subtract 81, add -81.
Evaluate each expression if x = -5 and y = 7.

g. x - (-8) h. -3 - y i. y2 - x + 3
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-5 Subtracting Integers 47

Examples 1– 4 Subtract.
(p. 47)
1. 8 - 13 2. 5 - 24 3. -4 - 10 4. -6 - 3
5. 7 - (-3) 6. 2 - (-8) 7. -2 - (-6) 8. -18 - (-7)
Example 3 9. SPACE On Mercury, the temperatures range from 805°F during the day to
(p. 47) -275°F at night. Find the change in temperature from day to night.
Examples 5, 6 Evaluate each expression if n = 10, m = -4, and p = -12.

(p. 47)
10. n - 17 11. m - p 12. p + n - m
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Subtract.

13. 14 - 8 14. 17 - 12 15. 5 - 9 16. 1 - 8
For See
Exercises Examples 17. -16 - 4 18. -15 - 12 19. -3 - 14 20. -6 - 13
13–16 1 21. 9 - (-5) 22. 10 - (-2) 23. 5 - (-11) 24. 17 - (-14)
17–20 2
25. -5 - (-4) 26. -18 - (-7) 27. -3 - (-6) 28. -9 - (-20)
21–24 3
25–28 4
GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 29 and 30, Deepest Surface
29–30 1–4 Great Lakes
use the table at the right. Point (m) Elevation (m)
31–38 5, 6
29. How far below the surface Erie -64 174
elevation is the deepest part of Huron -229 176
Lake Huron? Michigan -281 176
30. Find the difference between the Ontario -244 75
deepest part of Lake Erie and the Superior -406 183
deepest part of Lake Superior. Source: National Ocean Service
Evaluate each expression if a = -3, b = 14, and c = -8.

31. b - 20 32. c - 15 33. a - c 34. a - b
35. b - a 36. c - b 37. (b - a)2 +c 38. a - c -b2
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 39 and 40, use the table.

39. The wind makes the air outside feel Wind Chill Temperature
colder than the actual air temperature.
Wind (miles per hour)
How much colder does a temperature
Calm 10 20 30
Temperature (°F)
of 0°F with a 30-mile-per-hour wind

feel than the same temperature with a 20 9 4 1
10-mile-per-hour wind? 10 -4 -9 -12
%842!02!#4)#% 40. How much warmer does 20°F feel than
0 -16 -22 -26
See pages 677, 708. -10°F, both with a 30-mile-per-hour wind? -10 -28 -35 -39
Source: National Weather Service
Self-Check Quiz at Simplify.

ca.gr7math.com
41. 31 - (-3) - (-18) 42. -20 - [6 + (-28)] 43. (-3 + 8) - (-21 - 10)

H.O.T. Problems 44. OPEN ENDED Write an expression involving the subtraction of a negative
integer. Then write an equivalent addition expression.
45. FIND THE ERROR Anna and David are finding -5 - (-8). Who is correct?
Explain your reasoning.
-5 - (-8) = 5 + 8
= 13
-5 - (-8) = -5 + 8
=3
Anna David
CHALLENGE For Exercises 46 and 47, determine whether the statement is true
or false. If false, give a counterexample.
46. If x and y are positive integers, then x - y is a positive integer.
47. Subtraction of integers is commutative.
48. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem about a real-world situation

(*/
involving subtraction of integers for which the answer is -4.
49. Use the thermometers !- 0- 50. Find the distance between A and B on
to determine how & & the number line.

much the temperature A B
increased between
⫺5 0 2
8:00 A.M. and 12:00 P.M.

A 14°F C 30°F F -7 units H 3 units
B 15°F D 31°F G -3 units J 7 units
51. BASEBALL The table shows the income of Income

several baseball teams in a recent year. What Team
(thousands)
was the total income of all of these teams? Atlanta Braves -$14,360
(Hint: A gain is positive income, and a loss
Chicago Cubs $4,797
is negative income.) (Lesson 1-4)
Florida Marlins -$27,741
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-3) New York Yankees $40,359

Source: mlb.com
52. ⎪-14⎥ + ⎪3⎥ 53. ⎪20⎥ - ⎪-5⎥
54. ⎪13 - (-7)⎥ 55. ⎪-12 + (-25)⎥
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the mean for each set of data.

56. 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 57. 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 58. 40, 45, 55, 60, 75, 85
Lesson 1-5 Subtracting Integers 49

(l)age fotostock/SuperStock, (r)David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
1 Lessons 1-1 through 1-5
1. TRAVEL A cruise ship has 148 rooms, with 8. STANDARDS PRACTICE The table gives
fifty on each of the two upper decks and the several of the highest and lowest
rest on the two lower decks. An upper deck elevations, in meters, on Earth’s land
room costs $1,000, and a lower deck room surface.
costs $900. Use the four-step plan to find the
Name Location Elevation
greatest possible room sales on one trip.
Mt. Everest Nepal 8,850
(Lesson 1-1)
Lake Assal Djibouti –156
Mt. McKinley Alaska 6,194
2. STANDARDS PRACTICE A landscaper
Death Valley California –86
plants bushes in a row across the back
and down two sides of a yard. A bush is Dead Sea Israel –400
planted at each of the four corners and
at every 4 meters. Which expression Choose the group of elevations that is listed
would give the number of bushes that in order from least to greatest. (Lesson 1-3)
are planted? (Lesson 1-1) F -86, -156, -400, 6,194, 8,850
M BUSH G 8,850, 6,194, -400, -156, -86

"ACK H -400, -156, -86, 6,194, 8,850
M M J -156, -86, -400, 6,194, 8,850
Add or subtract. (Lessons 1-4, 1-5)
A 2 × (36 ÷ 4) + (68 ÷ 4) 9. -7 + 2 + (-1) 10. -3 - (-4)

B 2 + 2 × (36 ÷ 4) + (64 ÷ 4) 11. 2 - 6 12. -5 + (-8)
C 4 + 2 × (36 ÷ 4) + (68 ÷ 4) 13. -5 + 9 14. -11 + 15 + 11 + (-6)
D 2 × (36 ÷ 4) + 2 × (68 ÷ 4) 15. 12 + (-4) - 7 16. -7 + 14 + (-1) + 13
17. -4 + -7 18. (-1) + (-5) + 18 - 3
Evaluate each expression if x = 3, y = 6, and

z = 2. (Lesson 1-2) 19. STANDARDS PRACTICE If ⎪y⎥ = 5, what
xy is the value of y?
3. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 4. _z - 4z
A -25 or 25
5. MEASUREMENT The expression 2 + 2w B 0 or 5
gives the perimeter of a rectangle with C -5 or 5
length and width w. What amount of D -5 or 0
fencing would Mr. Nakagawa need in order
to fence his tomato garden that is 12 feet
long and 9 feet wide? (Lesson 1-2) 20. ELEVATORS In one hour, an elevator
traveled up 5 floors, down 2 floors, up
8 floors, down 6 floors, up 11 floors, and
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true down 14 floors. If the elevator started
sentence. (Lesson 1-3) on the seventh floor, on which floor is it
6. -3 ● 2 7. ⎪-4⎥ ● ⎪4⎥ now? (Lessons 1-4, 1-5)

1- 6 Multiplying and
Dividing Integers
Main IDEA
Multiply and divide OCEANOGRAPHY A deep-sea
integers. submersible descends 120 feet each
minute to reach the bottom of Time (min) Depth (ft)
Standard
7NS1.2 Add, subtract, Challenger Deep, a trench in the
1 -120
multiply, and divide Pacific Ocean. The table shows
rational numbers (integers,
the submersible’s depth at 2 -240
fractions, and terminating
decimals) and take positive different times.
rational numbers to whole-
number powers. 1. Write two different addition sentences that could be used to find
Standard 7AF1.3 the submersible’s depth after 3 minutes. Then find their sums.
Simplify numerical
expressions by applying 2. Write a multiplication sentence that could be used to find this same
numbers (e.g. identity,
depth. Explain your reasoning.
inverse, distributive, 3. Write a multiplication sentence that could be used to find the
and justify the process used. submersible’s depth after 10 minutes. Then find the product.
Multiplication is repeated addition. So, 3(-120) means that -120 is used

as an addend 3 times.
⫺120 ⫺120 ⫺120
3(-120) = -120 + (-120) + (-120)
= -360
⫺360 ⫺240 ⫺120 0 120
REVIEW Vocabulary By the Commutative Property of Multiplication, 3(-120) = -120(3).

product the result when This example suggests the following rule.
two or more numbers are
multiplied together
+%9#/.#%04 Multiply Integers with Different Signs
Words The product of two integers with different signs is negative.

Examples 2(-5) = -10 -5(2) = -10
Multiply Integers with Different Signs

REVIEW Vocabulary 1 Find 6(-8).
factors numbers that are 6(-8) = -48 The factors have different signs. The product is negative.
multiplied together
2 Find -9(2).
-9(2) = -18 The factors have different signs. The product is negative.
Multiply.
a. 5(-3) b. -8(6) c. -2(4)
Lesson 1-6 Multiplying and Dividing Integers 51

Chris McLaughlin/CORBIS
The product of two positive integers is positive. What is the sign of the
product of two negative integers? Look at the pattern below.
Factor · Factor = Product
-3 · 2 = -6
Negative · Positive = Negative +3
-3 · 1 = -3
+3
-3 · 0 = 0
+3
-3 · (-1) = 3
Negative · Negative = Positive +3
-3 · (-2) = 6
+%9#/.#%04 Multiply Integers with the Same Sign
Words The product of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Examples 2(5) = 10 -2(-5) = 10
Multiply Integers with the Same Sign

3 Find -4(-3).
-4(-3) = 12 The factors have the same sign. The product is positive.
Multiply.
d. -3(-7) e. 6(4) f. (-5) 2
To multiply more than two integers, use the Commutative and

Associative Properties of Multiplication.
Multiply More than Two Integers

4 Find -2(13)(-5).
METHOD 1 Use the Associative Property.

-2(13)(-5) = [-2(13)](-5) Associative Property
= -26(-5) -2(13) = -26
= 130 -26(-5) = 130
METHOD 2 Use the Commutative Property.

-2(13)(-5) = -2(-5)(13) Commutative Property
= 10(13) -2(-5) = 10
Mental Math
Look for products = 130 10(13) = 130
that are multiples
of ten to make the
multiplication Multiply.
simpler.
g. 4(-2)(-5) h. -1(-3)(-8) i. (-2) 3

Examine the following multiplication sentences and their related
division sentences.
READING Math Multiplication Sentence Related Division Sentences
Division In a division 4(3) = 12 12 ÷ 3 = 4 12 ÷ 4 = 3
sentence like 12 ÷ 3 = 4, -4(3) = -12 -12 ÷ 3 = -4 -12 ÷ -4 = 3
the number you are dividing,
12, is called the dividend. 4(-3) = -12 -12 ÷ (-3) = 4 -12 ÷ 4 = -3
The number you are dividing -4(-3) = 12 12 ÷ (-3) = -4 12 ÷ (-4) = -3
by, 3, is called the divisor.
The result is called the
quotient. These examples suggest that the rules for dividing integers are similar
to the rules for multiplying integers.
+%9#/.#%04 Divide Integers
Words The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative.

The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Examples 16 ÷ (-8) = -2 -16 ÷ (-8) = 2
Divide Integers
5 Find -24 ÷ 3. The dividend and the divisor have different signs.
-24 ÷ 3 = -8 The quotient is negative.
_
6 Find -30 . The signs are the same.
-15
_
-30
=2 The quotient is positive.
-15
Divide.
j. -28 ÷ (-7) k. _
36
l. _
-40
-2 8
You can use all of the rules you have learned for adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing integers to evaluate algebraic expressions.

7 Evaluate -2a - b if a = -3 and b = -5.
-2a - b = -2(-3) - (-5) Replace a with -3 and b with -5.
= 6 - (-5) The product of -2 and -3 is positive.
=6+5 To subtract -5, add 5.
= 11 Add.
Evaluate each expression if a = -4, b = 5, and c = -6.

m. c + 3a n. _
-10
o. ab + c 2
a+b
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-6 Multiplying and Dividing Integers 53

8 GAMES In each round of a game, you can gain or Atepa
lose points. Atepa’s change in score for each of –10
five rounds is shown. Find Atepa’s mean (average) –30
point gain or loss per round. –20
10
To find the mean of a set of numbers, find the sum 20
of the numbers. Then divide the sum by how many
numbers there are in the set.
-10 + (-30) + (-20) + 10 + 20

___ -30 Find the sum of the set of numbers.
=_
5 5 Divide by the number in the set.
= -6 Simplify.
Atepa lost an average of 6 points per round.
p. TEMPERATURE On six consecutive days, the low temperature in

Montreal was -6°C, -5°C, 6°C, 3°C, -2°C, and -8°C. What was
the average low temperature for the six days?
#/.#%043UMMARY Multiplying and Dividing Integers
• The product or quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive.
• The product or quotient of two integers with different signs is negative.
Examples 1–4 Multiply.

(pp. 51–52)
1. 4(-5) 2. 3(-6) 3. -3(7)
2
4. -7(-2) 5. (-3) 6. -4(5)(-7)
Examples 5, 6 Divide.
(p. 53)
7. -16 ÷ 4 8. 21 ÷ (-3) 9. -72 ÷ (-8)
10. _ 11. _ _
22 -25 -96
12.
11 -5 12
Example 7 Evaluate each expression if a = -5, b = 8, and c = -12.
(p. 53)
13. 4a + 9 14. _
b-c
15. 3b - a 2
a
Example 8 16. FOOTBALL During a scoring drive, a

Yards Gained or Lost
(p. 54) football team gained or lost yards on
+6 -2 +8 0 +23 -4
each play as shown. What was the +5 +12 -4 -3 +18 +1
average number of yards per play?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Multiply.
17. 7(-8) 18. 8(-9) 19. -5 · 8 20. -12 · 7
For See
Exercises Examples 21. -4(9) 22. -6(8) 23. -4(-6) 24. -14(-2)
17–22, 1, 2
25. (-4) 2 26. (-7) 2 27. -6(-2)(-7) 28. -3(-3)(-4)
29, 30
23–26 3
29. HIKING For every 1-kilometer increase in altitude, the temperature drops
27, 28 4
7°C. Find the temperature change for a 5-kilometer increase in altitude.
31–40 5, 6
41–44 7 30. LIFE SCIENCE Most people lose 100 to 200 hairs per day. If you were to lose
45–48 8 150 hairs per day for 10 days, what would be the change in the number of
hairs you have?
Divide.
31. 50 ÷ (-5) 32. -60 ÷ 3 33. 45 ÷ 9 34. -34 ÷ (-2)
35. _
-84
36. _
28
37. _
-72
38. _
64
4 -7 -6 8
39. FARMING During a seven-day period, the level of a pond receded
28 centimeters. Find the average daily change in the level of the pond.
40. WEATHER The outside temperature is changing at a rate of -8° per hour. At
that rate, how long will it take for the temperature change to be -24°?
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if w = -2, x = 3, y = -4, and z = -5.

_
w-x 8y
_
41. x + 6y 42. 9 - wz 43. z 44.
x2 - 5
STATISTICS Find the mean of each set of integers.
45. -4, 6, -10, -3, -8, 1 46. 12, -14, -15, 18, -19, -17, -21
47. -2, -7, -6, 5, -10 48. -14, -17, -20, -16, -13
49. AVIATION An atmospheric research aircraft began descending from an

altitude of 36,000 feet above its base, at a rate of 125 feet per minute. How
long did it take for the aircraft to land at its base?
Multiply or divide.
50. (2) 2 · (-6) 2 51. (-4) 3 52. -2(4)(-3)(-10)
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a = 12, b = -4, and c = -8.

53. _ _
6c -96
a -b 54. +c 55. -c 2 - 25 56. (3b + 2) 2 ÷ (-4)
b-a
57. MOVIES Predict the number of theater
%842!02!#4)#% U.S. Theater Admissions
admissions in 2010 if the average
See pages 677, 708. Number of Admissions
change per year following 2004 Year
(millions)
remains the same as the average
Self-Check Quiz at 2002 1,630
change per year from 2002 to 2004.
ca.gr7math.com 2004 1,530
Justify your answer.
Source: National Association of Theater Owners
Lesson 1-6 Multiplying and Dividing Integers 55

H.O.T. Problems 58. OPEN ENDED Name two integers that have a quotient of -7.
NUMBER SENSE Find the sign of each of the following if n is a negative

number. Explain your reasoning.
59. n 2 60. n 3 61. n 4 62. n 5
CHALLENGE The sum of any two whole numbers is always a whole number.
So, the set of whole numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, ...) is said to be closed under addition.
This is an example of the Closure Property. State whether each statement is
true or false. If false, give a counterexample.
63. The set of whole numbers is closed under subtraction.
64. The set of integers is closed under multiplication.
65. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Determine the sign of the product of -2, -3, and -4.
(*/
66. A glacier receded at a rate of 350 feet 67. The temperature at 6:00 P.M. was 10°F.
per day for two consecutive weeks. Between 6:00 P.M. and midnight, the
How much did the glacier’s position temperature dropped 4° three different
change in all? times. What was the temperature at
A -336 ft C -700 ft midnight?
B -348 ft D -4,900 ft F -12° H 0°
G -2° J 2°
Subtract. (Lesson 1-5)
68. 12 - 18 69. -5 - (-14) 70. -3 - 20 71. 7 - (-15)
Add. (Lesson 1-4)
72. -9 + 2 + (-8) 73. -24 + (-11) + 24

74. -21 + 5 + (-14) 75. -7 + (-3) + 6
76. SHOPPING Gabriel went to the store to buy DVDs. Each DVD costs $20. If
he buys four DVDs, he can get a fifth DVD free. How much will he save
per DVD if he buys four? (Lesson 1-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Give an example of a word or phrase that could indicate

each operation.
Example: addition the sum of
77. subtraction 78. multiplication 79. division

1-7 Writing Equations
#*
35 ) 5:
% " : 1" 3
Main IDEA
EldY\if]>l\jkj GXikp:fjk
Write algebraic equations PARTY PLANNING It costs $8 per
from verbal sentences and guest to hold a birthday party at , ,/fi+'
problem situations.
a skating rink.
. ./fi,-
Standard 7AF1.1 1. What is the relationship between
Use variables and
appropriate the number of guests and the cost? (' ('/fi/'
operations to write an
2. Write an expression representing
expression, an equation, an
inequality, or a system of the cost of a party with g guests. () ()/fi0-
equations or inequalities that
3. What does the equation g · 8 = 120
represents a verbal ^ 6
description (e.g. three less represent in this situation?
than a number, half as large
as area A.)
Standard 7AF1.4 Use An equation is a mathematical sentence containing two expressions
algebraic terminology (e.g.
variable, equation, term, separated by an equals sign (=). An important skill in algebra is
coefficient, inequality, modeling situations using equations.
1 2 3
NEW Vocabulary WORDS VARIABLE EQUATION
Describe the situation. Define a variable by assigning Translate your verbal
equation Use only the most a variable to represent the model into an
define a variable important words. unknown quantity. algebraic equation.
To translate your verbal model, look for common words or phrases that
suggest one of the four operations.
Write an Algebraic Equation

1 GAMES Eduardo had a score of –150 points in the first round of a
game. His final score after two rounds was 75 points. Write an
equation to find his second round score.
1st round 2nd round

Words plus was final score.
score score
Variable Let s represent the 2nd round score.
Defining a Variable Equation -150 + s = 75

Any letter can be
used as a variable,
but it is often helpful
to select letters that
can be easily Write an equation to model each situation.
connected to the
quantity they a. The winning time of 27 seconds was 2 seconds shorter than Tina’s.
represent.
b. A drop of 4°F per hour for the last several hours results in a total
Example: score s
temperature change of -24°F.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-7 Writing Equations 57

2 FALLS The height of Yosemite Falls is 239 meters less than the height
of Angel Falls in Venezuela. Use the information at the left to write
an equation that could be used to find the height of Angel Falls.
Yosemite’s 239 meters

Words is Angel’s height.
height less than
Variable Let a represent the height of Angel Falls.
Equation 740 = a - 239
c. DANCE The change in attendance from last year’s spring dance was
-45 students. The attendance this year was 128 students. Write an
equation that could be used to find the attendance last year.
You can also write an equation with two variables to express the
Real-World Link
Yosemite Falls in
relationship between two unknown quantities.
Yosemite National
Park is the fifth
highest falls in the
world at a height
of 740 meters.
Source: U.S. National
3 The number of pounds of insects a bat can eat is 2.5 times its
Park Service own bodyweight. Given b, a bat’s bodyweight in pounds, which
equation can be used to find p, the pounds of insects it can eat?
A b = 2.5 · p C b = 2.5 + p
B p = b + 2.5 D p = 2.5 · b
Read the Item

The phrase 2.5 times its own bodyweight indicates multiplication. So,
Reading Choices you can eliminate B and C.
Read all answer
choices carefully
before deciding on Solve the Item
the correct answer.
Often two choices Pounds of insects eaten is 2.5 times bodyweight
will look very similar.
p = 2.5 · b
The solution is D.
d. A state’s number of electoral votes is 2 more than its number of

Representatives. Given r, a state’s number of Representatives,
which equation can be used to find e, the state’s number of
electoral votes?
F e = 2r G e=r÷2 H e=r+2 J e=2-r

CORBIS
Example 1 Define a variable. Then write an equation to model each situation.
(p. 57)
1. Kevin’s score of 20 points was four times Corey’s score.
2. The total was $28 after a $4 tip was added to the bill.
Example 2 Define a variable. Then write an equation that could be used to solve each
(p. 58) problem.
3. SUBMARINES A submarine dived 75 feet below its original depth. If the
submarine’s new depth is -600 feet, what was its original depth?
4. TESTING The total time given to take a state test is equally divided among
the 3 subjects tested. If the time given for each subject test is 45 minutes,
how many minutes long is the entire test?
Example 3 5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Javier is 4 years younger than his sister Rita.
(p. 58) Given j, Javier’s age, which equation can be used to find r, Rita’s age?
A j=r÷4 B j=r+4 C j=r-4 D j = 4r
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Define a variable. Then write an equation to model each situation.
For See 6. After dropping 12°C, the temperature outside was -5°C.
Exercises Examples 7. Jamal’s score of 82 was 5 points less than the class average.
6–11 1
8. At 30 meters per second, a cheetah’s top speed is three times that of the top
12–15 2
speed of the fastest recorded human.
16–19 3
9. A site is excavated to a level of -75 centimeters over several days for an
average dirt removal of 15 centimeters each day.
10. A class of 24 students separated into equal-sized teams results in 6 students
per team.
11. When the money was divided among the four grade levels, each grade
received $235.
Define a variable. Then write an equation that could be used to solve each
problem.
12. PETS Nikki’s cat is 5 pounds heavier than her sister’s cat. If Nikki’s cat
weighs 9 pounds, how much does her sister’s cat weigh?
13. MEASUREMENT A triangle’s base is one-fourth its height. If the base is

15 meters long, what is the height of the triangle?
14. CREDIT For charging the cost of 4 equally priced shirts, Antonio’s father’s
credit card statement shows an entry of -$74. What would the statement
have shown for a charge of just one shirt?
Lesson 1-7 Writing Equations 59

15. GOLF The graphic shows some of the top 20 leaders 6. Poole -3
in a golf tournament after the first round. If the 6th 7. Shaw -2
place participant is 5 strokes behind the leader, 8. Kendrick -2
what was the leader’s score after the first round?
9. Rodriguez 1
Write an equation that could be used to express the relationship between the
two quantities.
16. HEALTH Your heart rate r in beats per minute is the number of times your
heart beats h in 15 seconds multiplied by 4. Given h, write an equation to
find r.
17. CARS Ashley’s car travels 24 miles per gallon of gas. Given d, the distance
the car travels, write an equation to find g, the gallons of gas used.
18. FRAMING A mat for a picture frame should be cut so that its width is _
1
8
inch less than the frame’s opening. Given p, the width of the frame’s
Real-World Link
The earliest year a
opening, write an equation to find m, the width of the mat.
musical group can be
inducted into the 19. MEASUREMENT A seam allowance indicates that the total length of fabric
needed is _
Rock and Roll Hall of 1
Fame is 25 years after inch more than that measured. Given t, the total length of
2
the year its first album fabric needed, write an equation to find m, the length measured.
debuted.
Source: rockhall.com
20. MUSIC Refer to the information at the left. If an artist was inducted in 2005,
write an equation that could be used to find the latest year the artist’s first
album could have debuted.
Write an equation to model the relationship between the quantities in

each table.
21. 22.
Yards, y Feet, f Centimeters, c Meters, m
1 3 200 2
2 6 300 3
3 9 400 4
4 12 500 5
y f c m
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 678, 708. 23. MAPS The scale on a map indicates that 1 inch on the map represents an
actual distance of 20 miles. Create a table of values showing the number
Self-Check Quiz at of miles represented by 1, 2, 3, 4, and m inches on the map. Given m, a
ca.gr7math.com
distance on the map, write an equation to find a, the actual distance.
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE For Exercises 24–26, consider the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, ….

24. Express the relationship between a number in this sequence and its
position using words. For example, 6 is the third number in this sequence.
25. Define two variables and write an equation to express this relationship.
26. Describe how this relationship would change, using words and a new
equation, if the sequence were changed to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ….

Joseph Sohm/CORBIS
27. FIND THE ERROR Zoe and Toshi are translating the verbal sentence 14 is
6 less than a number into an algebraic equation. Who is correct? Explain.
14 = n - 6 14 = 6 - n
Zoe Toshi
28. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Analyze the meaning of the equations = 2w and
(*/
w = 2 if represents the length of a rectangle and w its width. Then draw
a rectangle that demonstrates each relationship.
29. The length of an actual car is 87 times 30. The sides of each triangle are 1 unit
its corresponding length of a model of long. Which equation can be used to
the car. Given a, an actual length of the represent the perimeter of the figure
car, which equation can be used to find that contains x triangles?
m, the corresponding model length?
A a = 87 + m }ÕÀiÊ£ }ÕÀiÊÓ }ÕÀiÊÎ
B a = 87 - m
F P = 3x H P=x+2
C a = 87 · m
G P = 3x - 2 J P=x-2
D a = 87 ÷ m
Multiply or divide. (Lesson 1-6)
31. -9(10) 32. -5(-14) 33. 34 ÷ (-17) 34. _

-105
-5
35. BUSINESS During January, a small business had an income I of
$18,600 and expenses E of $20,400. Use the formula P = I - E to find
the business’s profit P for the month of January. (Lesson 1-5)
36. PREREQUISITE SKILL When Jason joined the football team, he had 8 plays
memorized. By the end of the 1st week, he had 10 memorized. By the end
of the 2nd week, he had 14 memorized. By the end of the 3rd week, he
had 20 memorized. If he continues to learn at this pace, how many plays
will he have memorized after 8 weeks? (Lesson 1-1)
Lesson 1-7 Writing Equations 61

(l)Andrew Olney/Masterfile, (r)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
1- 8 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by working backward.
Standard 7MR1.1 Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information,
identifying missing information, sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing patterns. Standard 7NS1.2 Add,
subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers, fractions, and terminating decimals) and take positive rational numbers
to whole-number powers.
e-Mail: WORK BACKWARD

YOUR MISSION: Work backward to solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: What time will Trent need to start

camp activities?
TRENT: The closing day activities at camp must

be over by 2:45 P.M. I need 1_
▲
1 hours to hold
2
the field competitions, 45 minutes for the
awards ceremony, and an hour and 15 minutes
for the cookout. Then, everyone will need an
hour to pack and check out.
EXPLORE You know the time that the campers must leave. You know the time it takes for
each activity. You need to determine the time the day’s activities should begin.
PLAN Start with the ending time and work backward.
SOLVE The day is over at 2:45 p.m. 2:45 p.m.
Go back 1 hour for checkout. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 1:45 p.m.
Go back 1 hour and 15 minutes for the cookout. > > > > > > > > > > > 12:30 p.m.
Go back 45 minutes for the awards ceremony. > > > > > > > > > > > > 11:45 a.m.
Go back 1_ hours for the field competitions. > > > > > > > > > > > > >
1
10:15 a.m.
2
So, the day’s activities should start no later than 10:15 a.m.
Assume that the day starts at 10:15 a.m. Work forward, adding the time
CHECK
for each activity.
1. Tell why the work backward strategy is the best way to solve this problem.
2. Explain how you can check a solution when you solve by working backward.
3. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that can be solved by working backward.
(*/
Then write the steps you would take to find the solution to your problem.

Laura Sifferlin
For Exercises 4–6, solve using the work 8. ANALYZE TABLES The table gives the average
backward strategy. television viewing time, in hours:minutes,
4. FAMILY Mikal’s great-grandmother was for teens and children.
6 years old when her family came to the
Nightly
United States. That was 73 years ago. If the Group Total per Week
8–11 P.M.
year is now 2006, in what year was Mikal’s Teens (ages 12–17) 5:38 19:19
great-grandmother born?
Children (ages 2–11) 4:58 21:00
Source: Nielsen Media Research
5. GRADES Amelia’s test scores are 94, 88, 93,
85, and 91. What is the minimum score she How many more minutes each week do
can make on her next test to maintain a test children spend watching television at times
average of at least 90? other than 8–11 P.M. than teens do?
6. SHOPPING Janelle has $75 to spend on a
9. FURNITURE Ms. Calzada makes an initial
dress. She buys a dress that is on sale for down payment of $150 when purchasing a
half price and then applies an in-store sofa. She pays the remaining cost of the sofa
coupon for $10 off. After paying an over 12 months, at no additional charge. If
additional sales tax of $1.80, she receives her monthly payment is $37.50, what was
$37.20 in change. What was the original the original price of the sofa?
price of the dress?
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 7–9. Some

strategies are shown below. For Exercises 10 and 11, select the appropriate
operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
G STRATEGIES selection(s) and solve the problem.
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
10. ANALYZE TABLES The table gives information
• Work backward
.
about two different airplanes.
Top Flight Operating

Airplane Speed Length Cost per
7. ANALYZE GRAPHS Examine the graph below. (mph) (mi) Hour
B747-400 534 3,960 $8,443
-R0ARKERS
#AR4RIP B727-200 430 644 $4,075
Source: The World Almanac

How much greater is the operating cost of a

$ISTANCEMI

B747-400 than a B727-200 if each plane flies

at its top speed for its maximum length of
flight?

!- !- 0- 0- 11. PEACE PRIZE Mother Teresa
4IME of Calcutta, India, received
the Nobel Peace Prize in
Mr. Parker’s total trip will cover 355 miles. 1979. If she died in 1997 at
If he maintains the speed that he set the age of 87, how old was
between 11 A.M. and noon, about what time she when she received the
should he reach his destination? Nobel Prize?
Lesson 1-8 Problem-Solving Investigation: Work Backward 63

Chris Bacon/AP/Wide World Photos
Standard 7MR1.3
Simplify the Problem Determine when and
how to break a
Have you ever tried to solve a long word problem and didn’t know problem into simpler parts.
where to start? Always start by reading the problem carefully. Standard 7AF1.4 Use
algebraic terminology
(e.g. variable, equation,
Step 1 term, coefficient, inequality,
expression, constant)
Look for key words like more or less to understand how the numbers correctly.
are related.
It is estimated that 12.4 million pounds of potato chips were

consumed during a recent Super Bowl. This was 3.1 million
pounds more than the number of pounds of tortilla chips
consumed. How many pounds of tortilla chips were consumed?
The potato chips were The word this refers to

3.1 million more than the number of pounds
the tortilla chips. of potato chips.
Step 2
Now, try to write the important information in only one sentence.
The number of pounds of potato chips was 3.1 million pounds

more than the number of pounds of tortilla chips.
Step 3
Replace any phrases with numbers that you know.
12.4 million was 3.1 million more than the number of pounds of
tortilla chips.
Before you write an equation, use the three steps described above to
simplify the problem.
Refer to page 59. For each exercise below, simplify the problem by
writing the important information in only one sentence. Replace any
phrases with numbers that you know. Do not write an equation.
1. Exercise 3 2. Exercise 12 3. Exercise 13

1- 9 Solving Addition and
Subtraction Equations
Main IDEA
Solve equations using the When you solve an equation, you are finding the values of the
Subtraction and Addition variable that make the equation true. These values are called the
Properties of Equality.
solutions of the equation. You can use algebra tiles and an equation
Reinforcement of mat to solve x + 4 = 6.
Standard 6AF1.1
Write and solve
one-step linear equations
in one variable.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 4 6 x 44 64
Model the equation. Remove the same number

of tiles from each side of the
mat to get the x by itself on
the left side.
NEW Vocabulary
solve
solution The number of tiles remaining on the right side of the mat represents
inverse operations the value of x. So, 2 is the solution of the equation x + 4 = 6.
Solve each equation using algebra tiles.
1. x + 1 = 4 2. x + 3 = 7 3. x + (-4) = -5
4. Explain how you would find a value of x that makes x + (-3) = -8

true without using algebra tiles.
In the Mini Lab, you solved the equation x + 4 = 6 by removing, or

subtracting, the same number of positive counters from each side of the
mat. This suggests the Subtraction Property of Equality, which can be
used to solve addition equations like x + 4 = 6.
+%9#/.#%04 Subtraction Property of Equality
Words If you subtract the same number from each side of an

equation, the two sides remain equal.

7=7 x+4=6
7-3=7-3 x+4-4=6-4
4=4 x=2
Lesson 1-9 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations 65

You can use this property to solve any addition equation. Remember to
check your solution by substituting it back into the original equation.
Isolating the
Variable When
trying to decide
which value to Solve an Addition Equation
subtract from each
side of an addition 1 Solve x + 5 = 3. Check your solution.
equation, remember
that your goal is to
get the variable by METHOD 1 Use the vertical method.
itself on one side of
the equation. This is x+5= 3 Write the equation.
called isolating the
variable. x+5= 3
-5 = ___
________-5 Subtract 5 from each side.
x = -2
METHOD 2 Use the horizontal method.

x+5=3 Write the equation.
x+5-5=3-5 Subtract 5 from each side.
x = -2
The solution is -2.

Check x+5=3 Write the original equation.
-2 + 5 3 Replace x with -2. Is this sentence true?
3=3 The sentence is true.
Solve each equation. Check your solution.

a. a + 6 = 2 b. y + 3 = -8 c. 5 = n + 4
Addition and subtraction are called inverse operations because they

“undo” each other. For this reason, you can use the Addition Property
of Equality to solve subtraction equations like x - 7 = -5.
+%9#/.#%04 Addition Property of Equality
Words If you add the same number to each side of an equation, the
two sides remain equal.
7=7 x-5=6
7+3=7+3 x-5+5=6+5
10 = 10 x = 11

Solve an Addition Equation
2 MEASUREMENT Two angles are supplementary
if the sum of their measures is 180°. The
two angles shown are supplementary. 94⬚
Write and solve an equation to find
X Y
the measure of angle X.
Words The sum of the measures is 180°.
Variable Let x represent the measure of angle X.
Equation x + 94 = 180
x + 94 = 180 Write the equation.

x + 94 - 94 = 180 - 94 Subtract 94 from each side.
x = 86 Simplify.
The measure of angle X is 86°.
d. READING A novel is ranked 7th on a best-seller list. This is a change

of -8 from its position last week. Write and solve an equation to
determine the novel’s ranking last week.
Solve a Subtraction Equation

3 Solve -6 = y - 7.
METHOD 1 Use the vertical method.

-6 = y - 7 Write the equation.
-6 = y - 7
+7= +7
____________ Add 7 to each side.
Position of 1=y -6 + 7 = 1 and -7 + 7 = 0.

the Variable
You could also begin
solving Example 3 METHOD 2 Use the horizontal method.
by rewriting the
equation so that the -6 = y - 7 Write the equation.
variable is in the left
side of the equation. -6 + 7 = y - 7 + 7 Add 7 to each side.
-6 = y - 7 1=y -6 + 7 = 1 and -7 + 7 = 0.
y - 7 = -6 The solution is 1. Check the solution.
Solve each equation.

e. x - 8 = -3 f. b - 4 = -10 g. 7 = p - 12
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 1-9 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations 67
Example 1 Solve each equation. Check your solution.
(p. 66)
1. a + 4 = 10 2. 2 = z + 7 3. x + 9 = -3
Example 2 4. RUGS The length of a rectangular rug is 12 inches shorter than its width. If
(p. 67) the length is 30 inches, write and solve an equation to find the width.

(p. 67)
5. y - 2 = 5 6. n - 5 = -6 7. -8 = d - 11
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each equation. Check your solution.

For See 8. x + 5 = 18 9. n + 3 = 20 10. 9 = p + 11
Exercises Examples 11. 1 = a + 7 12. y + 12 = -3 13. w + 8 = -6
8–13 1
14. m - 15 = 3 15. b - 9 = -8 16. g - 2 = -13
14–19 3
20–23 2 17. -16 = t - 6 18. -4 = r - 20 19. k - 14 = -7
20. MEASUREMENT Two angles are complementary if the

sum of their measures is 90°. The two angles shown
are complementary. Write and solve an equation to 37˚
find the measure of angle A. A B
21. BANKING After you withdraw $50 from your savings account, the balance
is $124. Write and solve an equation to find your starting balance.
22. TEMPERATURE On one day in Fairfield, Montana, the temperature dropped

84°F from noon to midnight. If the temperature at midnight was -21°F,
write and solve an equation to determine the noon temperature that day.
23. TREES Before planting a tree, Manuel digs a hole with a floor 18 inches
below ground level. Once planted, the top of the tree is 54 inches above
ground. Write and solve an equation to find the height of the tree Manuel
planted.
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 24 and 25, 2004 WNBA Regular

use the table. Season Points Leaders
24. Lauren Jackson averaged 0.5 point per game Player AVG
more than Tina Thompson. Write and solve an Lauren Jackson 20.5
equation to find Thompson’s average points Tina Thompson a
scored per game. Lisa Leslie 17.6
25. Sheryl Swoopes averaged 5.2 fewer points per Diana Taurasi 17.0
game than Tina Thompson. Write and solve an Source: wnba.com
equation to find how many points Swoopes
averaged per game.

26. STOCK MARKET The changes in the price of a certain stock each day from
%842!02!#4)#%
Monday to Thursday of one week were -$2.25, +$0.50, +$1.50, and
See pages 678, 708. +$0.75. If the overall change in the stock price for the week was -$0.50,
write an equation that can be used to find the change in the price on Friday
Self-Check Quiz at and explain two methods of solving this equation. Then solve the equation
ca.gr7math.com
and explain its meaning in the context of the situation.
H.O.T. Problems 27. OPEN ENDED Write one addition equation and one subtraction equation
that each have -3 as a solution.
28. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the equation that does not belong with
the other three. Explain your reasoning.
4+g=2 a + 5 = -3 m+6=4 1 + x = -1
29. CHALLENGE Solve ⎪x⎥ + 5 = 7. Explain your reasoning.
30. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem about a real-world situation that can
(*/
be answered by solving the equation x + 60 = 20. Then solve the equation
and explain the meaning of its solution in the context of your problem.
31. Dante paid $42 for a jacket, which 32. The record low temperature for
included $2.52 in sales tax. Which Virginia is 7°F warmer than the record
equation could be used to find the low for West Virginia. If the record low
price of the jacket before tax? for Virginia is -30°F, what is West
A x - 2.52 = 42 C x - 42 = 2.52 Virginia’s record low?
B x + 2.52 = 42 D x + 42 = 2.52 F -37°F H 23°F
G -23°F J 37°F
33. TRAVEL James needs to drive an average of 575 miles a day for three days
in order to make it to his vacation destination on time. If he drove 630
miles the first day and 480 miles the second day, how many miles does he
need to drive on the third day to meet his goal? (Lesson 1-8)
ALGEBRA Write an equation to model each situation. (Lesson 1-7)

34. Lindsay, 59 inches tall, is 5 inches shorter than her sister.
35. After cutting the recipe in half, Ricardo needed 3 cups of flour.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply. (Lesson 1-6)
36. 3(9) 37. -2(18) 38. -5(-11) 39. 4(-15)
Lesson 1-9 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations 69

1-10 Solving Multiplication and
Division Equations
Main IDEA
Solve equations by using PLANTS Some species of a bamboo can grow Bamboo Growth
the Division and 35 inches per day. That is as many inches as
Multiplication Properties Day Height (in.)
of Equality. the average child grows in the first 10 years
1 35(1) = 35
of his or her life!
Reinforcement of
2 35(2) = 70
Standard 6AF1.1 1. If d represents the number of days the 3 35(3) = 105
Write and solve one- bamboo has been growing, write a
step linear equations in one
variable.
multiplication equation you could use to
d
find how long it would take for the
bamboo to reach a height of 210 inches.
The equation 35d = 210 models the relationship described above. To

undo the multiplication of 35, divide each side of the equation by 35.
Solve a Multiplication Equation

1 Solve 35d = 210.
35d = 210 Write the equation.
_
35d
=_
210
Divide each side of the equation by 35.
35 35
1d = 6 35 ÷ 35 = 1 and 210 ÷ 35 = 6
d=6 Identity Property; 1d = d

Solving Equations a. 8x = 72 b. -4n = 28 c. -12 = -6k
When you solve a
simple equation like
8x = 72, you can
mentally divide each
In Example 1, you used the Division Property of Equality to solve a
side by 8. multiplication equation.
+%9#/.#%04 Division Property of Equality
Words If you divide each side of an equation by the same nonzero

number, the two sides remain equal.
12 = 12 5x = -60
_
12
=_
12 _
5x
=_
-60
4 4 5 5
3=3 x = -12
70 Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Photowood/CORBIS
READING Math You can use the Multiplication Property of Equality to solve equations.
Division Expressions
Remember, _
a
means a +%9#/.#%04 Multiplication Property of Equality
-3
divided by -3.
Words If you multiply each side of an equation by the same number,
the two sides remain equal.
5=5 _x = 8
2
5(-4) = 5(-4) _x (2) = 8(2)
2
-20 = -20 x = 16
Solve a Division Equation

_
2 Solve a = -7.
-3
_
a
= -7 Write the equation.
-3
_
a
(-3) = -7(-3) Multiply each side by -3.
-3
a = 21 -7 · (-3) = 21

y
_ _ f. 30 = _
m b
d. = -8 e. = -9
-4 5 -2
3 REPTILES A Nile crocodile grows to be 4,000 times as heavy as

the egg from which it hatched. If an adult crocodile weighs
2,000 pounds, how much does a crocodile egg weigh?
Words Adult weight is 4,000 times egg weight.
Variable Let g represent the weight of the crocodile egg.
Equation 2,000 = 4,000 · g
2,000 = 4,000g Write the equation.

Real-World Career 2,000 4,000g
How Does a Zoologist
_ =_ Divide each side by 4,000.
4,000 4,000
Use Math?
Zoologists use equations 0.5 = g 2,000 ÷ 4,000 = 0.5
to predict the growth of
animal populations. A crocodile egg weighs 0.5 pound.
For more information,

go to ca.gr7math.com.
g. An adult lizard is about five times longer than a hatchling. If an
adult lizard is 11 centimeters long, about how long is a hatchling?
Lesson 1-10 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations 71

Aaron Haupt
Examples 1, 2 Solve each equation. Check your solution.
(pp. 70, 71)
1. 5b = 40 2. -7k = 14 3. -18 = -3n
p
4. _ = 9 _ 6. 22 = _
a m
5. = -3
9 12 -2
Example 3 7. LAWN SERVICE Josh charges $15 to mow an average size lawn in his
(p. 71) neighborhood. Write and solve a multiplication equation to find how
many of these lawns he needs to mow to earn $600.

For See 8. 4c = 44 9. 9b = 72 10. 34 = -2x
Exercises Examples
11. 36 = -18y 12. -32 = 8d 13. -35 = 5n
8–13 1
14–19 2 14. _
m
= 10 15. _
u
=6 16. _
h
= 33
7 9 -3
q
20 = _ -8 = _ _
20, 21 3 c r
17. 18. 19. = -3
-5 12 24
20. ANIMALS An African elephant can eat 500 pounds of vegetation per day.
If a zookeeper has 3,000 pounds of vegetation on hand for one elephant,
write and solve a multiplication equation to find how many days this
supply will last.
21. SCHOOL ACTIVITIES The drama club sold 1,200 tickets for the school
musical. If the total ticket sales were $6,000, write and solve a
multiplication equation to find the cost per ticket.
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 22–26, refer to the table. Customary System

Write and solve an equation to find each quantity. Conversions (length)
22. the number of yards in 18 feet 1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
23. the number of feet in 288 inches
1 yard = 36 inches
24. the number of yards in 540 inches
1 mile = 5,280 feet
25. the number of miles in 26,400 feet 1 mile = 1,760 yards
26. the number of miles in 7,040 yards

27. 7 = _ _ _ 30. -17 = _
-56 10 -126 136
z 28. x = -5 29. a = -21 g
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 679, 708. 31. PHYSICAL SCIENCE The amount of work, measured in foot-pounds, is equal
to the amount of force applied, measured in pounds, times the distance, in
Self-Check Quiz at feet, the object moved. How far do you have to lift a 45-pound object to
ca.gr7math.com
produce 180 foot-pounds of work?

H.O.T. Problems 32. OPEN ENDED Describe a real-world situation in which you would use a
division equation to solve a problem. Then write your equation.
33. NUMBER SENSE Without solving the equation, tell what you know about the
value of x in the equation _
x
= 300.
25
34. CHALLENGE If an object is traveling at a rate of speed r, then the distance d
the object travels after a time t is given by the equation d = rt. Rewrite this
equation so that it expresses the value of r in terms of t and d.
35. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to solve -4a = 84. Be sure to state which
(*/
property you use and why you used it.
36. Grace paid $2.24 for 4 granola bars. All 37. Luis ran 2.5 times the distance
4 granola bars were the same price. that Mark ran. If Mark ran 3
How much did each granola bar cost? miles, which equation can be used
A $0.52 to find the distance d in miles
that Luis ran?
B $0.56
F d = 2.5 + 3
C $1.24
G d + 2.5 = 3
D $1.56
H d = 2.5(3)
J 2.5d = 3
38. ARCHITECTURE When the Empire State Building was built, its
185-foot spire was built inside the building and then hoisted to
185 ft
the top of the building upon its completion. Write and solve
an equation to find the height of the Empire State Building
without its spire. (Lesson 1-9)
1,250 ft
ALGEBRA Write an equation to model each situation. (Lesson 1-7)
x ft
39. Eight feet longer than she jumped is 15 feet.
40. The temperature fell 28°F from 6 A.M. to 17°F at 11 A.M.
41. Three friends shared a $9 parking fee equally.
Find each product or quotient. (Lesson 1-6)
42. -23(-12) 43. -25(7) 44. 22 · (-20) 45. 4 · 8 · (-14)

46. -180 ÷ 15 47. 147 ÷ (-21) 48. -162 ÷ 9 49. -208 ÷ (-16)
Write an integer for each situation. (Lesson 1-3)
50. a gain of 4 ounces 51. earning $45

52. 2 miles below sea level 53. a decrease of 5 miles per gallon
Lesson 1-10 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations 73

APTER
CH
Study Guide
1 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Review from ca.gr7math.com
Key Vocabulary
absolute value (p. 36) integer (p. 35)
Be sure the following 8ORDS &XAMPLE S
Key Concepts are noted "1LANFOR

additive inverse (p. 43) inverse operations (p. 66)
1ROBLEM4OLVING
OF
in your Foldable. *NTEGERS

XOF
algebra (p. 29) negative number (p. 35)
*NTEGERS
4OLVING
&QUATIONS
4OLVINGX
algebraic expression (p. 29) numerical expression (p. 29)
&QUATIONS
coordinate (p. 35) opposites (p. 43)

counterexample (p. 31) order of operations (p. 29)
Key Concepts define a variable (p. 57) powers (p. 30)
Order of Operations (Lesson 1-2)
equation (p. 57) solution (p. 65)
1. Do all operations within grouping symbols first. evaluate (p. 29) solve (p. 65)
2. Evaluate all powers before other operations. inequality (p. 35) variable (p. 29)
3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
4. Add and subtract in order from left to right.
Operations With Integers (Lessons 1-4 to 1-6)

• To add integers with the same sign, add their Vocabulary Check
absolute values. The sum has the same sign as State whether each sentence is true or false.
the integers. If false, replace the underlined word or
• To add integers with different signs, subtract number to make a true sentence.
their absolute values. The sum has the sign of
the integer with the greater absolute value. 1. Operations that “undo” each other are
• To subtract an integer, add its opposite or called order of operations.
additive inverse. 2. The symbol for absolute value is | |.
• The product or quotient of two integers with the 3. A mathematical sentence that contains an
same sign is positive.
equals sign is an inequality.
• The product or quotient of two integers with
4. An integer is a number less than zero.
different signs is negative.
5. A property is an example that shows that
a conjecture is false.
Solving Equations (Lessons 1-9, 1-10)
• If you add or subtract the same number to/ 6. The value of the variable that makes the
from each side of an equation, the two sides equation true is called the solution.
remain equal. 7. The number that corresponds to a point is
• If you multiply or divide each side of an equation called its coordinate.
by the same nonzero number, the two sides
8. A power is a symbol, usually a letter, used
remain equal.
to represent the number.
9. An expression that contains a variable is
an algebraic expression.
74 Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson-by-Lesson Review
1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving (pp. 24–28)
Use the four-step plan to solve each Example 1 At Smart’s Car Rental, it
problem. costs $57 per day plus $0.10 per mile to
10. SCIENCE A chemist pours table salt into rent a certain car. How much will it cost
a beaker. If the beaker plus the salt has to rent the car for 1 day and drive 180
a mass of 84.7 grams and the beaker miles?
itself has a mass of 63.3 grams, what Explore You know the rental cost per day
was the mass of the salt? and per mile. You need to find
the cost for a 1-day rental for
11. SPORTS In a basketball game, the 180 miles.
Sliders scored five 3-point shots, seven
Plan Multiply the numer of miles by
2-point shots, and fifteen 1-point shots.
the cost per mile. Then add the
Find the total points scored.
daily cost.
Estimate $0.10 × 200 = $20 and
12. SHOPPING Miguel went to the store to
buy jeans. Each pair costs $24. If he $60 + $20 = $80
buys two pairs, he can get the second Solve $0.10 × 180 = $18
pair for half price. How much will he $18 + $57 = $75
save per pair if he buys two pairs? The cost is $75.
Check The answer of $75 is close to
the estimate of $80, so the
answer is reasonable.
1-2 Variables, Expressions, and Properties (pp. 29–34)
Evaluate each expression if a = 6, b = 2, Example 2 Evaluate x 2 + yx - z 2 if

and c = 1. x = 4, y = 2, and z = 1.
13. a(b + 4) 14. 3b 2
(a + 2)2 x 2 + yx - z 2 Write the expression.
15. 3a + 2b + c 16. _ 2 2
bc = 4 + (2)(4) - (1) x = 4, y = 2, and z = 1
17. MEASUREMENT The area A of a triangle = 16 + (2)(4) - 1 Evaluate powers first.

can be found using the formula = 16 + 8 - 1 Multiply.
A=_
1
bh, where b is the base of the = 23 Add and subtract.
2
triangle and h is the height. Find the
area of the triangle.
CM
CM
Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review 75

APTER
CH
1 Study Guide and Review
1-3 Integers and Absolute Value (pp. 35–39)
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a Example 3 Replace the ● in -3 ● -7

true sentence. with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
18. -8 ● 7 19. -2 ● -6 Graph the integers on a number line.
20. BASKETBALL On average, the varsity
team wins games by a margin of ⫺8 ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1
13 points, give or take 5 points. This
range can be modeled by the equation Since -3 is to the right of -7, -3 > -7.
⎪p - 13⎥ = 5. Graph this equation
Example 4 Evaluate ⎪-3⎥.
on a number line to determine the
least and the greatest margin of Since the graph of -3 is 3 units from 0 on
points. the number line, the absolute value of -3
is 3.
21. ⎪-5⎥ 22. ⎪-12⎥ - ⎪4⎥
1-4 Adding Integers (pp. 41–45)
Add. Example 5 Find -16 + (-11).

23. -54 + 21 24. 100 + (-75) -16 + (-11) Add ⎪-16⎥ and ⎪-11⎥. Both
= -27 numbers are negative, so
25. -14 + (-20) 26. 38 + (-46)
the sum is negative.
27. -14 + 37 + (-20) + 2
Example 6 Find -7 + 20.
28. WEATHER At 8:00 A.M., it was -5°F. -7 + 20 Subtract ⎪-7⎥ from ⎪20⎥.
By noon, it had risen 34°. Write an The sum is positive because
= 13 ⎪20⎥ > ⎪-7⎥.
addition statement to describe this
situation. Then find the sum.
1-5 Subtracting Integers (pp. 46–49)
Subtract. Example 7 Find -27 - (-6).

29. -2 - (-5) 30. 11 - 15 -27 - (-6) = -27 + 6 To subtract -6,
add 6.
31. GEOGRAPHY At an elevation of -52
feet, Lake Eyre is the lowest point in = -21 Add.
Australia. How much lower than Lake

Eyre is the Valdes Peninsula in South
America, which has an elevation of
-131 ft?

Mixed Problem Solving
For mixed problem-solving practice,
see page 708.
1-6 Multiplying and Dividing Integers (pp. 51–56)
Multiply or divide. Example 8 Find 3(-20).

32. -4(-25) 33. -7(3) 3(-20) = -60 The factors have different
signs. The product is
34. -15(-4)(-1) 35. 180 ÷ (-15) negative.
36. -170 ÷ (-5) 37. -88 ÷ 8

Example 9 Find -48 ÷ (-12).
38. GAMES José’s score in each of 6 rounds -48 ÷ (-12) = 4 The dividend and the
of a game was -2. What was his divisor have the same
overall score for these six rounds? sign. The quotient is
positive.
1-7 Writing Equations (pp. 57–61)
39. SPORTS An athlete’s long jump attempt Example 10 Tennessee became a state
measured 670 centimeters. This was 4 years after Kentucky. If Tennessee
5 centimeters less than her best jump. became a state in 1796, write an equation
Define a variable. Then write an that could be used to find the year
equation that could be used to find the Kentucky became a state.
measure of her best jump. Words Tennessee’s year is 4 years after
40. ALGEBRA Lauren uses a copier to reduce Kentucky year.
the length of an image so it is _
1
of its Variable Let y represent Kentucky’s year.
4 Equation 1796 = y + 4
original size. Given , the length of the
image, write an equation to find the
length n of the new image.
1-8 PSI: Work Backward (pp. 62–63)
Solve. Use the work backward strategy. Example 11 Fourteen years ago,
41. TRAVEL Alonzo’s flight to Phoenix Samuel’s parents had their oldest child,
departs at 7:15 P.M. It takes 30 minutes Isabel. Six years later, Julia was born. If
to drive to the airport from his home, Samuel was born last year, how many
and it is recommended that he arrive at years older than Samuel is Julia?
the airport 2 hours prior to departure. Since Samuel was born last year, he must
What time should Alonzo leave his be one year old. Since Isabel was born
house? fourteen years ago, she must be fourteen
years old. Since Julia was born six years
42. TICKETS After Candace purchased
after Isabel, she must be eight years old.
tickets to the play for herself and her
This means that Julia is seven years older
two brothers, ticket sales totaled $147.
than Samuel.
If tickets were $5.25 each, how many
tickets were sold before her purchase?

APTER
CH
1-9 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations (pp. 65–69)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 12 Solve 5 + k = 18.

solution. 5 + k = 18 Write the equation.
43. n + 40 = 90 44. x - 3 = 10 5 - 5 + k = 18 - 5 Subtract 5 from each
side.
45. c - 30 = -18 46. 9 = a + 31
k = 13 18 - 5 = 13
47. d + 14 = -1 48. 27 = y - 12
Example 13 Solve n - 13 = -62.
49. CANDY There are 75 candies in a bowl
n - 13 = -62 Write the equation.
after you remove 37. Write and solve a
subtraction equation to find how many n - 13 + 13 = -62 + 13 Add 13 to each
side.
candies were originally in the bowl. n = -49 -62 + 13 = -49
50. WEATHER On August 15, the monthly

rainfall for a city was 2 inches below
average. On August 31, the monthly
total was 1 inch above average. Write
and solve an addition equation to
determine the amount of rainfall
between August 15 and August 31.
1-10 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations (pp. 70–73)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 14 Solve 60 = 5t.

solution. 60 = 5t Write the equation.
51. 15x = -75 52. -4x = 52 _
y
60
=_
5t
Divide each side by 5.
53. _s = 42 54. _ = -15 5 5
7 -10 12 = t Simplify.
55. MONEY Toni borrowed $168 from her
father to buy clothes. She plans to pay Example 15 _
Solve m = 8.
-2
$28 a month toward this debt. Write
and solve an equation to find how
_
m
=8 Write the equation.
-2
many months it will take to repay
her father. (_
m
-2 )
(-2) = 8(-2) Multiply each side by -2.
m = -16 Simplify.
56. CARS Mr. Mitchell bought 12 quarts of
motor oil for $36. Write and solve an
equation to find the cost of each quart
of motor oil.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
1
1. ANALYZE TABLES The table gives the annual Add, subtract, multiply, or divide.
number of hours worked by citizens in four 9. -27 + 8 10. -105 ÷ 15
countries in a recent year. _
-70
11. 12. -4 - (-35)
-5
Country Annual Hours Worked
13. 7(-10)(-4) 14. -9 + (-11)
United States 1,877
15. 8(-9) 16. 13 - 61
Japan 1,840
Canada 1,801
United Kingdom 1,708
17. STANDARDS PRACTICE What is the
absolute value of -7?
On average, how many more hours per F -7
week did a person in the United States
G -_
1
work that year than a person in the 7
United Kingdom? H _
1
7
Evaluate each expression if a = 3, b = 2, and J 7
c = -5.
18. MEASUREMENT A circle’s radius is half
2. (2c + b) ÷ b - 3 its diameter. Given d, the diameter, write
2
3. 4a - 5a - 12 an equation that could be used to find r,
the radius.
4. CELL PHONES The monthly charge in dollars
for a specific cell phone company is given 19. JEANS A store tripled the price it paid for a
by the expression 40 + _
x - 500
where x is pair of jeans. After a month, the jeans were
2
marked down by $5. Two weeks later, the
the number of minutes of phone usage. Find
price was divided in half. Finally, the price
the charge if a person uses 622 minutes.
was reduced by $3, down to $14.99. How
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true much did the store pay for the jeans?
sentence.
5. -8 ● -11
20. x + 15 = - 3 21. -7 = a - 11
6. ⎪13⎥ ● - 13
22. _
n
= 16 23. -96 = 8y
-2
7. STANDARDS PRACTICE Evaluate the
following expression: 24. TRANSPORTATION An airplane flies over a
⎪12 - 7⎥ - ⎪3 - 6⎥ submarine cruising at a depth of -326 feet.
The distance between the two is 1,176 feet.
A -8
Write and solve an equation to find the
B -2 airplane’s altitude.
C 2
D 8 25. GAMES After Round 2 in a game, Eneas’
score was -40. After Round 3, her score was
8. Find the value of ⎪y⎥ - ⎪x⎥ if x = -4 and 5. Write and solve an equation to find the
y = -9. number of points scored in Round 3.
Chapter Test at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 1 Practice Test 79

APTER
CH
1 California
Chapter 1
Standards Practice
Read each question. Then fill in 5 If ⎪r⎥ = 2, what is the value of r?

the correct answer on the answer
A -2 or 0 C 0 or 2
document provided by your teacher
or on a sheet of paper. B -2 or 2 D -4 or 4
1 Kristy, Megan, and Heather sold a total of

48 magazines this weekend. Megan sold
3 more magazines than Heather, and Kristy
Question 5 In some instances, the
sold twice as many magazines as Heather. quickest and easiest way to answer the
Which is a reasonable conclusion about the question is to simply try each choice to
see which one works.
number of magazines sold by the students?
A Megan sold the least number of
6 Tony received some money from his
magazines.
grandmother for his birthday. He spent
B Kristy and Megan sold the same number $12.75 each for 3 CDs. Then he spent $5.20
of magazines. for lunch. Later he bought a T-shirt for $8.90.
C Heather sold exactly half of the total If he had $7.65 left over, which of the
number of magazines. following expressions can be used to find
D Kristy sold the most magazines. how much money Tony received for
his birthday?
F 3(12.75) + 5.20 + 8.90 + 7.65
2 Two siblings agreed to split the cost of a
G 3(12.75) + 5.20 + 8.90 - 7.65
television and a DVD player evenly. They
spent a total of $335.00 on the television and H 3(12.75 + 5.20 + 8.90 + 7.65)
$95.00 on the DVD player. Find the amount J 3(12.75 + 5.20 + 8.90 - 7.65)
that each sibling paid.
F $430.00 H $215.00 7 Abigail evaluated the expression ⎪-27 + 3⎥ -
⎪-3 - 5⎥ by performing the following steps.
G $265.00 J $210.00
⎪-27 + 3⎥ - ⎪-3 - 5⎥ = ⎪-24⎥ - ⎪-8⎥
3 Which of the following numerical = 24 + 8
expressions results in a positive number? = 32
A (-4) + (-7) C (-4) + (7)
What did Abigail do incorrectly in
B (4) + (-7) D (-4) + (7) + (-4) evaluating the expression?
A She evaluated ⎪-24⎥ as 24 when she
4 An electrician received d dollars for a job. should have evaluated ⎪-24⎥ as -24.
She had to pay $75 for supplies. On her B She added 24 and 8 when she should have
next job, she received 3m dollars. Which subtracted 8 from 24.
expression represents the amount of money C She evaluated ⎪-3 - 5⎥ as ⎪-8⎥ when she
she has now? should have evaluated ⎪-3 - 5⎥ as ⎪-2⎥.
F d - 75 - 3m H d + 75 - 3m D She added 24 and 8 when she should have
G d + 75 + 3m J d - 75 + 3m subtracted -8 from -24.
80 Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
For practice by standard,
see pages CA1–CA39.
8 Add six to the quotient of a number and 11 Mandy wants to buy a new couch that costs
three. The answer is 14. Which of the $1,299. For the next 8 months, she plans to
following equations matches these save an equal amount of money each month
statements? to pay for the couch. About how much will
she need to save each month?
F 14 = _ + 6
x
3 A $162.50
G 6 = 14 + _
x
3 B $158.50
x+6
_
H 14 = C $165.75
3
x + 14
_ D $185.00
J 6=
3
12 The high temperature on Monday was
9 The table below shows the train travel times -8°F. On Tuesday, the high temperature
from Cleveland (CLE) to Chicago (CHI). was 11°F. How much warmer was it on
Tuesday than Monday?
Depart Arrive
CLE CHI F 19°F
2:30 a.m. 8:45 a.m. G 3°F
7:45 a.m. 1:45 p.m.
H -3°F
8:20 p.m. 2:25 a.m.
2:00 p.m. 8:20 p.m. J -19°F
Which of the following statements about the Pre-AP

travel times is true?
Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
A The train leaving at 2:30 A.M. has the least Show your work.
travel time.
B The train leaving at 7:45 A.M. has the 13 Below, n, p, r, and t each represent a
greatest travel time. different integer. If n = -4 and t ≠ 1, find
C The train leaving at 8:20 P.M. has the least each of the following values. Explain your
travel time. reasoning using the properties of integers.
D The train leaving at 2:00 P.M. has the n×p=n

greatest travel time. t×r=r
n+t=r
10 If x = 5 and y = _
1
, then y(13 - x) =
4 a. p
F 2 H 4 b. r
G 3 J 6 c. t
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Go to Lesson... 1-1 1-6 1-4 1-7 1-3 1-1 1-3 1-7 1-1 1-2 1-1 1-5 1-3
For Help with Standard... MR1.1 NS1.2 NS1.2 AF1.1 NS2.5 MR1.1 NS2.5 AF1.1 MR1.2 AF1.2 MR2.1 NS1.2 NS2.5
Chapter 1 California Standards Practice 81

Algebra:
2 Rational Numbers
• Standard 7NS1.0 Know

the properties of, and
compute with, rational
numbers expressed in a
variety of forms.
• Standard 7MG1.0 Choose
appropriate units of
measure and use ratios to
convert within and between
measurement systems to
solve problems.
Key Vocabulary
exponent (p. 126)
rational number (p. 84)
reciprocals (p. 102)
scientific notation (p. 130)
Real-World Link
Astronomy Measurements used in astronomy are frequently
expressed as powers of 10. For example, the distance from
Earth to the Sun can be written as 9.3 × 10 7 miles.
Algebra: Rational Numbers Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with five
_1
sheets of 8 ” × 11” paper.
2
1 Place 5 sheets of paper 2 Roll up the bottom
_3 inch apart. edges. All tabs should
4 be the same size.
3 Staple along the fold. 4 Label the tabs with the Algebra: ers
mb
Rational Nu
lesson numbers. 2-1, 2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
82 Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational Numbers

STScI/NASA/CORBIS
Option 2
Option 1
Add or subtract. (Lessons 1-4 and 1-5) Example 1

1. -13 + 4 2. 28 + (-9) Find -27 + 13.
3. -8 - 6 4. 23 - (-15) -27 + 13 = -14 ⎪-27⎥ - ⎪13⎥ = ⎪14⎥
The sum is negative
5. TEMPERATURE The high because ⎪-27⎥ > ⎪13⎥.
temperature for Saturday was Example 2
13°F, and the low temperature Find -11 - 8.
was -4°F. What was the -11 - 8 = -11 + (-8) To subtract 8,
difference between the high add -8.
and low temperatures? (Lesson 1-5) -11 + (-8) = -19 ⎪-11⎥ + ⎪-8⎥ = 19
Both numbers are
negative so the sum
is negative.
Multiply or divide. (Lesson 1-6) Example 3

6. 6(-14) 7. 36 ÷ (-4) Find -12(7).
8. -86 ÷ (-2) 9. -3(-9) -12(7) = -84 The factors have different
signs. The product is
negative.
Solve each equation. (Lessons 1-9 and 1-10) Example 4

10. -12x = 144 11. a + 9 = 37 Solve -8x = 64.
13. 25 = _
n -8x = 64 Write the equation.
12. -18 = y - 42
5 _
-8x
=_
64 Divide each side of the equation
-8 -8 by -8.
x = -8 Simplify.
Find the least common multiple Example 5

(LCM) of each set of numbers. Find the LCM of 9, 12, and 18.
(Prior Grade) multiples of 9: 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, ...
14. 12, 16 15. 24, 9 multiples of 12: 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, ...
16. 10, 5, 6 17. 3, 7, 9 multiples of 18: 0, 18, 36, 54, ...
The LCM of 9, 12, and 18 is 36.

2 -1 Rational Numbers
Main IDEA
Express rational numbers WHALE WATCHING The top ten places
as decimals and decimals in the Northern Hemisphere to watch
as fractions.
whales are listed below.
Standard Viewing Site Location Type Seen
7NS1.3 Convert
fractions to decimals Blue, Finback, Sei, Sperm,
and percents and use these Sea of Cortez Baja California, Mexico Minke, Pilot, Orca,
representations in Humpback, Gray
estimations, computations,
and applications.
Dana Point California Gray
Standard 7NS1.5 Monterey California Gray
Know that every rational
number is either a San Ignacio Lagoon Baja California, Mexico Gray
terminating or repeating Churchill River Estuary Manitoba, Canada Beluga
decimal and be able to
convert terminating Stellwagen Bank National Humpback, Finback,
Massachusetts
decimals into reduced Marine Sanctuary Minke
fractions. Lahaina Hawaii Humpback
Silver Bank Dominican Republic Humpback
Mingan Island Quebec, Canada Blue
NEW Vocabulary Friday Harbor Washington Orca, Minke
rational number
terminating decimal
1. What fraction of the sites are in the United States?
repeating decimal
bar notation 2. What fraction of the sites are in Canada?
3. At what fraction of the sites might you see gray whales?
4. What fraction of the humpback viewing sites are in Mexico?
Numbers that can be written as fractions are called rational numbers.

Since -7 can be written as _-7
and 2_ 2
can be written as _
8
, -7 and 2_
2
1 3 3 3
are rational numbers. All integers, fractions, and mixed numbers are
rational numbers.
+%9#/.#%04 Rational Numbers
Words Rational numbers are Model

numbers that can be
written as fractions. Rational Numbers
1
0.8
Algebra _
a
, where a and b are Integers 2
b ⫺6
READING integers and b ≠ 0. Whole ⫺10
Numbers 2
in the Content Area 53
8 13
For strategies in reading 5.2 1
⫺1.4444...
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com.

Peter Guttman/CORBIS
Any fraction, positive or negative, can be expressed as a decimal by
dividing the numerator by the denominator.
Write a Fraction as a Decimal

1 Write 5 as a decimal._
8
_5 means 5 ÷ 8.
8
0.625
8
5.000 Divide 5 by 8.
- 48
−−−−
20
-16
−−−
40
-40
____
0
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

a. _3 b. _
-3
c. 4_
13
4 5 25
Every rational number can be written as either a terminating or

repeating decimal. A decimal like 0.625 is called a terminating decimal
Vocabulary Link because the division ends, or terminates, with a remainder of 0.
Terminating If the division does not end, a pattern of digits repeats.
Everyday Use bringing to
an end Repeating decimals have a pattern in their digits that repeats without
Math Use a decimal that end. Instead of the three dots at the end of the decimal, bar notation
ends is often used to indicate that a digit or group of digits repeats.
− −− −−
0.333... = 0.3 -0.282828... = -0.28 60.7151515... = 60.715
Write a Repeating Decimal

2 Write -1 2 as a decimal. _
3
Common Error -1_
2
can be rewritten as _
-5
. 1.6...
The bar is placed 3 3
above the repeating 3
5.0
Divide 5 by 3 and add -3
part. To write −−−
8.636363... in bar a negative sign. 2.0
−− -1.8
notation, write 8.63, −
− −−−
not 8.6 or 8.636. To The mixed number -1_
2
can be written as -1.6. −−−−
2
3
write 0.3444... in bar
−
notation, write 0.34,
−−
not 0.34. Write each fraction as a decimal.
d. _
7
e. -_
2
f. 3_
1
g. -2_
14
12 9 11 15
Repeating decimals often occur in real-world situations. However, they

are usually rounded to a certain place-value position.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 2-1 Rational Numbers 85

3 BASEBALL Kansas City pitcher Kris Wilson won 6 of the 11 games he
started. To the nearest thousandth, find his winning average.
To find his winning average, divide the number 0.5 4 5 4...
of wins, 6, by the number of games, 11. 11
6.0 0 0 0
-5 5
−−−−
Look at the digit to the right of the thousandths place. 50
Round down since 4 < 5. -4 4
−−−−
Real-World Career 60
How Does a Sports Kris Wilson’s winning average was 0.545. -5 5
−−−−
Statistician Use Math? 50
A baseball statistician uses
decimal equivalents to
determine batting h. AUTO RACING In a recent season, NASCAR driver Jimmie Johnson
averages and winning
averages. A batting won 8 of the 36 total races held. To the nearest thousandth, find the
average is the number of fraction of races he won.
hits divided by the
number of times at bat.
Terminating and repeating decimals are also rational numbers because
For more information, you can write them as fractions.
Write Decimals as Fractions

4 Write 0.45 as a fraction.
0.45 = _
45
0.45 is 45 hundredths.
100
=_
9
Simplify.
20
−
5 ALGEBRA Write 0.5 as a fraction in simplest form.
−
Assign a variable to the value 0.5. Let N = 0.555... . Then perform
operations on N to determine its fractional value.
N = 0.555...
10(N) = 10(0.555...) Multiply each side by 10 because 1 digit repeats.
Multiplying by 10 moves the decimal point 1 place
Repeating Decimals 10N = 5.555...
to the right.
If 2 digits repeat,
multiply each side -N = 0.555... Subtract N = 0.555... to eliminate the repeating part.
−−−−−−−−−−−−
by 100.
9N = 5 Simplify.
N=_
5
9
−
The decimal 0.5 can be written as _
5
.
9
Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

−− −
i. -0.14 j. 8.75 k. 0.27 l. -1.4

Doug Martin
Examples 1, 2 Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.
(p. 85)
1. _4 2. _
9
3. -1_
29
5 16 40
4. _ 5. 4_ 6. -7_
5 5 5
9 6 33
Example 3 7. BASEBALL In a recent season, Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners had
(p. 86) 262 hits during his 704 at-bats. What was Ichiro Suzuki’s batting average?
Round to the nearest thousandth.
Examples 4, 5 Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

(p. 86)
8. 0.6 9. 0.32 10. -1.55
− − −−
11. -0.5 12. -3.8 13. 2.15
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

For See 14. _3 15. _2 16. _
7
17. _
33
Exercises Examples 4 5 80 40
18. -_ 19. -_ 20. 2_ 21. 5_
14–21 1 7 5 1 5
16 32 8 16
22–25 2
26–29 3 22. _
4
23. -_
6
24. -6_
13
25. -7_
8
33 11 15 45
30–33 4
34–37 5 FAMILIES For Exercises 26–29, refer to Students at Carter
the table at the right. Junior High
Number of Fraction of
26. Express the fraction of students with no siblings Siblings Students
as a decimal.
None _1
15
27. Find the decimal equivalent for the number of
students with three siblings. One _1
3
28. Write the fraction of students with one sibling Two _5

12
as a decimal. Round to the nearest thousandth. _1
Three
6
29. Write the fraction of students with two siblings
as a decimal. Round to the nearest thousandth. Four or More _
1
60

30. –0.4 31. 0.5 32. 5.55 33. –7.32
− −− −− −
34. 0.2 35. –0.45 36. –3.09 37. 2.7
38. ELECTRONICS A computer manufacturer produces circuit chips that are

0.00032 inch thick. Write this measure as a fraction in simplest form.
39. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19.
Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
would express a fraction as a decimal.
Lesson 2-1 Rational Numbers 87

BIOLOGY For Exercises 40–42, write the weight Weight
Animal
of each animal as a fraction or mixed number. (ounces)
40. queen bee Queen Bee 0.004
41. hummingbird Hummingbird 0.11

Hamster 3.5
42. hamster
Source: Animals as Our Companions
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 43−46, write the length of each insect as a

fraction and as a decimal.
43. 44.
IN
in. 1
45. 46.
CM

CM
47. WEATHER Carla recorded the rainfall totals for Above/Below

several months and compared them to the Month
Average (in.)
average monthly totals for her town. Her results May 1.06
are shown in the table. Write each decimal as a June 0.24
fraction or mixed number in simplest form. July -2.72
(Hint: -1 means 1 inch less than the average
August -3.40
monthly total.)
%842!02!#4)#%
48. FROZEN YOGURT The table shows five popular Flavor Fraction
See pages 679, 709. flavors according to the results of a survey.
Vanilla _3
What is the decimal value of those who liked 10
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com
vanilla, chocolate, or strawberry? Round to Chocolate _1
11
the nearest hundredth.
Strawberry _1
18
H.O.T. Problems 49. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a repeating Cookies and _2
decimal where two digits repeat. Explain why Cream 55
your number is a rational number. Rocky Road _1
66
50. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the fraction that does not belong with the
other three. Explain your reasoning.
_
4 _1 _1 _1
11 2 9 3

51. CHALLENGE Explain why any rational number is either a terminating or
repeating decimal.
52. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare 0.1 and 0.−1, 0.13 and 0.−−
(*/ 13, and 0.157 and
−−−
0.157 when written as fractions. Make a conjecture about expressing
repeating decimals like these as fractions.
53. Which of the following is equivalent 55. Janet wants to buy a pair of jeans that
to _
13
? cost $29.99. The sign on the display
5
says that the jeans are _
1
off. Which
A 2.4 C 2.55 3
expression can be used to estimate the
B 2.45 D 2.6 discount?
54. Felisa made 0.9 of her free throws in A 0.033 × $30

her last basketball game. Write this
B 0.33 × $30
decimal as a fraction in simplest form.
F _
4
H _
8 C 1.3 × $30
5 9
G _9
J _3 D 33.3 × $30
10 5
56. The product of two integers is 72. If one integer is –18, what is the
other integer? (Lesson 1-10)
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-9)
57. t + 17 = -5 58. a - 5 = 14 59. 5 = 9 + x 60. m - 5 = -14
61. TIME The time zones of the world are sometimes expressed in relation to
Greenwich Mean Time GMT. If Eastern Standard Time is expressed as GMT
-5:00 and Pacific Standard Time is expressed as GMT -8:00, what is the
difference between Eastern and Pacific Standard Time? (Lesson 1-5)
62. Graph the set of integers { -2, 5, -3, 0, -5, 1} on a number line. Order the
integers from least to greatest. (Lesson 1-3)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the least common multiple for each pair of
numbers. (Page 667)
63. 15, 5 64. 6, 9 65. 8, 6 66. 3, 5
Lesson 2-1 Rational Numbers 89

Standard 7AF1.4
New Vocabulary Use algebraic
terminology (e.g.
New vocabulary terms are clues about important concepts and the key to variable, equation, term,
understanding word problems. Your textbook helps you find those clues coefficient, inequality,
by highlighting them in yellow, as terminating decimal is highlighted on
page 85.
Learning new vocabulary is more than just memorizing the definiton.

Whenever you see a highlighted word, stop and ask yourself these
questions.
• How does this fit with what I already know?
• How is this alike or different from something I learned earlier?
Organize your answers in a word map like the one below.
Definition from Text In Your Own Words

A terminating decimal is a Terminating decimals have
decimal where the division ends, a certain number of places
or terminates, when the past the decimal point and
remainder is zero. then stop.
Word
terminating decimal
Examples Nonexamples
−−
1.6, 0.75, 0.2875 0.333..., 0.16
Make a word map for each term. The term is defined on the given
page.
1. rational number (p. 84)
2. integer (p. 35)
3. greatest common factor (p. 665)
4. least common multiple (p. 667)

2-2 Comparing and Ordering
Rational Numbers
Main IDEA
Compare and order RECYCLING The table shows the
rational numbers. portion of some common materials
and products that are recycled.
Standard 7NS1.1
Read, write, and 1. Do we recycle more or less than
compare rational
numbers in scientific notation
half of the paper we produce?
(positive and negative Explain.
powers of 10), compare
rational numbers in general. 2. Do we recycle more or less than
half of the aluminum cans? Explain. Fraction
Material
3. Which items have a recycle rate Recycled
less than one half? Paper _5
11
4. Which items have a recycle rate greater
Aluminum Cans _5
than one half? 8
5. Using this estimation method, can you Glass _2

5
order the rates from least to greatest?
Scrap Tires _3
4
Source: envirosystemsinc.com
REVIEW Vocabulary Sometimes you can use estimation to compare rational numbers.
least common denominator Another method is to rename each fraction using the least common
(LCD) the least common denominator and then compare the numerators.
multiple (LCM) of the
denominators; Example:
The LCD of _1 and _1
3 4
is 12. (page 667) Compare Positive Rational Numbers
_ _
1 Replace ● with <, >, or = to make 5 ● 3 a true sentence.
8 4
Rename the fractions using the least common denominator.
For _
5
and _
3
, the least common denominator is 8.
8 4
_5 = _
5·1
or _
5
8 8·1 8
_3 = _
3·2
or _
6
4 4·2 8
Since _
5
<_
6 _
, 5 <_
3
.
8 8 8 4
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

a. _3 ● _
7
b. _5 ● _7 c. 1_ ● 1_
4 2
4 12 6 8 9 5
Lesson 2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers 91

Matt Meadows
You can also compare and order rational numbers by expressing them
as decimals.
Compare Using Decimals

_
2 Replace ● with <, >, or = to make 8 ● 0.8 a true sentence.
9
_8 ● 0.8
9
0.888... ● 0.80 Express _8 as a decimal. In the hundredths place, 8 > 0.
9
So, _
8
> 0.8.
9

d. _1 ● 0.3 e. 0.22 ● _
11
f. 2_ ● 2.42
5
3 50 12
Order Rational Numbers

3 HEALTH The average life expectancies Life Expectancy of Males
of males for several countries are Approximate
shown in the table. Order the Country
Age (years)
countries from least to greatest male
Australia 76.9
life expectancy.
Express each number as a decimal. France 74_4
5
Australia : 76.9 = 76.90 75_
1
Spain
Real-World Link 3
American males born France : 74_
4
= 74.80 United Kingdom 75
5
after 1990 have an
average life expectancy Spain : 75_
1 −
= 75.3 United States 74 _1
of about 74 years. 3 4
Source: www.cdc.gov Source: mapquest.com/atlas
United Kingdom : 75 = 75.00
United States : 74_
1
= 74.25
4
From least to greatest life expectancy, the countries are United States,
France, United Kingdom, Spain, and Australia.
g. ELECTRONICS The overall width in inches of several widescreen

−
televisions are 38.3, 38_
3
, 38_
2
, 38.4, and 38_
9
. Order the widths
5 3 16
from least to greatest.
h. TOOLS Sophia has five wrenches measuring _ inch, _ inch,
3 1
8 4
_
5
inch, _
1
inch, and _
3
inch. What is the order of the measures
16 2 4
from least to greatest?

BananaStock/SuperStock
Just as positive and negative
integers can be represented on

a number line, so can positive
and negative rational numbers.

You can use a number line
to help you compare and order
negative rational numbers.
Compare Negative Rational Numbers

4 -2.4 ● -2.45
Number Line On a Graph the decimals on a number line.
number line, a
number to the left is
always less than a
number to the right.
Since -2.4 is to the right of -2.45, -2.4 > -2.45.
5 -7 ● -6 _ _
8 8
Since the denominators are the same, compare the numerators.
-7 < -6, so -_
7
< -_
6
.
8 8

i. -_ ● -_ k. -_ ● -_
9 12 7 4
j. -3.15 ● -3.17
16 16 10 5
Examples 1–4 Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
(pp. 91–93)
1. _1 ● _
5
2. _
9
●_
3
3. _
3
● 0.25 4. 3_ ● 3.625
5
2 12 25 10 11 8
− −− −
5. -_ ● -_ 6. -_ ● -_
10 16 4 7
7. -0.6 ● -0.67 8. -2.4 ● -2.42
18 18 5 10
Example 5 9. OCEANOGRAPHY The tide heights for several cities are shown in the table.
(p. 93) Order the cities from least tide height to greatest.
City Tide Height (ft) City Tide Height (ft)
− −
Baltimore, MD 1.6 Key West, FL 1.83
Galveston, TX 1_5 Mobile, AL 1.5

12
1_ _17
1
Gulfport, MS Washington, DC 1
6 20
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers 93
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
10. _2 ● _7 11. _3 ● _5 12. 0.5 ● _
7
For See 3 9 5 8 12
Exercises Examples
13. 0.75 ● _ 14. 6_ ● 6.5 15. 2_ ● 2.7
11 15 21
10, 11 1 15 32 30
12–15 2
16. CARPENTRY Rondell has some drill bits marked _, _, _, _, and _. If these
16, 17 3 7 3 5 9 1
18–23 4 16 8 32 16 4
are all measurements in inches, how should he arrange them if he wants
24–29 5
them from least to greatest?
17. PHOTOGRAPHY Cameras often have multiple shutter speeds. Some common
− 1
shutter speeds in seconds are _
1
, 0.06, _, 0.125, 0.004, and _
1
. List these
125 60 4
speeds in order from the fastest to the slowest.

18. -4.8 ● -4.6 19. -5.25 ● -5.24 20. -22.9 ● -22.09
21. -2.07 ● -2.6 22. -4.3 ● -4.37 23. -2.8 ● -2.86
24. -_ ● -_ 25. -_ ● -_ 26. -_ ● -_

3 1 4 7 1 1
11 11 10 10 6 12
27. -_ ● -_ 28. -1_ ● -1_ 29. -5_ ● -5_

3 7 3 2 4 3
5 15 8 3 7 5
Graph the following numbers on a number line.

30. -3_ , -3.68, -3.97, -4_ 31. -2.9, -2.95, -2_, -2_
2 3 1 1
5 4 4 2
32. -5.25, -5_, -4_, -4.6 33. 3.7, 2.9, -4_, 1_
1 7 1 1
3 8 8 5
34. STATISTICS If you order a set of numbers from least to greatest, the middle
number is the median. Find the median of -18.5°C, -18°C, and 20.2°C.
35. ANALYZE TABLES The table shows the regular season records of five college
baseball teams during a recent season. Which team had the best record?
(Hint: Divide the number of games won by the number of games played.)
Team Games Won Games Played

University of Alabama 29 55
University of Notre Dame 51 63
University of Southern California 24 56
Florida State University 45 68
%842!02!#4)#% Rice University 46 60
See pages 679, 709.
36. ATTENDANCE The school play was attended by _ of the 6th grade, _ of the
5 3
6 4
Self-Check Quiz at 7th grade, and _
4
of the 8th grade. Which grade has the greatest part of its
ca.gr7math.com 5
class attend the play?

Comstock/SuperStock
37. NUMBER SENSE Are the fractions _, _ , _ , and _ arranged in order from
5 5 5 5
H.O.T. Problems
11 12 13 14
least to greatest or from greatest to least? Explain.
38. OPEN ENDED Name two fractions that are less than _ and two fractions that
1
2
are greater than _
1
.
2
−
39. CHALLENGE Are there any rational numbers between 0.2 and _? Explain.
2
9
*/ -!4( Explain why 0.28 is less than 0.28. −−
40. (*/
83 *5*/(
41. Which fraction is between -_ and

3
42. Which point on the number line below
4
-_
2
? is the coordinate of 0.425?
3
P QR S
A -_
1
2
0 1 1 3 1
B -_
3 4 2 4
5
F Point P
C -_
5
7 G Point Q
D -_
7 H Point R
8
J Point S
43. MEASUREMENT The sheet of ice for a hockey rink is created in two layers.
First an _
1
-inch layer of ice is made for the lines to be painted on.
8
Then a _
6
-inch layer of ice is added on top of the painted layer,
8
for a total thickness of _ 7
inch. Write the total thickness of the ice
8
as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)

y
44. _ = 22 46. 20 = _
t
45. 4p = -60
7 15
47. 81 = -3d 48. _a = -108 49. -4n = -96
6
50. WEATHER After the temperature had fallen 10°F, the temperature
was -8°F. Write and solve a subtraction equation to find the
starting temperature. (Lesson 1-9)
51. -4(-7) 52. 8(-12) 53. (-3)17 54. 23(-5)
Lesson 2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers 95

2-3 Multiplying Positive and
Negative Fractions
Main IDEA Animation ca.gr7math.com
To multiply _ and _, you can use an area model to find _ of _

Multiply positive and 1 2 1 2
negative fractions. .
3 5 3 5
2
Standard 5
7NS1.2 Add, subtract,
multiply, and divide Draw a rectangle with five
rational numbers (integers, columns. Shade two fifths
fractions, and terminating of the rectangle blue.
decimals) and take positive
number powers.
Standard 7MG1.3 Use 1
3 Divide the rectangle into
measures expressed as rates
three rows. Shade one third
(e.g. speed, density) and
of the rectangle yellow.
measures expressed as
products (e.g. person-days)
to solve problems; check the
units of the solutions; and
use dimensional analysis to The green shaded area represents _
1
of _
2
.
3 5
check the reasonableness
1. What is the product of _ and _ ?
of the answer. 1 2
3 5
2. Use an area model to find each product.
NEW Vocabulary
a. _3 · _1 b. _2 · _2
dimensional analysis 4 2 5 3
c. _ · _ _2 · _4
1 3
d.
4 5 3 5
3. What is the relationship between the numerators of the factors and

the numerator of the product?
4. What is the relationship between the denominators of the factors
and the denominator of the product?
The Mini Lab suggests the rule for multiplying fractions.
+%9#/.#%04 Multiply Fractions
Words To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the

denominators.
_2 · _4 = _8 _a · _c = _
ac
where b and d ≠ 0
3 5 15 b d bd
You can use the rules for multiplying integers to determine the sign of
the product of any two signed numbers.

Multiply Positive Fractions
REVIEW Vocabulary
_ _
1 Find 4 · 3 . Write in simplest form.
9 5
1
greatest common factor
(GCF) the greatest of the _4 · _3 = _4 · _3 Divide 9 and 3 by their GCF, 3.
common factors of two or 9 5 9 5
3
more numbers; Example:
the GFC of 8 and 12 is 4. =_
4·1 Multiply the numerators.
Multiply the denominators.
(page 665) 3·5
=_
4
Simplify.
15
Multiply. Write in simplest form.

a. _1 · _2 b. _
5 _
· 3 c. _
7 _
· 7
4 3 12 20 10 16
Multiply Negative Fractions

_ _
2 Find - 5 · 3 . Write in simplest form.
6 8
1
Negative Fractions 5 _ -5 _
__ -_ · 3 =_ ·3
, and _ are
5 Divide 6 and 3 by their GCF, 3.
-5,
-5
6 8 6 8
6 6 -6 2
all equivalent fractions.
=_
-5 · 1 Multiply the numerators.
2·8
The fractions have different signs,
= -_
5
so the product is negative.
16

_8 · -_3 e. -_ · _
d.
9 4
3
5
7
9
f. (-_12 )(-_67 )
To multiply mixed numbers, first rename them as improper fractions.
Multiply Mixed Numbers

_ _
3 Find 4 1 · 2 2 . Write in simplest form. Estimate 4 × 3 = 12
2 3
_
1 _
2 _
9 _
4 ·2 = · 8 _1 _9 _2 _8
4 = ,2 =
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
3 4
=_
9 _
·8 Divide out common factors.
2 3
1 1
=_
1·1
=_
12
or 12 Simplify. Compare to the estimate.
1

g. 1_ · 1_ _5 · 1_3
(-2_16 )(-1_15 )
1 2
h. i.
2 3 7 5
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 2-3 Multiplying Positive and Negative Fractions 97
4 ROLLER COASTERS A roller coaster at an amusement park is 160 feet
_
high. If a new roller coaster is built that is 2 3 times the height of
5
the existing coaster, what is the height of the new roller coaster?
The new coaster is 2_
3
times higher than the current coaster.
5
2_
3
· 160 = _
13 _
· 160 _3 _
2 =
13
, 160 = _
160
5 5 1 5 5 1
2,080
= _ or 416 The new roller coaster will be 416 feet high.
5
j. CARPENTRY A piece of lumber is 4_ feet long. If you need a piece of

Real-World Link 1
A 757 aircraft has an 4
average cruising speed lumber that is _
2
this size, how long a piece do you need?
of 540 miles per hour, 3
a capacity of 242
passengers, and a
_1
wingspan of 165 feet. Dimensional analysis is the process of including units of measurement
3
Source: Continental when you compute. You can use dimensional analysis to check whether
Traveler
your answers are reasonable.
Use Dimensional Analysis

5 AIRCRAFT Refer to the information at the left. Suppose a 757 aircraft
is traveling at its cruising speed. How far will it travel in 1 1 hours? _
3
Words Distance equals the rate multiplied by the time.
Variable Let d represent the distance.
Equation d = 540 miles per hour · 1 hours_1

3
d=_
540 miles
· 1_
1
hours Write the equation.
1 hour 3
Mental Math d=_

540 miles _
· 4 ·_
hours _1 _4
1 =
1 hour 3 1 3 3
_1 of 540 is 180. 180
3
540 miles _
Using the Distributive d =_ · 4 ·_
hours
Divide by common factors and units.
_1
Property, 1 of 540 1 hour 3
1
1
3
should equal d = 720 miles
540 + 180, or 720.
At its cruising speed, a 757 will travel 720 miles in 1_
1
hours.
3
The problem asks for the distance. When you
Check for Reasonableness
divide the common units, the answer is expressed in miles.
k. AIRCRAFT Refer to the information about the 757 aircraft. What is

its wingspan in yards?

George Hall/CORBIS
Examples 1–3 Multiply. Write in simplest form.
(p. 97)
1. _3 · _5 2. _4 · _3 3. _6 · _7
5 7 5 8 76
4. -_ · _
2 _
5. -_ · () 6. -_ -_
( )( )
1 4 3 12 2
8 9 9 8 13 3
7. 1 · 5_
_ _ _ _ _
1 1 1 2 3 7
8. 2 · 1 9. -6 · 1
3 2 2 5 4 9
Example 4 10. BIOLOGY The giant hummingbird of South Giant Hummingbird

(p. 98) America is the largest hummingbird in the
world. It is 4_
1
times larger than the bee
8
hummingbird. If the length of a bee hummingbird
is 2 inches, how long is the giant hummingbird?
x in.
11. FRUIT Terrence bought 2_ pounds of grapes
5
Example 5
(p. 98)
8
that cost $2 per pound. What was the total cost
of the grapes? Use dimensional analysis to check
the reasonableness of the answer.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Multiply. Write in simplest form.

12. _
1 _
·4 13. _
3 _
·1 14. _ · _
5 4
15. _ · _
9 2
For See 12 7 9 16 8 5 10 3
Exercises Examples
16. -_ · _ 17. -_ _ ( ) 18. -_ -_ 19. -_ -_
( )( ) ( )( )
9 2 12 15 3 1 4 1
12–15 1 10 3 25 32 5 3 7 20
16–19 2
20. 3_ · _ 21. 4_ · 3_ 22. -3_ · -_ 23. -_ · -1_
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 3 2 5 4
20–23 3 3 4 4 3 8 3 6 5
24, 25 4
24. FOOD There are 3_ servings of green beans in a certain can. Each serving
1
26–27 5 2
is _
1
cup of beans. How many cups of green beans does the can contain?
2
25. MEASUREMENT Minh-Thu has a square photograph of the volleyball team
that measures 3_
1
inches on each side. She reduces each dimension to _
2
its
2 3
size. What is the length of a side of the new photograph?
Solve each problem. Use dimensional analysis to check the reasonableness

of the answer.
26. BAKING A recipe calls for _ cup of sugar per batch of cookies. If Gabe wants
3
4
to make 6 batches of cookies, how many cups of sugar does he need?
27. POPULATION The population density measures how many
people live within a certain area. In a certain city, there are about
150,000 people per square mile. How many people live in an area of
2.25 square miles?
Lesson 2-3 Multiplying Positive and Negative Fractions 99

Crawford Greenewalt/VIREO
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if r = - 1 , s = 2 , t = 8 , and v = - 2 . _ _ _ _
4 5 9 3
28. rs 29. rt 30. stv 31. rtv
Find each product. Write in simplest form.

_1 · -_3 · _4 _1 · _2 · _3
32.
3 8( ) 5
33.
2 5 4
34. (-_25 ) · _16 · (-_25 )
35. 2_ · 1_ · 2_ 36. 3_ · 1_ · 5 37. 10 · 3.78 · _
2 5 2 1 1 1
7 9 5 3 2 5
_1 · 0.25 −
39. -_ · 0.3 40. -_ · (-2.375)
2 7
38.
5 9 16
GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 41–43, refer Approximate Fraction of

Continent
to the table and the information below. Earth’s Landmass
Round answers to the nearest whole
Africa _1
number. 5
There are about 57 million square miles Antarctica _9

100
of land on Earth covering seven continents.
Asia _3
10
41. What is the approximate land area
of Europe? Australia _11
200
42. What is the approximate land area Europe _7
100
of Asia?
North America _33
43. Only about _ of Australia’s land
3 200
10
area is able to support agriculture. South America _3
25
What fraction of the Earth’s land is this?
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a = -1 1 , b = 2 7 , c = -2 1 , and d = 4 1 ._ _ _ _

5 9 4 2
Express in simplest form.
44. abd 2 45. b 2c 2 _1 a 2d 47. -3ac(-bd)
%842!02!#4)#%
46.
2
See pages 680, 709.
48. RESEARCH Use the Internet or other resource to find a recipe for spaghetti
Self-Check Quiz at sauce. Change the recipe to make _

2
of the amount. Then change the recipe
ca.gr7math.com 3
to make 1_
1
of the amount.
2
49. FIND THE ERROR Matt and Enrique are multiplying 2_ and 3_. Who is
1 1
H.O.T. Problems
2 4
correct? Explain your reasoning.
2_21 · 3_
1
4
= 2 · 3 + _21 · _
1
4
=6+_ 1
= 6_1
8
8
2_21 · 3_
1
4
=_
5 _ 13
2 · 4
=_
65
8
= 8_1
8
Matt Enrique

(l)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (r)Richard Hutchings/Photo Researchers
50. OPEN ENDED Select two fractions with a product greater than _ and less
1
2
than 1. Use a number line to justify your answer.
51. CHALLENGE Find the missing fraction. _ · =_

3 9
4 14
52. */ -!4( Explain why the product of _
(*/
83 *5*/(
1
and _
7
is less than _
1
.
2 8 2
53. What number will make _ · _ = _ · n

3 7 7
54. Find the area of the triangle. Use the
4 8 8
true? formula A = _
1
bh.
2
A _
4
8
h ⫽ 2 in.
B _
3
3
4
C _
10
b ⫽ 1 1 in.
12 8
D _
7
8 F _
3 2
in H _
3 2
in
4 8
G _
5 2
in J _1 in 2
8 6
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence. (Lesson 2-2)
−− −
55. _ ● _ 56. _ ● 0.28 57. -_ ● -0.4
1 4 2 4
2 7 7 9
58. HISTORY In 1864, Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election with
about 0.55 of the popular vote. Write this as a fraction in simplest
form. (Lesson 2-1)
59. GOLF After four rounds of golf, Lazaro’s score was 5 under par or -5.
Lazaro had improved his overall score during the fourth round by
decreasing it by 6 strokes. Write and solve a subtraction equation to find
Lazaro’s score after the third round. (Lesson 1-9)
Write an equation to model the relationship between the quantities
in each table. (Lesson 1-7)
60. 61.
Total Regular Sale
Servings, s
Calories, C Price, p Price, s
2 300 $8 $6
5 750 $12 $9
7 1,050 $16 $12
s C p s
PREREQUISITE SKILL Divide. (Lesson 1-6)
62. 51 ÷ (-17) 63. -81 ÷ (-3) 64. -92 ÷ 4 65. -105 ÷ (-7)
Lesson 2-3 Multiplying Positive and Negative Fractions 101

2-4 Dividing Positive and
Negative Fractions
Main IDEA
Divide positive and ANIMALS The world’s longest World’s Largest Animals
negative fractions. snake is the reticulated python. Largest
It is approximately one-fourth Blue Whale 110 feet long
Animal
Standard
7NS1.2 Add, subtract, the length of the blue whale. Largest Saltwater
multiply, and divide 16 feet long
1. Find the value of 110 ÷ 4. Reptile Crocodile
Largest
2. Find the value of 110 × _.
fractions, and terminating 1 Ostrich 9 feet tall
decimals) and take positive 4 Bird
rational numbers to whole- Largest
number powers. 3. Compare the values of Stick Insect 15 inches long
Insect
Standard 7MG1.3 Use
110 ÷ 4 and 110 × _
1
. Source: The World Almanac for Kids
measures expressed as rates 4
(e.g. speed, density) and
measures expressed as
4. What can you conclude about
products (e.g. person-days) the relationship between dividing
to solve problems; check the
units of the solutions; and by 4 and multiplying by _
1
?
4
use dimensional analysis to
check the reasonableness
of the answer.
Two numbers whose product is 1 are multiplicative inverses, or
NEW Vocabulary reciprocals, of each other. For example, 4 and _
1
are multiplicative
4
multiplicative inverses inverses because 4 · _
1
= 1.
4
reciprocals
+%9#/.#%04 Inverse Property of Multiplication

Words The product of a number and its multiplicative inverse is 1.
_3 · _4 = 1 _a · _b = 1, where a and b ≠ 0
4 3 b a
Find a Multiplicative Inverse

1 Write the multiplicative inverse of -5 2 . _
3
-5_
2
= -_
17
Write -5 _2 as an improper fraction.
3 3 3
Since -_ - 3 = 1, the multiplicative inverse of -5_

17 _
( 17 ) 2
is -_
3
.
3 3 17
Write the multiplicative inverse of each number.

a. -2_ b. -_
1 5
c. 7
3 8
102 Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational Numbers Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Paul A. Souders/CORBIS
Multiplicative inverses are used in division. Consider _a ÷ _c ,
b d
which can be written as a fraction.
Complex Fractions _a _a · _d Multiply the numerator and
Recall that a fraction _b = _
b c
denominator by _ , the
d
bar represents _c _c · _d c
multiplicative inverse of _ .
division. So, d c
d c
_
a d
_
a
÷ _ = _.
c b _a · _d
=_
b d _c b c _c · _
d
d =1
1 d c
= _a · _
d
b c
+%9#/.#%04 Divide Fractions
Words To divide by a fraction, multiply by its multiplicative inverse.

_2 ÷ _3 = _2 · _4 _a ÷ _c = _a · _d, where b, c, and d ≠ 0
5 4 5 3 b d b c
Divide Fractions and Mixed Numbers

Divide. Write in simplest form.
2 -4 ÷ 6 _ _
5 7
-_
4
÷_
6 4 _
= -_ ·7 Multiply by the multiplicative inverse of , which is . _6 _7
5 7 5 6 7 6
2
4 _
= -_ ·7 Divide -4 and 6 by their GCF, 2.
5 6
3
= -_
14
Multiply.
15
_ ( _)
3 4 2 ÷ -3 1
3 2
4 ÷ (-3 ) = _
_ _ ÷ (-_ _2
4 =_ _1 _
2)
2 1 14 7 14
, -3 = - 7
3 2 3 3 3 2 2
=_ · -_ _ _
3 ( 7)
14 2
The multiplicative inverse of - 7 is - 2 .
2 7
2
=_ · -_
3 ( 7)
14 2
Divide 14 and 7 by their GCF, 7.
1
= -_
4
or -1_
1
Multiply.
3 3
Dividing By a
Whole Number Divide. Write in simplest form.
When dividing by
_3 ÷ _1 e. -_ ÷ _ f. -_ ÷ -_
a whole number,
rename it as an
d.
4 2
1
4
7
8
2
3 ( 35 )
improper fraction
g. 2_ ÷ -2_ ( ) h. 1 ÷ 2_
_ i. -1_ ÷ 12
3 1 1 1 1
first. Then multiply
4 5 2 3 2
by its reciprocal.
Lesson 2-4 Dividing Positive and Negative Fractions 103

Real-World Link
The first Flag Day was
celebrated in 1877.
It was the 100th 4 HOLIDAYS Isabel and her friends are making
anniversary of the
day the Continental ribbons to give to other campers at their day
Congress adopted the camp on Flag Day. They have a roll with 20 feet
Stars and Stripes as of ribbon. How many Flag Day ribbons as 4 in.
the official flag.
Source: World Book shown at the right can they make?
Since 4 inches equals _
4
or _
1
foot, divide 20 by _
1
.
12 3 3
20 ÷ _ =_ ÷_ Write 20 as _.
1 20 1 20
3 1 3 1
= _
20 _
· 3 _1
Multiply by the multiplicative inverse of , which is 3.
1 1 3
=_60
or 60 Simplify.
1
Isabel and her friends can make 60 Flag Day ribbons.
j. LUMBER Some boards are cut to a thickness of 1_ inches. The shelf

1
2
that holds the boards is 36 inches deep. How many boards can be
stacked on the shelf?
5 HOME IMPROVEMENT There were 4 persons working on a

_
remodeling project. It took them 6 1 days to finish the job. How
2
long would it take 6 persons to finish a similar project?
If 4 persons each worked 6_
1
days, the project required 4 × 6_
1
person-
2 2
days of work. Divide this number by 6 persons to find the number of
days it will take to complete the other project.
4 × 6_
1
person-days ÷ 6 persons
2
4 × 6_
1
person-days
= __
2
×_
1
Multiply by the multiplicative
1 6 persons
inverse of 6, which is _.
1
6
=_
26
or 4_
1
days Simplify.
6 3
The problem asks for the number of days.
Check for Reasonableness
When you divide the common units, the answer is expressed in days.
Dimensional
Analysis You can
also use dimensional k. TRAVEL Geoff plans to travel 480 miles. If his car gets an average of
analysis to check the
reasonableness of 32 miles per gallon of gasoline, approximately how much gasoline
the answer. will he use? Use dimensional analysis to check the reasonableness
of the answer.

Aaron Haupt
Example 1 Write the multiplicative inverse of each number.
(p. 102)
1. _5 2. -12 3. -2_
3
7 4
Example 2 Divide. Write in simplest form.
(p. 103)
4. _2 ÷ _3 5. _5 ÷ _1
3 4 8 2
_3 ÷ -_ 7. -_ ÷ -_
6.
8
9
10 ( ) 7
16 ( 78 )
Example 3 8. _4 ÷ 8 9. _
9
÷3
(p. 103)
5 10
10. -5_ ÷ -4_ ( ) 11. -3_ ÷ 6_

5 2 7 5
6 3 12 6
Examples 4, 5 12. BIOLOGY The 300 million-year-old fossil of a cockroach was recently found
(p. 104) in eastern Ohio. The ancient cockroach is shown next to the common
German cockroach found today.
300-Million-Year-Old Cockroach Common German
Cockroach
1
2 in.
1
3 2 in.
How many times longer is the ancient cockroach than the German
cockroach?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write the multiplicative inverse of each number.

13. -_ 14. -_
7 5
For See 15. 15
Exercises Examples 9 8
13–18 1 16. 18 17. 3 _
2
18. 4_
1
5 8
19–26 2
27–34 3 Divide. Write in simplest form.
35, 36 4
19. _2 ÷ _3 20. _3 ÷ _2 21. _2 ÷ _5 22. _2 ÷ _
1
37, 38 5 5 4 8 3 3 6 5 10
23. -_ ÷ _ _ ÷ -_ ( ) 25. -_ ÷ -_ ( 23 ) 26. -_ ÷ -_ ( 56 )

4 3 3 2 5 7
24.
5 4 10 3 9 12
27. _2 ÷ 4 28. _
9
÷3 29. _4 ÷ 6 30. _6 ÷ 4
5 16 5 7
31. 3_ ÷ 2_ 32. 7_ ÷ 2_ 33. -12_ ÷ 4_ 34. 10_ ÷ -_ ( 153 )

3 1 1 1 1 2 1
4 2 2 10 4 3 5

(l)courtesy Jo McCulty/Ohio State University, (r)Tom Young/CORBIS
HUMAN BODY For Exercises 35 and 36, use Composition of Human Body
the information below and at the right.
Fraction of Body
Component
The table shows the composition of a healthy Weight
adult male’s body. Examples of body cell Body Cell Mass _
11
20
mass are muscle, body organs, and blood.
Examples of supporting tissue are blood Supporting Tissue _3
10
plasma and bones.
Body Fat _3
20
35. How many times more of a healthy
adult male’s body weight is made up Source: about.com
of body cell mass than body fat?

36. How many times more of a healthy adult male’s body weight is made up of
body cell mass than supporting tissue?
For Exercises 37 and 38, use dimensional analysis to check the
reasonableness of each answer.
37. PAINTING It took 3 persons 2_ hours to paint a large room. How long
Real-World Link 1
99% of the mass of 2
the human body is would it take 5 persons to paint a similar room?
made up of six
elements: oxygen, 38. VACATION The Sumner family is planning a vacation. The destination is 350
carbon, hydrogen, miles away. If they drive at an average speed of 62 miles per hour,
nitrogen, calcium, and approximately how long will it take to get there?
phosphorus.
Source: about.com 39. BIOLOGY Use the information below. How many of the smallest
grasshoppers need to be laid end-to-end to have the same length
as one of the largest grasshoppers?
->iÃÌÊ}À>ÃÃ««iÀ >À}iÃÌÊ}À>ÃÃ««iÀ

IN
IN
40. LIBRARIES Pilar is storing a set of art books on a shelf that has 11_ inches of
1
4
shelf space. If each book is _
3
inch wide, how many books can be stored on
4
the shelf?
41. GEOMETRY The circumference C, or distance around a

r
circle, can be approximated using the formula C = _
44
r,
7
where r is the radius of the circle. What is the radius of
the circle at the right? Round to the nearest tenth.
C ⫽ 53.2 m
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 680, 709. 42. BAKING Emily is baking chocolate cupcakes. Each batch of 20 cupcakes
requires _
2
cups of cocoa. If Emily has 3_
1
cups of cocoa, how many full
3 4
Self-Check Quiz at batches of cupcakes will she be able to make and how much cocoa will she
ca.gr7math.com
have left over?
H.O.T. Problems 43. OPEN ENDED Select a fraction between 0 and 1. Identify both its additive
and multiplicative inverses. Explain your reasoning.
44. CHALLENGE Give a counterexample to the statement The quotient of two
fractions between 0 and 1 is never a whole number.

(tl)Phanie/Photo Researchers, (c)George McCarthy/CORBIS, (cr)Dennis Johnson/Papilio/CORBIS
45. NUMBER SENSE Which is greater: 30 · _ or 30 ÷ _? Explain.
3 3
4 4
CHALLENGE Use mental math to find each value.
46. _
43 _
· 641 ÷ _
641
47. _
783 _
· 241 ÷ _
72
594 76 594 241 783 53
48. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem that can be solved by
(*/
dividing fractions or mixed numbers. Solve the problem.
49. A submarine sandwich that is 50. Mr. Jones is doing a science

26_
1
inches long is cut into experiment with his class of 20
2
_5 students. Each student needs _
3
cup
4 -inch mini-subs. How many 4
12 of vinegar. If he currently has 15 cups
mini-subs are there?
of vinegar, which equation could
Mr. Jones use to determine if he has
enough vinegar for his entire class?
F x = 15 ÷ 20
G x = 15 ÷ _
3
4

IN
H x = 20 – (15)
J x = 15(20)
A 4 C 6
B 5 D 7
Multiply. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-3)
51. _1 · _3 52. _
7 _
·4 53. 1_ · 4_
2 1
54. _2 · 3_1
2 4 12 7 3 5 3 4
55. SCHOOL In a survey of students at Centerburg Middle School, _ of

13
20
the boys and _
17
of the girls said they ride the bus to school. Of those
25
surveyed, do a greater fraction of boys or girls ride the bus? (Lesson 2-2)
56. ALGEBRA Write an equation using two variables that could be used to
determine the population of Asia if it is about three million less than
five times the population of Africa. (Lesson 1-7)
Write an integer to describe each situation. (Lesson 1-3)
57. 10 candy bars short of his goal 58. 7 bonus points
PREREQUISITE SKILL Add or subtract. (Lessons 1-4 and 1-5)
59. -7 + 15 60. -9 + (-4) 61. -3 - 15 62. 12 - (-17)

2-5 Adding and Subtracting
Like Fractions
Main IDEA
Add and subtract fractions BAKING A bread recipe calls Bread
with like denominators.
1_
for the ingredients at the right 1
cups of whole wheat
together with small amounts 3
Standard flour (sifted)
7NS1.2 Add, of sugar, oil, yeast, and salt.
2 _1 cups of white flour
subtract, multiply and 3
1. What is the sum of (sifted)
divide rational numbers
(integers, fractions, and the whole-number _1 cup oatmeal
terminating decimals) and 3
parts of the amounts?
take positive rational numbers _1
2. How many _ cups
to whole-number powers. 1 cup apricots (diced)
3
are there?
3 _1 cup hazelnuts
3
(chopped)
3. Can you combine these
ingredients in a 4-cup
mixing bowl? Explain.
NEW Vocabulary
like fractions Fractions that have the same denominators are called like fractions.
+%9#/.#%04 Add and Subtract Like Fractions
Words To add or subtract like fractions, add or subtract the

numerators and write the result over the denominator.
_1 + _3 = _4 _ac + _bc = _
a +b
5 5 5 c , where c ≠ 0
_7 - _3 = _4 or _1 _ac - _bc = _
a -b
c , where c ≠ 0
8 8 8 2
You can use the rules for adding integers to determine the sign of the
sum of any two signed numbers.
Add Like Fractions

_ ( _)
1 Find 5 + - 7 . Write in simplest form.
8 8
Look Back You can 5 + (-7)
review adding integers
in Lesson 1-4. 8 8 ( )
_5 + -_7 = _
8
Add the numerators.
The denominators are the same.
=_
-2
or -_
1
Simplify.
8 4
Add. Write in simplest form.

a. _5 + _7
9 9
b. -_ + _
5
9
1
9
c. -_ + -_
1
6 ( 56 )
Julie Houck/Stock Boston
Subtract Like Fractions
_ _
2 Find - 8 - 7 . Write in simplest form.
9 9
-_
8
9
-_
7
9
= -_
8
9
+ -_
7
9 ( )
-8 + (-7)
=_ Subtract the numerators by adding
the opposite of 7.
9
= _
-15
or -1_2
Rename _
-15
as -1_ or -1_.
6 2
9 3 9 9 3
Subtract. Write in simplest form.

d. -_ - _
4
5
3
5
e. _3 - _5
8 8
f. _5 - -_4
7 7 ( )
To add or subtract mixed numbers, add or subtract the whole numbers
and the fractions separately. Then simplify.
Add Mixed Numbers

_ _
3 Find 5 7 + 8 4 . Write in simplest form.
9 9
5_
7
9
+ 8_
4
9
= (5 + 8) + _
7
9
+_
4
9 ( ) Add the whole numbers
and fractions separately.
Alternative Method
You can also add the = 13 + 7_
+4
Add the numerators.
mixed numbers
9
= 13_ or 14_ _ = 1_
vertically. 11 2 11 2
5_
7 9 9 9 9
9
+8 _
4 Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.
9
_____
13 _
11
or 14_
2 g. 9_ - 3_
5 3
h. 8 - 6_
2
i. -8_ + -6_
5
( 29 )
9 9 8 8 9 9
Another way to add or subtract mixed numbers is to write the mixed

numbers as improper fractions.
Subtract Mixed Numbers

4 HEIGHTS Jasmine is 60_
1
inches tall. Amber is 58_
3
inches tall. How
4 4
much taller is Jasmine than Amber? Estimate 60 - 59 = 1
Write the mixed numbers
60_
1
- 58_
3
=_
241
-_
235
as improper fractions.
4 4 4 4
=_
241 - 235 Subtract the numerators.
4 The denominators are the same.
=_
6
or 1_
1
Jasmine is 1_
1
inches taller than Amber.
4 2 2
j. BAKING A recipe for chocolate cookies calls for 2_

3 cups of flour.
4
If Alexis has 1_
1 cups of flour, how much more will she need?
4
Lesson 2-5 Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions 109

Examples 1–3 Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.
(pp. 108–109)
1. _2 + -_4
5 5 ( ) 2. -_ + _
3
4
1
4
3. -_ + (-_79 )
4
9
4. -_ - _ _3 - _7 6. -_ - (-_)
7 9 5 2
5.
10 10 8 8 6 6
7. 5_ - 2_
4
9
2
9
8. -1_ + -2_
3
7 ( 27 ) 9. 10 - 3_
5
16
Example 4 10. CLOTHING Hat sizes are determined by the distance across a person’s head.
How much wider is a person’s head who wears a hat size of 7_
(p. 109) 3
inches than
4
someone who wears a hat size of 6_
1
inches?
4
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.

For
Exercises
See
Examples
11. -_ + _
1
9
4
9
12. -_ + -_
3
7 ( 27 ) 13. -_ + _
5
12
7
12
14. _8 + -_5
9 9 ( )
11–14 1
15. -_ - _ _ -_ _ -_ _2 - _8
4 3 15 9 1 7
16. 17. 18.
15–18 2 5 5 16 16 12 12 9 9
19–26 3
27, 28 4 19. 3_ + 7_
5
8
5
8
20. 9_ + 4_
5
9
7
9
21. 8_ + -2_
1
10 ( 9
10 ) 22. 8_ + -5 _
5
12 ( 11
12 )
23. -1_ - 3_ 24. -3_ - 7_ 25. 7 - 5_ 26. 9 - 6_
5 5 3 3 2 3
6 6 4 4 5 7
27. HOME IMPROVEMENT Andrew has 42_ feet of molding to use as borders
1
3
around the windows of his house. If he uses 23_
2
feet of the molding on the
3
front windows, how much remains for the back windows?
28. WEATHER One year, Brady’s hometown of Powell received about 42_
6
10
inches of snow. The following year only 14_
3
inches of snow fell. What is
10
the difference in the amount of snow between the two years?
Simplify each expression.
29. -7_
4
+ 3_
1
- 2_
5
3
5 ( 5) 30. -8_ - -3 _ + 6_
1
8 ( 5
8 ) 3
8
MEASUREMENT Find the perimeter of each rectangle.

31. 32.
12 1 in. ?

FT
4

25 3 in.
4
?

FT


ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression for the given values.
33. a - b if a = 5_ and b = -2_ 34. x + y if x = -_ and y = -_
1 1 5 1
3 3 12 12
35. n - m if m = 5_ and n = -2_ 36. s - t if s = -_ and t = -2_
2 2 1 1
3 3 2 2
37. SPORTS One of the track and field events is the triple jump. In this event,
the athlete takes a running start and makes three jumps without stopping.
Find the total length of the 3 jumps for the athlete below.

FT
FT
FT

38. HOMEWORK Rob recorded the amount of time he Day Time

spent on homework last week. Express his total
2_ h
1
Mon
time for the week in terms of hours and minutes. 6
2_ h
1
Tue
2
39. PLUMBING A plumber has a pipe that is
%842!02!#4)#% Wed 1_ h
3
64_
5
inches long. The plumber cuts 2_
7
inches 4
See pages 680, 709. 8 8
2_ h
5
off the end of the pipe, then cuts off an Thu
12
Self-Check Quiz at additional 1_

3
inches. How long is the remaining Fri 1_ h
1
ca.gr7math.com 8 4
pipe after the last cut is made?
40. OPEN ENDED Write a subtraction problem with a difference of _.

2
H.O.T. Problems
9
41. FIND THE ERROR Allison and Wesley are adding _ and _. Who is correct?
1 3
7 7
_1 + _
3
=_
1+3
7 7 7
=_
4
7
_1 + _
3
=_
1+3
7 7 7+7
=_
4
or _2
14 7
Allison Wesley
42. CHALLENGE Explain how you could use mental math to find the following
sum. Then find the sum.
3_
2
+ 4_
2
+ 2_
1
+ 2_
5
+ 1_
1
+_
3
3 5 6 6 3 5
43. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world situation that can be solved by
(*/
adding or subtracting mixed numbers. Then solve the problem.
Lesson 2-5 Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions 111

(l)CORBIS, (r)Skjold Photographs/The Image Works
44. Esteban is 63_ inches tall. Haley
1
45. The equal-sized square tiles on a
8
is 59_
5
inches tall. How much taller bathroom floor are set as shown.
8
is Esteban than Haley? Write in EQUALSPACING
simplest form.
IN

A 4_
1
in.
2
B 4_
1
in.
IN
4
C 3_
3
in.
4 What is the width of the space
D 3_
1
in. between the tiles?
2
F _
3
in. H _
3
in.
5 10
G _
1
in. J _2 in.
5 5
Divide. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-4)
46. _3 ÷ _6 47. _7 ÷ 2_4 48. -3_ ÷ 2_

1 1
5 7 8 5 4 2
49. Find the product of -_ and -_. (Lesson 2-3)

7 6
8 7
50. NUTRITION There is 2.3 times the Vitamin C

recommended daily allowance of Fruit
(mg in 5.5 oz)
vitamin C in a 5.5-ounce serving Orange 52
of kiwifruit. Write an equation to Strawberries 63
represent the amount of vitamin Kiwifruit 103.5
C recommended for each day. (Lesson 1-7)
Source: Food and Drug Administration
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-3)
51. ⎪-20⎥ - ⎪17⎥ 52. ⎪31⎥ - ⎪-10⎥ 53. ⎪5 + 9⎥ 54. ⎪8 - 17⎥
55. FOOD On a typical day, 2 million gallons of ice cream are produced in
the United States. About how many gallons of ice cream are produced
each year? (Lesson 1-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the least common multiple (LCM) of each set of
numbers. (page 667)
56. 14, 21 57. 18, 9, 6 58. 6, 4, 9 59. 5, 10, 20

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
1. MEASUREMENT One centimeter is about 11. WEATHER The table shows the approximate
0.392 inch. What fraction of an inch number of sunny days each year for certain
is this? (Lesson 2-1) cities. Oklahoma City has about _
3
as many
5
sunny days as Phoenix. About how many
2. Write 1_ as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)
7
16 sunny days each year are there in
− Oklahoma City? (Lesson 2-3)
3. Write 0.4 as a fraction in simplest form.
(Lesson 2-1)
Sunny Days Per Year
City Days
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true
Austin, TX 120
sentence. (Lesson 2-2)
Denver, CO 115
4. _1 ● _1 5. -_ ● -_
2 3
3 4 5 10 Phoenix, AZ 215
−−
6. 0.12 ● _
4 Sacramento, CA 195
7. -7.833… ● -7.8
33
Santa Fe, NM 175
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
8. STANDARDS PRACTICE The table gives Administration
the durations, in hours, of several
human spaceflights.
Mission Year Duration (h)
(Lesson 2-4)
Challenger
1984 191_
4
_1 ÷ -_3
(41–B)
Discovery
15 12.
2 ( )
4
13. (-1_13 ) ÷ (-_14 )
191_
3
1984
(51–A) 4
Endeavour
1992 190 _
1 14. STANDARDS PRACTICE A board that is
(STS–57) 2
25_
1
feet long is cut into pieces that are
Discovery 2
1999 191_
1
(STS–103) 6
each 1_
1
feet long. Which of the steps below
2
Which of the following correctly orders would give the number of pieces into which
these durations from least to greatest? the board is cut? (Lesson 2-4)
(Lesson 2-2)
F Multiply 1_
1
by 25_
1
.
2 2
A 190_
1
, 191_
1
, 191_
3
, 191_
4
G Divide 25_ by 1_
2 6 4 15 1 1
.
2 2
B 191_
3
, 191_
1
, 191_
4
, 190_
1
H Add 25_ to 1_
4 6 15 2 1 1
.
2 2
C 190_
1
, 191_
1
, 191_
4
, 191_
3
Subtract 1_ from 25_
2 6 15 4 1 1
J .
2 2
D 191_
1
, 191_
4
, 190_
1
, 191_
3
6 15 2 4
Multiply. Write in simplest form. Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.

(Lesson 2-3) (Lesson 2-5)
_1 + -_4 16. –3_ - 3_

9. (-_13 ) · _78 10. (-2_34 ) · (-_15 ) 15.
5 ( )
5
4
7
6
7
2-6 Adding and Subtracting
Unlike Fractions
Ma
Main IDEA rt
a
Add and subtract fractions FOOD Marta and Brooke are sharing a
with unlike denominators.
pizza. Marta eats _
1
of the pizza, and
4
Brooke eats _
3
Standard
of the pizza.
8
multiply, and divide
1. What are the denominators of the
fractions and terminating fractions?
rational numbers to whole- 2. What is the least common multiple
number powers. of the denominators? e
ok
Standard 7NS2.2 Add Bro
and subtract fractions by 3. Find the missing value in _
1
=_
?
.
using factoring to find 4 8
common denomitors.
Fractions with unlike denominators are called unlike fractions. To add
or subtract unlike fractions, rename the fractions using prime factors to
NEW Vocabulary find the least common denominator. Then add or subtract as with like
unlike fractions fractions.
Add and Subtract Unlike Fractions

Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.
REVIEW Vocabulary
least common denominator
_ ( _)
1 1 + -2
4 3
(LCD) the least common
_1 + -_2 = _1 · _3 + -_2 · _4
multiple (LCM) of the
denominators (page 667) 4 ( 3) 4 3 ( 3) 4 The LCD is 3 · 4 or 12.
=_
3
+ -_
8
( ) Rename using the LCD.
12 12
3 + (-8)
= _ or -_ 5
Add the numerators. Then simplify.
12 12
_
2 - 8 - (- 7 ) _
63 99
-_
8
+_
7
= -_ · 11 + _
8 _ 7 _
·7 63 = 3 · 3 · 7, 99 = 3 · 3 · 11
63 99 63 11 99 7
The LCD is 3 · 3 · 7 · 11 or 693.
= -_
88
+_
49
Rename using the LCD.
693 693
=_
-88 + 49
Add the numerators.
693
= -_
39
or -_
13
Simplify.
693 231

a. -_ + -_ _ +_ c. -_ + _
5
6 ( 12 ) b.
1
14
3
49
5
16
3
10

file photo
Add and Subtract Mixed Numbers
_ _
3 Find -6 2 + 4 5 . Write in simplest form.
9 6
-6_ + 4_ = -_ +_
Estimation Think: 2 5 56 29
_2
-6 is about -6 and 9 6 9 6
Write as improper fractions.
_5 9
4 is about 5. Since = -_ + _
112 87 _
- 56 _
· = -_
2 112
and _ · _ = _
29 3 87
6 18 18 9 2 18 6 3 18
-6 + 5 is about -1,
=_
the answer is about -112 + 87
Add the numerators.
-1. The answer 18
seems reasonable.
= _ or -1_
-25 7
Simplify.
18 18

d. -_ + -_ ( 18 ) e. -3_ + 8_ f. 2_ - 6_ g. -1_ + -3_
( )
5 1 1 3 1 2 1
12 2 3 4 3 5 3
_ _ _ _
4 Four telephone books are 2 1 , 1 15 , 1 3 , and 2 3 inches thick. If these
8 16 4 8
books were stacked one on top of another, what is the total height
of the books?
A 5_
3
in. C 11_
3
in.
16 16
B 8_
3
in. D 15_3
in.
16 16
Read the Item

Use Estimation If a You need to find the sum of four mixed numbers.
test question would
take an excessive
amount of time to Solve the Item
work, try estimating the
answer. Then look for It would take some time to change each of the fractions to ones with a
the appropriate answer
choice. common denominator. However, notice that all four of the numbers
have a value of about 2. Since 2 × 4 equals 8, the answer will be about
8. Notice that only one of the choices is close to 8. The answer is B.
h. Amanda is planning a rectangular vegetable garden using a roll of

border fencing that is 45_
3
feet long. If she makes the width of the
4
garden 10_
1
feet, what must the length be?
2
F 12_
3
ft H 24_
3
ft
8 4
G 17_
1
ft J 35_
1
ft
2 4
Lesson 2-6 Adding and Subtracting Unlike Fractions 115

Examples 1–3 Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.
_3 + -_1 2. -_ + _ 3. -_ + -_
(pp. 114–115)
1.
4 6 ( ) 5
8
1
2
4
9( 23 )
4. _7 - _3 5. _
7
-_
2
6. _ - (-_)
14 12
8 4 13 9 15 21
7. -3_ + 1_ 8. 3_ - 1_ 9. -4_ - (-3_)

2 5 5 1 7 7
5 6 8 3 12 72
Example 4 10. STANDARDS PRACTICE Tamera played a computer game for 1_

1
hours,
4
studied for 2_ hours, and did some chores for _
(p. 115) 1 1
hour. How much
4 2
time did Tamera spend on all of these tasks?
A 2_
1
h B 3_
1
h C 4h D 4_
1
h
2 4 2
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.

_1 + -_ 12. -_ + _ 13. -_ + -_ 14. -_ + -_
For
Exercises
See
Examples
11.
4
7
12 ( ) 3
8
5
6 ( 12 )
6
7 ( 38 )
5
9
11–14 1 _1 - _7 _4 - -_
( ) 17. -_ - (-_) 18. -_ - (-_)
2 2 3 7 12
15. 16.
15–18 2 3 8 5 15 9 11 15 25
19–26 3
19. 3_ + -8_ ( ) 20. 1_ + (-6_) 21. 8_ - (-6_) 22. 7_ - (-1_)
1 1 1 2 3 1 3 1
42, 43 4 5 2 6 3 7 2 4 8
23. -4_ - 5_ 24. -8_ - 4_ 25. -15_ + 11_ 26. -22_ + 15_
3 5 1 5 5 2 2 5
4 8 3 6 8 3 5 6
27. HIKING The map shows a hiking trail at a campground. If the distance
along the trail from the campground to Silver Lake is 4_
1
miles, how far is
10
it from Glacier Ridge to Silver Lake?
112 mi 2107 mi
Nature
Silver Center
Lake 4
5 mi
Youth Cabins
1
x Camp 2 mi
Glacier Campground
Ridge
112 mi
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression for the given values.

28. c - d if c = -_ and d = -12_ 29. r - s if r = -_ and s = 2_
3 7 5 5
4 8 8 6

30. HISTORY In the 1824 presidential Candidate Fraction of Vote
election, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy
Andrew Jackson _3
Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. 8
Crawford received electoral votes. John Quincy Adams _1
3
Use the information at the right to
determine what fraction of the votes Henry Clay _1
7
William H. Crawford received. Source: The World Almanac
1
31. PHOTOGRAPHY Two 4-inch by 6-inch 8 2 in.
digital photographs are printed on an

8_
1
-inch by 11-inch sheet of photo paper.
2
After the photos are printed, Aaron cuts 4 in.
11 in.
them from the sheet. What is the area of
the remaining photo paper? 4 in.
6 in.
MEASUREMENT Find the missing measure for each figure.

32. 3
6 4 ft
33. x in.
1 7
9 2 in. 11 8 in.
1 1
4 3 ft 4 3 ft
1
13 4 in.
x ft
3
11 perimeter 40 4 in.
%842!02!#4)#% perimeter 17 12 ft
See pages 681, 709.

Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
ca.gr7math.com
would add or subtract unlike fractions or mixed numbers.
H.O.T. Problems 35. OPEN ENDED Write a subtraction problem using unlike fractions with a least
common denominator of 12. Find the difference.
36. NUMBER SENSE Without doing the computation, determine whether

_4 + _5 is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. Explain.
7 9
37. CHALLENGE Suppose a bucket is placed under two faucets. If one faucet is
turned on alone, the bucket will be filled in 5 minutes. If the other faucet is
turned on alone, the bucket will be filled in 3 minutes. Write the fraction of
the bucket that will be filled in 1 minute if both faucets are turned on.
*/ -!4( For Exercises 38–41, write an expression for each

(*/
83 *5*/(
statement. Then find the answer.
38. _3 of _2 39. _3 more than _2
4 3 4 3
40. _ less than _ 41. _ divided into _
3 2 3 2
4 3 4 3
Lesson 2-6 Adding and Subtracting Unlike Fractions 117

42. A recipe for snack mix contains 43. Which of the following shows the
2_
1
cups of mixed nuts, 3_
1
cups of next step using the least common
3 2
_3
granola, and cup raisins. What is denominator to simplify _
3
-_
2
?
4 4 3
_3 × _5 – _2 × _6
the total amount of snack mix? F ( ) ( )
4 5 3 6
A 5_
2
c
3 G (_34 × _66 ) – (_23 × _55 )
B 5_7
c
12
H (_34 × _33 ) – (_23 × _44 )
C 6_
2
c
3
D 6_
7
c
J (_34 × _44 ) – (_23 × _33 )
12
Add or subtract. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-5)
44. -_ + _ 45. -_ - _ 46. 5_ - 7_

7 5 7 4 4 1
11 11 15 15 5 5
47. ALGEBRA Find a ÷ b if a = 3_ and b = -_. (Lesson 2-4)

1 7
2 8
POPULATION For Exercises 48 and 49, GfglcXk`fe?flicp:_Xe^\

use the graphic at the right. (Lesson 1-7)
48. Write and solve a multiplication equation
to determine the number of hours it would
take for the population of the United States
to increase by 1 million.
49. Write and solve a multiplication equation

to determine the number of days it would
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
take for the U.S. population to increase
by 1 million.
50. INVESTMENTS Mr. Coffey purchased stock for $50 per share. The next day
the value of the stock dropped $12. On the second and third days, the
value dropped another $16, then rose $25. What was the value of the
stock at the end of the third day? (Lesson 1-4)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lessons 1-9 and 1-10)
51. d - 13 = -44 52. -18t = 270

54. -5 = _
a
53. -34 = y + 22
16

2-7 Solving Equations
with Rational Numbers
Main IDEA
Solve equations involving BIOLOGY An elephant, which can
rational numbers. run at a speed of 25 miles per hour,
Standard 7AF1.1 runs _5
as fast as a grizzly bear. If s
6
Use variables and represents the speed of a grizzly
appropriate
bear, you can write the equation 25 = _ 5
s.
6
1. Multiply each side of the equation by 6. Then divide each side by 5.
inquality, or a system of
equations or inequalities that Write the result.
represents a verbal
descripton (e.g. three less 2. Multiply each side of the original equation by the multiplicative
as an area A.
inverse of _
5
. Write the result.
6
Standard 7NS1.2 Add, 3. What is the speed of a grizzly bear?
subtract, multiply, and divide
rational numbers (integers, 4. Which method of solving the equation seems most efficient?
number powers.
You have used properties of equality to solve equations with integers.
The same properties can also be used to solve equations with rational
numbers.
REVIEW Vocabulary
equation a mathematical Solve by Using Addition or Subtraction
sentence that contains an
equals sign (Lesson 1-7)
1 Solve p - 7.36 = 2.84.
p - 7.36 = 2.84 Write the equation.
p -7.36 + 7.36 = 2.84 + 7.36 Add 7.36 to each side.
p = 10.2 Simplify.
_
2 Solve 1 = t + 3 . _
2 4
_1 = t + _3 Write the equation.
2 4
_1 - _3 = t + _3 - _3 Subtract _3 from each side.
2 4 4 4 4
_1 - _3 = t Simplify.
2 4
_2 - _3 = t Rename . _1
4 4 2
-_
1
=t Simplify.
4

b. y + _ = -_ c. 1_ = 2_ + a
2 1 5 1
a. t - 7.81 = 4.32
5 2 6 3
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers 119
Tom Brakefield/CORBIS
Solve by Using Multiplication or Division
_
3 Solve 4 b = 16. Check your solution.
7
_4 b = 16 Write the equation.
7
_( ) _
7 _
4
b = 7 (16) _7 _4
Multiply each side by , the reciprocal of .
4 7 4 4 7
b = 28 Simplify. Check the solution.
4 Solve 58.4 = -7.3m. Check your solution.

58.4 = -7.3m Write the equation.
_
58.4
=_
-7.3m
Divide each side by -7.3.
-7.3 -7.3
-8 = m Simplify. Check the solution.

d. -12 = _ r e. -_n = -_
4 2 3
f. 7.2v = -36
5 3 5
5 BASKETBALL Suppose that during her last game, Sue Bird made
_
12 field goals, which were 3 of her field goal attempts. Write and
4
solve an equation to determine her number of field goal attempts
that game.
Words
_3 of field goal attempts is 12.
4
Variable Let g represent field goal attempts.

Real-World Link
During her rookie Equation _3 g = 12
season for the WNBA, 4
Sue Bird’s field goal
average was 0.379, and _3 g = 12 Write the equation.
she made 232 field 4
goal attempts.
Source: WNBA.com
_( ) _
4 _
3
g = 4 (12) _4 _3
Multiply each side by , the reciprocal of .
3 4 3 3 4
g = 16 Simplify.
Sue Bird had 16 field goal attempts.
g. COMMUNICATION Larissa pays $0.25 per minute for long distance

calls on her cell phone. Her long distance charge last month was
$5. Write and solve an equation that could be used to determine
the number of minutes she used to make long distance calls.

Elaine Thompson/AP/Wide World Photos
Examples 1, 2 1. t + 0.25 = -4.12 2. v - 8.34 = -3.77
(p. 119)
3. a - _ = -_ 4. c + _ = -1_
3 3 5 9
4 8 8 16
5. -45 = _d 6. -_n = 18
5 7
Examples 3, 4
(p. 120)
6 10
7. -26.5 = -5.3w 8. 2.6x = 22.75
Example 5 9. SPACE The planet Jupiter takes 11.9 Earth years to make one revolution
(p. 120) around the Sun. Write and solve a multiplication equation to determine the
number of revolutions Jupiter makes in 59.5 Earth years.

12. -_ = m - _
1 2
For See 10. q + 0.45 = 1.29 11. a - 1.72 = 5.81
2 3
Exercises Examples
13. -_ = f + _
5 1
10–15 1, 2 14. g - (-1.5) = 2.35 15. -1.3 = n - (-6.12)
9 3
16–21 3, 4
16. -_b = 16 17. -_p = -8
4 2
22, 23 5 18. -1.92 = -0.32s
7 9
19. -8.4 = 1.2t 20. _
t
= -4.5 21. _
h
= -2.2
3.2 -5.75
22. MONEY The currency of Egypt is called a pound. One U.S. dollar is equal to
3_
3
Egyptian pounds. Write and solve a multiplication equation to find the
4
number of U.S. dollars that would equal 21 Egyptian pounds.
23. RECREATION Refer to the graphic. DfjkGfglcXiEXk`feXcGXibj

Write and solve an addition 6ISITORSMILLIONS
equation to determine the number
of visitors v that the Golden Gate
National Recreation Area needs
to equal the number of visitors

to the Blue Ridge Parkway.
Solve each equation. Check your

solution.
24. 3.5g = -_
7
8 "LUE2IDGE 'OLDEN'ATE 'REAT3MOKEY
0ARKWAY .ATIONAL -OUNTAINS
25. -7.5r = -3_
1
2ECREATION!REA .ATIONAL0ARK
3
−
26. 4_
1
= -3.3c
6
27. -4.2 = _
x
7
Lesson 2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers 121

28. FOOTBALL In his rookie season, Ben Roethlisberger completed 196 passes
with a season pass-completion rate of 0.664. Write and solve an equation to
determine the number of passes Ben Roethlisberger attempted during his
rookie season.
29. COMPUTERS Stephan’s CD recorder can write 5.3 megabytes of data per
second. If he uses a CD with a 700 megabyte capacity, how long will it take
to record the entire CD?
MEASUREMENT Find the area of each rectangle.

30. 31. M
Real-World Link
IN
As of 2006, Ben
Roethlisberger held
the record as the
youngest quarterback
to win the Super Bowl. 0ERIMETER IN 0ERIMETERM
Source: nfl.com
32. TRAVEL Mr. Harris filled the gas tank of his car. Gasoline cost $2.95 per
gallon, and Mr. Harris spent a total of $39.53. If his car can travel 32.5
miles per gallon of gasoline, how far can he travel with the gasoline he
just purchased?
33. MEASUREMENT Andy has a board that he is going to use to make shelves for
a craft fair. The board is 108 inches long. If each shelf is 9_
5
inches long,
8
write and solve an equation to find how many shelves he can make using
this board.
MEASUREMENT Find the missing measure in each triangle.

%842!02!#4)#% 34. 35.
See pages 681, 709.
h 5.5 cm
Self-Check Quiz at 15 in. b

ca.gr7math.com
A 45 in2 A 37.73 cm2
H.O.T. Problems 36. OPEN ENDED Write an equation with rational numbers that has a solution
of _
1
.
4
37. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the expression that does not have the
same value as the other three. Explain your reasoning.
_4 _3 x 2 _x -_1 _x
( )
3 4
-_
3 _
-2x
2 ( 3) (2 )
1
( )
3 3
1
38. CHALLENGE During a clearance sale, sweaters were marked at _ the original
1
4
price. Patrice had a coupon for _
1
off the marked price of any sweater. If
3
Patrice paid $24 for a sweater, what was the original price of the sweater?
39. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to solve -_

(*/ 2
x = 14 using properties of
3
equality. Use the term multiplicative inverse in your explanation.

Stephen Dunn/Getty Images
40. If the area of the rectangle is 41. The difference of a number x and 2.3
22_
3
square inches, what is the is 1.8. Which equation shows this
4
relationship?
width of the rectangle?
F x + 2.3 = 1.8
G x – 2.3 = 1.8
H _
WIDTH x
= 1.8
2.3
J x – 1.8 = 2.3
INCHES
42. If a = 6 and b = 4, then 5a – ab =
A _4
in. A 6
13
B 24
B 2_
1
in.
2
C 30
C 3_
1
in. D 54
4
D 3_
3
in.
4
43. _1 + _1 44. _7 - _1 45. -5_ - 6_

1 4
46. 2_ + 5_
1 2
6 7 8 6 2 5 2 3
47. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of the triangle.

(Lesson 2-5) FT

FT
48. VEGETABLES Hudson purchased 3_ pounds
2
5

of vegetables that cost $3 per pound. What was FT
the total cost of the vegetables? (Lesson 2-3)
49. ALGEBRA The sum of two integers is 13. One of the integers is -5. Write
and solve an equation to find the other integer. (Lesson 1-9)
Add. (Lesson 1-4)
50. -48 + 13 + (-16) 51. 35 + 17 + (-25)

52. -50 + (-62) + 3 53. 27 + (-30) + (-26)
54. PREREQUISITE SKILL Kishi wants to buy a digital music player that costs
$250 with tax. So far, she has saved $120. If she saves $15 each week,
in how many weeks will she be able to purchase the digital music
player? Use the four-step plan. (Lesson 1-1)
Lesson 2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers 123

2-8 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Look for a pattern to solve problems.
Standard 7MR2.4 Make and test conjectures by using both inductive and deductive reasoning.
Standard 7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers, fractions, and terminating
decimals) and take positive rational numbers to whole-number powers.
e-Mail: LOOK FOR A PATTERN

YOUR MISSION: Look for a pattern to solve the
problem.
THE PROBLEM: How many bounces occurred before

Terry’s ball reached a height less than 1 inch?
▲
TERRY: In science class, I dropped a ball
from 48 inches above the ground. After
the first, second, third, and fourth
bounces, the ball reached heights of 24,
12, 6, and 3 inches, respectively.
EXPLORE You know the original height of the ball and the heights after the first 4 bounces.
You want to know the number of bounces before the ball reached a height less
than 1 inch.
PLAN Look for a pattern in the heights. Then continue the pattern to find when the ball’s
height was less than 1 inch.
SOLVE +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Bounce 1 2 3 4 5 6
Height (in.) 24 12 6 3 _1 _3
1
2 4
_ _ _ _ _
×1 ×1 ×1 ×1 ×1
2 2 2 2 2
After the sixth bounce, the ball reached a height less than 1 inch.
CHECK Check your pattern to make sure the answer is correct.
1. Describe how to continue the pattern in the second row. Find the fraction
of the height after 7 bounces.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that can be solved by finding a
(*/
pattern. Describe a pattern.

John Evans
For Exercises 3–5, look for a pattern. Then use 8. TRAVEL Rafael is taking a vacation. His
the pattern to solve the problem. plane is scheduled to leave at 2:20 P.M. He
3. MUSIC The names of musical notes form a must arrive at the airport at least 2 hours
pattern. Name the next three notes in the before his flight. It will take him 45 minutes
following pattern: whole note, half note, to drive from his house to the airport. When
quarter note. is the latest he should plan to leave his
house for the airport?
4. GEOMETRY Draw the next two figures in the
pattern. 9. WATER MANAGEMENT A tank is draining at a
rate of 8 gallons every 3 minutes. If there are
70 gallons in the tank, when will the tank
have just 22 gallons left?
10. THEATER A theater is designed with 12 seats

in the first row, 17 seats in the second row,
5. MUSEUMS A science museum offers discount 22 seats in the third row, and so on. How
passes for group admission. If this pattern many seats are in the ninth row?
continues, how many people would be
admitted if a group buys 31 passes?
Passes People Admitted

For Exercises 11–13, select the appropriate
2 3
5 7
selection(s) and solve the problem.
7 10
11. INSECTS The longest insect in the world
12 18
is the stick insect whose length reaches
15 inches. The smallest insect is the fairy
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–10. Some fly whose length is only 0.01 inch. How
strategies are shown below. many times longer is the stick insect than
the fairy fly?
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN 12. ANALYZE TABLES In computer terminology,
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
a bit is the smallest unit of data. A byte is
• Look for a patte
rn.
equal to 8 bits. The table below gives the
equivalences for several units of data.
6. GEOMETRY Find the perimeters of the next Unit of Data Equivalence

two figures in the pattern.The length of each 1 byte 8 bits
side of a triangle is 4 meters. 1 kilobyte (kB) 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte (MB) 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte (GB) 1,024 megabytes
How many bits are in 1 MB?

7. MONEY To attend the class trip, each student
will have to pay $7.50 for transportation, 13. PIZZA Lola is planning a party. She plans to
and $5.00 for food. If there are 360 students order 4 pizzas, which cost $12.75 each. If she
in the class, how much money will need to has a coupon for $1.50 off each pizza, find
be collected for the trip? the total cost of the pizzas.
Lesson 2-8 Problem-Solving Investigation: Look for a Pattern 125

2-9 Powers and Exponents
Main IDEA
Use powers and FAMILY Every person has 2 biological parents.
exponents in expressions.
2 parents
Standard
multiply, and divide 2 · 2 or 4
rational numbers (integers, grandparents
number powers. 2 · 2 · 2 or 8
Standard 7NS2.1 great grandparents
Understand negative whole-
number exponents. Multiply
and divide expressions 1. How many 2s are multiplied to determine the number of great
involving exponents with a grandparents? great-great grandparents?
common base.
Standard 7AF2.1 Interpret
positive whole-number
powers as repeated
multiplication and negative A product of repeated factors can be expressed as a power, that is, using
whole-number powers as
an exponent and a base.
repeated division or
multiplication by the
4 common The base is the common factor.
multiplicative inverse.
Simplify and evaluate
factors
expressions that include The exponent tells how many times
exponents. 4 the base is used as a factor.
2·2·2·2=2
NEW Vocabulary Write Expressions Using Powers

power
base Write each expression using exponents.
exponent _ _ _
1 1 · 1 · 1 ·3·3·3·3
2 2 2
_1 · _1 · _1 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = _1 · _1 · _1 · (3 · 3 · 3 · 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) Associative Property
3
= (_
2)
1
· 34 Definition of exponents
2 a·b·b·a·b
a·b·b·a·b=a·a·b·b·b Commutative Property
= (a · a) · (b · b · b) Associative Property
= a2 · b3 Definition of exponents
Write each expression using exponents.

a. _2 · 7 · _2 · _2 · 7 · _2 b. m · m · n · n · n · m c. 3 · a · b · 2 · 3 · a
3 3 3 3

Exponents can also Exponential Standard
be negative. Consider Form Form
the pattern in the 10 3 1,000
1,000 ÷ 10 = 100
powers of 10. 10 2 100
100 ÷ 10 = 10
Negative powers 10 1 10
are the result of 10 ÷ 10 = 1
10 0 1
Negative Exponents
repeated division. _1 _
1 ÷ 10 =
1
or _
1
Remember that 10 -1 10 10
1
equals _,
1
10 _
1
÷ 10 = _ or _
1 1
10 -2
10 2 10 -2 _
1 10 100 10
2
100
not -100 or -20.
The pattern suggests the following definition for zero exponents and
negative exponents.
+%9#/.#%04 Zero and Negative Exponents
Words Any nonzero number to the zero power is 1. Any nonzero

number to the negative n power is the multipicative inverse of
its nth power.
0 0
5 =1 x = 1, x ≠ 0
_ _ _ _
1 1 1
7 -3 = 1 · · or 3 x -n = _1 , x ≠ 0
n
7 7 7 7 x
Evaluate Powers
(_3 )
4
REVIEW Vocabulary 3 Evaluate 2 .
evaluate to find the value of 4
an expression (Lesson 1-2) (_23 ) =_
2 _
· 2 ·_
2 _
·2 Write the power as a product.
3 3 3 3
= _
16
Multiply.
81
4 Evaluate 4 -3.
4 -3 = _
1
3
Write the power using a positive exponent.
4
=_
1
4 3= 4 · 4 · 4 or 64
64
5 ALGEBRA Evaluate a 2 · b 4 if a = 3 and b = 5.
a2 · b4 = 32 · 54 Replace a with 3 and b with 5.
= (3 · 3) · (5 · 5 · 5 · 5) Write the powers as products.
= 9 · 625 or 5,625 Multiply.

3
d. (_
15 )
1
e. 5 -4 f. c 3 · d 2 if c = -4 and d = 9
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 2-9 Powers and Exponents 127

Examples 1, 2 Write each expression using exponents.
(p. 126)
1. 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 3 2. r · s · r · r · s · s · r · r 3. _1 · p · k · _1 · p · p · k
2 2
Examples 3, 4 Evaluate each expression.
3
(p. 127)
4. 2 6 5. (_17 )
6. 6 -3 7. 3 -5
8. EARTH SCIENCE There are approximately 10 21 kilograms of water on Earth.

This includes oceans, rivers, lakes, ice caps, and water vapor in the
atmosphere. Evaluate 10 21.
Example 5 9. ALGEBRA Evaluate x 2 · y 4 if x = 2 and y = 10.

(p. 127)
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each expression using exponents.

For See 10. 8 · 8 · a 11. 5 · q · 3 · q · q · 3
12. m · _ · p · m · _
13. d · 2 · 2 · d · k · d · k
10–15 1 4 4
15. x · _ · y · y · _ · 5 · y · 5 · x · _ · y · y
1 1 1
14. 2 · 7 · a · 9 · b · a · 7 · b · 9 · b · a
16–23 2–3 6 6 6
24–27 4
4 2
16. 2 3 17. (_13 ) 18. 3 3 · 4 2 19. 3 2 · (_15 )
20. 5 -4 21. 9 -3 22. 7 –2 23. 4 –3
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression.

24. g 5 · h, if g = 2 and h = 7 25. x 3 · y 4, if x = 1 and y = 3
26. a 2 · m 6, if a = _ and m = 2 27. k 4 · d, if k = 3 and d = _
1 5
2 6
ASTRONOMY For Exercises 28–31, refer How Many Stars Can You See?
to the information at the right.
Unaided Eye in Urban Area 3 · 10 2 stars
28. How many stars can be seen with Unaided Eye in Rural Area 2 · 10 3 stars
unaided eyes in an urban area? With Binoculars 3 · 10 4 stars
29. How many stars can be seen with With Small Telescope 2 · 10 6 stars
unaided eyes in a rural area? Source: Kids Discover
30. How many stars can be seen with binoculars?
31. How many stars can be seen with a small telescope?
%842!02!#4)#% Evaluate each expression.

See pages 682, 709.
32. 5 · 2 3 · 7 2 33. 2 2 · 7 · 10 4 34. 2 3 · 7 -2
Self-Check Quiz at 35. 5 –2 · 2 -7 36. 4 · 2 5 · 5 –3 37. 3 –2 · 5 · 7 –3

ca.gr7math.com 3 3 · 10 2
_ 42 · 35 · 24
_ 4
38. 2
3 · 10 4
39. 3 5
4 ·3 ·2 2
40. (0.2) 3 · (_12 )
H.O.T. Problems 41. NUMBER SENSE Without evaluating the powers, order 6 -3, 6 2, and 6 0 from
least to greatest. Explain your reasoning.
42. CHALLENGE Complete the following pattern.

3 4 = 81, 3 3 = 27, 3 2 = 9, 3 1 = 3, 3 0 = , 3 -1 = , 3 -2 = , 3 -3 =
43. OPEN ENDED Write an expression with a negative exponent whose value is
between 0 and _
1
.
2
44. CHALLENGE Select several fractions between 0 and 1. Find the values of each
fraction after it is raised to the -1 power. Explain the relationship between
the -1 power and the original fraction.
45. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the difference between the expressions
(*/
(-4) 2 and 4 -2.
46. To find the volume of a cube, 47. Which is equivalent to 2 3 · 3 4?

multiply its length, its width, and F 3·3·4·4·4
its depth.
G 2·2·2·3·3·3·3
H 2·2·2·3·3·3
J 6 · 12
3
IN 48. (_34 ) =
What is the volume of the cube A _
9
C _
9
expressed as a power? 12 64
A 62 C 64 B _9
D _
27
16 64
B 63 D 66
49. BICYCLING The table shows the relationship between Time (min) Distance (mi)
the time Melody rides her bike and the distance that 5 1
she rides. If she continues riding at the same rate,
15 3
how far will she ride in 1 hour? Use the look for a
25 5
pattern strategy. (Lesson 2-8)
50. FOOD Suppose hamburgers are cut in squares that are 2_ inches on a
1
2
side. Write and solve a multiplication equation to determine how many
hamburgers can fit across a grill that is 30 inches wide. (Lesson 2-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each number.

51. two million 52. three hundred twenty 53. twenty-six hundred
Lesson 2-9 Powers and Exponents 129

2-10 Scientific Notation
Main IDEA
Express numbers in 1. Copy and complete each table below.
scientific notation.
Expression Product Expression Product
8.7 × 10 -1 = 8.7 × _
Standard 7NS1.1 1
Read, write, and
8.7 × 10 1 = 8.7 × 10 87 0.87
10
8.7 × 10 -2 = 8.7 × _
compare rational 1
numbers in scientific 8.7 × 10 2 = 8.7 × 100
100
notation (positive and
negative powers of 10), 3 -3
8.7 × 10 = 8.7 × 8.7 × 10 = 8.7 ×
compare rational numbers
in general.
2. If 8.7 is multiplied by a positive power of 10, what relationship
exists between the decimal point’s new position and the exponent?
3. When 8.7 is multiplied by a negative power of 10, how does the
new position of the decimal point relate to the negative exponent?
NEW Vocabulary Scientific notation is a compact way of writing numbers whose

scientific notation absolute value is very large or very small.
factor greater than or equal power of 10 written in
to 1, but less than 10
8.7 × 10 -4 exponential form
If the number is negative, a negative sign precedes it.
+%9#/.#%04 Scientific Notation to Standard Form
• Multiplying by a positive power of 10 moves the decimal point right.

• Multiplying by a negative power of 10 moves the decimal point left.
• The number of places the decimal point moves is the absolute value
of the exponent.
Express Numbers in Standard Form
Negative Exponents 1 Write 5.34 × 10 4 in standard form.

Negative exponents 5.34 × 10 4 = 53,400. The decimal point moves 4 places right.
represent repeated
division. So,
multiplying by a 2 Write -3.27 × 10 -3 in standard form.
number with a
negative exponent is -3.27 × 10 -3 = -0.00327 The decimal point moves 3 places left.
the same as dividing
by that number Write each number in standard form.
repeatedly.
a. 7.42 × 10 5 b. -6.1 × 10 -2 c. 3.714 × 10 2

+%9#/.#%04 Standard Form to Scientific Notation
To write a number in scientific notation, follow these steps.

1. Move the decimal point to the right of the first nonzero digit.
2. Count the number of places you moved the decimal point.
3. Find the power of 10. If the absolute value of the original number was
between 0 and 1, the exponent is negative. Otherwise, the exponent
is positive.
Write Numbers in Scientific Notation

3 Write -3,725,000 in scientific notation.
-3,725,000 = -3.725 × 1,000,000 The decimal point moves 6 places.
= -3.725 × 10 6 Since 3,725,000 > 1, the exponent is positive.
4 Write 0.000316 in scientific notation.

0.000316 = 3.16 × 0.0001 The decimal point moves 4 places.
= 3.16 × 10 -4 Since 0 < 0.000316 < 1, the exponent is negative.
Write each number in scientific notation.

d. -14,140,000 e. 0.00876 f. 0.114
Top U.S. Cities Visited

by Overseas Travelers International Visitors
Number
in the U.S.A.
U.S. City
of Arrivals 5 TRAVEL Refer to the table at the right. Number
Country
Boston 7.21 × 10 5 Order the countries according to the of Visitors
Las Vegas 1.3 × 10 6

number of visitors from greatest to least. Canada 1.46 × 10 7
Los Angeles 2.2 × 10 6 Order the expressions according to their Japan 5.1 × 10 6
Metro DC area 9.01 × 10 5 exponents. Then order expressions with Mexico 1.03 × 10 7
New York 4.0 × 10 6

the same exponents by comparing their United Kingdom 4.7 × 10 6
decimal factors. Source: International Trade
Orlando 1.8 × 10 6 Association
San Francisco 1.6 × 10 6 Canada and Japan and
Mexico United Kingdom
Real-World Link
The table lists seven
of the top U.S. cities 1.46 × 10 7 5.1 × 10 6
visited by overseas Step 1 >
travelers in a 1.03 × 10 7 4.7 × 10 6
recent year.
Source: infoplease.com Step 2 1.46 > 1.03 5.1 > 4.7
Canada Mexico Japan United Kingdom
g. TRAVEL Refer to the information at the left. Order the cities

according to the number of arrivals from least to greatest.
Lesson 2-10 Scientific Notation 131

Examples 1, 2 Write each number in standard form.
(p. 130)
1. 7.32 × 10 4 2. -9.931 × 10 5
3. 4.55 × 10 -1 4. 6.02 × 10 -4
Examples 3, 4 Write each number in scientific notation.

(p. 131)
5. 277,000 6. 8,785,000,000
7. -0.00004955 8. 0.524
Example 5 9. BASEBALL The table at Ballpark Team Capacity

(p. 131) the right lists four Major H. H. H. Metrodome Minnesota Twins 4.8 × 10 4
League Ballparks. List Network Associates Coliseum Oakland Athletics 4.7 × 10 4
the ballparks from least
The Ballpark in Arlington Texas Rangers 4.9 × 10 4
to greatest capacity.
Wrigley Field Chicago Cubs 3.9 × 10 4
Source: www.users.bestweb.net
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each number in standard form.

For See 10. 2.08 × 10 2 11. 3.16 × 10 3 12. 7.113 × 10 7 13. -4.265 × 10 6
Exercises Examples 14. 7.8 × 10 -3 15. -1.1 × 10 -4 16. 8.73 × 10 -4 17. 2.52 × 10 -5
10–13 1
14–17 2 Write each number in scientific notation.
18–21 3
18. 6,700 19. 43,000 20. -52,300,000 21. 147,000,000
22–25 4
26–29 5 22. 0.037 23. -0.0072 24. 0.00000707 25. 0.0000901
26. CHEMISTY The table shows the 27. GEOGRAPHY The areas of the
mass in grams of one atom of Great Lakes are listed in the table.
each of several elements. List the Order the lakes according to their
elements in order from the least area from least to greatest.
mass to greatest mass per atom.
Great Area
Element Mass per Atom Lake (mi 2)
Carbon 1.995 × 10 -23 g Erie 9.91 × 10 3

Gold 3.272 × 10 -22 g Huron 2.3 × 10 4
Hydrogen 1.674 × 10 -24 g Michigan 2.23 × 10 4
Oxygen 2.658 × 10 -23 g Ontario 7.32 × 10 3
Silver 1.792 × 10 -22 g Superior 3.17 × 10 4
Source: Chemistry: Concepts and Source: World Book
Applications
Arrange these numbers in increasing order.

28. 216,000,000, 2.2 × 10 3, 3.1 × 10 7, 310,000
29. -4.56 × 10 -3 , 4.56 × 10 2, -4.56 × 10 2, 4.56 × 10 -2

30. HEALTH The diameter of a red blood cell is about 7.4 × 10 -4 centimeter.
Write this number using standard form.
31. MEASUREMENT The smallest unit of time is the yoctosecond, which equals
0.000000000000000000000001 second. Write this number in scientific
notation.
32. SPACE The temperature of the Sun varies from 10,900°F on the surface to
%842!02!#4)#% 27 billion°F at its core. Write these temperatures in scientific notation.
See pages 682, 709.
33. DINOSAURS The giganotosaurus weighed about 1.6 × 10 4 pounds. The
microceratops weighed about 1.1 × 10 1. How many times heavier was the
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com
giganotosaurus than the microceratops? Write your answer in standard
form. Round to the nearest tenth.
H.O.T. Problems 34. NUMBER SENSE Determine whether 1.2 × 10 5 or 1.2 × 10 6 is closer to one
million. Explain.
35. CHALLENGE Compute and express each value in scientific notation.

(130,000)(0.0057)
__ (90,000)(0.0016)
___
a. b.
0.0004 (200,000)(30,000)(0.00012)
36. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Determine whether a decimal times a power of 10

(*/
is sometimes, always, or never expressed in scientific notation. Explain.
37. Which shows 0.0000035 in scientific 38. The average width of a strand of a
notation? spider web is 7.0 × 10 -6 meter. Which
A 3.5 × 10 6 expression represents this number in
standard form?
B 3.5 × 10 5
F 7,000,000 m
C 3.5 × 10 -5
G 700,000 m
D 3.5 × 10 -6
H 0.00007 m
J 0.000007 m
39. ALGEBRA Evaluate a 5 · b 2 if a = 2 and b = 3. (Lesson 2-9)

p
40. t + 3_
1
= 2_
1
41. -_
2
y = 14 42. _ = 2.4 43. -1_ = n - 4_
3 1
3 2 3 1.3 4 6
44. LANGUAGE There are about one billion people who speak Mandarin.
This is 492 million more than those who speak English. How many speak
English? (Lesson 1-1)
Lesson 2-10 Scientific Notation 133

APTER
CH
Study Guide
2 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
bar notation (p. 85) power (p. 126)
Be sure the following
Algebra: rs base (p. 126) rational number (p. 84)
be
Key Concepts are noted R ational Num
in your Foldable. 2-1, 2-2

2-3
dimensional analysis reciprocals (p. 102)
2-4
2-5
(p. 98) repeating decimal (p. 85)
2-6
2-7
2-8
exponent (p. 126) scientific notation (p. 130)
2-9
2-10
like fraction (p. 108) terminating decimal (p. 85)
multiplicative inverses unlike fraction (p. 114)
Key Concepts (p. 102)
Rational Numbers (Lesson 2-1)
• A rational number is any number that can be
expressed in the form _, where a and b are
a
b
integers and b ≠ 0.
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions

(Lessons 2-3 and 2-4)
Vocabulary Check
• To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and State whether each sentence is true or false.
multiply the denominators. If false, replace the underlined word or
• To divide by a fraction, multiply by its number to make a true sentence.
1. Like fractions have the same denominator.
Adding and Subtracting Fractions 2. The number that is expressed using an
(Lessons 2-5 and 2-6) exponent is a rational number.
• To add or subtract fractions, rename the fractions
3. Dimensional analysis is the process of
using the least common denominator. Then add
or subtract and simplify, if necessary. including units of measurement in
computation.
−
Powers and Scientific Notation 4. The number 0.3 is a repeating decimal.
5. Numbers that can be written as fractions
• A number is expressed in scientific notation when
are called reciprocals.
it is written as the product of a factor and a power
of 10. The factor must be greater than or equal to 6. The number 4.05 × 10 8 is written in bar
1 and less than 10. notation.
7. The number 2.75 is a terminating decimal.
8. The base tells how many times a number
is used as a factor.
9. Two numbers whose product is 1 are
multiplicative inverses of each other.
10. The number 5 4 is a power.
134 Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational Numbers Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

2-1 Rational Numbers (pp. 84–89)
Write each fraction or mixed number as a Example 1 _

Write 3 as a decimal.
5
decimal. _3 means 3 ÷ 5.
11. 1_ 12. -_
1 5 5
3 8 0.6
13. -2_
3
14. _5
5
3.0
10 9
-___ 30
Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed 0
number in simplest form. The fraction _ 3
can be written as 0.6.
5
15. 0.3 16. -7.14
− −
17. 4.3 18. -5.7 Example 2 Write 0.28 as a fraction in
simplest form.
19. HISTORY Thirteen of the 50 states in
0.28 = _
28
0.28 is 28 hundredths.
the United States were the original 100
colonies. Write this fraction as a =_7
Simplify.
25
decimal.
The decimal 0.28 can be written as _
7
.
20. BIOLOGY The average rate of human 25
hair growth is about 0.4 inch per
month. Write this decimal as a fraction
in simplest form.
2-2 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers (pp. 91–95)
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a Example 3 Replace ● with < , >, or =
true sentence. to make _
2
● 0.34 a true sentence.
−− 5
21. _ ● _ 22. -0.24 ● -_
2 8 8
39 33
_2 = 0.4
5
23. -_ ● -_
1 55
24. _5 ● _3 Since 0.4 > 0.34, _
2
> 0.34.
2 110 6 4 5
25. Order -_, 0.75, -_, 0 from least to

1 3
Example 4 Replace ● with < , >, or =
to make -_ ● -_
2 4
greatest. 3 7
a true sentence.
4 12
26. BOOKS The heights of Olivia’s books For -_ and -_, the least common
3 7
4 12
are 4_
9
inches, 6_
5
inches, _
15
inches, denominator is 12.
16 8 2
_
19
and
4
inches. What would be the -_
3
= -_
3·3
or -_
9
4 4·3 12
order of the books if Olivia places them
on a shelf in order from least to Since -9 < -7, -_
9
< -_
7
.
12 12
greatest height?
So, -_3
< -_
7
.
4 12

APTER
CH
2-3 Multiplying Positive and Negative Fractions (pp. 96–101)
Multiply. Write in simplest form. Example 5 _ _

Find 2 · 5 . Write in simplest
3 7
_3 · 1_2 form.
27. 28. -_
2
· -_
( )
2
5 3 3 3 _2 · _5 = _
3 7 3·7 Multiply the denominators.
29. _ · _ 30. _ · _
5 3 1 10
6 5 2 11
=_
10
Simplify.
21
31. COOKING Crystal is making 1_ times a
1
2
recipe. The original recipe calls for 3_
1
2
cups of milk. How many cups of milk
does she need?
2-4 Dividing Positive and Negative Fractions (pp. 102–107)
Divide. Write in simplest form. Example 6 Find - 5 ÷ 3 . Write in _ _

6 5
_7 ÷ _1 _ simplest form.
32. 33.
7
÷ -_
( )2
9 3 12 3 Multiply by the
-_
5
÷_
3 5 _
= -_ ·5
6 5 6 3 multiplicative inverse.
34. -4_ ÷ (-2) 35. 6_ ÷ (-1_)
2 1 2
5 6 3
= -_
25
Simplify.
18
36. DESIGN Marcus wishes to space letters
equally across the top of a page. If each = -1_
7
Write as a mixed
18
letter is 1.7 inches wide, and the paper number.
is 8_
1
inches wide, what is the
2
maximum number of letters that he
can fit across the top of the page?
2-5 Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions (pp. 108–112)
Add or subtract. Write in simplest form. Example 7 Find 1 - 3 . Write in _ _

5 5
_ simplest form.
37.
5
+_
6
38. _1
+ -_
(
3
)
11 11 28 28 _1 - _3 = _
1-3 Subtract the numerators.
5 5 5 The denominators are
39. _ - _ 40. 12_ - 5_
1 7 4 3
8 8 5 5 the same.
=_
-2
41. JOBS Jeremy worked 5_ hours on
3 Simplify.
5
20
Monday. On Tuesday, he worked 2_
13
20
hours. How much longer did Jeremy = -_
2
5
work on Monday than on Tuesday?

see page 709.
2-6 Adding and Subtracting Unlike Fractions (pp. 114–118)
Add or subtract. Write in simplest form. Example 8 Find 3 + 1 . Write in_ _

4 3
_ simplest form.
42. -_ + _ - -_
( )
2 3 5 7
43.
3 5 12 15 _3 + _1 = _
9
+_
4
44. -4_ - 6_ 5 - 1_
1 2 2 Rename the fractions.
45. 4 3 12 12
2 3 5
=_
9 + 4
46. 7_ + 3_ 47. 5_ - 12_
3 4 3 1 Add the numerators.
4 5 5 2 12
48. PIZZA A pizza has 3 toppings with =_13
Simplify.
12
no toppings overlapping. Pepperoni
= 1_1
tops _
1
of the pizza and mushrooms 12
3
top _
2
. The remainder is topped with
5
sausage. What fraction is topped
with sausage?
2-7 Solving Equations with Rational Numbers (pp. 119–123)
Solve each equation. Example 9 _ _

Solve t + 1 = 5 .
3 6
49. d - (-0.8) = 4 _x = -2.2
50.
4 t+_
1
=_
5
Write the equation.
_3 n = _7 -7.2 = _ r 3 6
51.
4 8
52.
1.6
t+_
1
- 1 =_
5 _
- 1 Subtract _
1 _
from each side.
3 3 6 3 3
53. AGE Trevor is _ of Maria’s age. Trevor
3
8 _
t=1 Simplify.
is 15. Write and solve a multiplication 2
equation to find Maria’s age.
2-8 PSI: Look for a Pattern (pp. 124–125)
Solve. Use the look for a pattern strategy. Example 10 Raul’s phone plan charges
a flat monthly rate of $4.95 and $0.06 per
54. ALGEBRA Find the next two numbers in
minute. If Raul spent a total of $7.35 last
the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, … .
month, how many minutes did he use?
55. RUNNING Marcy can run one lap in Look for a pattern.
65 seconds. Each additional lap takes
her 2 seconds longer to run than the Minutes Charges Total
previous lap. How many minutes 0 4.95 + 0(0.06) $4.95
will it take her to run three miles? 10 4.95 + 10(0.06) $5.55
(1 mile = 4 laps) 20 4.95 + 20(0.06) $6.15
30 4.95 + 30(0.06) $6.75
56. GEOMETRY What is the total number
of rectangles, of any size, in the 40 4.95 + 40(0.06) $7.35
figure below?
So, Raul used 40 minutes last month.

APTER
CH
2-9 Powers and Exponents (pp. 126–129)
Write each expression using exponents. Example 11

57. 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 58. 2 · 2 · 5 · 5 · 5 Write 3 · 3 · 3 · 7 · 7 using exponents.
59. x · x · x · x · y 60. 4 · 4 · 9 · 9 3 · 3 · 3 · 7 · 7 = 33 · 72
Evaluate each expression. Example 12

_1 2 · _2 2
61. 5 4
62. () ()
3 5
Evaluate 7 3.
63. 5 -3
2
64. (_) · (_)
3 1 3 7 3 = 7 · 7 · 7 or 343
4 2
Example 13
65. PHONE TREES To close school for the
Evaluate 3 -6.
day, the principal calls six parents, who
in turn call six more parents. If each of 3 -6 = _
1
6
Write the power using a positive
3 exponent
those parents calls six more parents,
=_
how many calls will be made by the 1
3 6 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 or 729
729
parents in this last group?
2-10 Scientific Notation (pp. 130–133)
Write each number in standard form. Example 14

66. 3.2 × 10 -3 67. 6.71 × 10 4 Write 3.21 × 10 -6 in standard form.
68. 1.72 × 10 5 69. 1.5 × 10 -2 3.21 × 10 -6 = 0.00000321 Move the decimal
point 6 places to
70. ANIMALS The smallest mammal is the the left.
Kitti’s hog-nosed bat weighing about Example 15
4.375 × 10 -3 pound. Write this weight Write 7.25 × 10 5 in standard form.
in standard form.
7.25 × 10 5 = 725000 Move the decimal
point 5 places to
Write each number in scientific notation. the right.
Example 16
71. 0.000064 72. 0.000351
Write 0.004 in scientific notation.
73. 87,500,000 74. 7,410,000
0.004 = 4 × 0.001 The decimal point
moves 3 places.
75. SPACE The distance from Earth to the = 4 × 10 -3
Since 0 < 0.004
Sun is approximately 93 million miles. < 1, the exponent
Write this distance in standard form is negative.
and in scientific notation.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
2
11. BAKING Madison needs 2_ cups of flour, but
Write each fraction or mixed number as a 2
decimal. 3
she can only find her _
1
measuring cup. How
3
1. 4_ 2. -_
5 7
6 20 many times will she need to fill the
measuring cup with flour to get the amount
3. FROGS The Gold Frog grows to only
she needs?
0.375 inch. Write this length as a fraction
in simplest form. Solve each equation. Check your solution.
12. x - _ = _ 13. 16 = _y
5 1 2
4. ENERGY The United States produces about 6 3 3
_9
of the world’s energy and consumes
50 14. Write the expression 4 · 4 · a · a · b · 3 · 4 ·
about _ 6
of the world’s energy. Does the 3 · a using exponents.
25
United States produce more energy than it
uses or vice versa? Explain your reasoning. Evaluate each expression.
15. 6 -4 16. k 3 · g -2 if k = 4 and g = 8
5. STANDARDS PRACTICE A recipe for two
dozen cookies calls for 1_
3
cups of 17. EXTREME SPORTS In 2003, San Antonio,
4
flour. In order to make eight dozen cookies, Texas, hosted the first ever summer Global
how many cups of flour should be used? X Games while Whistler, British Columbia,
in Canada hosted the winter games. Team
A 16_
1
2 USA won the gold medal with a total of
B 14 7 2 · 2 2 points. Evaluate the number of points
won by Team USA.
C 9_
1
4 18. Write 8.83 × 10 -7 in standard form.
D 7
19. Write 25,000 in scientific notation.
Add, subtract, multiply, or divide. Write in
simplest form. 20. STANDARDS PRACTICE The following
table gives the approximate diameter,
6. -5_ · -2_ ( ) 7. -6 ÷ _
1 1 1
4 3 8
in miles, for several planets.
8. -_ + _
3
8
4
9
9. (-1_78 ) - (-3_14 ) Planet Diameter
Mercury 3.032 × 10 3
10. ANALYZE TABLES The table shows the time of Saturn 7.4975 × 10 4
the back and forth swing of a pendulum and Neptune 3.0603 × 10 4
its length. How long is a pendulum with a Earth 7.926 × 10 3
swing of 5 seconds?
Which list below correctly orders these
Time of Swing Length of Pendulum planets from least to greatest diameters?
1 second 1 unit F Mercury, Neptune, Saturn, Earth
2 seconds 4 units G Mercury, Earth, Neptune, Saturn
3 seconds 9 units H Mercury, Neptune, Earth, Saturn
4 seconds 16 units J Neptune, Mercury, Earth, Saturn

APTER
CH
2 California Standards Practice

Cumulative, Chapters 1–2
Read each question. Then fill in 4 Which number equals (3) -3?
the correct answer on the answer
F -_
1
document provided by your teacher or 27
on a sheet of paper. G -9
H _
1
1 A carpenter estimates that it will take one 27
person 54 hours to complete a job. He plans J 9
to have three people work on the job for two
days. How many hours each day will the
workers need to work to complete the job? 5 Which fraction is equivalent to _
3 _
+ 3?
5 10
A 8 hours C 12 hours A _6
C _9
15 50
B 9 hours D 18 hours
B _9
D _9
10 15
2 The weight of a paper clip is 9.0 × 10 -4
kilograms. Which of the following represents 6 A jar of mixed nuts contains 2_
1
pounds of
2
this weight in standard notation?
peanuts, 1_
1
pounds of cashews and 1_
5
F 0.00000009 3 6
pounds of walnuts. What is the total weight
G 0.000009 of the contents of the jar?
H 0.00009
F 4_
1
pounds
6
J 0.0009
G 4_
1
pounds
2
3 After reading the salon prices listed below, H 5_
2
pounds
3
Alex chose Special No. 1. She wanted to find
her total savings. Her first step was to find J 6_
1
pounds
3
the sum of $19 plus 2 times $4. What should
Alex do next to find her total savings?
Hair Salon Prices
Trim $12 Special #1
Haircut, style, and Question 6 If the test question would
Haircut $19 take an excessive amount of time to
shampoo $25 work, try estimating the answer. Then
Shampoo $4
look for the appropriate answer choice.
Style $4 Special #2
Highlights $55 Haircut, style,
shampoo, and
Perm $50 highlights $75 7 The distance from Earth to the Sun is
92,900,000 miles. Which expression
A Subtract $75 from the sum.
represents this number in scientific
B Divide the sum by 3. notation?
C Subtract $25 from the sum. A 92.9 × 10 6 C 9.29 × 10 6
D Add $4 to the sum. B 9.29 × 10 7 D 929 × 10 5
140 Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational Numbers California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
8 The table shows the atomic weights of 11 Mr. Carr wants to buy a new computer.
certain elements. He will finance the total cost of $1,350 by
making 24 equal monthly payments to pay
Element Atomic Weight (amu)
back this amount plus interest. What other
Argon 39.948 information is needed to determine the
Zinc 65.39 amount of Mr. Carr’s monthly payment?
Lead 207.2 A the brand of the computer
Oxygen 15.9994
B the amount of money Mr. Carr has in his
Titanium 47.867
savings account
Mercury 200.59
C the interest rate being charged
Which element has an atomic weight that is D the amount of Mr. Carr’s weekly income
exactly 160.642 less than the atomic weight
of Mercury?
F argon H oxygen 12 Cindy has 55 minutes before she has to
G titanium J zinc leave to go to school. She spends 15 minutes

reading the newspaper. Then she spends
4 minutes brushing her teeth and another
9 A pizzeria sells large pizzas for $11.50,
15 minutes watching television. Which
medium pizzas for $8.75, and small pizzas
expression can you use to find the amount
for $6.50. Suppose a scout group orders 3
of time she has left before she has to leave?
large pizzas, 2 medium pizzas, and 2 small
pizzas. Which equation can be used to find F 55 - 15 + 4 - 15 H 55 - 2(15) - 4
the total cost of the pizzas? G 55 + 2(15) - 4 J 55 + (-2)(15) + 4
A t = (3 + 2 + 2)(11.50 + 8.75 + 6.50)
B t = (3)(11.50) + 2(8.75) + 2(6.50)
Pre-AP
C t = (3 + 2 + 2) ____ (
11.50 + 8.75 + 6.50
3 )
D t = (3)(11.50) + 8.75 + 2(6.50)
Show your work.
13 The container for a child’s set of blocks is 9
10 What does y 3 equal when y = -4?
inches by 9 inches by 9 inches. The blocks
F -64 measure 3 inches by 3 inches by 3 inches.
G -12 a. Describe how to determine the number
of blocks needed to fill the container.
H _
1
64 b. Write and simplify an expression to solve
J _
1
the problem.
12
c. How many blocks will it take?
NEED EXTRA HELP?
Go to Lesson... 2-3 2-10 1-1 2-9 2-6 2-6 2-10 2-7 1-7 2-9 1-1 1-7 2-9
For Help with Standard... MG1.3 NS1.1 MR1.1 NS2.1 NS2.2 NS2.2 NS1.1 NS1.2 AF1.1 AF2.1 MR1.1 AF1.1 AF2.1
Chapters 1–2 California Standards Practice 141

Real Numbers and the
3 Pythagorean Theorem
• Standard 7MG3.0 Know

the Pythagorean theorem
and understand plane and
solid geometric shapes by
constructing figures that
meet given conditions and
by identifying attributes of
figures.
Key Vocabulary
ordered pair (p. 173)
Pythagorean Theorem (p. 162)
real number (p. 155)
square root (p. 144)
Real-World Link
Buildings The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco,
California, is 853 feet high. To determine the
approximate distance you can see from the top of the
tower, multiply 1.23 by √ 853 .
Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.
_ 1
Begin with two sheets of 8 ” × 11” notebook paper.
2
1 Fold one sheet in half from 2 Fold the other sheet in half.
top to bottom. Cut along the Cut along the fold between
fold from edges to margin. the margins.
3 Insert the first sheet 4 Label each page with a

>«ÌiÀÊÎ\
,i>Ê ÕLiÀÃ
through the second sheet lesson number and title. >`ÊÌi
*ÞÌ>}Ài>
and align the folds. /iÀi
142 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

Damir Frkovic/Masterfile
Option 2
Option 1
Graph each point on a coordinate Example 1

plane. (Prior Grade) Graph the points P(-3, 4), M(2, -1),
1. A(-1, 3) R(4, 0), and W(-1, -3).
P y The first number in
2. B(2, -4)
an ordered pair tells
3. C(-2, -3) you to move left or
right from the origin.
4. D(-4, 0) R The second number
O x
tells you to move up
M
or down.
W
Evaluate each expression. Example 2

(Lesson 2-9) Find 6 2 + 4 2.
2 2 2 2
5. 2 + 4 6. 3 + 3 6 2 + 4 2 = 36 + 16 Evaluate 6 2 and 4 2.
7. 10 2 + 8 2 8. 7 2 + 5 2 = 52 Simplify.
9. AGES Find the sum of the squares

of Tina’s age and Warren’s age if
Tina is 13 years old and Warren is
15 years old. (Lesson 2-9)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 3

solution. (Lesson 1-9) Solve 49 + b = 72.
10. x + 13 = 45 11. 56 + d = 71 49 + b = 72 Write the equation.
12. 101 = 39 + a 13. 62 = 45 + m -49 -49
_____________ Subtract 49 from each side.
b = 23
14. MARBLES Barry has 18 more
marbles than Heidi. If Barry has
92 marbles, how many marbles
does Heidi have? (Lesson 1-9)

3-1 Square Roots
Main IDEA Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com
Find square roots of Continue the pattern of square tiles until

perfect squares. you reach 5 tiles on each side.
Standard 7NS2.4 1. Copy and complete the following table.
Use the inverse
relationship Tiles on a Side 1 2 3 4 5
between raising to a power Total Number of Tiles in
and extracting the root of a 1 4
the Square Arrangement
perfect square; for an integer
that is not square, determine
without a calculator the two 2. Suppose a square arrangement has 36 tiles. How many tiles are
integers between which its on a side?
square root lies and explain
why. 3. What is the relationship between the number of tiles on a side and
the number of tiles in the arrangement?
NEW Vocabulary
perfect square Numbers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 are called perfect squares
square root because they are squares of integers. Squaring a number and finding a
radical sign square root are inverse operations. A square root of a number is one
of its two equal factors. The symbol √ , called a radical sign, is
used to indicate a square root. Every positive number has both a
positive and a negative square root.
Find Square Roots

Find each square root.
1 √
64
64 indicates the positive square root. Since 8 2 = 64, √
√ 64 = 8.
2 -
_
25
36
-_

25
indicates the negative square root of _
25
.
36 36
5 2 _
Since -_
6( ) 36
_
= 25 , -
25
36
= -_
5
6
.
3 ± √
1.21
± √
1.21 indicates both the positive and negative square roots of 1.21.
Since 1.1 2 = 1.21 and (-1.1) 2 = 1.21, ± √
1.21 = ±1.1, or 1.1 and -1.1.
READING
in the Content Area Find each square root.
For strategies in reading
this lesson, visit a. _

9
b. - √
49 c. ± √
0.81
ca.gr7math.com. 16
144 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
By the definition of a square root, if n 2 = a, then n = ± √
a . You can use
this relationship to solve equations that involve squares.
Use Square Roots to Solve an Equation
4 ALGEBRA Solve t 2 = 169. Check your solution(s).

t 2 = 169 Write the equation.
t = ± √
169 Definition of square root
t = 13 and -13 Check 13 · 13 = 169 and (-13)(-13) = 169 ✓
The equation has two solutions, 13 and -13.
Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

f. y 2 = _
4
d. 289 = a 2 e. m 2 = 0.09
25
In most real-world situations, a negative square root does not

make sense. Only the positive or principal square root is considered.
5 HISTORY The base of the Great Pyramid covers an area of about

562,500 square feet. Determine the length of each side of the base.
Words Area is equal to the square of the length of a side.
Variable Let s represent the length of a side.
Equation s 2 = 562,500
s 2 = 562,500 Write the equation.

Real-World Link s = ± √
562,500 Definition of square root
The Great Pyramid
of Khufu is the
To find √
562,500 , find two equal factors of 562,500.
largest of the 562,500 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 Find the prime factors.
ancient pyramids.
Source: infoplease.com = (2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5)(2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5) Regroup into two equal factors.
So, s = 2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5 or 750.
Since distance cannot be negative, the length of each side is 750 feet.
g. CONCERTS A concert crew needs to set up 900 chairs on the floor

level. If the chairs are placed in a square arrangement, how many
should be in each row?
Lesson 3-1 Square Roots 145

CORBIS
Examples 1–3 Find each square root.
(p. 144)
1. √
25 2. √
0.64 3. - √
1.69
4. -_ 6. ±_

16
5. ± √
100
49
81 144
Example 4 ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

8. t 2 = _
(p. 145) 1
7. p 2 = 36 9. 6.25 = r 2
9
Example 5 10. GAMES A checkerboard is a large square that is made up of 32 small red
(p. 145) squares and 32 small black squares. How many small squares are along one
side of a checkerboard?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find each square root.

For See 11. √
16 12. - √
81 13. - √
484 14. ± √
36
Exercises Examples
15. _

121
16. -_

64
17. ±_

9
18. -_

16
11–14 1 324 225 49 25
15–18 2
19–22 3 19. - √
2.56 20. ± √
1.44 21. √
0.25 22. ± √
0.0196
23–30 4
31, 32 5
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).
23. v 2 = 81 24. b 2 = 100 25. 144 = s 2 26. 225 = y 2
27. w 2 = _
36
28. _
9
= c2 29. 0.0169 = d 2 30. a 2 = 1.21
100 64
31. PHOTOGRAPHY A group of 169 students needs to be seated in a

square formation for a yearbook photo. How many students should
be in each row?
32. MARCHING BAND A marching band wants to form a square in the

middle of the field. If there are 81 members in the band, how many
should be in each row?
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

x=5
33. √ 34. √y = 20 = 10.5
35. √z
MEASUREMENT The formula for the perimeter of a square is P = 4s, where s is

the length of a side. Find the perimeter of each square.
%842!02!#4)#% 36. 37. 38.
!REA
See pages 682, 710. SQUARE !REA
!REA
INCHES SQUARE
SQUARE
FEET
METERS
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com

H.O.T. Problems 39. OPEN ENDED Create an equation that can be solved by finding the square
root of a perfect square.
40. CHALLENGE Find each value.

2
a. 36 )
( √ 2
( )
_
b.
25
81
c. ( √
1.99 )
2
d. ( √x) 2
> √
41. NUMBER SENSE Under what condition is √x 25 ?
42. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Analyze the cartoon. Create a cartoon of your own
(*/
that uses the square root of a perfect square.
43. The area of each square is 4 square 44. Mr Freeman’s farm has a square
units. cornfield. Find the area of the
cornfield if the sides are measured
in whole numbers.
F 164,000 ft 2
G 170,150 ft 2
Find the perimeter of the figure. H 170,586 ft 2
A 8 units C 20 units J 174,724 ft 2
B 16 units D 24 units
45. SPACE The Alpha Centuari stars are about 2.5 × 10 13 miles from
Earth. Write this distance in standard form. (Lesson 2-10)
Write each expression using exponents. (Lesson 2-9)
46. 6 · 6 · 6 47. 2 · 3 · 3 · 2 · 2 · 2 48. s · t · t · s · s · t · s
49. What is the absolute value of -18? (Lesson 1-3)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Between which two perfect squares does each

number lie? (Lesson 2-2)
50. 57 51. 68 52. 33 53. 40
Lesson 3-1 Square Roots 147

Bill Amend/Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
3-2 Estimating Square Roots
Main IDEA
Estimate square roots. On dot paper, draw and cut out a
square like the one at the right. The
!
area of section A is _(2 · 2) or 2
Standard 7NS2.4 1
Use the inverse 2
relationship between square units. So, the shaded square
raising to a power and has an area of 8 square units.
extracting the root of a
perfect square; for an integer
that is not square,
Draw a number line on your dot
determine without a paper so that 1 unit equals the
calculator the two integers distance between dots.
between which its square
root lies and explain why.
1. Place your square on the number line. Between what two
consecutive whole numbers is √
8 , the side length of the square,
located?
2. Between what two perfect squares is 8 located?
3. Estimate the length of a side of the square. Verify your estimate by
using a calculator to compute the value of √8.
In the Mini Lab, you found that √

8 is not a whole number since 8 is not
a perfect square.
The number line shows that √8 is
between 2 and 3. Since 8 is closer
to 9 than 4, the best whole number Ȗе
Ȗе
Ȗе

estimate for √8 is 3.
Estimate Square Roots

1 Estimate √
83 to the nearest whole number.
• The largest perfect square less than 83 is 81. √
81 = 9
• The smallest perfect square greater than 83 is 100. √
100 = 10
Plot each square root on a number line.
READING Math Then estimate √83 . е

е
Ȗ е
е
Ȗ е
ее
Ȗ
Inequalities 81 < 83 < 100 Write an inequality.
81 < 83 < 100 is read 2 2
81 is less than 83 is less 9 < 83 < 10 81 = 9 2 and 100 = 10 2
than 100 or 83 is between
81 and 100.
√ 83 < √
9 2 < √ 10 2 Find the square root of each number.
9 < √
83 < 10 Simplify.
So, √ is closer to √
83 is between 9 and 10. Since √83 81 than √
100 ,
the best whole number estimate for √ 83 is 9.

2 Estimate √
23.5 to the nearest whole number.
• The largest perfect square less than 23.5 is 16. √
16 = 4
Mental Math It is
important to • The smallest perfect square greater than 23.5 is 25. √
25 = 5
memorize common
perfect squares. 16 < 23.5 < 25 Write an inequality.
12 = 1 22 = 4 4 2 < 23.5 < 5 2 16 = 4 2 and 25 = 5 2
2 2
3 =9 4 = 16 √ 23.5 < √
4 2 < √ 52 Find the square root of each number.
2
5 = 25 6 2 = 36
4 < √
23.5 < 5 Simplify.
7 2 = 49 8 2 = 64
9 2 = 81 10 2 = 100 So, √
23.5 is between 4 and 5. Since
11 = 121 12 2 = 144
2
23.5 is closer to 25 than 16, the best
е
е
Ȗ Ȗе
ее Ȗ
е
е
whole number estimate for √ 23.5 is 5.
Estimate to the nearest whole number.
a. √
35 b. √
44.8 c. √
170
3 ART The Parthenon is an

example of a golden rectangle.
The length of the longer side
divided by the length of the 2 units
shorter side is equal to _

1 + √
5
.
2
Estimate this value.
(1 ⫹ 兹5) units
First estimate the value of √5.
4 < 5 <9 4 and 9 are the closest perfect squares.
2 2
2 < 5 <3 4 = 2 2 and 9 = 3 2
√
2 2 < √5 < √
32 Find the square root of each number.
2 < √5 < 3 Simplify.
Since 5 is closer to 4 than 9, the best whole number estimate

for √5 is 2. Use this value to evaluate the expression.
1 + √
_ 5
≈ _ or 1.5
1+2
2 2
d. BASEBALL In Little League, the bases

are squares with sides of 14 inches. IN IN
The expression √
(s 2 + s 2) represents
the distance across a square of side
length s. Estimate the distance across
a base to the nearest inch.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-2 Estimating Square Roots 149

Charles O’Rear/CORBIS
Examples 1, 2 Estimate to the nearest whole number.
(pp. 148–149)
1. √
28 2. √
60 3. √
135
4. √
13.5 5. √
38.7 6. √
79.2
Example 3 7. SCIENCE The number of swings back and forth of a pendulum of length L,
in inches, each minute is _
375
(p. 149)
. About how many swings will a 40-inch
√L

pendulum make each minute?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Estimate to the nearest whole number.

For See 8. √
44 9. √
23 10. √
125 11. √
197
Exercises Examples 12. √
15.6 13. √
23.5 14. √
85.1 15. √
38.4
8–15 1, 2
16. GEOMETRY The radius of a circle with area A is approximately _ .
16, 17 3
A
3
If a pizza has an area of 78 square inches, estimate its radius.
√h

17. CAVES The formula t = _ represents the time t in seconds that it takes an
4
object to fall from a height of h feet. Suppose a rock falls from a 200-feet
high cave ceiling. Estimate how long will it take to reach the ground.
18. 5_

1
19. 21_
7
20. 17_
3
5 10 4
Order from least to greatest.

21. 7, 9, √
50 , √
85 22. √
91 , 7, 5, √
38 62 , 6, √
23. √ 34 , 8
ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of each equation to the nearest integer.

24. y 2 = 55 25. d 2 = 95 26. p 2 = 6.8
would estimate a square root.
28. GEOMETRY Egyptian mathematician Heron CM

created the formula A = √s(s
- a)(s - b)(s - c) CM
to find the area A of a triangle. In this formula,
%842!02!#4)#% a, b, and c are the measures of the sides, and s is CM
one-half of the perimeter. Use this formula to
See pages 683, 710.
estimate the area of the triangle at the right.
Self-Check Quiz at 29. NUMBER SENSE Without a calculator, determine which is greater, √
94 or 10.
ca.gr7math.com

H.O.T. Problems 30. OPEN ENDED Find two numbers that have square roots between 7 and 8.
One number should have a square root closer to 7, and the other number
should have a square root closer to 8. Justify your answer.
31. FIND THE ERROR Josephina and Dario are estimating √

50 . Who is correct?
√
50 ≈ 7 √
50 ≈ 25
Josephina Dario
32. CHALLENGE If x 3 = y, then x is the cube root of y. Explain how to estimate

the cube root of 30. Find the cube root of 30 to the nearest whole number.
33. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to graph √

(*/ 78 on a number line.
34. A whole number is squared. The result 35. Point N on the number line best
is between 950 and 1,000. The number represents which square root?
is between N
A 26 and 28. C 30 and 32.
9 10 11 12 13
B 28 and 30. D 32 and 34.
F √
140 H √
116
G √
121 J √
126
36. ALGEBRA Find a number that, when squared, equals 8,100. (Lesson 3-1)
37. GEOGRAPHY The Great Lakes cover about 94,000 square miles. Write this
number in scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)
Multiply or divide. (Lesson 1-6)
38. (-5)(-13) 39. (-2)(5)(7) 40. 72 ÷ (-2) 41. -80 ÷ (-16)
42. PREREQUISITE SKILL To attend a field trip to an art museum, each student
will have to pay $6.50 for transportation and $10.00 for admission and
lunch. Find the total amount of money to be collected for a class of 240
students. (Lesson 1-1)
Lesson 3-2 Estimating Square Roots 151

(l)Janie Airey/Getty Images, (r)Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit
MAIN IDEA: Use a Venn diagram to solve problems.
STANDARD 7MR2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, and models,
to explain mathematical reasoning. STANDARD 7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers,
fractions, and terminating decimals) and take positive rational numbers to whole-number powers.
e-Mail: USE A VENN DIAGRAM

YOUR MISSION: Use a Venn diagram to solve the
problem.
THE PROBLEM: How many students are not involved

in either music or sports?
▲
Amy: Of the 12 students who ate lunch
with me today, 9 are involved in music
activities and 6 play sports. Of these
students, 4 are involved in both music and
sports.
EXPLORE You know how many students are in involved in each activity and how many are
involved in both activities. You want to organize the information.
PLAN Make a Venn diagram to organize the information.
SOLVE Draw two overlapping circles to represent the
two different activities. Since 4 students are
involved in both activities, place a 4 in the ÕÃV -«ÀÌÃ
section that is a part of both circles. Use
subtraction to determine the number for each
of the other sections.

only music: 9 - 4 = 5
only sports: 6 - 4 = 2
neither music nor sports: 12 - 5 - 2 - 4 = 1
CHECK Check each circle to see if the appropriate number of students is represented.
1. Describe how to determine the number of students who are in either music or
sports but not both using the above Venn diagram.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain what each section of the Venn diagram above
(*/
represents and the number of students that belong to that category.
152 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and The Pythagorean Theorem

John Evans
Use a Venn diagram to solve Exercises 3–5. 7. MONEY The soccer team sponsored a car
3. MASCOTS Nick conducted a survey of wash to pay for their new uniforms. They
85 students about a new school mascot. charged $3 for a car and $5 for an SUV.
The results showed that 40 students liked During the first two hours they washed 19
Tigers, and 31 students liked Bears. Of those vehicles and earned $71. How many of each
students, 12 liked both Tigers and Bears. type of vehicle did they wash?
How many students liked neither Tigers
8. ALGEBRA Emilio created a graph of the data
nor Bears?
he collected for a science project. If the
4. MARKETING A survey showed that 70 pattern continues, about how far will the
customers bought white bread, 63 bought marble roll if the end of the tube is raised to
wheat bread, and 35 bought rye bread. Of an elevation of 3_
1
feet?
2
those who bought exactly two types of
bread, 12 bought wheat and white, 5 bought -ARBLE%XPERIMENT
white and rye, and 7 bought wheat and rye.

$ISTANCE-ARBLE
Two customers bought all three. How many
2OLLEDFT

customers bought only wheat bread?

5. HEALTH Dr. Bagentose is an allergist. Her
%LEVATIONOF4UBEFT
patients had the following symptoms. How
many patients had only watery eyes?
9. SPORTS Student Council surveyed a
group of 24 students. The results showed
Number of
Symptom(s) that 14 students liked softball, and 18 liked
Patients
basketball. Of these, 8 liked both. How
runny nose 22
many students liked just softball and how
watery eyes 20
many liked just basketball?
sneezing 28
runny nose and watery eyes 8
runny nose and sneezing 15
watery eyes and sneezing 12 For Exercises 10 and 11, select the appropriate
runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing 5 operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
10. JOBS Three after-school jobs are posted on
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–9. Some the job board. The first job pays $5.15 per
strategies are shown below. hour for 15 hours of work each week. The
second job pays $10.95 per day for two
G STRATEGIES hours of work, 5 days a week. The third job
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
tep plan. pays $82.50 for 15 hours of work each week.
• Use the four-s
rn. If you want to apply for the best-paying job,
ag ram. which job should you choose? Explain your
• Use a Venn di
reasoning.
11. ROLLER COASTERS The Silver Streak roller

6. ALGEBRA What are the next two numbers in coaster can accommodate 1,296 people in
the pattern? one hour. The coaster has 12 vehicles. If each
vehicle carries 4 passengers, how many runs
864, 432, 216, 108, , are made in one hour?
Lesson 3-3 Problem-Solving Investigation: Use a Venn Diagram 153

Standard 7AF1.4
The Language of Mathematics Use algebraic
terminology (e.g.
The language of mathematics is very specific. But many of the words variable, equation, term,
you use in mathematics are also used in everyday language as well as coefficient, inequality,
scientific language. Sometimes the everyday or scientific usage can give
you clues to the mathematical meaning. Here are some examples.
Usage Example
Some words are used in English

and in mathematics, but have
distinct meanings.
i}
Some words are used in science x + 4 = -2

and in mathematics, but the x = -6
meanings are different.
solution
Þ«ÌiÕÃi
Some words are used only in
mathematics.
Explain how the mathematical meaning of each word compares to its

everyday meaning.
1. factor 2. leg
3. rational 4. root
Explain how the mathematical meaning of each word compares to its

meaning in science.
5. radical 6. variable
Some words are used in English and in mathematics, but the

mathematical meaning is more precise. Explain how the mathematical
meaning of each word is more precise than the everday meaning.
7. similar 8. real

3- 4 The Real Number System
Main IDEA
Identify and classify SPORTS Most sports
numbers in the real have rules for the size
number system. 2EAR3PIKERS
of the field or court ,INES
FT
Standard where the sport is FT FT

FT
7NS1.4 Differentiate played. A diagram of IN FT EA
between rational !R
a volleyball court is ING
and irrational numbers. IN 3ERV
shown. qFT
1. The length of the court is 60 feet. Is 60 a rational number? Explain.
NEW Vocabulary
2. The distance from the net to the rear spikers line is 7_ feet. Is 7_
1 1
irrational number 2 2
real number a rational number? Explain.
3. The diagonal across the court is √
4,500 feet. Can this square root
be written as a rational number? Explain.
It is known that √ 4,500 has a decimal value of 67.08203932... . Although

this continues on and on, it does not repeat. Since the decimal does not
terminate or repeat, √ 4,500 cannot be written as a fraction. Therefore,
REVIEW Vocabulary it is not a rational number. Numbers that are not rational are called
rational number any irrational numbers. The square root of any number that is not a perfect
number that can be expressed
_ a
in the form , where a and b
square number is irrational.
b
are integers and b ≠ 0
(Lesson 2-1)
+%9#/.#%04 Irrational Numbers
Words An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed

as the quotient _a , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
b
Examples √
2 ≈ 1.414213562… - √
3 ≈ -1.732050807…
The set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers together
make up the set of real numbers. Study the diagram below.
2EAL.UMBERS
2ATIONAL.UMBERS )RRATIONAL
.UMBERS
)NTEGERS
7HOLE
.UMBERS
Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 155

Classify Numbers
Classifying Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
Numbers
Always simplify
1 0.252525… The decimal ends in a repeating pattern. It is a rational
numbers before number because it is equivalent to _
25
.
classifying them. 99
2 √
36 Since √36 = 6, it is a whole number, an integer, and a
rational number.
3 - √
7 - √7 ≈ -2.645751311… Since the decimal does not
terminate or repeat, it is an irrational number.
b. -2_
2
a. √
10 c. √
100
5
Real numbers follow the properties that are true for whole numbers,
integers, and rational numbers.
#/.#%043UMMARY Real Number Properties

Property Arithmetic Algebra
Commutative 3.2 + 2.5 = 2.5 + 3.2 a+b=b+a
5.1 · 2.8 = 2.8 · 5.1 a·b=b·a
Associative (2 + 1) + 5 = 2 + (1 + 5) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(3 · 4) · 6 = 3 · (4 · 6) (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
Distributive 2(3 + 5) = 2 · 3 + 2 · 5 a(b + c) = a · b + a · c
Identity √
8 + 0 = √8 a+0=a
√
7 · 1 = √
7 a·1=a
Additive Inverse 4 + (-4) = 0 a + (-a) = 0
Multiplicative _2 · _3 = 1 _a · _b = 1, where a, b ≠ 0
Inverse 3 2 b a
Graph Real Numbers

4 Estimate √
6 and - √3 to the nearest tenth. Then graph √
6 and
- √
3 on a number line.
√
6 ≈ 2.449489742… or about 2.4 Use a calculator.
- √
3 ≈ - 1.7320508075… or about -1.7 Use a calculator.
– 3 6
Real Numbers
The graph of all real –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
numbers is the entire
number line without Estimate each square root to the nearest
any “holes.”
tenth. Then graph the square root on a number line.
d. √
5 e. - √7
f. √
22

Compare Real Numbers
Mental Math 7 ● 22
5 √ _
Remember that a 3
negative number is Write each number as a decimal.
always less than a
positive number. √
7 ≈ 2.645751311…
Therefore, you can
determine that - √3 2_
2
= 2.666666666…
3
Since 2.645751311…is less than 2.66666666…, √7 < 2_
is less than 1.7 2
without computation. .
3
−
6 1.5 ● √
2.25
2.25 1.5
Write √
2.25 as a decimal.
√
2.25 = 1.5 1.5 1.6
−
1.5 = 1.555555555…
−
Since 1.555555555… is greater than 1.5, 1.5 > √2.25
.
11 ● 3_
g. √
1
17 ● 4.03
h. √ 6.25 ● 2_
i. √
1
3 2
7 SKYSCRAPERS On a clear Los Angeles Skyscrapers

day, the number of miles 1200 1,018
a person can see to the 1000 858
horizon is about 1.23 times 699 750
the square root of his or 800
her distance from the 600

ground, in feet. Suppose
400
Real-World Career Domingo is at the top of
How Does an Architect Bank of America Tower 200
Use Math?
Architects design and
and Jewel is at the top of 0
draw plans for buildings. Two California Plaza. Bank of Two Aon US Bank
America California Center Tower
They use math to ensure How much farther can Tower Plaza
the buildings are
structurally sound. Jewel see than Domingo? Source: National Park Service
Use a calculator to approximate the distance each person can see.

go to ca.gr7math.com. Domingo: 1.23 √
699 ≈ 32.52 Jewel: 1.23 √
750 ≈ 33.68
Jewel can see about 33.68 - 32.52 or 1.16 miles farther than Domingo.
j. MEASUREMENT How much greater is the perimeter of a square with

area 250 square meters than a square with area 125 square meters?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 157
Artiga Photo/CORBIS
Examples 1–3 Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
4. -3_
(p. 156) 1
1. 0.050505… 2. - √
64 3. √
17
4
Example 4 Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth. Then graph the square root on
(p. 156) a number line.
5. √
2 6. - √
18
Examples 5, 6 Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

−−
2.25 ● 1_
(p. 157) 1
15 ● 3.5
7. √ 8. √ 9. 2.21 ● √
5.2
2
Example 7 10. MEASUREMENT The area of a triangle with all three sides
(p. 157)
_s 2 √3 6 in. 6 in.
the same length is , where s is the length of a side.
4
Find the area of the triangle.
6 in.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
11. 14 12. _2 13. - √
16 14. - √
20
For See 3
Exercises Examples − _
12
15. 4.83 16. 7.2 17. - √
90 18.
11–18 1–3 4
19–22 4
Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth. Then graph the square root on
23–28 5,6
a number line.
29–30 7
19. √
6 20. √8
21. - √
22 22. - √
27

25. 6_ ● √
1
10 ● 3.2
23. √ 12 ● 3.5
24. √ 40
3
− −
26. 2_
2
● √
5.76 27. 5_
1
● 5.16 6.2 ● 2.4
28. √
5 6
29. LAW ENFORCEMENT Police can use the

to estimate the
formula s = 5.5 √0.75d
speed of a vehicle, where s is the speed
of the vehicle in miles per hour, and d 125 ft
is the length of the skid marks in feet.
How fast was the vehicle going for
the skid marks at the right?
30. FOOTBALL The time t in seconds that a football remains in the air is
t=

2y
_ , where y is the initial height in meters of the football. Find the
9.8
time to the nearest hundredth of a second that a football remains in the air
if the initial height is 2 meters.

%842!02!#4)#% 31. ALGEBRA In the sequence 4, 12, , 108, 324, the missing number can
See pages 683, 710. be found by simplifying √ ab where a and b are the numbers on
either side of the missing number. Find the missing number.
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.
− − −−
32. √
5 , √
3 , 2.25, 2.2 33. 3.01, 3.1, 3.01, √9
−
34. -4.1, √17 , -4.1, 4.01 35. - √5, √6 , -2.5, 2.5
H.O.T. Problems 36. OPEN ENDED Give a counterexample for the statement all square
roots are irrational numbers. Explain your reasoning.
CHALLENGE Tell whether the following statement is always,

sometimes, or never true. If a statement is not always true, explain.
37. Integers are rational numbers. 38. Rational numbers are
integers.
39. The product of a rational number and an irrational number is an
irrational number.
40. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem in which you

(*/
would need to approximate a square root. Then, solve the problem.
41. Which is an irrational number? 42. Which number represents the point
A -6 graphed on the number line?
B _
2
3
C √
9
F - √
12 H - √
15
D √
3
G - √
10 J - √8
43. SPORTS Students were surveyed about the sports in which they
participate. Thirty-five play baseball, 31 play basketball, and 28 play
soccer. Of these, 7 play baseball and basketball, 9 play basketball and
soccer, 6 play baseball and soccer, and 5 play all three sports. How many
students were surveyed? Use a Venn diagram. (Lesson 3-3)
44. Order 7, √
53 , √
32 , and 6 from least to greatest. (Lesson 3-2)
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. (Lesson 3-1)
46. y 2 = _
1
45. t 2 = 25 47. 0.64 = a 2
49
PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 2-9)
48. 3 2 + 5 2 49. 6 2 + 4 2 50. 9 2 + 11 2 51. 4 2 + 7 2
Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 159

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Find each square root. (Lesson 3-1) 18. STANDARDS PRACTICE Point P on the
1. √
1 2. ± √
81 3. ± √
36 number line best represents which
square root? (Lesson 3-2)
5. -_
4. - √
121
1
6. √
0.09
25 P
7. MEASUREMENT What is the length of a side 7 8 9 10 11
of the square? (Lesson 3-1)

F √
85
G √
81
!REA
M
H √
98
J √
79
19. MARKETING A survey showed 83 customers

8. STANDARDS PRACTICE The area of a bought wheat cereal, 83 bought rice cereal,
square picture frame is 529 square and 20 bought corn cereal. Of those who
centimeters. How long is each side of the bought exactly two boxes of cereal, 6 bought
frame? (Lesson 3-1) corn and wheat, 10 bought rice and corn,
A 26 cm and 12 bought rice and wheat. Four
customers bought all three. How many
B 25 cm
customers bought only rice cereal? (Lesson 3-3)
C 23 cm
D 21 cm
20. FOOD Napoli’s pizza conducted a survey
of 75 customers. The results showed that
9. FOOTBALL A group of 121 football players 35 customers liked mushroom pizza, 41
needs to be in a square formation for liked pepperoni pizza, and 11 liked both
practice. How many players should be mushroom and pepperoni pizza. How many
in each row? (Lesson 3-1) liked neither mushroom nor pepperoni
pizza? Use a Venn diagram. (Lesson 3-3)
(Lesson 3-2)
Name all sets of numbers to which each real
10. √
90 11. √
28 12. √
226 number belongs. (Lesson 3-4)
13. √
17 14. √
21 15. √
75 _2
21. 22. √
25
3
23. - √
15 24. √3

16. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution(s) of x 2 = 50
to the nearest integer. (Lesson 3-2) 25. 10 26. - √4

17. MEASUREMENT The radius of a circle with Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true
_
area A is approximately
A
. If a pie has an sentence. (Lesson 3-4)
3
15 ● 4.1
27. √ 28. 6.5 ● √
45
area of 42 square inches, estimate its radius. −
(Lesson 3-2) 35 ● 5.75
29. √ 30. 3.3 ● √
10

Explore Geometry Lab
3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem
Four thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians
Main IDEA used mathematics to lay out their fields with
Find the relationship square corners. They took a piece of rope and 5
among the sides of a 4
right triangle.
knotted it into 12 equal spaces. Taking three
stakes, they stretched the rope around the stakes
Standard to form a right triangle. The sides of the triangle 3
7MG3.3 Know and had lengths of 3, 4, and 5 units.
understand the
Pythagorean theorem and
its converse and use it to
find the length of the
missing side of a right
triangle and the lengths of
other line segments and, in
some situations, empirically
On centimeter grid paper, draw a
verify the Pythagorean triangle as shown at the right.
theorem by direct Cut out the triangle.
measurement.
Standard 7MR2.4 Make
and test conjectures by Measure the length of the longest
using both inductive and side in centimeters. In this case,
deductive reasoning.
it is 5 centimeters.
Cut out three squares: one with

3 centimeters on a side, one with
4 centimeters on a side, and one
with 5 centimeters on a side.
REVIEW Vocabulary
Place the edges of the
right triangle a triangle with
one angle that measures 90° squares against the
corresponding sides
of the right triangle.
Find the area of each square.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What relationship exists among the areas of the three squares?
Repeat the activity for each right triangle whose two shorter sides
have the following measures. Write an equation to show your
findings. Use a ruler to verify your measures.
2. 6 cm, 8 cm 3. 5 cm, 12 cm
4. Write a sentence or two summarizing your findings.
5. MAKE A CONJECTURE Determine the length of the third side of a right

triangle if the legs of the triangle are 9 inches and 12 inches long.
Explore 3-5 Geometry Lab: The Pythagorean Theorem 161

3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem
Main IDEA
Use the Pythagorean SPORTS When viewed from the
Theorem. side, the shape of some wooden
skateboarding ramps is a right
Standard
7MG3.3 Know and triangle. The dimensions of four
understand the possible ramps of this type are
Pythagorean theorem and
its converse and use it to
given in the table. Copy this table. Ramp height, H base, B
Design (ft) (ft)
Draw a side-view model A 3 4
triangle and the lengths of of each ramp on grid B 6 8
other line segments and, in paper, letting the width C 5 12
some situations, empirically D 7 24
verify the Pythagorean of one grid equal 1 foot.
theorem by direct
measurement. Cut each ramp out and use your grid paper to find the length
Standard 7MR3.2 Note the
method of deriving the
of the ramp, which is the longest side of your model. Write
solution and demonstrate a these measures in a new column labeled length, L (ft).
conceptual understanding
of the derivation by solving Finally, add a column labeled H 2 + B 2. Calculate each of
similar problems.
these values and place them in your table.
NEW Vocabulary 1. What is the relationship between the values in the H 2 + B 2 column
legs and the values in the L column?
hypotenuse 2. How could you use a value in the H 2 + B 2 column to find a
Pythagorean Theorem
corresponding value in the L column?
converse
REVIEW Vocabulary A right triangle is a triangle with one right angle.

right angle an angle with a 4HESIDESTHATFORMTHERIGHT
measure of 90° 4HEHYPOTENUSEISTHESIDE
ANGLEARECALLEDLEGS
OPPOSITETHERIGHTANGLE)TIS
THELONGESTSIDEOFTHETRIANGLE
4HESYMBOLINDICATES
ARIGHTANGLE
The Pythagorean Theorem describes the relationship between the

lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse for any right triangle.
+%9#/.#%04 Pythagorean Theorem
Words In a right triangle, the square of Model

the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares c
a
of the lengths of the legs.
Symbols c2 = a2 + b2
b

You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a side of a
right triangle when you know the other two sides.
Find the Length of a Side

Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing
side of each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary.
1
c in.
12 in.
9 in.
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
c = 9 + 12 Replace a with 9 and b with 12.
2
c = 81 + 144 Evaluate 9 2 and 12 2.
c 2 = 225 Add 81 and 144.
c = ± √
c = 15 or -15 Simplify.
The equation has two solutions, 15 and -15. However, the length of a
side must be positive. So, the hypotenuse is 15 inches long.
2 b
8m
24 m
a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2
8 + b2 = 24 Replace a with 8 and c with 24.
64 + b 2 = 576 Evaluate 8 2 and 24 2.
64 - 64 + b 2 = 576 - 64 Subtract 64 from each side.
Check for
b 2 = 512 Simplify.
Reasonableness b = ± √
The hypotenuse is
always the longest b ≈ 22.6 or -22.6 Use a calculator.
side in a right
triangle. Since 22.6 is The length of side b is about 22.6 meters.
less than 24, the
answer is reasonable.
a. b. 3 mi c.
17 cm a cm
c yd
24 yd 8 mi b mi
20 cm
18 yd
Lesson 3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem 163

If you reverse the parts of the Pythagorean Theorem, you have formed its
converse. The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is also true.
+%9#/.#%04 Converse of Pythagorean Theorem
If the sides of a triangle have lengths a, b, and c units such that

c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then the triangle is a right triangle.
Identify a Right Triangle

3 The measures of three sides of a triangle are 15 inches, 8 inches,
and 17 inches. Determine whether the triangle is a right triangle.
Draw a Picture
When solving a c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
problem, it is often
helpful to draw a 17 2 15 2 + 8 2 c = 17, a = 15, b = 8
picture to represent
the situation. 289 225 + 64 Evaluate 17 2, 15 2, and 8 2.
289 = 289 Simplify.
The triangle is a right triangle.
Determine whether each triangle with

sides of given lengths is a right triangle. Justify your answer.
d. 36 mi, 48 mi, 60 mi e. 4 ft, 7 ft, 5 ft
Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
Example 1 1. 16 m 2.
(p. 163) c mm
100 mm
12 m
cm
200 mm
Example 2 3. 25 ft 4. 8 yd
(p. 163) 7 ft
b ft a yd
12 yd
Example 1 5. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 12 inches, and one of its legs is
(p. 163) 7 inches. Find the length of the other leg. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.
Example 3 Determine whether each triangle with sides of given lengths is a right
(p. 164) triangle. Justify your answer.
6. 5 in., 10 in., 12 in. 7. 9 m, 40 m, 41 m
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest tenth
For See
Exercises Examples if necessary.
8, 9 1 8. 9. c in. 10. 10 cm
c ft 5 in.
10–13 2
27 ft
14–19 3 12 in. a cm
15 cm
36 ft
11. 51 yd 12. 30 mm 13. bm
a yd
60 yd 8m
80 mm b mm 18 m
Determine whether each triangle with sides of given lengths is

a right triangle. Justify your answer.
14. 28 yd, 195 yd, 197 yd 15. 30 cm, 122 cm, 125 cm
16. 24 m, 143 m, 145 m 17. 135 in., 140 in., 175 in.
18. 56 ft, 65 ft, 16 ft 19. 44 cm, 70 cm, 55 cm
20. KITES Paulo is flying a kite as 21. GEOGRAPHY Calculate the length
shown below. Find the length of of the diagonal of the state of
the kite string. Wyoming.
MI
c ft
40 ft
79/-).' MI
30 ft
Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.
22. b, 99 mm; c, 101 mm 23. a, 48 yd; b, 55 yd
24. a, 17 ft; c, 20 ft 25. a, 23 in.; b, 18 in.
26. b, 4.5 m; c, 9.4 m 27. b, 5.1 m; c, 12.3 m
50
%842!02!#4)#%
Durham
28. TRAVEL The Research Triangle in North 12 mi 98
Carolina is formed by Raleigh, Durham, 147

24 mi
See pages 684, 710. Raleigh 401
and Chapel Hill. Is this triangle a right Chapel
triangle? Explain. Hill 29 mi 40
Self-Check Quiz at 761 55

54
ca.gr7math.com NORT H 1
CA ROL I NA 70
Lesson 3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem 165

H.O.T. Problems 29. OPEN ENDED State three measures that could be the side measures of a right
triangle. Justify your answer.
30. FIND THE ERROR Catalina and Morgan are finding

the length of the third side of the right triangle. IN
IN
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.
a2 = 52 + 82 82 = a2 + 52
Catalina Morgan
31. CHALLENGE The whole numbers 3, 4, and 5 are called Pythagorean triples
because they satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. Find three other sets of
Pythagorean triples.
32. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why you can use any two sides of a right
(*/
triangle to find the third side.
33. What is the perimeter of the triangle 34. The base of a ten-foot ladder stands six
ABC? feet from a house.
A
10 in.
FT
C 24 in. B
FT
How many feet up the side of the
A 26 in. C 60 in.
house does the ladder reach?
B 34 in. D 68 in.
F 4.0 ft H 8.0 ft
G 5.8 ft J 11.7 ft
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make each a true sentence. (Lesson 3-4)
− 17 −
35. √12 ● 3.5 36. √41 ● 6.4 37. 5.6 ● _ 38. √55 ● 7.4
3
39. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of x 2 = 77 to the nearest integer. (Lesson 3-2)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-9)
40. 57 = x + 24 41. 82 = 54 + y 42. 71 = 35 + z 43. 64 = a + 27

(l)First Light/ImageState, (r)age fotostock/SuperStock
3-6 Using The Pythagorean
Theorem
Main IDEA
Solve problems using the PARASAILING In parasailing, a
Pythagorean Theorem. towrope is used to attach a
parasailor to a boat. vertical towrope (t )
Standard
height
7MG3.3 Know and 1. What type of triangle is formed (h)
understand the
Pythagorean theorem and by the horizontal distance, the horizontal distance (d )
its converse and use it to vertical height, and the length
of the towrope?
triangle and the lengths of 2. Write an equation that can be used
other line segments and, in
some situations, empirically to find the length of the towrope.
verify the Pythagorean
theorem by direct
measurement. The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to solve a variety of problems.
1 PARASAILING Find the height of the

parasailor above the surface of the water.
Notice that the vertical and horizontal 200 ft a
distances, along with the length of the
rope form a right triangle. Use the 135 ft
Pythagorean Theorem.
2 2 2
200 = a + 135 Replace c with 200 and
b with 135.
40,000 = a 2 + 18,225 Evaluate 200 2 and 135 2.
40,000 - 18,225 = a 2 + 18,225 - 18,225 Subtract 18,225 from each side.
2
21,775 = a Simplify.
Square Roots ± √
21,775 = a Definition of square root
In most real-world
situations, only the 148 or -148 ≈ a Simplify.
positive square root
is considered. The parasailor is about 148 feet above the surface of the water.
a. AVIATION Write an equation that can

be used to find the distance between d
the planes. Then solve. Round to the 7 mi
nearest tenth.
10 mi
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 167
Profimedia.CZ s.r.o./Alamy Images
2 A circular lawn sprinkler with a range View from Above
of 25 feet is placed 20 feet from the x x
edge of a lawn. Find the length of the
section of the lawn’s edge that is within
20 feet
the range of the sprinkler. 25 feet
A 15 ft
Sprinkler
B 20 ft
C 25 ft
D 30 ft
Read the Item

From the diagram, you know that the distance of the sprinkler
from the lawn’s edge, the sprinkler’s range, and a section of the
lawn’s edge all form a right triangle. The section of the lawn’s edge
within the range of the sprinkler is twice the section forming the
right triangle.
Solve the Item

Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean
Triples Look for a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
measures that are 2 2
20 + x = 25 2
a = 20, b = x, and c = 25.
multiples of a 3-4-5
right triangle. 400 + x 2 = 625 Evaluate 20 2 and 25 2.
25 = 5 · 5
20 = 4 · 5 400 - 400 + x 2 = 625 - 400 Subtract 400 from each side.
x = 3 · 5 or 15
x 2 = 225 Simplify.
x = ± √
x = 15 or -15 Simplify.
The length of the section of the lawn’s edge within the sprinkler’s
range is x + x or 15 + 15 = 30 feet. Therefore, choice D is correct.
b. If the “rise” of the stairs of a building is 5 feet and the “run” is 12

feet, how long is it from point A to point B?
B
5 ft
A 12 ft
F 13 ft H 11 ft
G 12 ft J 10 ft

Example 1 Write an equation that can be used to answer the question. Then solve.
(p. 167) Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. How long is each rafter? 2. How high does the ladder reach?
r r
9 ft
15 ft
h
12 ft 12 ft
3 ft
3. GEOMETRY An isosceles right triangle is a right triangle in

which both legs are equal in length. If one leg of an isosceles
triangle is 4 inches long, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
IN
Example 2 4. STANDARDS PRACTICE Abigail designed a
(p. 168) stained glass window in the shape of a
IN
kite. What is the perimeter of the window?
A 108 in. C 162 in.
IN IN
B 114 in. D 168 in.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write an equation that can be used to answer the question. Then solve.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
For See
Exercises Examples 5. How long is the 6. How far is the 7. How high is the ski
5–10 1 kite string? helicopter from ramp?
21, 22 2 the car?
15 ft
h
s 95 yd 14 ft
150 yd d
40 yd
60 yd
8. How long is 9. How high is the wire 10. How high is the
the lake? attached to the pole? wheel chair ramp?
ᐉ
10 ft
h
9.5 ft
18 mi
24 mi
13 m h
3.5 m
Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 169

11. VOLLEYBALL Two ropes and two
stakes are needed to support each
pole holding the volleyball net. 8 ft
Find the length of each rope.
3.5 ft
12. GEOGRAPHY Suppose Greenville,

85
Rock Hill, and Columbia form a 80 mi
Rock Hill
Greenville
right triangle. What is the distance 77
26
from Columbia to Greenville? 385
68 mi
South Carolina
Columbia
13. ENTERTAINMENT Connor loves to watch movies in the widescreen format

Real-World Link on his television. He wants to buy a new television with a screen that is at
Televisions are least 25 inches by 13.6 inches. What diagonal size television meets Connor’s
advertised by their
diagonal measure. requirements?
The most common
sizes are 27–32 14. CONSTRUCTION Home builders 1
Each board is 1 2 in. wide.
inches.
add corner bracing to give
strength to a house frame. How 16 in. 16 in.
long will the brace need to be
for the frame shown? 8 ft
16 in.
15. GEOMETRY Find the length of the A

−−
diagonal AB in the rectangular
prism at the right. (Hint: First find 8 cm
−− C
the length of BC.)
%842!02!#4)#% 5 cm
12 cm B
See pages 684, 710.
16. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16−19.
ca.gr7math.com
would use the Pythagorean Theorem.
H.O.T. Problems 17. OPEN ENDED Write a problem that can be solved by using the Pythagorean
Theorem. Then explain how to solve the problem.
18. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Each set of numbers represents the side measures
of a triangle. Identify the set that does not belong with the other three.
5–12–13 10–24–26 5–7–9 8–15–17

worldthroughthelens/Alamy Images
19. CHALLENGE Suppose a ladder 100 feet long is a
placed against a vertical wall 100 feet high.
How far would the top of the ladder move
down the wall by pulling out the bottom of 100 ft 100 ft
the ladder 10 feet? Explain your reasoning.
20. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( The length of the

(*/
10 ft
hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is
√
288 units. Explain how to find the length of
a leg.
21. Ms. Johnson designed a rectangular 22. A hot air balloon is tethered to the
garden. She plans to build a walkway ground as shown.
through the garden as shown.
M
M FT
Which measure is closest to the length

of the walkway? FT
A 8m How high above the ground is the

balloon?
B 11 m
F 55.0 ft H 123.0 ft
C 17 m
G 95.3 ft J 163.5 ft
D 23 m
23. GEOMETRY Determine whether a triangle with sides 20 inches, 48 inches,

and 52 inches long is a right triangle. Justify your anwer. (Lesson 3-5)
−
24. Order √
45 , 6.6, 6.75, and 6.7 from least to greatest. (Lesson 3-4)
25. -3_ + -5_

2
3 ( 34 ) 26. -1_ - 7_
1
8
3
4
27. _3 - 4_1
5 2
28. 4_ + -6_
7
8 ( 56 )
29. ARCHAEOLOGY Stone tools found in Ethiopia are estimated to be
2.5 million years old. That is about 700,000 years older than similar
tools found in Tanzania. Write and solve an addition equation to find
the age of the tools found in Tanzania. (Lesson 1-9)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each point on the same coordinate plane. (Page 688)
30. T(5, 2) 31. A(-1, 3) 32. M(-5, 0) 33. D(-2, -4)
Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 171

Extend Geometry Lab
3-6 Graphing Irrational Numbers
Main IDEA In Lesson 3-2, you found approximate locations for irrational numbers
Graph irrational numbers. on a number line. You can also accurately graph irrational numbers.
Standard
7MG3.2 Understand
and use coordinate
graphs to plot simple figures, Graph √
34 on a number line as accurately as possible.
determine lengths and areas
related to them, and
determine their image under Find two numbers with squares that have a sum of 34.
translations and reflections. 34 = 25 + 9 The hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs that
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a
variety of methods such as
34 = 5 2 + 3 2 measure 5 and 3 units will measure √ 34 units.
words, numbers, symbols,
charts, graphs, tables, Draw a
diagrams, and models, to number line
explain mathematical
reasoning. on grid paper.
3 5 units
Then draw a units
right triangle
whose legs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
measure
5 and 3 units.
Adjust your
compass to the
length of the
hypotenuse.
Place the
compass at
0 and draw 34
an arc that 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
intersects the
number line.
The point of intersection
corresponds to the number √ 34 .
Graph each irrational number.
a. √
10 b. √
13 c. √
17 d. √
8
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Explain how you decide what lengths to make the legs of the right
triangle when graphing an irrational number.
2. Explain how the graph of √
2 can be used to graph √
3.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Do you think you could graph the square root of
any whole number? Explain your reasoning.

3-7 Geometry: Distance on the
Coordinate Plane
Main IDEA
Graph rational numbers
on the coordinate plane. ARCHAEOLOGY An archaeologist sets up a y Necklace
3
Find the distance between
two points on the
grid with string to keep careful record (2 , 2_
1
2 )
coordinate plane. of the location of objects she finds at a
2
dig. She finds a ring at _
1 _
(2 2)
, 1 1 and a
Standard 7MG3.2
Understand and use necklace at 2, 2_
( 1
2
. ) 1 (_12 , 1_12 )
coordinate graphs to Ring
plot simple figures, 1. What does each colored line on the x
determine lengths and 0 1 2 3
areas related to them, and
graph represent?
determine their image under 2. What type of triangle is formed by the lines?
translations and reflections.
3. What are the lengths of the two red lines?
Recall that you can locate a point by using a coordinate system similar
to the grid used by the archaeologist. It is called a coordinate plane.
y
The point of intersection The vertical number
of the two number lines Quadrant II Quadrant I line is the y-axis.
is the origin, (0, 0).
NEW Vocabulary
coordinate plane O x
origin Quadrant III Quadrant IV
The number lines
y-axis The horizontal number (⫺2, ⫺4) separate the
x-axis line is the x-axis. coordinate plane
quadrants into four sections
ordered pair called quadrants.
x-coordinate
abscissa
Any point on the coordinate plane can be graphed by
y-coordinate using an ordered pair of numbers. The first number
ordinate in the ordered pair is the x-coordinate or abscissa.
The second number is the y-coordinate or ordinate.
Name an Ordered Pair

1 Name the ordered pair for point P. y
2
P
• Start at the origin.
• Move right to find the x-coordinate 1
of point P, which is 3_
1
.
2 ⫺1 O 1 2 3 x
• Move up to find the y-coordinate, ⫺1
which is 2.
⫺2
So, the ordered pair for point P is 3_
1
(
,2 . )
2
Lesson 3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane 173

2 Name the ordered pair for point Q. y
• Start at the origin. 2
• Move left to find the x-coordinate 1
of point Q, which is -4_

1
.
2 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 O x
• Move down to find the y-coordinate, ⫺1
Q
which is -1_
1
.
2 ⫺2
So, the ordered pair for point Q
is -4_
( 1
, -1_
1
. )
2 2
Name the ordered pair for each point. y

J 2
a. J
b. K 1
K
c. L
⫺2 ⫺1 O 1 L
x
d. M ⫺1
⫺2
M
Graphing Ordered Pairs

y
Graph and label each point. A(0.5, 1.75)
1.5
3 A(0.5, 1.75)
1
• Start at the origin and move 0.5 unit
0.5
to the right. Then move up 1.75 units.
Look Back You can
review graphing • Draw a dot and label it A(0.5, 1.75). ⫺0.5 O 0.5 1 1.5 x
integers on the ⫺0.5
coordinate plane on
page 668.
(
4 B -2, -3 1 _)
4 y
• Start at the origin and move 2 units 4
to the left. Then move down 3_

1
2
4
or 3.25 units.
• Draw a dot and label it B -2, -3_ . ( )
1 ⫺4 O 2 4 x
4
⫺2
B ⫺2, ⫺3_1
( )
4
Graph and label each point.

e. R 2_, 3_
( ) g. T -_, -3_
( )
1 1 1 3
f. S(-1.5, 3)
4 2 2 4
You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two
points on the coordinate plane.
Find Distance on the Coordinate Plane
5 Graph the ordered pairs (3, 0) and (7, -5). y
(3, 0)
Then find the distance c between the O x
two points.
c
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem 5
c2 = 42 + 52 Replace a with 4 and b with 5.

4 (7, ⫺5)
c 2 = 41 4 2 + 5 2 = 16 + 25 or 41
√c2 = ± √41 Definition of square root
c ≈ ±6.4 Use a calculator.
The points are about 6.4 units apart.
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then

find the distance between the points. Round to the nearest tenth.
h. (2, 0), (5, -4) i. (1, 3), (-2, 4) j. (-3,-4), (2, -1)
6 MAPS On the map, each unit !LBANY

represents 45 miles. West Point, "OSTON
New York, is located at 1 1 , 2

2 (_ ) 7EST
0OINT (ARTFORD

and Annapolis, Maryland,
( _2 _2 )
is located at -1 1 , -1 1 .
(ARRISBURG 4RENTON

7ASHINGTON
What is the approximate $# $OVER
distance between West Point !NNAPOLIS
and Annapolis?
2ICHMOND
Let c represent the distance
between West Point and

Annapolis. Then a = 3 and b = 3.5.
2 2 2
c = 3 + 3.5 Replace a with 3 and b with 3.5.
Real-World Link 2
The United States c = 21.25 3 2 + 3.5 2 = 9 + 12.25 or 21.25
Military Academy, also √
known as West Point,
c 2 = ± √
21.25 Definition of square root
graduates more than c ≈ ±4.6 The map distance is about 4.6 units.
900 officers each year.
The same is true for the Since each map unit equals 45 miles, the distance between the cities is
United States Naval
Academy, which is
4.6 · 45 or about 207 miles.
located in Annapolis.
Source: www.usma.edu
k. SPORTS On a University of Southern California map, Cromwell

field is located at (2 _
1, 3 _
1 ) and Dedeaux Field at (1 _
1, 4 _
1 ). Graph
2 2 2 2
these points. If each map unit is 0.1 mile, about how far apart are
the fields?
Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
Examples 1, 2 Name the ordered pair for each point. y
(pp. 173–174) A
1. A 2. B B
1
3. C 4. D
Examples 3, 4 Graph and label each point. ⫺1 O 1 x

(p. 174) D C
5. J(_14 , 3_12 ) 6. K -1, -2_
( 3
4 ) ⫺1
7. L(4.5, -2.25) 8. M(-2.5, 2.5)
Example 5 Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance between the points.
(p. 175) Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
9. (1, 5), (3, 1) 10. (-1, 0), (2, 7) 11. (-5.5, -2), (2.5, 3)
12. GEOMETRY Square ABCD is graphed on the

coordinate plane. What is the length of each y
B
side? What is the area? Round to the nearest
tenth.
A C
Example 6 13. PARKS On a park map, the ranger station is x
O
(p. 175) located at (2.5, 3.5) and the nature center is
located at (0.5, 4). Each unit in the map is D
equal to 0.5 mile. Graph the ordered pairs.
What is the approximate distance between
the ranger station and the nature center?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Name the ordered pair for each point. y

R 1
For See 14. P 15. Q T
Exercises Examples Q
16. R 17. S W
14–21 1
18. T 19. U
22–27 2, 3 ⫺1 O 1 x
28–33 4, 5 20. V 21. W
U S
34–35 6 P
⫺1
V
22. E(_34 , 2_14 ) 23. F (_25 , 1_12 ) 24. G -3, 4_
( 2
3 )
25. H(-2_, 3_)
1 4
26. J(4.3, -3.1) 27. K(-3.75, -0.5)
4 5
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance between the points.
28. (4, 5), (2, 2) 29. (6, 2), (1, 0) 30. (-3, 4), (1, 3)
31. (-5, 1), (2, 4) 32. (2.5, -1), (-3.5, -5) 33. (4, -2.3), (-1, -6.3)

34. NAVIGATION A ferry sets sail from an island y
located at (4, 12) on the map at the right. 16

Its destination is Ferry Landing B at (6, 2).
12
How far will the ferry travel if each unit
on the grid is 0.5 mile? 8
4
A
35. GEOGRAPHY On a map of Florida, Clearwater B C
is located at (3, 2.5), and Jacksonville is O 4 8 12 16 x
located at (8.5, 14.5). Each unit on the map
equals 16.5 miles. Graph the ordered pairs.
What is the approximate distance between
the cities?
Find the area of each rectangle.

36. y 37. y
A
F
O
x
B G
D J
H
O x
C
38. TRAVEL Rochester, New York, has a longitude 80 W˚ ˚

77 W
of 77° W and a latitude of 43° N. Pittsburgh,

%842!02!#4)#% Pennsylvania, is located at 80° W and 40° N. At Rochester, NY
See pages 684, 710. this longitude/latitude, each degree is about ˚
43 N
53 miles. Find the distance between Rochester

Self-Check Quiz at and Pittsburgh. ?
ca.gr7math.com
39. GEOMETRY If one point is located at (-5, 4)
˚
40 N
and another point is located at (-8, -2), Pittsburgh, PA
find the distance between the points.
H.O.T. Problems 40. CHALLENGE Apply what you have learned about distance on the coordinate
plane to determine the coordinates of the endpoints of a line segment that
is neither horizontal nor vertical and has a length of 5 units.
41. SELECT A TOOL Kendra needs to find the distance between the points
A(-2.4, 3.7) and B(4.6, -1.3). Which of the following tools will be
most useful to Kendra? Justify your selection(s). Then use the tool(s)
to solve the problem.
calculator paper and pencil real objects
42. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( In your own words, explain how to find the length
(*/
of a non-vertical and a non-horizontal segment whose endpoints are
(x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2).

43. The map shows the location of the 44. Rectangle ABCD is graphed on the
towns of Springfield, Centerville, and coordinate plane.
Point Pleasant. A y
y
20 D
Springfield
24 mi O x
10
10 mi B
Centerville
Point Pleasant C
O 10 20 30 x
Find the area of rectangle ABCD.

What is the shortest distance between F 30 units 2
Centerville and Point Pleasant?
G 50 units 2
A 14 mi C 26 mi
H 60 units 2
B 22 mi D 34 mi
J 100 units 2
45. HIKING Hunter hikes 3 miles south and then turns and hikes 7 miles east.
How far is he from his starting point? (Lesson 3-6)
GEOMETRY Find the missing side of each right triangle. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary. (Lesson 3-5)
46. a, 15 cm; b, 18 cm 47. b, 14 in.; c, 17 in. 48. a, 36 km; b, 40 km
49. ENERGY Electricity costs 6_¢ per kilowatt-hour. Of that cost, 3_¢ goes
1 1
2 4
toward the cost of the fuel. What fraction of the cost goes toward fuel?
(Lesson 2-4)
ALGEBRA Write and solve an equation to find each number. (Lesson 1-10)
50. The product of a number and 8 is 56.
51. The quotient of a number and 7 is -14.
Math and Geography

Bon Voyage! It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data you have
gathered about cruise packages and destination activities to prepare a video or brochure.
Be sure to include a diagram and itinerary with your project.
Cross-Curricular Project at ca.gr7math.com

APTER
CH
Study Guide
3 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
coordinate plane (p. 173)
>«ÌiÀÊÎ\
Key Concepts are noted ,i>Ê ÕLiÀÃ hypotenuse (p. 162)

>`ÊÌi
*ÞÌ>}Ài>
in your Foldable. /iÀi irrational number (p. 155)
legs (p. 162)
perfect square (p. 144)
Key Concepts Pythagorean Theorem (p. 162)
Square Roots and Irrational Numbers radical sign (p. 144)
(Lessons 3-1, 3-2, and 3-4)
real number (p. 155)
• A square root of a number is one of its two equal
factors. square root (p. 144)
Venn diagram (p. 152)
• An irrational number is a number that cannot be
a _
expressed as , where a and b are integers and
b
b ≠ 0.
Vocabulary Check
Pythagorean Theorem (Lessons 3-5 to 3-7) State whether each sentence is true or false.
• In a right triangle, the square of the length of the If false, replace the underlined word or
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of number to make a true sentence.
the lengths of the legs.
1. The number 11 is a perfect square.
Hypotenuse 2. The symbol that is used to indicate a
c square root is the radical sign.
a
3. A real number is a number that cannot be
expressed as the quotient of two integers.
b 4. If the measures of the sides of a triangle
Legs
are 6 inches, 8 inches and 10 inches, then
• If the sides of a triangle have lengths a, b, and the triangle is a right triangle.
c units such that c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then the triangle
5. The opposite of squaring a number is
is a right triangle.
finding a converse.
6. A Venn diagram uses overlapping
rectangles to organize information and
solve problems.
7. The hypotenuse is the shortest side of a
right triangle.
8. The Pythagorean Theorem states that the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the
legs of a right triangle equals the square of
the length of the hypotenuse.
Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 3 Study Guide and Review 179

APTER
CH
3-1 Square Roots (pp. 144–147)
Find each square root. Example 1 Find √36

.
9. √ 10. ± √ 2
81 225 Since 6 = 36, √
36 = 6.
11. - √
64 12. √
6.25
Example 2 Find - √
169 .
13. FARMING Pecan trees are planted in Since (-13)(-13) = 169, - √
169 = -13.
square patterns to take advantage of
land space and for ease in harvesting. Example 3 Find ± √
1.21 .
For 289 trees, how many rows should Since (1.1) = 1.21 and (-1.1)2 = 1.21,
2
be planted and how many trees should ± √

1.21 = ±1.1.
be planted in each row?
3-2 Estimating Square Roots (pp. 148–151)
Estimate to the nearest whole number. Example 4 Estimate √135 to the

14. √
32 15. √
42 nearest whole number.
16. √
230 17. √
96 121 < 135 < 144 Write an inequality.
18. √
150 19. √
8 11 2 < 135 < 12 2 121 = 11 2 and 144 = 12 2
11 < √
135 < 12 Take the square root of
20. √
50.1 21. √
19.25 each number.
Since 135 is closer to 144 than to 121, the
22. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of best whole number estimate is 12.
b 2 = 60 to the nearest integer.
3-3 PSI: Use a Venn Diagram (pp. 152–153)
23. APARTMENTS An apartment complex Example 5 The Venn diagram shows

offers 15 apartments with a view of the number of dog and cat owners.
the river, 8 with two bedrooms, and 6
that have both selections. How many }Ã
>ÌÃ
have only a view of the river?
24. LANGUAGE At Madison Middle School,
95% of the students speak English
fluently, 65% speak Spanish fluently,
and 60% speak both English and
Spanish fluently. What percent of the
students speak only Spanish fluently? So, 34 people own only dogs, 26 people
own only cats, and 12 own both.

see page 710.
3-4 The Real Number System (pp. 155–159)
Name all sets of numbers to which each Example 6 Name all sets of numbers to
real number belongs. which - √
33 belongs.
−
25. - √
19 26. 0.3 - √
33 ≈ -5.744562647
27. 7.43 28. -12 Since the decimal does not terminate or
29. √
32 30. 101 repeat, it is an irrational number.
31. MEASUREMENT The area of a square

vegetable garden is 360 square meters.
To the nearest hundredth meter, what
is the perimeter of the garden?
3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 162–166)
Write an equation you could use to find Example 7 Write an equation you
the length of the missing side of each could use to find the length of the
right triangle. Then find the missing hypotenuse of the right triangle. Then
length. Round to the nearest tenth if find the missing length.
necessary.
32. 33. cm
16 m 3m
18 in. c in.
am 5m
20 m
24 in.
c2 = 32 + 52 Replace a with 3 and b with 5.
34. 35. c 2 = 9 + 25 Evaluate 3 2 and 5 2.
5 ft
9.5 m c 2 = 34 Simplify.
4m
c = ± √34 Definition of square root
8 ft c ft
bm c ≈ ±5.8 Use a calculator.
The hypotenuse is about 5.8 meters long.

36. a, 5 in.; c, 6 in. 37. a, 6 cm; b, 7 cm
38. GEOMETRY Lolita drew a right triangle

where the hypotenuse was 17 inches
and one of the legs was 8 inches. What
was the length of the third side?

APTER
CH
3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 167–171)
Write an equation that can be used to Example 8 Write an equation that can
answer the question. Then solve. Round be used to find the height of the tree.
to the nearest tenth if necessary. Then solve.
39. How tall is the 40. How wide is the
light? window?
53 ft
h
25 ft 60 in.
h 30 in.
20 ft w 25 ft
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to write the
41. How long is 42. How far is the equation 53 2 = h 2 + 25 2. Then solve the
the walkway? plane from the equation.
airport?
53 2 = h 2 + 25 2
2,809 = h 2 + 625
ᐉ
5 ft
d 2,809 - 625 = h 2 + 625 - 625
10 km
8 ft
2,184 = h 2
= h
± √2,184
18 km ±46.7 ≈ h Use a
calculator.
43. GEOMETRY A rectangle is 12 meters by
7 meters. What is the length of one of The height of the tree is about 47 feet.
its diagonals?
3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane (pp. 173–178)
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then Example 9 Graph the ordered pairs
find the distance between the points. (2, 3) and (-1, 1). Then find the distance
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. between the points.
44. (0, -3), (5, 5) 45. (-1, 2), (4, 8) y (2, 3)c2 = a2 + b2
46. (-2, 1.5), (2, 3.6) 47. (-6, 2), (-4, 5) c c2 = 32 + 22
2
48. (3, 4.2), (-2.1, 0) 49. (-1, 3), (2, 4) c2 = 9 + 4
(⫺1, 1) 3 c 2 = 13
O x
50. GEOMETRY The coordinates of points R c = √ 13
and S are (4, 3) and (1, 6). What is the c ≈ 3.6
distance between the points? Round to The distance is about 3.6 units.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
3
Find each square root. Determine whether each triangle with sides
1. √
225 2. - √
0.25 3. ±_

36 of given lengths is a right triangle. Justify
49 your answer.
4. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which list shows 16. 12 in., 20 in., 24 in.
the numbers in order from least to 17. 34 cm, 30 cm, 16 cm
greatest?
18. 15 ft, 25 ft, 20 ft
− 1
A 2.2, 2_ , 2.25, √ 5
5 19. 7 yd, 14 yd, 35 yd
−
B 2_1
, 2.2, √ 5 , 2.25
5 20. STANDARDS PRACTICE Justin is flying
1 −
C √ 5 , 2.25, 2_ , 2.2 a kite.
5
− 1
D 2.25, √5, 2.2, 2_
5
Estimate to the nearest whole number. YD
5. √
67 6. √
118 7. √
82
YD
Name all sets of numbers to which each real
number belongs. Which is closest to the length of the string?
−−
8. - √
64 9. 6.13 10. √
14 F 70 yd H 108 yd
G 92 yd J 146 yd
11. FOOD Gino’s Pizzeria conducted a survey
of 50 customers. The results showed that 21. MEASUREMENT Find the perimeter of a right
15 people liked cheese pizza and 25 liked triangle with legs of 10 inches and 8 inches.
pepperoni. Of those customers, 4 people
22. SURVEYING A survey team calculated the
liked both cheese and pepperoni pizza.
distance across a river from point A to point
How many people liked neither cheese
B. How wide is the river at this point?
nor pepperoni pizza? Use a Venn diagram.
Round to the nearest tenth.
Write an equation you could use to find each Bridge

length of the missing side of each right 72 m
21 m
triangle. Then find the missing length. Round A B
to the nearest tenth if necessary.
12. 13. a
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find
5 cm the distance between points. Round to the
10 cm
8 yd
c nearest tenth if necessary.
23. (-2, -2), (5, 6)
6 yd
24. (_13 , 1), (-1_13 , 1_23 )
14. a, 55 in.; b, 48 in. 15. b, 12 ft; c, 20 ft 25. (-0.5, 0.25), (0.25, -0.75)

APTER
CH
3 California Standards
Practice
Read each question. Then fill in the 5 The proposed location of a new water tower
correct answer on the answer intersects a section of an existing service
document provided by your teacher or road. Find x, the inside length of the section
on a sheet of paper. of road that is intersected by the water
tower.
1 Erin jogged along the track around the outer x
road
edge of a park. She ran two miles along the
one edge and then 3 miles along the other
edge. She then cut across the park as shown 64 ft
80 ft
by the dotted line. How far did she jog to
get back to her starting point?
Water Tower
3 mi
2 mi
A 36 ft C 96 ft
B 48 ft D 112 ft
A 3 miles C 5.2 miles

Question 5 Remember that the
B 3.6 miles D 13 miles hypotenuse of a right triangle is
always opposite the right angle.
2 Michelle had to choose the number closest

6 Zack, Luke, and Charlie ordered a large
to 5. Which irrational number should she
pizza for $11.99, breadsticks for $2.99, and
choose?
chicken wings for $5.99. If the three friends
F √30
agree to split the cost of the food evenly,
G √27
about how much will each friend pay?
H √
20 F $20.79 H $7.32
J √
18 G $7.93 J $6.99
7 Out of 100 students surveyed at Central

3 The Moon is about 3.84 × 10 5 kilometers Middle School, 48 are in the band, 52 play a
from Earth. Which of the following sport, and 50 are in the drama club. Sixteen
represents this number in standard students are in both the band and the drama
notation? club, 22 students are in the drama club and
A 38,400,000 km C 384,000 km play a sport, and 18 students are in the band
and play a sport. Six students are in the
B 3,840,000 km D 38,400 km band, play a sport, and are in the drama
club. How many students are only in the
4 The square root of 250 is between drama club?
F 14 and 15. H 16 and 17. A 20 students C 6 students
G 15 and 16. J 17 and 18. B 12 students D 0 students

More California
Standards Practice
8 Molly multiplied her age by 3 and 12 On Monday, the high temperature in Las
subtracted 2 from the product. She then Vegas, Nevada, was 101°F, and the high
divided the difference by 4, and added 7 to temperature in Columbus, Ohio, was 76°F.
the quotient. The result was 14. Which could How much warmer was it in Las Vegas than
be the first step in finding Molly’s age? Columbus?
F Add 14 and 7. F 25°F H -25°F
G Subtract 7 from 14. G -15°F J 15°F
H Multiply 14 by 4.
13 Which fraction is between _
4
and _
5
?
J Divide 14 by 3. 5 6
A _
1
C _
6
5 7
9 The diameter of a red blood cell is about
0.00074 centimeter. Which expression B _
7
D _
9
8 11
represents this number in scientific
notation? 14 Which of the following expressions results
in a positive number?
A 7.4 × 10 4 C 7.4 × 10 -3
F 2(-6) H -2 + (-6)
B 7.4 × 10 3 D 7.4 × 10 -4
G 2 + (-6) J 2 - (-6)
10 Which point on the number line best
15 Student admission to the movies is $6.25.
represents √8?
What is the total cost of tickets for you and
four other students?
F G H J
A $18.75 C $31.25
1 2 3 4 5
B $25.00 D $35.50
F point F H point H Pre-AP

G point G J point J Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Show your work.
11 Ms. Leigh wants to organize the desks in 16 Use a grid to graph and answer the
the study hall into a square. If she has 64 following questions.
desks, how many should be in each row?
a. Graph the ordered pairs (3, 4) and
A 7 (-2, 1).
B 8 b. Describe how to find the distance
C 9 between the two points.
D 10 c. Find the distance between the points.
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Go to Lesson... 3-6 3-2 2-10 3-2 3-6 1-1 3-3 1-7 2-10 3-2 3-1 1-5 2-2 1-6 1-6 3-7
For Help with Standard... MG3.3 NS2.4 NS1.1 NS2.4 MG3.3 NS1.2 MR2.5 AF1.1 NS1.1 NS2.4 NS2.4 NS1.2 NS1.1 NS1.2 NS1.2 MG3.2
California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com Chapters 1–3 California Standards Practice 185
Patterns, Relationships,
and Algebraic Thinking
Focus
Compute with proportions
and percents.
CHAPTER 4
Proportions and Similarity
Solve simple linear
equations and inequalities over the
rational numbers.
Choose appropriate units of
measure and use ratios to convert within
and between measurement systems to
Rob Gage/Getty Images

solve problems.
CHAPTER 5
Percent
Know the properties of, and
compute with, rational numbers
expressed in a variety of forms.
186
Math and Art
It’s a Masterpiece! Grab some canvas, paint, and paintbrushes.
You’re about to create a masterpiece! On this adventure, you’ll learn
about the art of painting the human face. Along the way, you’ll
research the methods of a master painter and learn about how
artists use the Golden Ratio to achieve balance in their works. Don’t
forget to bring your math tool kit and a steady hand. This is an
adventure you’ll want to frame!
Unit 2 Patterns, Relationships, and Algebraic Thinking 187

Rob Gage/Getty Images
Proportions and
4 Similarity
• Standard 7AF4.0
Solve simple linear
equations and inequalities
over the rational numbers.
• Standard 7MG1.0 Choose
appropriate units of
measure and use ratios to
convert within and
between measurement
systems to solve problems.
Key Vocabulary
constant of proportionality
(p. 200)
proportion (p. 198)
ratio (p. 190)
scale factor (p. 207)
Real-World Link
Lightning During a severe thunderstorm, lightning
flashed an average of 8 times per minute. You can use
this rate to determine the number of lightning flashes
that occurred during a 15-minute period.
Proportions and Similarity Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with a plain
sheet of 11” by 17” paper.
1 Fold in thirds widthwise. 2 Open and fold the bottom to 3 Label each pocket. Place index
form a pocket. Glue edges. cards in each pocket.
TION S "LG EB RA ( E
1 RO P O R OME
TRY
188 Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity

Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS
Option 2
Option 1
Simplify each fraction. (Prior Grade) Example 1

1. _
10 2. _
88
Simplify 54 . _
24 104 81
3. _ 4. _
36 49
81 91 ÷ 27
_
54
=_
2 Divide the numerator and
5. MONEY Devon spent $18 of 81 3 denominator by their GCF, 27.
the $45 that he saved. Write a ÷ 27
fraction in simplest form that
represents the portion of his
savings he spent. (Prior Grade)
Evaluate each expression. (Prior Grade) Example 2

6. _ _ _
6-2 7-4
7. 11 + 4
5+5 8-4 Evaluate .
9-4
8. _
3-1 9. _
5+7
_=_
11 + 4 15 Simplify the numerator and
1+9 8-6
9-4 5 denominator.
=3 Simplify.
Solve each equation. (Lessons 1-10) Example 3

10. 5 · 6 = x · 2 11. c · 1.5 = 3 · 7 Solve 4 · 6 = 8 · p.
12. 12 · z = 9 · 4 13. 7 · 2 = 8 · g 4·6=8·p Write the equation.
14. 3 · 11 = 4 · y 15. b · 6 = 7 · 9 _ 8p
24
=_ Multiply 4 by 6 and 8 by p.
8 8
16. NUMBER SENSE The product of a 3=p Divide each side by 8.
number and four is equal to the
product of eight and twelve. Find
the number. (Lessons 1-10)

4-1 Ratios and Rates
Main IDEA
Express ratios as fractions TRAIL MIX The diagram raisins peanuts
in simplest form and shows a batch of trail mix
determine unit rates.
that is made using 3 scoops
Standard of raisins and 6 scoops of
7AF4.2 Solve peanuts.
multistep problems
involving rate, average 1. To make the batch of trail
speed, distance, and time or
a direct variation.
mix, how many scoops of
trail mix
Standard 7MG1.3 raisins should you use for
Use measures expressed as every 1 scoop of peanuts?
rates (e.g. speed, density)
and measures expressed as Explain your reasoning.
products (e.g. person-days)
to solve problems; check
the units of the solutions; A ratio is a comparison of two numbers or quantities by division. If a
and use dimensional analysis
to check the reasonableness
batch of trail mix contains 3 scoops of raisins and 6 scoops of peanuts,
of the answer. the ratio comparing raisins to peanuts can be written as follows.
3 to 6 3:6 _3
6
NEW Vocabulary Since a ratio can be written as a fraction, it can be simplified.
ratio
rate
unit rate Write Ratios in Simplest Form
Express each ratio in simplest form.
1 8 Siamese cats out of 28 cats
READING Math
_
8 cats
=_
2 Divide the numerator and denominator by the greatest
Ratios In Example 1, the 28 cats 7 common factor, 4. Divide out common units.
ratio 2 out of 7 means that
for every 7 cats, 2 are
Siamese. The ratio of Siamese cats to cats is _
2
or 2 out of 7.
7
2 10 ounces of butter to 1 pound of flour
When writing ratios that compare quantities with the same kinds of
units, convert so that they have the same unit.
_
10 ounces
=_
10 ounces
Convert 1 pound to 16 ounces.
1 pound 16 ounces
=_
5 ounces Divide the numerator and the denominator by 2.
8 ounces Divide out common units.
The ratio of butter to flour in simplest form is _

5
or 5:8.
8
a. 16 pepperoni pizzas out of 24 pizzas

b. 30 minutes of commercials to 2 hours of programming

A rate is a ratio that compares two quantities with different types
of units such as $5 for 2 pounds or 130 miles in 2 hours.
When a rate is simplified so it has a denominator of 1, it is called a
unit rate. An example of a unit rate is $6.50 per hour, which means
$6.50 per 1 hour.
Find a Unit Rate

3 TRAVEL Darrell drove 187 miles in 3 hours. What was Darrell’s
average rate of speed in miles per hour?
Write the rate that expresses the comparison of miles to hours. Then
find the average speed by finding the unit rate.
÷3
READING Math _
187 miles
≈_
62 miles Divide the numerator and denominator by 3 to get
3 hours 1 hour a denominator of 1.
Math Symbols The symbol
≈ is read approximately ÷3
equal to. Darrell drove an average speed of about 62 miles per hour.
Express each rate as a unit rate.

c. 24 tickets for 8 rides d. 4 inches of rain in 5 hours
Compare Unit Rates

4 CIVICS In 2000, the population of California was about 33,900,000,
and the population of Kentucky was about 4,000,000. There were
53 members of the U.S. House of Representatives from California
and 6 from Kentucky. In which state did a member represent more
people?
For each state, write a rate that compares the state’s population to its
number of representatives. Then find the unit rates.
Real-World Link
÷ 53
In the U.S. House C
of Representatives, a
33,900,000 people
__ 640,000 people
≈ __
l
the number of i
representatives from
f
o
53 representatives 1 representative
r
each state is based on n ÷ 53
i
a state’s population in a
the preceding census. ÷6
Source: www.house.gov
4,000,000 people
__ 670,000 people
+ENTUCKY ≈ __
6 representatives 1 representative
÷6
A member represented more people in Kentucky than in California.
SHOPPING Decide which is the better buy. Explain your reasoning.

e. a 17-ounce box of cereal for $4.89 or a 21-ounce box for $5.69
f. 6 cans of green beans for $1 or 10 cans for $1.95
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 4-1 Ratios and Rates 191

Peter Heimsath/Rex USA
Examples 1, 2 Express each ratio in simplest form.
(p. 190)
1. 12 missed days out of 180 days 2. 12 wins to 18 losses
3. 6 inches of water for 7 feet of snow 4. 3 quarts of soda : 1 gallon of juice
Example 3 Express each rate as a unit rate.

(p. 191)
5. $50 for 4 days of work 6. 3 pounds of dog food in 5 days
Example 4 7. SHOPPING You can buy 4 Granny Smith apples at Ben’s Mart for $0.95.
(p. 191) SaveMost sells 6 of the same quality apples for $1.49. Which store has the
better buy? Explain your reasoning.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Express each ratio in simplest form.

For See 8. 14 chosen out of 70 who applied 9. 28 out of 100 doctors disagree
Exercises Examples 10. 33 stores open to 18 closed 11. 56 boys to 64 girls participated
8–11 1
12. 1 cup vinegar in 8 pints of water 13. 2 yards wide : 10 feet long
12–15 2
16–21 3 14. 20 centimeters out of 1 meter cut 15. 2,500 pounds for 1 ton of steel
22–23 4
16. BASEBALL In 2005, Hank Aaron was still the MLB career all-time hitter,
with 3,771 hits in 3,298 games. What was Aaron’s average number of hits
per game?
17. CARS Manufacturers must publish a car’s gas mileage or the average
number of miles one can expect to drive per gallon of gasoline. The test
of a new car resulted in 2,250 miles being driven using 125 gallons of gas.
Find the car’s expected gas mileage.

18. 153 points in 18 games 19. 350 miles on 15 gallons
20. 100 meters in 12 seconds 21. 1,473 people entered in 3 hours
22. ELECTRONICS A 20-gigabyte digital music player sells for $249. A similar
30-gigabyte player sells for $349. Which player offers the better price per
gigabyte of storage? Explain.
Real-World Link
Gas mileage can be 23. MEASUREMENT Logan ran a 200-meter race in 25.24 seconds, and Scott ran
improved by as much 0.4 kilometer in 52.77 seconds. Who ran faster, Logan or Scott? Explain.
as 3.3% by keeping
tires inflated to the
proper pressure. 24. MAGAZINES Which costs more per issue, an 18-issue subscription for $40.50
Source:
www.fueleconomy.gov or a 12-issue subscription for $33.60? Explain.

JupiterImages/Comstock
25. TRAVEL Three people leave at the same time from Rawson to travel to
%842!02!#4)#%
Huntsville. Sarah averaged 45 miles per hour for the first third of the trip,
See pages 685, 711.
55 miles per hour for the second third, and 75 miles per hour for the last
third. Darnell averaged 55 miles per hour for the first half of the trip and
Self-Check Quiz at 70 miles per hour for the second half. Megan drove at a steady speed of
ca.gr7math.com
60 miles per hour the entire trip. Who arrived at Huntsville first? Explain.
H.O.T. Problems 26. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the phrase that does not represent the
same rate as the other two. Explain your reasoning.
36 miles per hour 3,168 miles per minute 52.8 feet per second
27. CHALLENGE Luisa and Rachel have some trading cards. The ratio of Luisa’s
cards to Rachel’s cards is 3:1. If Luisa gives Rachel 2 cards, the ratio will be
2:1. How many cards does Luisa have? Explain.
28. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write about a real-world situation that can be
(*/
represented by the ratio 2:5.
29. Lucy typed 210 words in 5 minutes, 30. Jackson drove 70 miles per hour for
and Yvonne typed 336 words in 4 hours and then 55 miles per hour for
8 minutes. Based on these rates, 2 hours to go to a conference. How far
which statement is true? did Jackson drive in all?
A Lucy’s rate was 3-words-per- F 390 miles
minute slower than Yvonne’s. G 360 miles
B Lucy’s rate was 25.2-words-per- H 320 miles
minute faster than Yvonne’s.
J 280 miles
C Lucy’s rate was about 15.8-words-
per-minute faster than Yvonne’s.
D Lucy’s rate was equal to Yvonne’s.
GEOMETRY Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance
between the points. Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 3-7)
31. (1, 4), (6, -3) 32. (-1, 5), (3, -2) 33. (-5, -2), (-1, 0) 34. (-2, -3), (3, 1)
35. MEASUREMENT A square floor exercise mat measures 40 feet on each side.
Find the length of the mat’s diagonal. (Lesson 3-6)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each expression as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)
36. _
19
37. _3 38. _
12.4
39. _
2.5
5 8 4 5
Lesson 4-1 Ratios and Rates 193

4-2 Proportional and
Nonproportional Relationships
Main IDEA
Identify proportional and PIZZA Ms. Cochran is planning a year-end pizza party for her
nonproportional students. Ace Pizza offers free delivery and charges $8 for each
relationships.
medium pizza.
Preparation for 1. Copy and complete the table to
Standard Pizzas Ordered 1 2 3 4
7AF3.4 Plot the determine the cost for different Cost ($) 8
values of quantities whose numbers of pizzas ordered.
ratios are always the same (e.
g., cost to the number of an 2. For each number of pizzas, write the relationship of the cost and
item, feet to inches, number of pizzas as a ratio in simplest form. What do you notice?
circumference to diameter of
a circle). Fit a line to the plot
and understand that the
slope of the line equals the In the example above, notice that while the number of pizzas ordered
quantities. and the cost both change or vary, the ratio of these quantities remains
the same, a constant $8 per pizza.
__
cost of order
=_
8
=_
16
=_
24
=_
32
or $8 per pizza
pizzas ordered 1 2 3 4
This relationship is expressed by saying that the cost of an order is
proportional to the number of pizzas ordered.
If two quantities are proportional, then they have a constant ratio. For
relationships in which this ratio is not constant, the two quantities are
said to be nonproportional.
NEW Vocabulary
proportional
nonproportional Identify Proportional Relationships
1 PIZZA Uptown Pizzeria sells medium pizzas for $7 each but charges
a $3 delivery fee per order. Is the cost of an order proportional to
the number of pizzas ordered?
Find the cost for 1, 2, 3, and 4 pizzas and make a table to display
numbers and cost.
Common Error Cost ($) 10 17 24 31

Even though there Pizzas Ordered 1 2 3 4
may be an adding
pattern in both
sets of values, a For each number of pizzas, write the relationship of the cost and
proportional number of pizzas as a ratio in simplest form.
relationship may not
exist. In Example 1, __
cost of order _
10
or 10 _
17
or 8.5 _
24
or 8 _
31
or 7.75
as the number of pizzas ordered 1 2 3 4
pizzas increases by 1,
the cost increases by Since the ratios of the two quantities are not the same, the cost of an
7, but the ratio of order is not proportional to the number of pizzas ordered. The
these values is not
the same. relationship is nonproportional.
194 Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

2 BEVERAGES You can use the recipe #OMBINE
shown to make a healthier version CUPS
UGAR
of a popular beverage. Is the amount ENVELOPEOFMIX
QUARTSOFWATER
of mix used proportional to the
amount of sugar used?
Find the amount of mix and sugar needed for different numbers of
batches and make a table to show these mix and sugar measures.
Cups of Sugar _1 1 _1
1 2
2 2
Envelopes of Mix 1 2 3 4
Quarts of Water 2 4 6 8
For each number of cups of sugar, write the relationship of the cups
and number of envelopes of mix as a ratio in simplest form.
_1 1_
1
__
cups of sugar _2 = _
0.5
or 0.5 _
1
or 0.5 _2
=_
1.5
or 0.5 _
2
or 0.5
envelopes of mix 1 1 2 3 3 4
Since the ratios between the two quantities are all equal to 0.5, the
amount of mix used is proportional to the amount of sugar used.
READING
in the Content Area a. BEVERAGES In Example 2, is the amount of sugar used proportional
For strategies in reading to the amount of water used?
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com. b. MONEY At the beginning of the school year, Isabel had $120 in the
bank. Each week, she deposits another $20. Is her account balance
proportional to the number of weeks since she started school?
Examples 1, 2 1. ELEPHANTS An adult elephant drinks about 225 liters of water each day.
(pp. 194–195) Is the number of days that an elephant’s water supply lasts proportional
to the number of liters of water the elephant drinks?
2. PACKAGES A package shipping company charges $5.25 to deliver a package.

In addition, they charge $0.45 for each pound over one pound. Is the cost to
ship a package proportional to the weight of the package?
3. SCHOOL At a certain middle school, every homeroom teacher is assigned

28 students. There are 3 teachers who do not have a homeroom. Is the
number of students at this school proportional to the number of teachers?
4. JOBS Andrew earns $18 per hour for mowing lawns. Is the amount of
money he earns proportional to the number of hours he spends mowing?
Lesson 4-2 Proportional and Nonproportional Relationships 195

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 5. RECREATION The Vista Marina rents boats for $25 per hour. In addition to
the rental fee, there is a $12 charge for fuel. Is the number of hours you can
For See
Exercises Examples rent the boat proportional to the total cost?
5–12 1, 2
6. ELEVATORS An elevator ascends or goes up at a rate of 750 feet per minute.
Is the height to which the elevator ascends proportional to the number of
minutes it takes to get there?
7. PLANTS Kudzu is a vine that grows an average of 7.5 feet every 5 days.
Is the number of days of growth proportional to the length of the vine as
measured on the last day?
8. TEMPERATURE To convert a temperature in degrees Celsius to degrees

Fahrenheit, multiply the Celsius temperature by _9
and then add 32°.
5
Is a temperature in degrees Celsius proportional to its equivalent
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
ADVERTISING For Exercises 9 and 10, use the following information.

On Saturday, Querida gave away 416 coupons for a free appetizer at a local
restaurant. The next day, she gave away about 52 coupons an hour.
9. Is the number of coupons Querida gave away on Sunday proportional to
the number of hours she worked that day?
10. Is the total number of coupons Querida gave away on Saturday and
Real-World Link Sunday proportional to the number of hours she worked on Sunday?
Ascending at a
speed of 1,000 feet
per minute, the five SHOPPING For Exercises 11 and 12, use the following information.
outside elevators of
the Westin St. Francis
MegaMart collects a sales tax equal to _
1
of the retail price of each purchase
16
are the fastest glass and sends this money to the state government.
elevators in San
Francisco. 11. Is the amount of tax collected proportional to the cost of an item before tax
Source: sfvisitor.org is added?
12. Is the amount of tax collected proportional to the cost of an item after tax
has been added?
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 13 and 14, determine whether the measures

described for the figure shown are proportional.
13. the length of a side and the perimeter
s
14. the length of a side and the area
POSTAGE For Exercises 15 and 16, use the table below that shows the price to
%842!02!#4)#% mail a first-class letter for various weights.
See pages 685, 711. 15. Is the cost to mail a letter proportional Weight (oz) 1 2 3 4 5
to its weight? Explain your reasoning. 0.39 0.63 0.87 1.11
Cost ($)
Self-Check Quiz at 16. Find the cost to mail a letter that
ca.gr7math.com
weighs 5 ounces. Justify your answer.

age fotostock/SuperStock
H.O.T. Problems 17. OPEN ENDED Give one example of a proportional relationship and one
example of a nonproportional relationship. Justify your examples.
18. CHALLENGE This year Andrea celebrated her 10th birthday, and her brother
Carlos celebrated his 5th birthday. Andrea noted that she was now twice as
old as her brother was. Is the relationship between their ages proportional?
Explain your reasoning using a table of values.
19. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Luke uses $200 in birthday money to purchase some
(*/
$20 DVDs. He claims that the amount of money remaining after his
purchase is proportional to the number of DVDs he decides to buy, because
the DVDs are each sold at the same price. Is his claim valid? If his claim is
false, name two quantities in this situation that are proportional.
20. Mr. Martinez is comparing the price of oranges from several different
markets. Which market’s pricing guide is based on a constant unit price?
A Farmer’s Market C Central Produce
Number of Total Number of Total
Oranges Cost ($) Oranges Cost ($)
5 3.50 5 3.00
10 6.00 10 6.00
15 8.50 15 9.00
20 11.00 20 12.00
B The Fruit Place D Green Grocer

Number of Total Number of Total
Oranges Cost ($) Oranges Cost ($)
5 3.50 5 3.00
10 6.50 10 5.00
15 9.50 15 7.00
20 12.50 20 9.00
Express each ratio in simplest form. (Lesson 4-1)
21. 40 working hours out of 168 hours 22. 2 inches of shrinkage to 1 yard of material
23. GEOMETRY The vertices of right triangle ABC are located at A(-2, -5),
B(-2, 8), and C(1, 4). Find the perimeter of the triangle. (Lesson 3-7)
ALGEBRA Write and solve an equation to find each number. (Lesson 1-10)
24. The product of -9 and a number is 45. 25. A number divided by 4 is -16.
26. 5 · x = 6 · 10 27. 8 · 3 = 4 · y 28. 2 · d = 3 · 5 29. 2.1 · 7 = 3 · a
Lesson 4-2 Proportional and Nonproportional Relationships 197

4-3 Solving Proportions
Main IDEA
Use proportions to solve NUTRITION Part of the nutrition label from
problems. a granola bar is shown at the right.
Standard 1. Write a ratio in simplest form that
7AF4.2 Solve compares the number of calories from
multistep problems
involving rate, average speed, fat to the total number of calories.
distance, and time or a direct
2. Suppose you plan to eat two such
variation.
granola bars. Write a ratio comparing
the number of calories from fat to the
total number of calories.
3. Is the number of calories from fat proportional to the total number
of calories for one and two bars? Explain your reasoning.
In the example above, the ratios of calories from fat to total calories for
one or two granola bars are equal or equivalent ratios because they
simplify to the same ratio, _
2
. One way of expressing a proportional
11
relationship like this is by writing a proportion.
__
20 calories from fat
= __
40 calories from fat
110 total calories 220 total calories
+%9#/.#%04 Proportion
Words A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios or rates are

NEW Vocabulary equivalent.
equivalent ratios Examples Numbers Algebra
proportion _6 = _3 _a = _c , b ≠ 0, d ≠ 0
cross products 8 4 b d
constant of proportionality
Consider the following proportion.
_a = _c
b d
_a · bd = _c · bd1
1
Multiply each side by bd and divide out common factors.
b d
1 1
Cross Products If
ad = bc Simplify.
the cross products of The products ad and bc are called the cross products of this proportion.
two ratios are equal,
then the ratios form The cross products of any proportion are equal. You can use cross
a proportion. If the products to solve proportions in which one of the quantities is not known.
cross products are
not equal, the ratios
do not form a _6 = _3 8 · 3 = 24 The cross products are equal.
proportion. 8 4 6 · 4 = 24

Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com
Write and Solve a Proportion
1 TEMPERATURE After 2 hours, the air temperature had risen 7°F. Write
and solve a proportion to find the amount of time it will take at this
rate for the temperature to rise an additional 13°F.
Write a proportion. Let t represent the time in hours.
temperature _7 = _
13 temperature
time 2 t time
_7 = _
13
Write the proportion.
2 t
7 · t = 2 · 13 Find the cross products.
7t = 26 Multiply.
_
7t
=_
26
7 7
t ≈ 3.7 Simplify.
It will take about 3.7 hours to rise an additional 13°F.
Solve each proportion.
a. _x = _
9
b. _
2
=_
5
c. _7 = _
n
4 10 34 y 3 2.1
You can use ratios to make predictions in situations involving

proportions.
2 BLOOD A microscope slide shows 37 red blood cells and 23 blood

cells that are not red blood cells. How many red blood cells would
be expected in a sample of the same blood that has 925 blood cells?
red blood cells _
37
or _
37
total blood cells 23 + 37 60
Write and solve a proportion. Let r represent the number of red blood
cells in the bigger sample.
red blood cells _
37
=_r red blood cells
Real-World Career total blood cells 60 925 total blood cells
How Does a Medical 37 · 925 = 60 · r Find the cross products.
Technologist Use
Math? A medical 34,225 = 60r Multiply.
technologist uses 34,225
proportional reasoning _ =_
60r
to analyze blood 60 60
samples. 570.4 ≈ r Simplify.
You would expect to find about 570 red blood cells.
d. RECYCLING Recycling 2,000 pounds of paper saves about 17 trees.

Write and solve a proportion to determine how many trees you
would expect to save by recycling 5,000 pounds of paper.
Lesson 4-3 Solving Proportions 199

Matt Meadows
You can also use the constant ratio to write an equation expressing
the relationship between two proportional quantities. The constant ratio
is also called the constant of proportionality.
Write and Use an Equation

3 ALGEBRA Jaycee bought 8 gallons of gasoline for $22.32. Write an
equation relating the cost to the number of gallons of gasoline.
How much would Jaycee pay for 11 gallons at this same rate?
for 20 gallons?
Find the constant of proportionality between cost and gallons.
__
cost in dollars
=_
22.32
or 2.79 The cost is $2.79 per gallon.
gasoline in gallons8
Checking Your
Equation You can Words The cost is $2.79 times the number of gallons.
check to see if the
equation you wrote Let c represent the cost.
is accurate by testing Variable
Let g represent the number of gallons.
the two known
quantities. Equation c = 2.79 · g
c = 2.79g
22.32 = 2.79(8)
Use this equation to find the cost for 11 and 20 gallons sold at the
22.32 = 22.32
same rate.
c = 2.79g Write the equation. c = 2.79g
c = 2.79(11) Replace g with the number of gallons. c = 2.79(20)
c = 30.69 Multiply. c = 55.80
The cost for 11 gallons is $30.69 and for 20 gallons is $55.80.
e. ALGEBRA Olivia typed 2 pages in 15 minutes. Write an equation

relating the number of minutes m to the number of pages p typed.
If she continues typing at this rate, how many minutes will it take
her to type 10 pages? to type 25 pages?
Example 1 Solve each proportion.

(p. 199)
1. _
1.5
=_
10
2. _
3.2
=_
n
3. _
41
=_
5
6 p 9 36 x 2
For Exercises 4 and 5, assume all situations are proportional.
Example 2 4. TEETH For every 7 people who say they floss daily, there are 18 people
(p. 199) who say they do not. Write and solve a proportion to determine out of
65 people how many you would expect to say they floss daily.
Example 3 5. TUTORING Amanda earns $28.50 tutoring for 3 hours. Write an equation
(p. 200) relating her earnings m to the number of hours h she tutors. How much
would Amanda earn tutoring for 2 hours? for 4.5 hours?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each proportion.
6. _k = _
32
7. _
x
=_
18
8. _
44
=_
11
9. _
2
=_
0.4
For See 7 56 13 39 p 5 w 0.7
Exercises Examples
6–13 1 10. _
6
=_
d
11. _
2.5
=_
h
12. _
3.5
=_
a
13 . _
48
=_
72
25 30 6 9 8 3.2 9 n
14–19 2
20–25 3 For Exercises 14–21, assume all situations are proportional.
14. COOKING Evarado paid $1.12 for a dozen eggs. Write and solve a
proportion to determine the ingredient cost of the 3 eggs Evarado
needs for a recipe.
15. TRAVEL A certain vehicle can travel 483 miles on 14 gallons of gasoline.
Write and solve a proportion to determine how many gallons of gasoline
this vehicle will need to travel 600 miles.
16. ILLNESS For every person who actually has the flu, there are 6 people who
have flu-like symptoms resulting from a cold. If a doctor sees 40 patients,
write and solve a proportion to determine how many of these you would
expect to have a cold.
17. LIFE SCIENCE For every left-handed person, there are about 4 right-handed
people. If there are 30 students in a class, write and solve a proportion to
predict the number of students who are right-handed.

PEOPLE For Exercises 18 and 19, use the following information.
The head height to overall height ratio for an adult is given in the diagram
at the left. Write and solve a proportion to predict the following measures.
18. the height of an adult who has a head height of 9.6 inches
Real-World Link 19. the head height of an adult who is 64 inches tall
Although people vary
in size and shape, in
general, people do 20. PHOTOGRAPHY It takes 2 minutes to print out 3 digital photos. Write an
not vary in proportion. equation relating the number of photos n to the number of minutes m.
Source: Art Talk At this rate, how long will it take to print 10 photos? 14 photos?
21. MEASUREMENT A 20-pound object on Earth weighs 3_ pounds on the

1
3
Moon. Write an equation relating the weight m of an object on the Moon to
the weight a of the object on Earth. How much does an object weigh on the
Moon if it weighs 96 pounds on Earth? 128 pounds on Earth?
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 22–25, use the table Customary System

to write an equation relating the two measures. To Metric System
Then find the missing quantity. Round to the 1 in. ≈ 2.54 cm
nearest hundredth. 1 mi ≈ 1.61 km
22. 12 in. = cm 23. 20 mi = km 1 gal ≈ 3.78 L
%842!02!#4)#%
24. 2 L = gal 25. 45 kg = lb 1 lb ≈ 0.454 kg
See pages 685, 711.
Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data and write a real-world problem that could be
ca.gr7math.com
solved by writing and solving a proportion.
Lesson 4-3 Solving Proportions 201

27. MEASUREMENT A 5-pound bag of grass seed covers 2,000 square feet. An
opened bag has 3 pounds of seed remaining in it. Will this be enough to
seed a 14-yard by 8-yard piece of land? Explain your reasoning.
H.O.T. Problems 28. OPEN ENDED List two other amounts of cinnamon and sugar, one larger
and one smaller, that are proportional to 1_
1
tablespoons of cinnamon for
2
every 3 tablespoons of sugar. Justify your answers.
CHALLENGE Solve each equation.
29. _2 = _
18
30. _
x-4
=_
7
31. _
4.5
=_
3
3 x+5 10 5 17 - x 8
32. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why it might be easier to write an equation to
(*/
represent a proportional relationship rather than using a proportion.
33. Michael paid $24 for 3 previously- 35. The graph shows the results of a
viewed DVDs at Play-It-Again Movies. survey of 30 Northside students.
Which equation can he use to find the
&AVORITE4YPEOF-USICAT
cost c of purchasing 12 previously- .ORTHSIDE-IDDLE3CHOOL
viewed DVDs from this same store?
*AZZ
A c = 12 · 24 C c = 12 · 8
2AP
B c = 24 · 4 D c = 72 · 36 #OUNTRY
!LTERNATIVE
34. An amusement park line is moving
2OCK
about 4 feet every 15 minutes. At this

rate, approximately how long will it
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS
take for a person at the back of the 50-
foot line to reach the front of the line? Which proportion can be used to find
F 1 hour n, the number preferring country
music out of 440 Northside students?
G 3 hours
H 5 hours A _
30
=_
n
C _
n
=_
30
9 440 9 400
J 13 hours B _=_
440 9
D _=_
9 n
n 30 30 440
36. MONEY Cassie deposits $40 in a savings account. The money earns $1.40
per month in simple interest, and she makes no further deposits. Is her
account balance proportional to the number of months since her initial
deposit? (Lesson 4-2)
37. SHOPPING Which is the better buy: 1 pound 4 ounces of cheese for $4.99
or 2 pounds 6 ounces for $9.75? Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-1)
38. PREREQUISITE SKILL Jacquelyn pays $8 for fair admission but then
must pay $0.75 for each ride. If she rides five rides, what is the total cost
at the fair? (Lesson 1-1)

Extend Geometry Lab
4-3 The Golden Rectangle
Main IDEA
Find the value of the Cut out a rectangle that measures 34 units long by 21 units
golden ratio.
wide. Using your calculator, find the ratio of the length to
Standard 7MR1.2 the width. Express it as a decimal to the nearest hundredth.
Formulate and Record your data in a table like the one below.
justify mathematical
conjectures based on a
length 34 21
general description of the
mathematical question or width 21 13
problem posed.
Standard 7NS1.3 Convert ratio
fractions to decimals and
percents and use these decimal
representations in
and applications. Cut this rectangle into two
parts, in which one part is the
largest possible square and Rectangle Square
the other part is a rectangle.
Record the rectangle’s length
and width. Write the ratio of
length to width. Express it as a decimal to the nearest
hundredth and record in the table.
Repeat the procedure described in Step 2 until the

remaining rectangle measures 3 units by 5 units.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Describe the pattern in the ratios you recorded.
2. MAKE A CONJECTURE If the rectangles you cut out are described as
golden rectangles, what is the value of the golden ratio?
3. Write a definition of golden rectangle. Use the word ratio in your
definition. Then describe the shape of a golden rectangle.
4. Determine whether all golden rectangles are similar. Explain your
reasoning.
5. RESEARCH There are many
examples of the golden rectangle
in architecture. One is shown at
the right. Use the Internet or
another resource to find three
places where the golden rectangle
is used in architecture.
Extend 4-3 Geometry Lab: The Golden Rectangle 203

Doug Corrance/Taxi/Getty Images
MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by drawing a diagram.
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, and models, to
explain mathematical reasoning. Standard 7AF4.2 Solve multistep problems involving rate, average speed, distance,
and time or a direct variation.
e-Mail: DRAW A DIAGRAM

YOUR MISSION: Draw a diagram to solve the
problem.
THE PROBLEM: How long will it take to fill a

120-gallon aquarium?
GABRIELLA: It’s been 3 minutes and this

120-gallon tank is only at the 10-gallon
▲
mark. I wonder how much longer it will
take. Let’s draw a diagram to help us
picture what’s happening.
EXPLORE The tank holds 120 gallons of water. After 3 minutes, the tank has 10 gallons of
water in it. How many more minutes will it take to fill the tank?
PLAN Draw a diagram showing the water level after every 3 minutes.
SOLVE The tank will be filled after
twelve 3-minute time periods. FILLLINE
This is a total of 12 × 3 or
36 minutes.
TIMEPERIODS
WATERLEVELAFTER

MINUTES

CHECK The tank is filling at a rate of 10 gallons every 3 minutes, which is about 3 gallons
per minute. So, a 120-gallon tank will take about 120 ÷ 3 or 40 minutes to fill. An
answer of 36 minutes is reasonable.
1. Describe another method the students could have used to find the number
of 3-minute time periods it would take to fill the tank.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that is more easily solved by drawing
(*/
a diagram. Then draw a diagram and solve the problem.

J. Strange/KS Studio
For Exercises 3–5, use the draw a diagram 9. TILES Three-inch square tiles that are
strategy to solve the problem. 2 inches high are being packaged into
3. AQUARIUM Refer to the problem at the boxes like the one below. If the tiles
beginning of the lesson. Jack fills another must be laid flat, how many will fit
120-gallon tank at the same time Gabriella is in one box?
filling the first 120-gallon tank. After 3
minutes, his tank has 12 gallons in it. How THIS SIDE
UP
much longer will it take Gabriella to fill her 15 in.

tank than Jack?
12 in.
4. LOGGING It takes 20 minutes to cut a log into 15 in.
5 equal-size pieces. How long will it take to
cut a similar log into 3 equal-size pieces? 10. DESSERTS At a birthday party, 12 people
chose cake for dessert and 8 people chose ice
5. GEOMETRY A stock clerk is
cream. Five people chose both cake and ice
piling oranges in the shape of
cream. How many people had dessert?
a square-based pyramid, as
shown. If the pyramid is to 11. SCHOOL Of the 30 students in a science
have five layers, how many class, 19 like to do chemistry labs, 15 prefer
oranges will he need? physical science labs, and 7 like to do both.
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–11. Some How many students like chemistry labs but
strategies are shown below. not physical science labs?
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
rn.
• Use a Venn di
agram.
• Draw a diagra
m. For Exercises 12–14, select the appropriate
6. MONEY Mi-Ling has only nickels in her
12. MEASUREMENT An amusement park features
pocket. Julian has only quarters in his, and
giant statues of comic strip characters. If you
Aisha has only dimes in hers. Hannah
multiply one character’s height by 4 and
approached all three for a donation for the
add 1 foot, you will find the height of its
school fund-raiser. What is the least each
statue. If the statue is 65 feet tall, how tall is
person could donate so that each one gives
the character?
the same amount?
TECHNOLOGY For Exercises 7 and 8, use the 13. SPORTS The width of a tennis court is ten
diagram and the information below. feet more than one-third its length. If the
Seven closed shapes are used to make court is 78 feet long, what is its perimeter?
the digits 0 to 9 on a digital clock.
14. FLIGHTS A DC-11 jumbo jet carries 345
(The number 1 is made using the line
passengers with 38 in first-class and the rest
segments on the right side of the figure.)
in coach. For a day flight, a first-class ticket
7. In forming these digits, which line from Los Angeles to Chicago costs $650, and
segment is used most often? a coach ticket costs $230. What will be the
8. Which line segment is used the least? ticket sales if the flight is full?
Lesson 4-4 Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw a Diagram 205

4-5 Similar Polygons
Main IDEA
Identify similar polygons Follow the steps below to discover how the triangles at the right
and find missing are related.
measures of similar
polygons. F
Copy both triangles
Reinforcement of onto tracing paper. D
Standard
6NS1.3 Use Measure and record the J
proportions to solve
problems. Use cross
sides of each triangle. E
multiplication as a method
for solving such problems, Cut out both triangles.
understanding it as the
multiplication of both sides of 1. Compare the angles of the K
an equation by a
multiplicative inverse. triangles by matching them up.
Identify the angle pairs that L
have equal measure.
2. Express the ratios _, _, and _ as decimals to the nearest tenth.
DF EF DE
LK JK LJ
3. What do you notice about the ratios of these sides of matching
triangles?
A polygon consists of a sequence of consecutive line segments in a

plane, placed end to end to form a simple closed figure. Polygons that
NEW Vocabulary have the same shape are called similar polygons. In the figure below,
polygon polygon ABCD is similar to polygon WXYZ. This is written as polygon
similar
ABCD ∼ polygon WXYZ.
corresponding parts
congruent B
scale factor X
A
W
C Y
D Z
The parts of similar figures that “match” are called corresponding parts.
X X
W W
B Y B Y
A Z A Z
C C
D D
Corresponding Angles Corresponding Sides
A W, B X, AB WX, BC XY,
C Y, D Z CD YZ, DA ZW

READING Math The similar triangles in the Mini Lab suggest the following.
Congruence The symbol
is read is congruent to. Arcs +%9#/.#%04 Similar Polygons
are used to show congruent
angles. Words If two polygons are similar, then
• their corresponding angles are congruent, or have the
same measure, and
• the measures of their corresponding sides are proportional.
Model B
Y
ABC ∼ XYZ
A C X Z
Symbols ∠A ∠X, ∠B ∠Y, ∠C ∠Z, and _

AB
=_=_
BC AC
XY YZ XZ
Identify Similar Polygons

1 Determine whether rectangle HJKL is H 7 J
similar to rectangle MNPQ. Explain. 3 3
First, check to see if corresponding L 7 K
angles are congruent.
M 10 N
Since the two polygons are rectangles,
all of their angles are right angles.
Therefore, all corresponding angles 6 6
are congruent.
Common Error Next, check to see if corresponding Q 10 P
Do not assume that sides are proportional.
two polygons are
similar just because HJ
_ JK
their corresponding =_
7 _ =_
3
or _
1 _
KL
=_
7 _
LH
=_
3
or _
1
MN 10 NP 6 2 PQ 10 QM 6 2
angles are congruent.
Their corresponding Since _
7
and _
1
are not equivalent ratios, rectangle HJKL is not similar
sides must also 10 2
be proportional. to rectangle MNPQ.
Determine whether these polygons are similar. Explain.

a. 8 12 b. 6
A B
6 6 3.5
8 8 J K
14 14 1.5 1.5
M L
3.5
D 6
C
The ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides of two similar

polygons is called the scale factor. You can use the scale factor of similar
figures or a proportion to find missing measures.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 4-5 Similar Polygons 207

Find Missing Measures
2 GEOMETRY Given that polygon A W
B 24
WXYZ ∼ polygon ABCD, X
13
find the missing measure. 12
D 10 C m
Z 15 Y
READING Math METHOD 1 Write a proportion.
Segment Measure The −−
−− The missing measure m is the length of XY. Write a proportion that
measure of XY is written as
XY. It represents a number. relates corresponding sides of the two polygons.
polygon WXYZ _
XY
=_
YZ polygon WXYZ
polygon ABCD BC CD polygon ABCD
_
m
=_
15 XY = m, BC = 12,
12 10 YZ = 15, and CD = 10.
m · 10 = 12 · 15 Find the cross products.
10m = 180 Multiply.
m = 18 Divide each side by 10.
METHOD 2 Use the scale factor to write an equation.

Find the scale factor from polygon WXYZ to polygon ABCD by
finding the ratio of corresponding sides with known lengths.
scale factor: _
YZ
=_
15
or _
3 The scale factor is the constant
CD 10 2 of proportionality.
Words A length on is _3 times as a corresponding length

2
polygon WXYZ long as on polygon ABCD.
Variable −−
Let m represent the measure of XY.
Equation m= _3 · 12
2
m=_
3
(12) Write the equation.
2
Scale Factor m = 18 Multiply.
In Example 2, the
scale factor from
polygon ABCD to
polygon WXYZ is ,_2 Find each missing measure above.
3
which means that c. WZ d. AB
a length on polygon
_2
ABCD is as long
3
as a length on Square A ∼ square B with a scale factor of 3:2. Notice the relationship
polygon WXYZ. between the scale factor and the ratio of their perimeters.
M
M
Square Perimeter
A 12 m
-µÕ>ÀiÊ -µÕ>ÀiÊ B 8m
perimeter of square A _
12
=_
3
or 3:2
perimeter of square B 8 2

This and other related examples suggest the following.
+%9#/.#%043 Ratios of Similar Figures
Words If two figures are similar with Model

a scale factor of _, then the
a a
b
b
perimeters of the figures have
a ratio of _a . Figure A
Figure B
b
3 Triangle LMN is similar L P

24 18
to triangle PQR. If the
Similarity perimeter of LMN is
Statements In M N R Q
naming similar 64 units, what is the
triangles, the order perimeter of PQR?
of the vertices
indicates the A 108 units C 48 units
corresponding parts.
Read the similarity B 96 units D 36 units
statement carefully
to be sure that
you compare Read the Item You know that the two triangles are similar, and you
corresponding parts. know the measures of two corresponding sides and the perimeter of
LMN. You need to find the perimeter of PQR.
Solve the Item Triangle LMN ∼ triangle PQR with a scale factor of
_
24
or _
4
. The ratio of the perimeters of LMN to PQR is also _
4
.
18 3 3
Write and solve a proportion. Let x represent the perimeter of PQR.
_ 4 ⎫
=_
perimeter of LMN 64
perimeter of PQR
⎬ Scale factor relating LMN to PQR
x 3
⎭
64 · 3 = 4 · x Find the cross products.
192 = 4x Multiply.
_ _
192
= 4x Divide each side by 4.
4 4
48 = x Simplify.
The answer is C.
e. Rectangle KLMN is similar to 8

L M
rectangle TUVW. If the perimeter
of rectangle KLMN is 32 units, what K N
is the perimeter of rectangle TUVW? 16
U V
F 128 units H 64 units
G 96 units J 40 units
T W
Lesson 4-5 Similar Polygons 209

Example 1 Determine whether each pair of polygons is similar. Explain.
(p. 207)
1. 2. 18
13 6
5 5
3 7.5 6
8 10
4 12
8 13.5
Example 2 3. In the figure at the right, FGH ∼ KLJ. J

F 6
(p. 208) Write and solve a proportion to find each 9
L 3
missing side measure. 6 G y
K
x
H
Example 3 4. STANDARDS PRACTICE ABC is similar Y

(p. 209) to XYZ. If the perimeter of ABC is B X Z
40 units, what is the perimeter of XYZ? 8
A 10 units C 40 units
A C
B 20 units D 80 units 16
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Determine whether each pair of polygons is similar. Explain.

For See 5. 6. 5 5

5–8 1 5 5
3 3
9–12 2
18, 19 3
7. 18 8.
20 16
5 4
12 15
24 8 6
Each pair of polygons is similar. Write and solve a proportion to find

each missing side measure.
9. 12 x 10. 8
5 x
8 4.8 4
3
8 10
12
11. 12. 22.4
14
29 12.8 12
14.5 8 7.5
x 10
26 x
10.5
21

13. YEARBOOK The scale factor from the original
proof at the right to the reduced picture for a
yearbook will be 8:5. Find the dimensions of
the pictures as they will appear in the yearbook.
%842!02!#4)#%
5 in.
14. MOVIES When projected onto a movie screen, the
See pages 686, 711.
image from a film is 9 meters wide and 6.75 meters
high. If the image from this same film is projected
Self-Check Quiz at so that it appears 8 meters wide, what is the height
ca.gr7math.com 4 in.
of the projected image?
H.O.T. Problems 15. CHALLENGE True or false? If ABC ∼ A

X
XYZ, then _a = _
x
. Justify your answer.
c z
c z
83 *5*/( */ -!4( Determine whether
(*/ C Z
a Y x
each statement is always, sometimes, or never B
true. Explain your reasoning.
16. Any two rectangles are similar. 17. Any two squares are similar.
18. Triangle FGH is similar to triangle RST. 19. Quadrilateral ABCD is similar to
G R quadrilateral WXYZ.
36 in. 6 in.
18 in. A B 4 in.
27 in. W X
F H
34 in. Z
T S D Y
? C
−−
What is the length of TS? If the area of quadrilateral ABCD is
A 13_
1
inches C 24 inches 54 square units, what is the area of
2
quadrilateral WXYZ?
B 22_
2
inches D 25_
1
inches
3 2 F 13.5 inches 2 H 27 inches 2
G 24 inches 2 J 36 inches 2
20. ROCK CLIMBING Grace is working her way up a climbing wall. Every
5 minutes she is able to climb 6 feet, but then loses her footing, slips back
1 foot, and decides to rest for 1 minute. If the rock wall is 30 feet tall, how
long will it take her to reach the top? Use the draw a diagram strategy. (Lesson 4-4)
21. BAKING A recipe calls for 4 cups of flour for 64 cookies. How much flour
is needed for 96 cookies? (Lesson 4-3)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph and connect each pair of ordered pairs. (Lesson 3-6)
22. (-2.5, 1.5), (1.5, -3.5) 23. (-2, -1_12 ), (4, 3_12 ) 24. (-2_13 , 1), (2, 3_23 )
Lesson 4-5 Similar Polygons 211
John Evans
APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Express each ratio in simplest form. (Lesson 4-1) 13. STANDARDS PRACTICE There are 2 cubs
1. 32 out of 100 dentists for every 3 adults in a certain lion
pride. If the pride has 8 cubs, how many
2. 12 tickets chosen out of 60 tickets
adults are there? (Lesson 4-3)
3. 300 points in 20 games
F 12 G 16 H 24 J 48
Express each rate as a unit rate. (Lesson 4-1)

14. MEASUREMENT Light travels approximately
4. 750 yards in 25 minutes 1,860,000 miles in 10 seconds. How
5. $420 for 15 tickets long will it take light to travel 93,000,000
miles from the Sun to Earth? (Lesson 4-3)
6. 40 laps in 6 races
7. STANDARDS PRACTICE In her last race, 15. TELEVISION A typical 30-minute TV program
Bergen swam 1,500 meters in 30 has about 8 minutes of commercials. At that
minutes. On average, how many meters did rate, how many commercial minutes are
she swim per minute? (Lesson 4-1) shown during a 2-hour TV movie? (Lesson 4-3)
A 25
16. MOVIES A section of a theater is arranged
B 30 so that each row has the same number of
C 40 seats. You are seated in the 5th row from
D 50 the front and the 3rd row from the back. If
your seat is 6th from the left and 2nd from
8. ICE CREAM In one 8-hour day, Bella’s Ice the right, how many seats are in this section
Cream Shop sold 72 cones of vanilla ice of the theater? Use the draw a diagram
cream. In one hour, they sold 9 cones of strategy. (Lesson 4-4)
vanilla ice cream. Is the total number of
cones sold in one hour proportional to the Determine whether each pair of polygons is
number of cones sold during the day? similar. Explain. (Lesson 4-5)
(Lesson 4-2) 17.

9. DISHES Jack washed 60 plates in

30 minutes. It took him 3 minutes to

wash 6 plates. Is the number of plates
washed in 3 minutes proportional to
the total number of plates he washed 18.
in 30 minutes? (Lesson 4-2)

Solve each proportion. (Lesson 4-3)
10. _
33
=_
11
19. MEASUREMENT Dollhouse furniture is
r 2
similar in shape to full-sized furniture. A
11. _ = _
x 15
36 24 dollhouse chair is 6 inches high and 2.5
inches wide. If a full-sized chair is 36 inches
12. _ = _
5 4.5
9 a tall, how wide is the chair? (Lesson 4-5)

4-6 Measurement: Converting
Length, Weight/Mass,
Capacity, and Time
Main IDEA
Convert customary and Jesse Owens set a record of 9.4 seconds for
metric units of length, the 100-yard dash at the Big Ten track meet
weight or mass, capacity,
and time. in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on May 25, 1935.
The next year at the 1936 Olympic Games
Standard 7MG1.1 in Berlin, he astounded the world by
Compare weights,
capacities, geometric
matching the world record of 10.3 seconds
measures, times, and in the 100-meter race. How did the lengths
temperatures within and of the races compare?
between measurement
systems (e.g. miles per hour 1. A yard is a unit of length in the customary
and feet per second, cubic
inches to cubic centimeters).
system. Name another unit of length in the customary system.
2. A meter is a unit of length in the metric system. Name another unit
of length in the metric system.
NEW Vocabulary
3. Explain why the college race was measured in yards and the
unit ratio Olympic race was measured in meters.
The relationships among the most commonly used customary and

metric units of length, weight or mass, capacity, and time are shown in
the table below.
+%9#/.#%04 Measurement Conversions

Customary Units Metric Units
Length
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in.) 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters (mm)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet 1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm)
1 mile (mi) = 5,280 feet 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters
Weight Mass
1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) 1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams (mg)
1 ton (T) = 2,000 pounds 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams
Capacity
1 cup (c) = 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters (mL)
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
Time
1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s) 1 week (wk) = 7 days
1 hour (h) = 60 minutes 1 year (yr) = 365 days
1 day (d) = 24 hours
Lesson 4-6 Measurement: Converting Length, Weight/Mass, Capacity, and Time 213
Bettmann/CORBIS
Each of the relationships in the table can be written as a unit ratio. Like a
unit rate, a unit ratio is one in which the denominator is 1 unit.
_
3 ft 2,000 lb
_ 1,000 m
_ _
24 h
1 yd 1T 1 km 1d
Notice that the numerator and denominator of each fraction above are
equivalent, so the value of each ratio is 1. You can multiply by a unit
ratio of this type to convert or change from larger units to smaller units.
Convert Larger Units to Smaller Units

1 Convert 12 yards to feet.
Since 1 yard = 3 feet, the unit ratio is _
3 ft
.
1 yd
You should always
write the units to 12 yd = 12 yd · _
3 ft
Multiply by _.
3 ft
ensure that the 1 yd 1 yd
correct units are _
= 12 yd · 3 ft Divide out common units, leaving
being cancelled. 1 yd
the desired unit, feet.
= 12 · 3 ft or 36 ft Multiply.
So, 12 yards = 36 feet.
Complete each conversion.

b. 3_ qt = pt
1
a. 27 yd = ft
2
c. 5 km = m d. 7.5 L = mL
To convert from smaller units to larger units, multiply by the reciprocal of

the appropriate unit ratio.
Convert Smaller Units to Larger Units

2 BANNERS Carleta needs 450 centimeters of material to make a
banner for a parade. How many meters of material does she need?
450 cm = 450 cm · _1m
Since 1 meter = 100 centimeters, multiply
100 cm
by _.
1m
100 cm
= 450 cm · _
1m
Divide out common units, leaving the
100 cm
desired unit, meter.
=_
450
m or 4.5 m Multiply.
100
So, Carleta needs 4.5 meters of material.
Real-World Link
The Rose Bowl, “The
Granddaddy of Them
All,” has been a sellout
attraction every year e. 56 oz = lb f. 48 in. = ft
since 1947.
Source: g. 150 mL = L h. 4,000g = kg
tournamentofroses.com

AP Photo/Stefan Paltera
REVIEW Vocabulary You can also use dimensional analysis to convert between measurement
dimensional analysis The systems. The table shows conversion factors for units of length, capacity,
process of including units of and mass or weight.
measurement when you
compute. (p. 98)
+%9#/.#%04 Metric/Customary Measurement Conversions
Length Capacity and Mass or Weight
1 in. ≈ 2.54 cm 1 fl oz ≈ 29.574 mL
1 ft ≈ 0.305 m 1 pt ≈ 0.473 L
1 yd ≈ 0.914 m 1 qt ≈ 0.946 L
1 mi ≈ 1.609 km 1 gal ≈ 3.785 L
1 cm ≈ 0.394 in. 1 oz ≈ 28.35 g
1 m ≈ 1.094 yd 1 lb ≈ 0.454 kg
1 km ≈ 0.621 mi
Convert Between Systems

3 Convert 9 centimeters to inches.
Dimensional METHOD 1
Analysis
Choose conversion Use 1 in. ≈ 2.54 cm.
factors that allow you
to divide out 9 cm ≈ 9 cm · _
1 in.
Since 1 in. ≈ 2.54 cm, multiply by _.
1 in.
2.54 cm
common units. 2.54 cm
9 cm ≈ 9 cm · _ 1 in. Divide out common units, leaving
2.54 cm the desired unit, inch.
≈_9 in.
or 3.54 in. Multiply.
2.54
METHOD 2
Use 1 cm ≈ 0.394 in.

9 cm ≈ 9 cm · _
0.394 in.
Multiply by _.
0.394 in.
1 cm
1 cm
9 cm ≈ 9 cm · _
0.394 in. Divide out common units, leaving
1 cm the desired unit, inch.
≈ 9 · 0.394 in. or 3.54 in. Multiply.
So, 9 centimeters is approximately 3.54 inches.
Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth.

i. 6 oz = g j. 5 km = mi k. 6 yd = m l. 2 L = qt
Convert Units Using Multiple Steps
4 ANIMALS A sloth’s top speed is 1.9 kilometers per hour. How fast is
this in feet per seconds?
To convert kilometers to feet, use conversion factors relating
kilometers to miles and miles to feet.
To convert hours to seconds, use conversion factors relating hours to
minutes and minutes to seconds.
_
1.9 km _
· 1 mi · _
5280 ft _
· 1h ·_
1 min
1h 1.609 km 1 mi 60 min 60 sec
=_1.9 km _
· 1 mi · _ 5280 ft _
· 1h ·_ 1 min
Divide out common units.
1h 1.609 km 1 mi 60 min 60 s
10,032 ft
_
= Multiply.
5,792.4 s
=_1.73 ft
Divide.
1s
The sloth’s top speed is 1.73 feet per second.
m. A vehicle can travel 11 kilometers per 1 liter of gasoline. How

many miles per gallon is this?
Examples 1, 2 Complete.
2. 8_ yd = ft
(p. 214) 2
1. 5 lb = oz
3
3. 630 min = h 4. 686 cm = m
5. FISH The average weight of a bass in a certain pond is 40 ounces. About

how many pounds does a bass weigh?
Examples 3, 4 Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
(p. 215–216)
6. 6 in. ≈ cm 7. 1.6 cm ≈ in.
8. 4 qt ≈ L 9. 50 mL ≈ fl oz
10. 50 mph ≈ ft/s 11. 50 gal/h ≈ L/min
12. 350 cm/s ≈ in./min 13. 15 km/min ≈ mi/h
14. How many inches are in 54 centimeters?
15. Convert 17 miles to kilometers.
16. COOKING For a holiday dinner, Joanna peeled 2 pounds of potatoes in 15

minutes. How many ounces did she peel per minute?
17. MILEAGE A certain vehicle travels an average of 18 miles per gallon of
gasoline. How many kilometers can it travel per one liter of gasoline?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Complete.
For See 18. 22 ft = yd 19. 104 oz = lb 20. 4 lb = oz
Exercises Examples
22. 2_ pt = c 23. 5_ c = fl oz
1 1
21. 6 gal = qt
18–28 1, 2 2 2
25. 3_ mi = ft
29–38 3 3
24. 75 min = h 26. 9,000 lb = T
39–46 4 4
27. How many pounds are in 76 ounces?
28. Convert 11,400 milligrams to grams.
Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

29. 5 in. ≈ cm 30. 5 gal ≈ L
31. 15 cm ≈ in. 32. 17 m ≈ yd
33. 2 L ≈ qt 34. 10 mL ≈ fl oz
35. 2,000 lb ≈ kg 36. 63.5 kg ≈ lb
37. Convert 1.4 quarts to milliliters.

38. How many pounds are there in 19 kilograms?

39. 20 oz/min ≈ qt/day 40. 70 mi/h ≈ ft/s
41. 16 fl oz/h ≈ mL/min 42. 150 fl oz/day ≈ L/h
43. 52 mi/h ≈ km/min 44. 15 gal/h ≈ L/min
45. In meters per second, how fast is 1,550 feet per minute?
46. A storage bin is being filled at a rate of 2,350 pounds per hour. What is the
rate in kilograms per minute?
Determine which is greater.

47. 3 gal, 10 L 48. 14 oz, 0.4 kg 49. 4 mi, 6.2 km
ROLLER COASTERS For Exercises 50–51, Fastest Roller Coasters

use the table that lists the fastest and
Continent Name Speed
tallest roller coasters on three
Asia Dodonpa 172 kph
different continents.
Europe Stealth 128 kph
50. Order the roller coasters from
North America Kingda Ka 128 mph
greatest to least speeds.
Tallest Roller Coasters
51. Order the roller coasters from Continent Name Height
tallest to shortest. Asia Steel Dragon 2000 97 m
%842!02!#4)#% 52. WATER Which is greater: 64 fluid Europe Silver Star 73 m
See pages 686, 711. ounces of water or 2 liters of North America Kingda Ka 456 ft
water? Explain your reasoning. Source: rcdb.com
Self-Check Quiz at 53. FOOD Which is greater: a 1.5-pound box of raisins or a 650-gram box of
ca.gr7math.com
raisins? Explain your reasoning.
H.O.T. Problems 54. FIND THE ERROR Pedro and Alex are converting 2 liters. Who is correct?
Pedro Alex
2.144 qt 0.946 pt
55. CHALLENGE To make it around the track, a roller coaster must achieve a
speed of at least 76 miles per hour. At top speed, the coaster traveled 136
meters in 4.3 seconds. Is the coaster traveling fast enough to make it
completely around the track? Explain.
56. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Refer to the information at the beginning of the
(*/
lesson. Explain how you can compare the 100-yard dash and the 100-meter
dash. Compare Owens’ records in the two events.
57. How many millimeters are in 5 58. 120 kilometers per hour is the same
centimeters? rate as which of the following?
A 0.05 F 2 kilometers per second
B 0.5 G 2 kilometers per minute
C 50 H 12 kilometers per minute
D 500 J 720 kilometers per second
59. The triangles at the right are similar. Write and solve a
3 in.
proportion to find the missing measure. (Lesson 4-5)
8 in.
4.5 in.
Solve each proportion. (Lesson 4-3)
y
60. _ = _ _ =_ _ =_
5 120 24 0.6 1.5 m in.
61. 62. n
4 12 b 60 5
63. TECHNOLOGY A hiker uses her GPS (Global Positioning System)
receiver to find how much farther she needs to go to get to her 2 mi.
stopping point for the day. She is at the red dot on her GPS
receiver screen, and the blue dot shows her destination. How
much farther does she need to travel? (Lesson 3-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the area of each rectangle. (p. 674)
64. 65.
25 ft 11 cm
39 ft
7 cm

Extend Spreadsheet Lab
4-6 Converting Measures
You can use a spreadsheet to convert measurements.
Main IDEA
Use a spreadsheet to
solve problems involving
conversions of
measurements within and COOKING Your cooking class exchanges recipes with a cooking class
between systems. in France. The class in France sends the following recipe for a
Soufflé au Fromage, or cheese soufflé. Find the amount of Swiss
Standard 7MG1.1
Compare weights, cheese, butter, and flour in ounces.
measures, times, and
temperatures within and
between measurement
systems (e.g. miles per hour
and feet per second, cubic
Standard 7MR3.2 Note the
method of deriving the
solution and demonstrate a
conceptual understanding of
the derivation by solving
similar problems.
To solve the problem, set up a spreadsheet.

Excel sample.xls
A B C D E
1 Amount Metric Unit Amount Customary Unit
Conversion 28.35 grams 1 ounce
2 Relationship
3
4 Ingredient Amount Metric Unit Amount Customary Unit
5 Swiss cheese 70 grams =D2/B2*B5 ounces
6 butter 30 grams ounces
7 plain flour 20 grams ounces
8
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Explain the formula in D5.
2. What formulas should be entered in cells D6 and D7?
3. What would you enter into cells B3, C3, D3, and E3 to convert the
amount of milk in the recipe from milliliters to fluid ounces?
4. What would you enter into cells A8, B8, C8, D8, and E8 to convert the
amount of milk in the recipe to fluid ounces?
5. OPEN ENDED Find another recipe in which ingredients are given in
grams or milliliters. Use a spreadsheet to convert these measures into
ounces or fluid ounces.
Extend 4-6 Spreadsheet Lab: Converting Measures 219

4-7 Measurement: Converting
Square Units and Cubic Units
Main IDEA
Convert square and cubic GAMES A puzzle cube can help you
units of length, weight or understand how to convert measures of
mass, capacity, and time
in both customary and area and volume.
metric systems.
1. Look at one face of a puzzle cube. How
Standard 7MG1.1 many cubes are there along each edge?
Compare weights, How many squares are there on one face?
measures, times, and
How many small cubes are there in all?
temperatures within and 2. What is the relationship between the number of cubes along each
between measurement
systems (e.g. miles per hour edge and the number of squares on one face? between the number
and feet per second, cubic of cubes along each edge and the total number of small cubes?
Standard 7MG2.4 Relate 3. How is the number of square feet in one square yard related to the
the changes in number of feet in one yard?
measurement with a change
of scale to the units used
(e.g., square inches, cubic
feet) and to conversions Some units of area in the customary system are square inch (in 2), square
between units (1 square foot (ft 2), square yard (yd 2), and square mile (mi 2). Some units of area in
foot = 144 square inches or
[1 ft 2] = [144 in 2], 1 cubic
the metric system are square centimeter (cm 2) and square meter (m 2).
inch is approximately 16.38 Just as you used unit ratios to convert units of length, you can use unit
cubic centimeters or [1 in 3] ratios when you convert units of area.
= [16.38 cm 3]).
Convert Units of Area
READING Math Complete each conversion.
Units of Area and

1 2 ft 2 = in 2
Volume Remember that 2 ft 2 = 2 × ft × ft × _
12 in.
×_
12 in.
Multiply by _.
12 in.
ft 2 is the same as ft × ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft
and cm 3 is the same as = 288 in 2
cm × cm × cm.
2 4,800 cm 2 = m 2
4,800 cm 2 = 4,800 × cm × cm × _
1m
×_
1m
Multiply by _.
1m
100 cm
100 cm 100 cm
4,800 m 2
=_ Simplify.
10,000
= 0.48 m 2

a. 1.5 ft 2 = in 2 b. 45 ft 2 = yd 2
c. 24 cm 2 = m 2 d. 3.2 km 2 = m 2

Todd Yarrington
Some units of volume in the customary system are cubic inch (in 3),
cubic foot (ft 3), cubic yard (yd 3), and cubic mile (mi 3). Some units of
volume in the metric system are cubic centimeter (cm 3) and cubic
meter (m 3).
Convert Units of Volume

3 BUILDING How many cubic yards of concrete will a builder need for
a rectangular driveway that has a volume of 132 cubic feet?
1 yd 1 yd 1 yd
132 ft 3 = 132 × ft × ft × ft × _ × _ × _ Multiply by _.
1 yd
3 ft 3 ft 3 ft 3 ft
132 yd 3
=_ Multiply.
27
≈ 4.89 yd 3 Simplify.
The builder needs 4.89 cubic yards of concrete.
e. How many cubic meters of concrete are needed for a sidewalk that
has a volume of 280,000 cubic centimeters?
f. A homeowner needs 150 cubic feet of mulch. Mulch is sold by the
Look Back You can cubic yard. How many cubic yards does he need to buy?
review conversion Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
factors in Lesson 4-6.
You can also use conversion factors to convert area and volume between
the customary and metric systems.
Convert Between Systems

4 Convert 12 square centimeters to square inches.
12 cm 2 = 12 × cm × cm × _
1 in.
×_
1 in.
Multiply by _.
1 in.
2.54 cm
2.54 cm 2.54 cm
2
=_
12 in
Multiply.
6.45
≈ 1.86 in 2 Simplify.
So, 12 square centimeters is approximately 1.86 square inches.
5 Convert 7 cubic inches to cubic centimeters.

7 in 3 = 7 × in. × in. × in. × _
2.54 cm
×_
2.54 cm
×_
2.54 cm
3
1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
=_
114.71 cm
Multiply.
1
≈ 114.71 cm 3 Simplify.
So, 7 cubic inches is approximately 114.71 cubic centimeters.

g. 25 mi 2 ≈ km 2. h. 23 in 3 ≈ cm 3
i. 750 ft 2 = m 2. j. 212 km 3 = mi 3
Lesson 4-7 Measurement: Converting Square Units and Cubic Units 221
Examples 1, 2 Complete each conversion.
(p. 220)
1. 3 ft 2 = in 2 2. 2 yd 2 = ft 2 3. 15 ft 2 = yd 2
4. 10.8 cm 2 = mm 2 5. 148 mm 2 = cm 2 6. 0.264 km 2 = m 2
7. REMODELING Suppose you have a room that is 270 square feet in area. How
many square yards of carpet would cover this room?
Examples 3–5 Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth.
(p. 221)
8. 1.5 ft 3 = in 3 9. 4.3 yd 3 = ft 3
10. 0.006 m 3 = mm 3 11. 2,400 cm 3 = m 3
12. 10 ft 2 ≈ m 2 13. 144 in 2 ≈ cm 2
14. 25 m 3 ≈ yd 3 15. 250 ft 3 ≈ m 3
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
For See 16. 1.6 yd 2 = ft 2 17. 10.4 ft 2 = in 2
Exercises Examples 18. 150 ft 2 = yd 2 19. 504 in 2 = ft 2
16–24 1, 2
20. 1.6 m 2 = cm 2 21. 4,654 cm 2 = m 2
25–32 3
33–42 4 22. 0.058 km 2 = m 2 23. 37,200 m 2 = km 2
24. BIOLOGY The total surface area of the average adult’s skin is about 21.5
square feet. Convert this measurement to square inches.

25. 2 ft 3 = in 3 26. 0.4 ft 3 = in 3 27. 300 yd 3 = ft 3
28. 0.00397 km 3 = m 3 29. 16,000 cm 3 = m 3 30. 22 m 3 = cm 3
31. BALLOONS A standard hot air balloon holds about 2,000 cubic meters of hot
air. How many cubic centimeters is this?
32. LANDSCAPING A landscape architect is designing the outside of a new

restaurant. She needs 5 cubic yards of stone to cover a certain area. Will 100
cubic feet of stones be enough? If not, how many cubic feet are needed?

33. 10 ft 3 ≈ m 3 34. 25 m 2 ≈ yd 2 35. 240 in 2 ≈ cm 2
Real-World Link 36. 2 mi 3 ≈ km 3 37. 120 cm 2 ≈ in 2 38. 4 yd 3 ≈ m 3
This is a close up of a
skin cell. The average 39. 45 in 3 ≈ cm 3 40. 108 ft 2 ≈ m 2 41. 37m 3 ≈ ft 3
person loses about 9
pounds of skin cells a
year. 42. PAINT One gallon of paint can cover 400 square feet of wall. How many
Source: kidshealth.org square meters will one gallon of paint cover?

Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc.
43. MICROWAVES The inside of a microwave oven has a volume of 1.2 cubic
%842!02!#4)#% feet and measures 18 inches wide and 10 inches long. Using the formula
See pages 687, 711. V = wh, find the depth of the microwave to the nearest tenth of an inch.
Self-Check Quiz at 44. MEASUREMENT The density of gold is 19.29 grams per cubic centimeter. To
ca.gr7math.com the nearest hundredth, find the mass in grams of a gold bar that is 0.75 inch
by 1 inch by 0.75 inch. Use the relationship 1 cubic inch ≈ 16.38 cubic
centimeters.
H.O.T. Problems 45. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify which equivalent measure does not
belong with the other three. Explain.
5.2 yd 3 6.8 m 3 15.6 ft 3 242,611.2 in 3
46. CHALLENGE A hectare is a metric unit

of area approximately equal to 10,000 square
meters or 2.47 acres. The base of the Great
Pyramid of Khufu is a 230-meter square.
About how many acres does the base cover? 230 m 230 m
47. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Describe a real-world situation in which converting

(*/
units of area or volume is necessary.
48. The area of a roof that needs new 49. Approximately how many cubic
shingles is 40 square yards. How many feet are there in six cubic meters?
square feet of shingles are needed? Use 1 m 3 ≈ 35.31 ft 3.
A 4.44 ft 2 C 360 ft 2 F 5.89 H 41.31
2 2
B 120 ft D 1,600 ft G 29.31 J 211.86
50. COMPUTERS A notebook computer has a mass of 2.25 kilograms.

Approximately how many pounds does the notebook
weigh? (Use 1 lb ≈ 0.4536 kg.) (Lesson 4-6) 1.5 2.4
51. Determine whether the polygons at the right are similar. 2 2
3.2 3.2
Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-5) 3
4.8
Find each product or quotient. Write in simplest form. (Lessons 2-3 and 2-4)
_ ÷_ 53. -_ · _ 54. 2_ · 1_ 55. -3_ ÷ -_
52.
5
12
3
20
7
48
9
14
3
4
2
3
1
5 ( 23 )
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve. (Lesson 4-3)
56. _
3 cm
=_
x cm
57. _
4 in.
=_
5 in.
5 ft 9 ft 5 mi x mi
Lesson 4-7 Measurement: Converting Square Units and Cubic Units 223
William Floyd Holdman/Index Stock Imagery
4-8 Scale Drawings and Models
Main IDEA
Solve problems involving FLOOR PLANS The blueprint for a bedroom is given below.
scale drawings.
1. How many units wide is width
Standard 7MG1.2 the room?
Construct and read
drawings and 2. The actual width of the
closet
models made to scale. room is 18 feet. Write a ratio
comparing the drawing
width to the actual width.
NEW Vocabulary
3. Simplify the ratio you found
scale drawing
and compare it to the scale
scale model
scale
shown at the bottom of
⫽2 ft
the drawing.
A scale drawing or a scale model is used to represent an object that is

too large or too small to be drawn or built at actual size. The scale is the
ratio of a length on a drawing or model to its actual length.
1 inch = 4 feet 1 inch represents an actual distance of 4 feet.

1:30 1 unit represents an actual distance of 30 units.
Distances on a scale drawing are proportional to distances in real life.
Use a Scale Drawing

1 GEOGRAPHY Use the -EMPHIS
map to find the actual

distance between Grenada, ,ITTLE
2OCK
Mississippi, and Little Rock,

Arkansas.
!2+!.3!3
Use a centimeter ruler to -)33)33)00)
measure the map distance. 'RENADA
+EY
The map distance is about CMKM 7
%
5.2 centimeters.
METHOD 1 Write and solve a proportion.

Let x represent the actual distance to Little Rock.
Scales Scales and
scale factors are Scale Grenada, MS to Little Rock, AR
always written so map _
1 cm
=_
5.2 cm map
that the drawing actual 50 km x km actual
length comes first
in the ratio. 1 · x = 50 · 5.2 Find the cross products.
x = 260 Simplify.

METHOD 2 Write and solve an equation.
Write the scale as _
50 km
, which means 50 kilometers per centimeter.
1 cm
Words The actual 50 kilometers

is of map distance.
distance per centimeter
Variables Let a represent the actual distance in kilometers.
Let m represent the map distance in centimeters.
Equation a = 50 · m
a = 50m Write the equation.

a = 50(5.2) or 260 Replace m with 5.2 and multiply.
The actual distance between the two cities is about 260 kilometers.
GEOGRAPHY Use
an inch ruler and the . / 24 ( # ! 2 / , ) . ! #HARLOTTE

'ASTONIA
map shown to find
the actual distance

between each pair

of cities. Measure to 3/54(#!2/,).!

the nearest quarter +EY
3PARTANBURG
of an inch. INMI
a. Spartanburg and Gastonia b. Charlotte and Spartanburg
Find the Scale

2 MODEL TRAINS A passenger car of a model train is 6 inches long.
If the actual car is 80 feet long, what is the scale of the model?
Let x represent the actual length of the train in feet corresponding
to 1 inch in the model. Use a proportion.
Length of Train Scale
model _
6 in.
=_
1 in. model
Real-World Link actual 80 ft x ft actual
Some of the smallest 6 · x = 80 · 1 Find the cross products.
model trains are built
on the Z scale. Using
_
6x
=_
80
Multiply. Then divide each side by 6.
this scale, models are 6 6
_ 1
the size of real
x = 13 _
1
Simplify.
220 3
trains. So, the scale is 1 inch = 13 _
1
feet.
Source: www.nmra.org
3
c. ARCHITECTURE The model Mr. Vicario made of the building he

designed is 25.6 centimeters tall. If the actual building is to be
64 meters tall, what is the scale of his model?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 4-8 Scale Drawings and Models 225
Doug Martin
The scale factor for scale drawings and models is the scale written as a
unitless ratio in simplest form.
Find the Scale Factor

3 Find the scale factor for the model train in Example 2.
Scale Factors _
1 in.
=_
1 in.
Convert 13 _1 feet to inches by multiplying by 12.
13 _
A scale factor 1 160 in. 3
ft
between 0 and 1 3
means that the The scale factor is _
1
or 1:160. This means that the model train is _
1
model is smaller than
160 160
the actual object. A the size of the actual train.
scale factor greater
than 1 means that
the model is larger
than the actual
object. Find the scale factor for each scale.
d. 1 inch = 15 feet e. 10 cm = 2.5 m
To construct a scale drawing of an object, find an appropriate scale.
Construct a Scale Model

4 SOCIAL STUDIES Each column of the Lincoln Memorial is 44 feet
tall. Michaela wants the columns of her model to be no more than
12 inches tall. Choose an appropriate scale and use it to determine
how tall she should make the model of Lincoln’s 19-foot statue.
Try a scale of 1 inch = 4 feet.
_
1 in.
=_
x in. model
4 ft 44 ft actual
44 = 4x Multiply.
11 = x Divide each side by 4.
Using this scale, the columns would be 11 inches tall.
Use this scale to find the height of the statue.
_ y in.
1 in.
=_
4 ft 19 ft
1 · 19 = 4 · y
19 = 4y
4_
3
=y
4
The statue should be 4 _
3
inches tall.
4
f. LIFE SCIENCE Kaliah is making a model of the human ear and

wants the stirrup bone to be between 1 and 2 centimeters long.
An actual stirrup bone is about 3 millimeters long. Choose an
appropriate scale and use it to determine how tall his model of
an actual 54-millimeter tall ear should be.

Example 1 GEOGRAPHY Use the map and ).$)!.!
(p. 224) an inch ruler to find the actual ,OUISVILLE

distance between each pair of cities.

1. Evansville and Louisville
%VANSVILLE

2. Louisville and Elizabethtown %LIZABETHTOWN
MONUMENTS For Exercises 3 and 4, +EY +%.45#+9

INMI
use the following information.
Examples 2 and 3 At 555 feet tall, the Washington Monument is the highest all-masonry tower.
(pp. 225–226)
3. If a scale model of the monument is 9.25 inches high, what is the scale?
4. What is the scale factor for the model?
Example 4 5. DECORATING Before redecorating, Nichelle makes a scale drawing of her

(p. 226) bedroom on an 8.5- by 11-inch piece of paper. If the room is 10 feet wide
by 12 feet long, choose an appropriate scale for her drawing and find the
dimensions of the room on the drawing.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 FLOOR PLANS For Exercises 6–11, use the portion of an architectural drawing
shown and an inch ruler.
For See
Exercises Examples
6–11 1
12–13 2 Fabulous
14–15 3 Master Homes
Master Ranch Style
16–17 4 Bath Bedroom 2
Bedroom Floor Plan
Kitchen and
Dining Area Living
Room Half
Porch Bath
Key
1 in. = 12 ft
Find the actual length and width of each room. Measure to the nearest eighth
of an inch.
6. half bath 7. master bath 8. porch
9. bedroom 2 10. master bedroom 11. living room
12. MOVIES One of the models of a dinosaur used in the filming of a movie was
only 15 inches tall. In the movie, the dinosaur appeared to have an actual
height of 20 feet. What was the scale of the model?
Lesson 4-8 Scale Drawings and Models 227

13. LIFE SCIENCE The paramecium shown at the
right is a single-celled organism that is
0.006 millimeter long. Find the scale of the
drawing. 4 cm
14. FLOOR PLANS What is the scale

factor of the floor plan used in Paramecium
Exercises 6–11? Explain its meaning.
15. MOVIES What is the scale factor of the model used in Exercise 12?
16. SPIDERS A tarantula’s body length is 5 centimeters. Choose an appropriate

scale for a model of the spider that is to be just over 6 meters long. Then use
it to determine how long the tarantula’s 9-centimeter legs should be.
17. AIRPLANES Dorie is building a model of a DC10 aircraft. The actual aircraft
Real-World Link
Earth has an is 182 feet long and has a wingspan of 155 feet. If Dorie wants her model to
approximate be no more than 2 feet long, choose an appropriate scale for her model.
circumference of Then use it to find the length and wingspan of her model.
40,000 kilometers,
while the Moon has
an approximate SPACE SCIENCE For Exercises 18 and 19, use the information at the left.
circumference of
11,000 kilometers. 18. Suppose you are making a scale model of Earth and the Moon. You decide
Source: infoplease.com to use a basketball to represent Earth. A basketball’s circumference is about
30 inches. What is the scale of your model?
19. Which of the following should you use to represent the Moon in your
model so it is proportional to the model of Earth in Exercise 18? (The
number in parentheses is the object’s circumference.) Explain.
a. a soccer ball (28 in.) b. a tennis ball (8.25 in.)
c. a golf ball (5.25 in.) d. a marble (4 in.)
%842!02!#4)#%
20. TRAVEL On a map of Illinois, the distance between Champaign and
See pages 687, 711.
Carbondale is 6_
3
inches. If the scale of the map is _
1
inch = 15 miles, about
4 2
Self-Check Quiz at how long would it take the Kowalski family to drive from Champaign to
ca.gr7math.com Carbondale if they drove 60 miles per hour?
H.O.T. Problems 21. OPEN ENDED Choose a large or small rectangular item such as a calculator,
table, or room. Find its dimensions and choose an appropriate scale for a
scale drawing of the item. Then construct a scale drawing and write a
problem that could be solved using your drawing.
22. FIND THE ERROR On a map, 1 inch represents 4 feet. Jacob and Luna are
finding the scale factor of the map. Who is correct? Explain.
scale factor: 1:4 scale factor: 1:48
Jacob Luna

(tl)NASA, (tr)M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers, (bl)RubberBall/SuperStock, (br)PNC/Getty Images
23. CHALLENGE Describe how you could find the scale on a map that did not
have a scale printed on it.
24. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( One model is built on a 1:75 scale. Another model of
(*/
the same object is built on a 1:100 scale. Which model is larger? Explain.
25. Jevonte is building a model of a ship 26. The actual width w of a garden is
with an actual length of 15 meters. 18 feet. Use the scale drawing of the
garden to find the actual length .
22 cm
x 3.6 in.
5 in.
60 cm
F 17.2 ft
G 18 ft
What other information is needed to H 20 ft
find x, the height of the model’s mast?
J 25 ft
A the overall width of the ship
B the scale factor used
C the overall height of the mast
D the speed of the ship in the water
Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary. (Lesson 4-7)
3 3 2 2 2
27. 4ft = ? yd 28. 160 cm = ? m 29. 6 m = ? ft 2
30. MEASUREMENT The speed limit on a Canadian highway is 100 kilometers per hour.
Approximately how fast can you drive on this highway in miles per hour? (Lesson 4-6)
31. MEASUREMENT Makiah has ten liters of water. She wants to pour the water into gallon
jugs. To the nearest hundredth, how many gallons of water does she have? (Lesson 4-6)
Estimate each square root to the nearest whole number. (Lesson 3-2)
32. √
11 33. √
48 34. - √
118
35. _
45 - 33
36. _
85 - 67
37. _
29 - 44
38. _
18 - 19
10 - 8 2001 - 1995 55 - 50 25 - 30
Lesson 4-8 Scale Drawings and Models 229

4-9 Rate of Change
Main IDEA
Find rates of change. E-MAIL The table shows the number Alicia’s E-mail Contact List
of entries in Alicia’s e-mail contact 2004 2006
Year
Preparation for list at the end of 2004 and 2006.
Standard 7AF3.4 Entries 10 38
Plot the values of 1. What is the change in the number of
quantities whose ratios are
always the same (e.g., cost to entries from 2004 to 2006?
the number of an item, feet
2. Over what number of years did this change take place?
to inches, circumference to
diameter of a circle). Fit a line 3. Write a rate that compares the change in the number of entries to
to the plot and understand
that the slope of the line the change in the number of years. Express your answer as a unit
equals the quantities. rate and explain its meaning.
NEW Vocabulary A rate of change is a rate that describes how one quantity changes in
relation to another.
rate of change
Find a Positive Rate of Change

1 E-MAIL Alicia had 62 entries in her e-mail contact list at the end of
2007. Use the information above to find the rate of change in the
number of entries in her e-mail contact list between 2004 and 2007.
+? The change or difference in the
number of years is 2007–2004.
Year 2004 2007
Entries 10 62
The change or difference in the
number of entries is 62–10.
+?
Write a rate that compares the change in each quantity.

change in entries
__ (62 - 10) entries Her contact list changed from 10
= __ to 62 entries from 2004 to 2007.
change in years (2007 - 2004) years
Mental Math
You can also find a
rate of change, or =_
52 entries Subtract to find the change in the
3 years number of entries and years.
unit rate, by dividing
≈_
the numerator by the 17 entries Express this rate as a unit rate.
denominator. 1 year
Since this rate is positive, Alicia’s e-mail contact list increased or grew
at an average rate of about 17 entries per year between 2004 and 2007.
a. HEIGHTS The table shows Ramon’s

Age (yr) 8 11
height at ages 8 and 11. Find the rate of
Height (in.) 51 58
change in his height between these ages.

Gary Atkinson/Photonica/Getty Images
A graph of the data in Example 1
is shown at the right. The data
Broken Line Graph
points are connected by a segment.
In these 2 line A positive rate of change is shown
graphs, the lines are
broken because there by a segment slanting upward
are no data points from left to right.
between the points
on the graph.
Rates of change can also be negative.
Find a Negative Rate of Change

2 MUSIC The graph shows cassette
sales from 1994 to 2002. Find the
rate of change in sales between
2000 and 2002, and describe how
this rate is shown on the graph.
Make a table of the data being

considered using the coordinates
of the points listed on the graph.
Sales
Year
(millions of $)
2000 4.9 Source: Recording Industry Association
of America
2002 2.4
Use the data to write a rate comparing the change in sales to the
change in years.
change in sales
__ =_
2.4 - 4.9 Sales changed from $4.9 million to
$2.4 million from 2000 to 2002.
change in years 2002 - 2000
Rates of Change =_
-2.5 Subtract to find the change in sales
amounts and years.
2
On a graph, the rate
of change is the ratio =_
-1.25 Express as a unit rate.
of the change in 1
y-values to the
change in the The rate of change was -1.25 million dollars in sales per year. The
x-values between rate is negative because the cassette sales decreased between 2000 and
two data points.
2002. This is shown on the graph by a line segment slanting
downward from left to right.
b. In the graph above, find the rate of change between 1994 and 1996.
c. Describe how this rate of change is shown on the graph.
On a graph, rates of change can be compared by measuring how fast

segments rise or fall when the graph is read from left to right.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 4-9 Rate of Change 231

Compare Rates of Change
3 MAIL The graph shows the cost Postal Rates
in cents of mailing a 1-ounce
40
first-class letter. Compare the
rate of change between 1998 36
and 2000 to the rate of change
Cost (cents)
between 2000 and 2002. During 32
which period was the rate of
28
change greatest?
The segment from 2000 to 2002 24
Real-World Link appears steeper than the segment
In 1847, it cost from 1998 to 2000. So, the rate of 0
5 cents per _ ounce to
1 ’98 ’00 ’02 ’04 ’06
2 change between 2000 and 2002 Year
deliver mail to was greater than the rate of
locations under
300 miles away and change between 1998 and 2000.
10 cents per _ ounce
1
2 Check Find and compare the rates of change.
to deliver it to
locations over 300 From 1998 to 2000 From 2000 to 2002
miles away. change in cost change in cost
Source: www.stamps.org __ =_
33 - 32 __ =_
37 - 33
change in years 2000 - 1998 change in years 2002 - 2000
=_
1
or 0.5¢ per year =_
4
or 2¢ per year
2 2
Since 2 > 0.5, the rate of change between 2000 and 2002 was greater
than the rate of change between 1998 and 2000. ✓
d. NATURAL RESOURCES Use the table to make a graph of the data.

During which 2-year period was the rate of change in oil
production the greatest? Explain your reasoning.
Texas Oil Production
Year 1996 1998 2000 2002
Barrels (millions) 478.1 440.6 348.9 329.8
The table below summarizes the relationship between rates of change

and their graphs.
Zero Rate of
Change
If a segment
#/.#%043UMMARY Rates of Change
connecting two Rate of Change positive negative
data points is
horizontal, such as Real-Life Meaning increase decrease
the change in the
postage rate between Graph y slants y
2002 and 2004 in slants
upward downward
Example 3, there was
no change in the
quantity over time.
O x
O x

Doug Martin
TEMPERATURE For Exercises 1–3, use the information Temperature
Time
in the table at the right that shows the outside air (°F)
temperature at different times during one day. 6 a.m. 33
Example 1 1. Find the rate of temperature change in degrees 8 a.m. 45
(p. 230) per hour from 6 A.M. to 8 A.M. 12 p.m. 57
Example 2 2. Find the rate of temperature change between 3 p.m. 57
(p. 231) 4 P.M. and 8 P.M. 4 p.m. 59
Example 3 3. Make a graph of the data. During which time 8 p.m. 34

(p. 232) period was the rate of increase the greatest? Explain.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 ADVERTISING For Exercises 4–6, use the information Time Flyers Folded
in the table at the right that shows Tanisha’s progress 12:55 0
For See
Exercises Examples in folding flyers for the school play. She started
1:00 21
4, 5, 13, 14 1 folding at 12:55 P.M.
1:20 102
7, 8, 10, 11 2 4. Find the rate of change in flyers folded per minute
1:25 102
6, 9, 12, 15 3 between 1:00 and 1:20.
1:30 125
5. Find her rate of change between 1:25 and 1:30.
6. Make a graph of the data. During which time period was her folding rate
the greatest? Explain.
INVESTMENTS For Exercises 7–9, use the following information.

The value of a company’s stock over a 5-day period is shown in the table.
Day 1 2 3 4 5
Value ($) 57.48 53.92 50.25 49.74 44.13
7. Determine the rate of change in value between Day 1 and Day 3.

8. What was the rate of change in value between Day 2 and Day 5?
9. Make a graph of the data. During which 2-day period was the rate of
change in the stock value greatest?
Television Ratings
TELEVISION For Exercises 10–12, use
the information below and at the right. 32 (1, 31.7)
The graph shows the number of viewers
30
who watched new episodes of a show.
Viewers (millions)
10. Find the rate of change in viewership 28
between season 1 and season 3. (2, 26.3)

26
(3, 25.0) (4, 24.7)
11. Find the rate of change in viewership 24
between season 2 and season 6. (5, 22.6)
22
12. Between which two seasons was the (6, 22.1)
rate of change in viewership greatest? 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Season
Lesson 4-9 Rate of Change 233

BIRDS For Exercises 13–15, use the Bald Eagle Population Growth
information below and at the right.
The graph shows the approximate number y (00, 6,471)
6,000
of American Bald Eagle pairs from 1963
5,000
to 2000. (94, 4,400)
Bald Eagle Pairs

13. Find the rate of change in the number 4,000
of eagle pairs from 1974 to 1994. 3,000

14. Find the rate of change in the number (84, 1,800)
2,000
of eagle pairs from 1984 to 2000. (63, 400)
1,000
15. During which time period did the (74, 800)
x
eagle population grow at the fastest 0
’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 ’00
rate? Explain your reasoning.
Year
Source: birding.about.com
FAST FOOD For Exercises 16 and 17, <Xkè^Flk

use the information below. xää
BILLION
The graph shows the estimated
total of U.S. food and drink sales {ää
$OLLARSBILLIONS
in billions of dollars from 1980 BILLION
to 2005. Îää
16. During which time period was
the rate of change in food and Óää BILLION
drink sales greatest? Explain
BILLION
your reasoning. £ää
£nä £ä Óäää Óääx
17. Find the rate of change during
9EAR
that period.
Source: National Restaurant Association
SALES For Exercises 18 and 19, use the following information.

The National Confectioners Association reported $1,418 billion in candy sales
during the 1998 winter holidays. For 2003, this figure was $1,440 billion.
18. Find the rate of change in sales from 1998 to 2003.
19. If this rate of change were to continue, what would the total candy sales
during the winter holidays be in 2010? Explain your reasoning.
Real-World Link
On May 20, 1957, an 20. MOLD Nine days ago, the area covered by mold on a piece of bread was
F5 tornado touched 3 square inches. Today the mold covers 9 square inches. Find the rate of
down in Jackson,
Missouri. It was the change in the mold’s area.
deadliest recorded
tornado in Missouri’s TORNADOES For Exercises 21 and 22,
history. Missouri Tornadoes
refer to the table at the right. Number of
Source: missouri.edu
Year
21. Graph the data. During which interval Tornadoes
was the rate of change in the number of 2000 28
%842!02!#4)#% tornadoes the greatest? the least? 2001 39
See pages 687, 711. 22. Is it reasonable to state that between 2002 29
2000 and 2005, the number of tornadoes 2003 84
Self-Check Quiz at in a given year changed very little? Explain. 2004 69
ca.gr7math.com 2005 32
Source: NOAA’s National Weather Service

Jim Reed/Photo Researchers
H.O.T. Problems 23. OPEN ENDED Create a set of gasoline price data that has a rate of change of
$0.08 per gallon over a period of 4 days.
24. NUMBER SENSE Does the height of a candle as it burns over time show a
positive or negative rate of change? Explain your reasoning.
25. CHALLENGE Liquid is poured at a constant rate
into a beaker that is shaped like the one at the right.
Draw a graph of the level of liquid in the beaker
as a function of time.
26. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the difference
(*/
between the rate of change between a set of
data values and the change between data values.
27. The graph shows the altitude of a 28. Sarah earns $52 for 4 hours of work.
falcon over time. At this rate, how many hours would
y she need to work to earn $975?
Altitude (ft)
B E F 13 h H 75 h
G 18.75 h J 243.75 h
C D
A Time x 29. Ralph rode his bike an average speed
of 16 miles per hour for two hours on
Between which two points on the Saturday and then an average speed of
graph was the bird’s rate of change in 13 miles per hour for three hours. How
altitude negative? many miles did Ralph ride in all?
A A and B A 29 miles
B B and C B 34 miles
C C and D C 71 miles
D D and E D 74 miles
30. ARCHITECTURE A certain building is 925 feet tall. On a scale drawing of

the building, it is 18.5 inches tall. What is the scale for the drawing?
(Lesson 4-8)
31. MEASUREMENT The area of the kitchen floor is 180 square feet. The tiles measure
36 square inches. How many tiles will it take to cover the entire floor? (Lesson 4-7)
32. PREREQUISITE SKILL Michael tutors elementary school students in math

1.5 hours each week. Is the total number of hours that he spends tutoring
proportional to the number of weeks he tutors during the year? Explain
your reasoning. (Lesson 4-1)
Lesson 4-9 Rate of Change 235

4-10 Constant Rate of Change
Main IDEA
Identify proportional and EXERCISE Cameron knows that after Cameron’s Run
nonproportional linear he has warmed up, he can maintain
relationships by finding a y
80
constant rate of change. a constant running speed of 8 feet
per second. This is shown in the table 64
Distance (ft)
Preparation for and in the graph. 48
Standard 7AF3.4
Plot the values of Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 32
quantities whose ratios are
always the same (e.g., cost to Distance (ft) 0 16 32 48 64 16
the number of an item, feet
to inches, circumference to x
1. Pick several pairs of points and
diameter of a circle). Fit a line 0 4 8 12 16
to the plot and understand find the rate of change between Time (s)
that the slope of the line them. What is true of these rates?
equals the quantities.
Relationships that have straight-line graphs, like the one in the example
NEW Vocabulary above, are called linear relationships. Notice that as the time in seconds
linear relationship increases by 2, the distance in feet increases by 16.
constant rate of change +2 +2 +2 +2
Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 Rate of Change

change in distance
__ =_
Distance (ft) 0 16 32 48 64 16
or 8 ft/s
change in time 2
+16 +16 +16 +16
The rate of change between any two points in a linear relationship is the
same or constant. A linear relationship has a constant rate of change.
Identify Linear Relationships

1 MONEY The balance in an account after Number of Balance
several transactions is shown. Is the Transactions ($)
relationship between the balance and 3 170
Check To check the number of transactions linear? If so, find 6 140
answer to Example 1, the constant rate of change. If not, explain 9 110
graph the data in your reasoning.
the table, with 12 80
the number of Examine the change in the number of
transactions on transactions and in the balance of the account.
the x-axis and
the balance in the Number of Balance
account on the y-axis. Transactions ($)
If the data points fall
on a line, then the 3 170
+3 -30 As the number of transactions
relationship is linear. 6 140 increases by 3, the balance in
+3 -30
9 110 the account decreases by $30.
+3 -30
12 80

Since the rate of change is constant, this is a linear relationship. The
constant rate of change is _
-30
or -$10 per transaction. This means
3
that, on average, each transaction involved a $10 withdrawal.
Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities

described in each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of
change. If not, explain your reasoning.
a. b.
Cooling Water Wrapping Paper
Time (min) Temperature (°F) Number of Rolls Total Cost ($)
5 95 2 8.50
10 90 4 17.00
15 86 6 25.50
20 82 8 34.00
Find a Constant Rate of Change

2 LIBRARIES Find the constant Library Fines
rate of change for the daily
y
fine for each overdue book $6
in the graph shown. Interpret
Daily Fine
$4
its meaning.
Choose any two points on the $2
line and find the rate of change x
between them. 0 2 4 6 8 10
Number of Overdue Books
(5, 2) 5 books, $2 daily fine
(10, 4) 10 books, $4 daily fine
The daily fine changed from $2 to
change in fine $(4 - 2) $4 and the number of overdue
__ = __ books changed from 5 to 10.
change in books (10 - 5) books
Real-World Link _ $2 Subtract to find the change in the
With 85 branches, the
=
5 books daily fine and number of books.
New York Public Library
=_
$0.40
is the world’s largest Express this rate as a unit rate.
public library. It has 1 book
collections totaling
11.6 million items. The daily fine is $0.40 per overdue book.
Source: nupl.org
Trash Pickup Project
y
c. SERVICE PROJECT Find the 80
Time (min)
constant rate of change for 60

the time it takes to complete
40
a highway trash pickup project
x
for each number of volunteers
0 8 16 24 32
in the graph shown. Interpret
Number of Volunteers
its meaning.
Lesson 4-10 Constant Rate of Change 237

Zoran Milich/Masterfile
Some, but not all, linear relationships are also proportional.
Identify Proportional Relationships

3 TEMPERATURE Use the graph to Celsius to Fahrenheit
Look Back
determine if there is a proportional Conversion
To review identifying linear relationship between a 60
proportional y
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale (36, 52)
relationships, see
Degrees Fahrenheit
Lesson 4-2. and a temperature on the Celsius 50
(27, 47)
scale. Explain your reasoning. (18, 42)
40
Since the graph of the data forms a (9, 37)
line, the relationship between the two 30 (0, 32)
scales is linear. This can also be seen
x
in the table of values created using 0 10 20 30 40
the points on the graph. Celsius
+9 +9 +9 +9
Constant Rate of Change
Degrees Celsius 0 9 18 27 36
change in °F
__
Degrees Fahrenheit 32 37 42 47 52 =_
5
change in °C 9
+5 +5 +5 +5
To determine if the two scales are proportional, express the

relationship between the degrees for several columns as a ratio.
degrees Fahrenheit
__ _
37
≈ 4.11 _
42
≈ 2.33 _
47
≈ 1.74 _
52
≈ 1.44
degrees Celsius 9 18 27 36
Since the ratios are not all the same, a temperature in degrees Celsius
is not proportional to the same temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
Pounds to Kilograms
Conversion
d. MEASUREMENT Use the graph
40
to determine if there is a y
(80, 36)
proportional linear relationship 30
between the weight of an (60, 27)
Mass (kg)
object measured in pounds 20

(40, 18)
and the mass of the same
object measured in kilograms. 10 (20, 9)
Explain your reasoning. x
0 20 40 60 80
Weight (lb)
#/.#%043UMMARY Proportional Linear Relationships
Words Two quantities a and b have a proportional linear relationship

if they have a constant ratio and a constant rate of change.
_ change in b
is constant and _ is constant.
b
Symbols
a change in a

Example 1 Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities described
(p. 236) in each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of change. If not, explain
your reasoning.
1. Volume of Cube 2. Paint Needed for Chairs
Side Length Volume Number Cans
(cm) (cm 3) of Chairs of Paint
2 8 5 6
3 27 10 12
4 64 15 18
5 125 20 24
Example 2 Find the constant rate of change for each graph and interpret its meaning.
(p. 237)
3. 4. Fuel Level in Car Tank
Distances on Map
y y
Actual Distance (mi)
90 24
Fuel Level (gal)

60 16
30 8
x x
0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3 4
Map Distance (in.) Time (min)
Example 3 Determine whether a proportional linear relationship exists between the two
(p. 238) quantities shown in each of the indicated graphs. Explain your reasoning.
5. Exercise 3 6. Exercise 4
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities described in
each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of change. If not, explain
For See
Exercises Examples your reasoning.
7–10 1 7. 8.
Cost of Electricity to Run Total Number of Customers Helped at
11–16 2 Personal Computer Jewelry Store
17–22 3 Time (h) Cost (¢) Time (h) Total Helped
5 15 1 12
8 24 2 24
12 36 3 36
24 72 4 60
9. Distance Traveled by Falling Object 10. Italian Dressing Recipe

Time (s) 1 2 3 4 Oil (c) 2 4 6 8
Distance (m) 4.9 19.6 44.1 78.4 Vinegar (c) _3 1_

1
2_
1
3
4 2 4

Find the constant rate of change for each graph and interpret its meaning.
11. 12.
Ace Pizza Delivery Amount Owed on CD Player
y y
60 180
Balance ($)
Cost ($)
40 120
20 60
x x
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
Number of Pizzas Number of Payments
13. 14.
Aircraft Altitude Scuba-Diving Pressure
y y
6,000 45
Pressure (lb/in2)
Altitude (ft)
4,000 30
2,000 15
x x
0 2 4 6 0 22 44 66
Time (min) Depth (ft)
15. Sale Price 16.

Cost of Party
y y
90 300
Sale Price ($)
Total Cost ($)
60 200
30 100
x x
0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15
Retail Price ($) Number of People
Determine whether a proportional relationship exists between the two

quantities shown in each of the indicated graphs. Explain your reasoning.
SAVINGS For Exercises 23 and 24, Savings

use the following information. y
100
Both Pedro and Jenna are saving
Pedro
money. Their savings account balances 80
Balance ($)
over several weeks are shown.

60
%842!02!#4)#% 23. Who is saving more money each
40 Jenna
See pages 688, 711. week? Explain your reasoning.
24. Whose savings are proportional 20
to the number of weeks they have x

Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com been saving? Explain. 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (weeks)

H.O.T. Problems 25. OPEN ENDED Graph two quantities that have a proportional linear
relationship. Justify your answer.
26. CHALLENGE Examine the graphs in Exercises 3, 4, and 11–16, as well as your
corresponding answers in Exercises 5 and 17–22. What point do all of the
graphs that represent proportional linear relationships have in common?
27. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem in which you would
(*/
need to find a constant rate of change. Then solve your problem. Is the
relationship described in your problem proportional? Explain.
28. Tickets to the school play are $2.50 29. The graph shows the distance Bianca
each. Which table contains values that traveled over her 2-hour bike ride.
fit this situation, if c represents the
$ISTANCE4RAVELED
total cost for t tickets?

A
$ISTANCEMILES
Cost of Play Tickets

t 1 2 3 4
c $2.50 $3.25 $4.00 $4.75

B Cost of Play Tickets

t 1 2 3 4
c $3.50 $6.00 $8.50 $11.00 4IMEHOURS
Which of the following statements

C Cost of Play Tickets is true?
t 1 2 3 4 F She traveled at a constant speed of
c $3.50 $4.00 $4.50 $5.00 12 miles per hour for the entire
ride.
D Cost of Play Tickets G She traveled at a constant speed of
t 1 2 3 4 8 miles per hour for the last hour.
c $2.50 $5.00 $7.50 $10.00 H She traveled at a constant speed of
4 miles per hour for the last hour.
J She traveled at a constant speed of
8 miles per hour for the entire ride.
30. MEASUREMENT Three years ago, an oak tree was 4 feet 5 inches tall. Today
it is 6 feet 3 inches tall. How fast did the tree grow in inches per year?
(Lesson 4-9)
31. GEOGRAPHY On a map, two cities are 3.25 inches apart. If the scale for the
map is 0.5 inch = 40 miles, how many miles apart are the cities? (Lesson 4-8)
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s). (Lesson 3-1)

2
32. p = 0.49 33. t =_
2 1
34. 6,400 = r 2
144

APTER
CH
Study Guide
4 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
congruent (p. 207) proportional (p. 194)
Key Concepts are noted constant of proportionality rate (p. 191)
(p. 200) rate of change (p. 230)
in your Foldable.
constant rate of change ratio (p. 190)
(p. 236)
scale (p. 224)
corresponding parts (p. 206)
Key Concepts cross products (p. 198)
scale drawing (p. 224)
scale factor (p. 207)
Proportions (Lessons 4-2 and 4-3) equivalent ratios (p. 198)
• If two related quantities are proportional, then scale model (p. 224)
linear relationship (p. 236)
they have a constant ratio. similar (p. 206)
nonproportional (p. 194)
• A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios unit rate (p. 191)
or rates are equivalent. polygon (p. 206)
unit ratio (p. 214)
• The cross products of a proportion are equal. proportion (p. 198)
Similar Polygons (Lesson 4-5)

• If two figures are similar with a scale factor of _,
a
b
then the perimeters of the figures have a ratio
of _.
a
b
Measurement (Lessons 4-6 and 4-8)

Vocabulary Check
• You can multiply by a unit ratio to convert or State whether each sentence is true or false.
change from larger units to smaller units. If false, replace the underlined word or
• To convert from smaller units to larger units, number to make a true sentence.
multiply by the reciprocal of the appropriate unit
ratio. 1. Polygons that have the same size are
called similar polygons.
• A scale is determined by the ratio of a given
length on a drawing or model to its corresponding 2. A unit ratio is one in which the
actual length. denominator is 1 unit.
3. A ratio of two measurements having
Rates (Lessons 4-1, 4-9, and 4-10)
similar units is called a rate.
• A rate is a comparison of two quantities with
different types of units. 4. In a relationship in which the ratio is not
• To find the rate of change, divide the difference constant, the two quantities are said to be
in the y-coordinates by the difference in the nonproportional.
x-coordinates. 5. A scale is the ratio of a length on a
• Two quantities a and b have a proportional linear drawing or model to its corresponding
relationship if they have a constant ratio and a actual length.
constant rate of change. 6. Comparing two numbers by
multiplication is called a proportion.
242 Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

4-1 Ratios and Rates (pp. 190–193)
Express each ratio in simplest form. Example 1 Express the ratio

7. 7 chaperones for 56 students 10 milliliters to 8 liters in simplest form.
8. 12 peaches:8 pears __
10 milliliters
8 liters
9. 5 inches out of 5 feet
= __ 10 milliliters 8 liters = 8 × 1,000 or
8,000 milliliters 8,000 milliliters.
10. SHOPPING An 8-pound bag of cat food
sells for $13.89. A 20-pound bag of the =_
1 Divide numerator and
800 denominator by 10.
same brand sells for $24.79. Which is
the better buy? Explain your reasoning. The ratio in simplest form is _
1
or 1:800.
800
4-2 Proportional and Nonproportional Relationships (pp. 194–197)
11. INTERNET A high-speed Internet Example 2 Leo earns $28 for every
company charges $30 a month for haircut he does. Is the amount of money
Internet services. There is also a $30 he earns proportional to the number of
installation fee. Is the number of haircuts he gives?
months you can have high-speed
Haircuts 1 2 3 4
Internet proportional to the total cost?
Earnings ($) 28 56 84 112
12. WORK On Friday, Jade washed a total earnings
_ _
28
or 28 _
56
or 28
of 9 vehicles in 4 hours. The next haircuts 1 2
day she washed a total of 15 vehicles _
in 6 hours. Is the total number of
84
or 28 _
112
or 28
3 4
vehicles she washed over the two Since these ratios are all equal to 28, the
days proportional to the time it took amount of money he earns is proportional
her to wash them? to the number of haircuts he gives.
4-3 Solving Proportions (pp. 198–202)
Solve each proportion. Example 3 _ _

Solve 9 = 4 .
y x 18
13. _ _ 14. _ = _
3 6 30
r =8 0.5 0.25 _9 = _
4
Write the equation.
_7 = _
n _
k _
72 x 18
15. 16. = 9 · 18 = x · 4 Find the cross products.
4 2 5 8
162 = 4x Multiply.
17. ANIMALS A turtle can move 5 inches _
162
= 4x _ Divide each side by 4.
in 4 minutes. How far will it travel in 4 4
10 minutes? 40.5 = x Simplify.

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4-4 PSI: Draw a Diagram (pp. 204–205)
Solve. Use the draw a diagram strategy. Example 4 A photographer is taking

18. CONCERTS Nina, Tyrese, Leslie, and the eighth grade class picture. She
Ethan are going to a rock concert. In places 8 students in the first row. Each
how many different orders can they additional row has 4 more students in
enter the concert? it. If there are a total 80 students, how
many rows will there be?
19. PHYSICAL SCIENCE A tennis ball is
dropped from 12 feet above the Draw a diagram with 8 students in row
ground. It hits the ground and one and then add 4 more students to each
bounces up half as high as it fell. additional row.
This is true for each successive 88888888
bounce. What height does the ball 888888888888
reach on the fourth bounce? 8888888888888888
20. MEASUREMENT Jasmine unrolled 88888888888888888888
48 feet of carpet. This is _
3
of the total 888888888888888888888888
4
amount of carpet needed for the
library. What is the total amount of There are a total of 5 rows.
carpet needed for the library?
4-5 Similar Polygons (pp. 206–211)
Each pair of polygons is similar. Write a Example 5 Rectangle GHJK is similar

proportion to find each missing measure. to rectangle PQRS. Find the value of x.
Then solve. P x Q
G 4.5 H
21. 22. 2
13 3
5 x
3 K J 9
x
1 6
R S
The scale factor from GHJK to PQRS is

23. MEASUREMENT If square D has a
perimeter of 49 feet and square F has a
_
GK
, which is _
3
or _
1
.
PR 9 3
perimeter of 64 feet, what is the scale _GH
=_
1
Write a proportion.
factor of the two squares? PQ 3
24. PARTY PLANNING For your birthday _ = _1
4.5
GH = 4.5 and PQ = x
x 3
party, you make a map to your house 4.5 · 3 = 1 · x Find the cross products.
on a 3-inch wide by 5-inch long index
13.5 = x Multiply.
card. How long will your map be if
you use a copier to enlarge it so it is
8 inches wide?

see page 711.
4-6 Measurement: Converting Length, Weight/Mass, Capacity, and Time (pp. 213–218)
Complete each conversion. Round to the Example 6 Which has a greater

nearest hundredth if necessary. capacity: a bottle containing 32 fluid
25. 5 in. ≈ cm 26. 25 km ≈ mi ounces of spring water or a bottle
containing 1 liter of water?
27. Which is greater: a 10-pound weight or
a 5-kilogram weight? Use the unit ratios _
29.574 mL
and _
1L
.
1 fl oz 1,000 mL
29.574 mL _
28. Which is greater: a 5,000-meter race or 32 fl oz ≈ 32 fl oz · _ · 1L
1 fl oz 1,000 mL
a 4-mile race?
≈ 32 · _
29.574 L
or 0.95 L
1,000
The 1-liter bottle contains more water.
4-7 Measurement: Converting Square Units and Cubic Units (pp. 220–223)
Complete each conversion. Round to the Example 7 Convert 15 square

nearest hundredth if necessary. centimeters to square inches.
29. 120 yd 3 = ft 3 30. 16 m 2 ≈ ft 2 Use the unit ratio _
1 in.
.
2.54 cm
31. PARKING The area of a parking lot is
375,000 square feet. How many square 15 cm 2 ≈ 15 cm 2 · _ 1 in.
·_ 1 in.
2.54 cm 2.54 cm
meters is the parking lot? 15 in 2
≈_ or 2.33 in 2
32. STORAGE The total capacity of a certain
2.54 · 2.54
storage unit is about 23 cubic meters.
How many cubic feet is the storage
unit?
4-8 Scale Drawings and Models (pp. 224–229)
The scale on a map is 2 inches = 5 miles. Example 8 The scale on a model is

Find the actual distance for each map 3 centimeters = 45 meters. Find the
distance. actual length for a model distance of
33. 12 inches 34. 4 inches 5 centimeters.
35. HOBBIES Mia’s dollhouse is a replica _

3 cm
=_
5 cm model length
of her family’s townhouse. The outside 45 m xm actual length
dimensions of the dollhouse are 25
inches by 35 inches. If the actual 3 · x = 45 · 5 Find the cross products.
outside dimensions of the townhouse 3x = 225 Multiply.

are 25 feet by 35 feet, what is the scale x = 75 Divide each side by 3.
of the dollhouse? The actual length is 75 meters.

APTER
CH
4-9 Rate of Change (pp. 230–235)
MONEY For Exercises 36 and 37, use the Example 9 At 5 A.M., it was 54°F. At 11
following information. A.M., it was 78°F. Find the rate of
The table below shows Victor’s weekly temperature change in degrees per hour.
allowance between the ages of 6 and 15. change in temperature
__ (78 - 54)°
= __
change in hours (11 - 5) hours
Age (yr) 6 8 10 12 15
$ per week 1.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 5.00
=_
24°
or _
4°
6 hours 1 hour
36. Find the rate of change in his Between 5 A.M. and 11 A.M., the
allowance between ages 12 and 15. temperature increased on average
4 degrees per hour.
37. Was the rate of change between ages 8
and 10 positive, negative, or zero?
4-10 Constant Rate of Change (pp. 236–241)
38. RAINFALL The amount of rainfall Example 10 The distance traveled in

after several hours is shown. Is the a car trip is shown. Is the relationship
relationship between the amount of between the distance traveled and
rainfall and number of hours linear? number of hours spent in the car linear?
If so, find the constant rate of change. If so, find the constant rate of change. If
If not, explain your reasoning. not, explain your reasoning.
Number of Hours Rainfall (inches) Number of Distance

Hours (miles)
1 2
2 120
2 4 +2 ×2
4 240
3 7 +2 ×2
6 360
4 9 +2 ×2
8 480
39. PHONE CALL The cost of a long-distance
As the number of hours increases by two,
phone call after several minutes is
the distance doubles. Since the rate of
shown. Is the relationship between the
change is constant, this is a linear
cost and number of minutes linear?
relationship. So, the constant rate of
If so, find the constant rate of change.
If not, explain your reasoning. change is _
120
or 60 miles per hour. This
2
means that for every hour they are in the
Number of Minutes Cost (¢)
car they travel 60 miles.
3 7
6 14
9 21
12 28

APTER
CH
Practice Test
4
1. Express the ratio 15 inches to 1 foot in 11. COOKING Denise is making recipe for a large
simplest form. group in which she needs 12 kilograms of
ground beef. How many pounds of ground
2. Express 112 feet in 2.8 seconds as a unit rate. beef does she need? (1 lb ≈ 0.4536 kg)
3. STANDARDS PRACTICE At Flynn’s Apple 12. TRAVEL On a map, 1 inch = 7.5 miles. How
Orchard, 16 acres of land produced many miles does 2.5 inches represent?
368 bushels of apples. Which rate represents
the number of bushels per acre? BUSINESS For Exercises 13 and 14, use the table
A 16:1 C 23:2 that shows the number of new customers in The
B 23:1 D 46:1 Lucky Diner at different times during one day.
Time New Customers
4. MEASUREMENT Nick rides his bike 20 miles
12 p.m. 30
every two days. Is the distance Nick rides
2 p.m. 6
proportional to the number of days?
4 p.m. 15
5 p.m. 32
5. _ _ _5 = _
3 9 20 13. Find the rate of change in new customers
a = 12 6.
3 y
per hour between 4 P.M. and 5 P.M.
7. NUTRITION An 8-ounce serving of milk 14. Find the rate of change in new customers
provides 30% of the daily value of calcium. per hour between 12 P.M. and 2 P.M. Then
How much milk provides 50% of the daily interpret its meaning.
value of calcium?
15. STANDARDS PRACTICE A flag is being
8. FOOD Of the 30 students in a life skills class, made that has an area of six square
19 like to cook main dishes, 15 prefer baking feet. Approximately how many square
desserts, and 7 like to do both. How many meters of fabric is this? (1 ft ≈ 0.3048 m)
students like to cook main dishes, but not
F 0.56 m 2 H 19.69 m 2
bake desserts? Use the draw a diagram
G 1.83 m 2 J 64.58 m 2
strategy.
16. MEASUREMENT Is the relationship between
Each pair of polygons is similar. Write a
the weight and number of months linear?
proportion to find each missing measure.
If so, find the constant rate of change.
Then solve.
If not, explain your reasoning.
9. 10
5 x Number of Months Weight (lb)
2
4 14
10. a 6 18
6 8 20
4.5
3 10 22

APTER
CH
Practice
Read each question. Then fill in the 4 The scale drawing of a football field was
correct answer on the answer made using a scale of 1 inch = 20 yards.
document provided by your teacher or
on a sheet of paper. 1 0- 2 0- 3 0- 4 0- 50 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0
1 A jar contains 25% green buttons, 32%
End zone
End zone
2 in.
yellow buttons, 20% brown buttons, and
23% white buttons. There are 300 buttons -1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -4 0 50 4 0- 3 0- 2 0- 1 0-
in the jar altogether. Which proportion can

6 in.
be used to find w, the total number of white
buttons in the jar?
What is the length, in yards, of the football
A _
23
=_
300
C _
23
=_
w
field, including the end zones?
100 w 100 300
B _=_
23 300
D _=_
23 w F 100 yd
w 100 300 100
G 120 yd
2 Trapezoid ABCD is similar to trapezoid H 130 yd
−−
WXYZ. Find the length of XY. J 150 yd
15 cm
10 cm Z W
D A 5 Sixty-five miles per hour is the same rate as
which of the following?
C B Y X
14 cm A 1.08 miles per second
B 3,900 miles per second
F 20 cm
C 6.5 miles per minute
G 21 cm
D 1.08 miles per minute
H 24 cm
J 27 cm
6 Between which two whole numbers is √
66
located on a number line?
F 6 and 7
G 7 and 8
Question 2 This problem involves
similar figures. If two polygons are H 8 and 9
similar, then you can use a scale factor
or a proportion to find the missing J 9 and 10
measure(s).
7 Which operation results in the same answer

3 How many seconds are in 1_
1
hours? regardless of the numbers involved?
2
A 90 A divide by one
B 540 B multiply by one
C 3,600 C add zero
D 5,400 D multiply by zero
248 Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
see pages CA1-CA39.
8 Rebekah is 1_
1
meters tall. About how tall is 11 A teacher plans to buy 5 pencils for each
2
she in feet and inches? student in her class. If pencils come in
(1 meter ≈ 39 inches) packages of 18 and cost $1.99 per package,
what other information is needed to find
F 3 feet 3 inches H 4 feet 9 inches
the cost of the pencils?
G 4 feet 0 inches J 4 feet 10.5 inches
A the cost of erasers
B the number of students in the whole
school
9 During a 3-hour period, 2,292 people rode
the roller coaster at an amusement park. C the number of students in her class
Which proportion can be used to find x, D the name of the store where she is buying
the number of people who rode the coaster the pencils
during a 12-hour period if the rate is the
same?
12 Which fraction is between _
2
and _
9
?
3 10
A _ 3
=_
x
C _
3
=_12
2,292 12 x 2,292 F _
1
H _
3
5 4
B _
3
=_
12
D _
x
=_
12
G _
1
J _
11
2,292 x 3 2,292 2 9
10 A park is shaped like a rectangle with the

Pre-AP
dimensions shown below. Which of the
following is closest to the length of a Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
diagonal of the park? Show your work.
13 The table shows how
Time Wages
much Susan earns (h) ($)
when she works at a 2 9
fast-food restaurant. 4 18
6 27
a. Graph the data
YD 8 36
from the table and
connect the points
with a line.
b. Find the slope of the line.
YD c. What is Susan’s rate of pay?

d. If Susan continues to be paid at this rate,
F 165 yd H 340 yd how much money will she make for
G 290 yd J 405 yd working 10 hours?
NEED EXTRA HELP?

Go to Lesson... 4-3 4-5 4-6 4-8 4-6 3-2 1-2 4-6 4-3 3-6 1-1 2-2 4-10
For Help with Standard... AF4.2 6NS1.3 MG1.1 MG1.2 MG1.1 NS2.4 AF1.3 MG1.1 AF4.2 MG3.3 MR1.1 NS1.1 AF3.4

5 Percent
• Standard 7NS1.0 Know

the properties of, and
compute with, rational
numbers expressed in a
variety of forms.
Key Vocabulary
percent (p. 252)
percent equation (p. 279)
percent of change (p. 284)
percent proportion (p. 263)
Real-World Link
Agriculture In 2004, California’s income from
agriculture was $31.8 billion. Of that income, 30% came
from the production of fruits and nuts. You can use
percents to determine the income from fruits and nuts
produced in California.
Percent Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with five sheets
of 8_" × 11" paper.
1
2
1 Draw a large circle on one of 2 Stack the sheets of paper. Place
the sheets of paper. the one with the circle on top.
Cut all five sheets in the shape
of a circle.
3 Staple the circles on the left side. 4 Turn the circle to the back side
,ESSON
Write the chapter title on the front 0ERCENT so that the staples are still on the
and the four lesson titles on the left. Write the last four lesson titles
inside right pages. on the front and right pages of
the journal.
250 Chapter 5 Percent

Stephen Saks/Getty Images
Option 2
Option 1
Compute each product mentally. Example 1

(Lesson 2-3)
Compute 1 · 820 mentally. _
1. _ · 303
1 2. 644 · _
1 4
3 2 _1 · 820 is one-fourth of 820, or 205.
3. 0.1 · 550 4. 64 · 0.5 4
Write each fraction as a decimal. Example 2

(Lesson 2-1) _
Write 5 as a decimal.
5. _ _7
2 6. 8
5 8 To change _
5
to a decimal, divide 5 by 8.
8
7. _ 8. _
3 3
4 8 0.625

8
5.000
9. SCHOOL Andrea answered 18 -48
_____
out of 20 questions correctly on 20
a math quiz. Write her score as - 16
_____
a decimal. (Lesson 2-1) 40
- 40
_____
0
So, _
5
= 0.625.
8
Solve each equation or proportion. Example 3

Solve w = 5 . _ _
10. 0.25d = 130 11. 48r = 12 12 6
_
w
=_
5
12. 0.4m = 22 13. 0.02n = 9 12 6
6 · w = 12 · 5 Find cross products.
x =_
_ 3 _4 = _
14
14. 15. 6w = 60 Simplify.
10 5 9 b
_
6w
=_
60
16. RECIPES Ruben’s chocolate chip 6 6
cookie recipe uses 2 eggs for w = 10 Simplify.
2 dozen cookies. How many
eggs does Ruben need to make
72 cookies? (Lesson 4-3)

5 -1 Ratios and Percents
Main IDEA
Write ratios as percents POPULATION The table shows the Ratio of People Under
and vice versa. State
ratio of people under 18 years of 18 to Total Population
age to the total population for Arkansas 1 out of 4
Standard 7NS1.3
Convert fractions to various states. Hawaii 6 out of 25
decimals and Mississippi 27 out of 100
percents and use these 1. Name two states from the table
representations in that have ratios in which the Utah 8 out of 25
and applications.
second numbers are the same. Source: Time Almanac
2. How can you determine which of the four states has the greatest
ratio of people under 18 to total population?
NEW Vocabulary
percent Ratios such as 27 out of 100 or 8 out of 25 can be written as percents.
+%9#/.#%04 Percent
Words A percent is a ratio that compares a number to 100.

Percent Ratio Fraction
Numbers 27% 27 out of 100 _27
100
Algebra x% x out of 100 _ x
100
Write Ratios as Percents

Write each ratio as a percent.
1 POPULATION In a recent census, 26 out of every 100 people living in
Illinois were younger than 18.
26 out of 100 = 26% Definition of percent
2 SPORTS At a recent triathlon, 180 women competed for every

100 women who competed ten years earlier.
Large Percents
Notice that some 180 per 100 = 180% Definition of percent
percents, such as
180%, are greater
than 100%. Since
percent means
hundredths or per Write each ratio as a percent.
100, a percent like
180% means 180 a. BASEBALL During his baseball career, Babe Ruth had a base hit
per 100. about 34 out of every 100 times he came to bat.
b. TECHNOLOGY In a recent year, 50.5 out of 100 households in the
United States had access to the Internet.

To write a fraction as a percent, find an equivalent fraction with a
denominator of 100.
Write Fractions as Percents

Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.
3 CARS About 1 out of 5 sport utility vehicles manufactured in the
United States is white.
_1 = _
x
5 100
× 20
Real-World Link
_1 = _
20
5 100 1 20
The first law regulating 5 100
the speed of cars was × 20
passed in the state
of New York in 1904. So, 1 out of 5 equals 20%.
It stated that the
maximum speed was _
4 TRAVEL About 1 of travelers use scheduled buses.
10 miles per hour in 200
populated areas and
20 miles per hour in
_1
=_x
the country. 200 100
Source: The World ÷2
Almanac
_
1
=_
0.5
200 100 1 0.5
200 100
÷2
So, 1 out of 200 equals 0.5%.
Small Percents Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

In Example 4, notice
that 0.5% is less c. TECHNOLOGY In Finland, almost 3 out of 5 people have cell phones.
than 1%. Percents
d. ANIMALS About _ of the mammals in the world are bats.
1
can be even smaller,
such as 0.001%,
4
which is equal Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
to _.
1
100,000
You can express a percent as a fraction by writing it as a fraction with a
denominator of 100. Then write the fraction in simplest form.
Write Percents as Fractions

5 ENVIRONMENT The circle graph shows /À>ÃÊÊ>`vÃ
an estimate of the percent of each type
of trash in landfills. Write the percent *>«iÀ
for paper as a fraction in simplest form. Îä¯ *>ÃÌV
Ó{¯
Paper: 30% = _
30
Definition of percent "ÌiÀÊ `Ê>`
100 /À>Ã 9>À`Ê7>ÃÌi
_
= 3 Simplify.
Îx¯ ££¯
10
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
Write as a fraction in simplest form.
e. food and yard waste f. other trash g. plastic
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-1 Ratios and Percents 253

Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
Examples 1, 2 Write each ratio as a percent.
(p. 252)
1. 17 out of 100 2. 237 per 100
3. TAXES In Illinois, the sales tax rate is 6.25 cents for every 100 cents spent.
Examples 3, 4 Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

(p. 253)
4. 7 : 10 5. _
9
6. 1 out of 500
20
Example 5 Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.
(p. 253)
7. 19% 8. 50% 9. 18%
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

10. 23 out of 100 11. 110 per 100 12. _
17
13. _
7
For See 50 20
Exercises Examples 14. 8 out of 25 15. 54 out of 300 16. 2 : 5 17. 9 : 10
10, 11 1, 2
12–19 3, 4 18. TRAVEL One out of every 50 visitors to the United States is from France.
20–27 5 Write this ratio as a percent.
19. PETS Three out of 25 households in the United States have both a dog and a
cat. Write this ratio as a percent.
Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.

20. 29% 21. 43% 22. 40% 23. 70%
24. 45% 25. 28% 26. 64% 27. 65%
28. ENERGY Germany uses about 4% of the world’s energy. Write this percent
as a fraction in simplest form.
29. MUSIC The influences in the purchase #$0URCHASE)NFLUENCES

of CDs by buyers ages 12–44 are
shown in the graphic. Write each -OVIE
percent as a fraction in simplest form. 3OUNDTRACK
2ADIO
30. POPULATION According to a recent
census, the population of Houston, 3AWIN3TORE

Texas, is about _
7
of the United States
1,000
population. Write this fraction as a
%842!02!#4)#% -USIC6IDEO &RIENDS2ELATIVES
percent. #HANNEL
See pages 688, 712.
31. TEETH Humans have _ more teeth as
8
5
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com
adults than when they are children. Source: Edison Media Research
Write this fraction as a percent.

H.O.T. Problems 32. CHALLENGE Explain how a student can receive an 86% on a test with
50 questions.
33. OPEN ENDED Find a percent that is between _ and _. Justify your answer.
1 3
2 4
34. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the ratio that does not belong with the
other three. Explain your reasoning.
2 out of 5 40% 2 : 10 _
10
25
35. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Refer to the opener for this lesson. Express all of the
(*/
ratios as percents. Explain how doing so helps determine which state has
the greatest portion of its total population under 18.
36. What percent of the circle is shaded? 37. A soccer team played twenty games,
of which they won fourteen. What
percent of the games did they win?
F 30%
G 60%
H 70%
A 10% C 30% J 80%
B 20% D 40%
ALGEBRA Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities

described in each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of change. If
not, explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-10)
38. Pages Printed
39. Cost of Bagels
Page 5 10 15 20 Bagels 6 12 18 24
Time (min) 1 2 3 4 Cost ($) 3 5 8 10
40. CARS After driving 150 miles, Mr. Ruiz has used 5 gallons of gasoline.
He uses 3 gallons of gas driving another 100 miles. Find the rate of
change in miles per gallon for the given distances. (Lesson 4-9)
41. Write 1.8, 1.07, 1_, and 1_ in order from least to greatest. (Lesson 2-2)
8 1
9 2
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each fraction as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)
42. _3 43. _3 44. _5 45. _1

5 4 8 3
Lesson 5-1 Ratios and Percents 255

5-2 Comparing Fractions,
Decimals, and Percents
Main IDEA
Write percents as fractions PETS The table gives the percent of Households with Pets
and decimals and vice households with various pets. Percent of
versa. Pet
Households
1. Write each percent as a fraction.
Standard 7NS1.1 Do not simplify the fractions. dog 39%
Read, write, and cat 34%
compare rational 2. Write each fraction in Question 1
numbers in scientific notation freshwater fish 12%
as a decimal.
(positive and negative powers bird 7%
of 10), compare rational 3. How could you write a percent
numbers in general. small animal 5%
Standard 7NS1.3 Convert
as a decimal without writing the
Source: American Pet Products
fractions to decimals and percent as a fraction first? Manufacturers Association
percents and use these
representations in
and applications.
Fractions, percents, and decimals are all _
39
fraction
different ways to represent the same ratio. 100
Remember that percent means per hundred.
In Lesson 5-1, you wrote percents as fractions 0.39 39%
with 100 in the denominator. Similarly, you
can write percents as decimals by dividing
decimal percent
by 100.
Percents and
Decimals To divide
by 100, move the
#/.#%043UMMARY Percents and Decimals
decimal point two Percent Decimal Decimal Percent
places to the left.
To write a percent as a decimal, To write a decimal as a percent,
divide by 100 and remove the multiply by 100 and add the
percent symbol. percent symbol.
39% = 39% = 0.39 0.39 = 0.39 = 39%
Percents as Decimals
Write each percent as a decimal.
1 35% 2 115%
35% = 35% Divide by 100. 115% = 115% Divide by 100.
= 0.35 Remove the = 1.15 Remove the
percent symbol. percent symbol.

a. 27% b. 145% c. 0.2%
256 Chapter 5 Percent Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Cydney Conger/CORBIS
Decimals as Percents
Write each decimal as a percent.
3 0.2 4 1.66
Decimals Greater 0.2 = 0.20 Multiply by 100. 1.66 = 1.66 Multiply by 100.
Than One Notice
that decimals greater = 20% Add the percent = 166% Add the percent
than 1 are equivalent symbol. symbol.
to percents greater
than 100.
d. 0.83 e. 1.764 f. 0.005
You have learned to write a fraction as a percent by finding an

equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100. This method works well
if the denominator is a factor of 100. If the denominator is not a factor of
100, you can solve a proportion or you can write the fraction as a
decimal and then write the decimal as a percent.
Fractions as Percents
5 Write _
3
as a percent.
8
METHOD 1 Use a proportion. METHOD 2 Write as decimal.
_3 = _x First write as a decimal.

8 100 Then write as a percent.
3 · 100 = 8 · x _3 = 0.375 0.375
8 8
3.000
300 = 8x = 37.5% -2 4
_____
_
300
=_
8x
60
8 8
-56
____
37.5 = x 40
-40
____
0
So, _
3
=_
37.5
or 37.5%.
8 100
_
6 Write 2 as a percent.
3
Percents
In real-world
_2 = 0.66−6 0.66…
− 3 − 3
2.0
situations, 66.6% will
usually be rounded = 66.6% -1 8
_____
to 67% or 66.7%. 20
-18
____
2
−
So, _
2
= 66.6%.
3
Write each fraction as a percent.

g. _
7
h. _
3
i. _1
25 16 9
5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 257

Compare Numbers
7 TAXES In a recent survey, 0.6 of the people said they will use their
tax refund to pay bills, and 7% said they will just spend it. Do more
people pay bills or spend their refund?
Since 0.6 = 60% and 60% > 7%, more people plan on using their tax
refund to pay bills than for spending.
j. GEOGRAPHY About _ of Earth’s land is covered by desert. North

3
20
Real-World Link America is about 16% of Earth’s total land surface. Is the area of
The average tax refund Earth’s deserts more or less than the total area of North America?
in 2005 was $2,144.
Source: irs.gov
Order Numbers
__
8 Order 30%, 3 , 7 , and 0.33 from least to greatest.
100 20
_3
= 3% _
7
=_
35
or 35% 0.33 = 33%
100 20 100
From least to greatest, the percents are 3%, 30%, 33%, and 35%.
So, from least to greatest, the numbers are _
3
, 30%, 0.33, and _
7
.
100 20
Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

k. 22%, _, _, 0.25 _1 , 40%, 0.401, _
1 3 4
l.
10 25 5 25
Examples 1, 2 Write each percent as a decimal.

(p. 256)
1. 40% 2. 18% 3. 0.3%
Examples 3, 4 Write each decimal as a percent.

(p. 257)
4. 0.725 5. 1.23 6. 0.3
Examples 5, 6 Write each fraction as a percent.

(p. 257)
7. _
11
8. _
13
9. _5
25 40 6
Example 7 10. HOMEWORK At Hancock Middle School, 57% of the eighth-grade students
(p. 258) spend at least 30 minutes a day on math homework. Of the seventh-grade
students, 0.5 study this long. In which grade do a greater percent of
students spend at least 30 minutes a day on math homework?
Example 8 Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

(p. 258)
11. _
17
, 60%, 0.062, _
13
12. 0.99, _, 9%, _
9 19
25 20 10 20

David Forbert/SuperStock
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each percent as a decimal.
For See 13. 90% 14. 80% 15. 172% 16. 245%
Exercises Examples 17. 0.4% 18. 84.2% 19. 7% 20. 5%
13–22 1, 2
23–32 3, 4 21. ENERGY A recent study indicated that 8.4% of the United States’ energy
33–42 5, 6 comes from nuclear power. Write this number as a decimal.
43–46 7
47–52 8 22. WATER Only about 0.5% of the world’s water resources are drinkable by
humans, animals, and plants. Write this number as a decimal.

23. 0.62 24. 0.94 25. 0.475 26. 0.832
27. 0.007 28. 0.009 29. 2.75 30. 1.38
31. PETS If 0.21 of adults own a cat, what percent of adults own a cat?
32. SURVEYS In a survey, 0.312 of teens said that their favorite sport was soccer
or basketball. What percent of the teens chose soccer or basketball as their
favorite sport?

33. _
17
34. _
12
35. _8 36. _7
20 25 5 4
37. _ 38. _ 39. _ 40. _
1 1 4 2
40 125 9 3
41. TIME Research shows that _ of Americans set their clocks five minutes
8
25
ahead to keep from being late. What percent of Americans set their clocks
five minutes ahead?
42. FOOD About _ of Americans prefer cold pizza over hot pizza.
3
20
What percent of Americans prefer cold pizza?
ANIMALS For Exercises 43 and 44, use the

information about lions shown below.
43. What percent of a day does a lion
spend resting?
44. What percent of a day does a lion
spend doing activities?
45. CAMPING About 17% of kids will

attend an overnight summer camp, A Day in the Life of a Lion
_
11
will attend a day camp, and Activities 4 hours
50
0.59 will attend no summer camp at all. Resting 20 hours
Which group of kids is the greatest?
Lesson 5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 259

Daryl Benson/Masterfile
46. BAND At Jeremy’s high school, about _ of the students are in the band,
3
16
0.31 of high school students play at least one sport, and 13% are in the
drama club. Of these three, which type of extra-curricular activity is most
popular among students at Jeremy’s high school?
Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

47. _3 , 0.8, 8%, _
7
48. 0.2, _, 2%, _
1 3
49. _
1
, 7%, 0.09, _
2
4 10 4 20 20 25
50. 84%, 0.88, _, _ 51. 31%, _, _, 0.305 52. 6.5%, _, 0.556, _
41 4 3 3 3 1
50 5 10 13 5 6
53. BASEBALL In 2004, Major League Baseball player Jack Wilson’s batting
average was 0.308. Melvin Mora hit safely 17 out of every 50 at-bats and
Bobby Abreu hit safely 30.1% of the time. Find Mora’s and Abreu’s batting
averages and order all three averages from least to greatest.

54. 0.035 ● 3_% _ ●_ _7 ● 1_1 %
1 1 3
55. % 56.
2 250 4 4 4
Real-World Link
A batting average is 57. ANALYZE TABLES A nutrition label
ÕÌÀÌÊ>VÌÃ
found by dividing the from a popular brand of soda is 3ERVING3IZECANM,
number of hits a shown at the right. Would more or
batter has by the ÕÌÊ*iÀÊ-iÀÛ}
number of times the less than _

1
of a person’s daily value
>ÀiÃÊ
batter is at bat, not 5
$AILY6ALUE
including times when of carbohydrates come from this /Ì>Ê>ÌÊG

a batter is walked or can of soda? Explain your reasoning. -`ÕÊMG
hit by a pitch.
/Ì>Ê
>ÀLÞ`À>ÌiÊG
Source: ehow.com
58. TRAVEL The projected number of 3UGARSG
*ÀÌiÊG
household trips in 2010 is 50,000,000.
About 14,000,000 of these trips will
0ERCENT$AILY6ALUESAREBASEDONA
CALORIEDIET
involve air travel. What percent of
the trips will involve air travel?
SELECT A FORM For Exercises 59 and 60, use the following information.
Lisa ate _
1
of the cookies, gave 0.25 to her friend Kaitlyn, and gave 37.5% to her
8
%842!02!#4)#% sister. To solve each problem below, select the form of number (fraction,
See pages 688, 712. decimal, or percent) that would be easiest to use. Explain your reasoning. Then
use that form to solve the problem.
Self-Check Quiz at 59. Did Lisa eat more cookies than she gave to Kaitlyn?
ca.gr7math.com
60. Who was given more cookies, Kaitlyn or Lisa’s sister?
H.O.T. Problems 61. FIND THE ERROR Kristin and Neva are changing 0.7 to a percent. Who is
0. 7 = 7% 0. 7 = 70%
Kristin Neva

(tl)CORBIS, (cr)Doug Martin, (bl)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit, (br)Masterfile
62. CHALLENGE Write 1_ as a percent. Justify your answer.
3
5
63. OPEN ENDED Write a percent that is between _ and _.
3 2
5 3
64. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Is 0.04 less than or greater than 40%? Explain your
(*/
reasoning.
66. Between which two percents is _?

7
65. Mr. Lee asked his students how many
40
hours they watched public television F 15% and 16%
last week. The responses are shown in
G 16% and 17%
the table. Which number represents
the portion of students who said they H 17% and 18%
watched more than 1 hour? J 19% and 20%
Number of Hours % of
67. What percent of the square is shaded?
Watched Students
Less than or equal to 1 hour 92.5% A 20% IN
Between 1 and 2 hours 5% B 31.25%
More than 2 hours 2.5%
C 44%
IN
A 0.75 C _5
D 62.5%
100
IN
B _
75
D 0.075
100
IN
Write each ratio as a percent. (Lesson 5-1)
68. 27 out of 100 69. 0.6 out of 100 70. 9 : 20 71. 33 : 50
72. ALGEBRA Determine whether the relationship Data Transferred

between the two quantities described in the Megabits 375 750 1,125 1,500
table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of
Time (s) 1 2 3 4
change. If not, explain your reasoning (Lesson 4-10)
73. FOOD Three-fourths of a pan of lasagna is to be divided equally among

6 people. What part of the lasagna will each person receive?
(Lesson 2-4)
Order the integers in each set from least to greatest. (Lesson 1-3)
74. {-12, 5, -5, 13, -1} 75. {42, -56, -13, 101, 13} 76. {64, -58, -65, 57, -61}
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each proportion. (Lesson 4-3)
77. _5 = _
x
78. _
a
=_
2
79. _2 = _5 80. _3 = _
10
6 24 12 15 7 t n 8
Lesson 5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 261

Standard 7AF1.4
Comparing Data Use algebraic
terminology (e.g.
When you are solving a word problem that involves comparing data, variable, equation, term,
look for words such as more than, times, or percent. They give you a coefficient, inequality,
clue about what operation to use.
For example, the table shows the final standings for the Western
Conference of the United Soccer League’s W-League for the 2005 season.
W-League Western Conference

Team Games Wins Losses Ties Points
Vancouver 14 13 1 0 39
Arizona 14 10 3 1 31
Mile High 14 10 4 0 30
Denver 14 7 6 1 22
Seattle 14 5 8 1 16
Fort Collins 14 2 11 1 7
San Diego 14 0 14 0 0
Source: United Soccer Leagues
You can compare the data in several ways.
Difference Vancouver had 17 more points than Denver.

39 - 22 = 17
Ratio Mile High won 5 times as many games as Fort Collins.

10 ÷ 2 = 5
Percent Arizona lost about 21% of the games they played.

(3 ÷ 14) × 100 ≈ 21
Determine whether each problem asks for a difference, ratio, or percent.

Write out the key words in each problem. Then solve each problem.
1. How many more games did Arizona win than lose or tie?
2. What percent of the time did Vancouver win its games?
3. How many times as many games did Mile High win than Seattle?
4. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write three statements comparing the data in the
(*/
table. One comparison should be a difference, one should be a ratio,
and one should be a percent.

Josh Devins Photography
5-3 Algebra: The
Percent Proportion
Main IDEA
Solve problems using the You can use a proportion model to determine
percent proportion. the percent represented by 3 out of 5.
Standard Draw a 10-by-1 rectangle on
7NS1.3 Convert grid paper. Label the units on
fractions to decimals
the right from 0 to 100.
and percents and use these
representations in
estimations, computations, On the left side, mark equal
and applications. units from 0 to 5, because 5
represents the whole quantity.
NEW Vocabulary Draw a horizontal line from 3 on the left side of the model.
percent proportion The number on the right side is the percent.
For Questions 1–3, use the model above.

1. What is 40% of 5? 2. 4 is 80% of what number?
3. Draw a model and find what percent 7 is of 20.
In a percent proportion, one ratio

compares part of a quantity to the whole 3 out of 5 is 60%.
quantity, also called the base. The other part
whole
_
_3 = 60 ⎬⎫ percent
ratio is the equivalent percent written as 5 100 ⎭
a fraction with a denominator of 100.
Find the Percent

1 22 is what percent of 110?
Since 22 is being compared to 110, 22 is the part and 110 is the whole.
You need to find the percent. Let n represent the percent.
n ⎫
_ =_
part 22
whole
⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
110 100
⎭
22 · 100 = 110 · n Find the cross products.
2,200 = 110n Multiply.
2,200
_ = ,_
110n
110 110
20 = n Simplify.
READING 22 is 20% of 110.
in the Content Area
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com a. 17 is what percent of 68? b. 41.4 is what percent of 92?
Lesson 5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion 263

Find the Part
READING Math 2 What number is 80% of 500?
Percents The whole usually The percent is 80 and the whole is 500. You need to find the part.
follows the word of. Let p represent the part.
part _p _80 ⎫
whole
= ⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
500 100
⎭
p · 100 = 500 · 80 Find the cross products.
100p = 40,000 Multiply.
100p 40,000
,_ = _ Divide each side by 100.
100 100
p = 400 Simplify.
400 is 80% of 500.
c. What number is 35% of 48? d. Find 12.5% of 88.
Find the Whole

3 14.4 is 32% of what number?
The percent is 32 and the part is 14.4. You need to find the whole.
Let w represent the whole.
part _
14.4 _32 ⎫
whole = ⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
1w 100
⎭
14.4 · 100 = 32 · w Find the cross products.
1,440 = 32w Multiply.
1,440
_ =,_
32w
32 32
45 = w Simplify.
14.4 is 32% of 45.
e. 23.4 is 30% of what number? f. 19 is 62.5% of what number?
#/.#%043UMMARY Types of Percent Problems

Type Example Proportion
_ =_
Find the Percent 7 is what percent of 10? 7 n
10 100
Find the Part What number is 70% of 10? _
p
=_
70
10 100
_ =_
Find the Whole 7 is 70% of what number? 7 70
w 100

Percents Greater than 100
6 is being compared to 5, so 5 is the whole, and 6 is the part. You need
to find the percent. Let n represent the percent.
part _6 = _n ⎫
whole
⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
5 100
⎭
Check for 6 · 100 = 5 · n Find the cross products.
Reasonableness
Since the part is 600 = 5n Multiply.
greater than the _
whole, 6 > 5, it
600
=_
5n
5 5
makes sense that the
percent would be
120 = n Simplify.
greater than 100. 6 is 120% of 5.
g. 12 is what percent of 6? h. Find 175% of 18.
5 HISTORY The Lewis and Clark Expedition reported that it rained

94 days, which was about 89% of their days in Oregon. How many
days did the Lewis and Clark Expedition spend in Oregon?
The percent is 89, and the part is 94 days. You need to find the whole
number of days.
Words 94 days is 89% of what number of days?
Variable Let w represent the whole.
Proportion
part _
94
= _
89
⎫
⎬ percent
whole w 100 ⎭
_
94
=_
89
Write the percent proportion.
Real-World Link
1w 100
The members of the 94 · 100 = w · 89 Find the cross products.
Lewis and Clark
Expedition spent the 9,400 = 89w Multiply.
winter of 1805–1806 9,400
in Oregon. _ =_
89w
Source: Kids Discover
89 89
105.6 ≈ w Simplify.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition spent 106 days in Oregon.
i. SCHOOL Carmila answered 23 questions correctly on her science

test and received a grade of 92%. How many questions were on
the test?

Joseph Sohm/Vision of America/CORBIS
Write a percent proportion and solve each problem. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
Examples 1, 2 1. 70 is what percent of 280? 2. What percent of 49 is 7?
(pp. 263–264)
3. What number is 60% of 90? 4. Find 72% of 200.
Examples 3, 4 5. 151.5 is 75% of what number? 6. 126 is 30% of what number?
(pp. 264–265)
7. 48 is what percent of 30? 8. Find 118% of 19.
Example 5 9. ANIMALS A tiger can eat food that weighs up to about 15% of its body
(p. 265) weight. If a tiger can eat 75 pounds of food, how much does a tiger weigh?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write a percent proportion and solve each problem. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
For See
Exercises Examples 10. 3 is what percent of 15? 11. 120 is what percent of 360?
10, 11 1 12. What is 15% of 60? 13. What is 17% of 350?
12, 13 2
14. 18 is 45% of what number? 15. 95 is 95% of what number?
14, 15 3
16, 17 4 16. 15.12 is what percent of 12? 17. Find 250% of 57.
18, 19 5
18. BRACES In a recent survey, 34% of kids said they will get dental braces.
If nearly 28,800 kids were surveyed, about how many will get braces?
19. PETS There are about 68 million owned dogs in the United States. Of these,
13.6 million were adopted from an animal shelter. About what percent of
owned dogs were adopted from an animal shelter?
Write a percent proportion to solve each problem. Then solve. Round to the
nearest tenth if necessary.
20. What is 2.5% of 95? 21. 4 is what percent of 550?
22. 98 is 22.5% of what number? 23. Find 5.8% of 42.
24. What percent of 110 is 1? 25. 57 is 13.5% of what number?
GAMES For Exercises 26–28, use the following information.

At the start of a game of chess, each player
has the pieces listed at the right.
Chess Pieces
26. What percent of each player’s
%842!02!#4)#%
1 king
pieces are knights?
1 queen
See pages 689, 712. 27. The king is what percent of
2 bishops
each player’s pieces?
2 knights
Self-Check Quiz at 28. What piece is 50% of each
ca.gr7math.com 2 rooks
player’s total pieces?
8 pawns

Pascal Perret/Getty Images
H.O.T. Problems 29. CHALLENGE Choose any two numbers, x and y. Find x% of y and y% of x.
Will the results always be the same? Explain.
30. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Roberto made 56% of his free throws in the first half
(*/
of the basketball season. If he makes 7 shots out of the next 13 attempts,
will it help or hurt his average? Explain your reasoning.
31. A baseball stadium manager expects 32. A pattern of equations is shown below.
that 60% of the fans at a game will buy
at least $3.00 in concessions. If there 1% of 100 = 1
are 5,600 fans at a game, which 2% of 50 = 1
4% of 25 = 1
statement does not represent the
8% of 12.5 = 1
manager’s expectation?
16% of 6.25 = 1
A 3,360 fans each will buy at least
$3.00 in concessions. Which statement best describes this
B 2,240 fans each will buy fewer than pattern?
$3.00 in concessions. F If the percent is doubled and the
C More than _
1
of the fans each will whole is doubled, the answer is 1.
2
buy at least $3.00 in concessions. G If the percent is doubled and the
whole is halved, the answer is 1.
D Less than _
2
of the fans each will
5 H If the percent is increased by 2 and
buy fewer than $3.00 in the whole is halved, the answer is 1.
concessions.
J If the percent remains the same and
the whole is halved, the answer is 1.
33. Order the set of numbers _, 16%, and 0.016 from least to greatest. (Lesson 5-2)
1
6
34. LUNCH Forty-eight percent of first period class buys a school lunch. Write
this percent as a fraction in simplest form. (Lesson 5-1)
MEASUREMENT Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if

necessary. (Lesson 4-6)
35. 8 lb ≈ _____
? kg 36. 14 mi ≈ _____
? km
37. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter 24 in.
of the right triangle. (Lesson 3-5)
10 in.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Compute each product mentally. (Lesson 2-3)
38. _1 · 422 39. 639 · _

1
40. 0.1 · 722 41. 0.5 · 680
2 3

5-4 Finding Percents Mentally
Main IDEA
Compute mentally with SCHOOL The table lists
percents. the enrollment at Roosevelt
Middle School by grade level.
Standard 7NS1.3
Convert fractions to 1. 50% of the eighth-grade class
decimals and
percents and use these are girls. How could you find
representations in 50% of 104 mentally?
and applications. 2. Use mental math to find
the number of girls in the
eighth-grade class.
Roosevelt Middle School Enrollment
3. 25% of the sixth-grade class
Grade Level Number of Students
play basketball. Use mental
Sixth 84
math to find the number of
Seventh 93
students in the sixth grade
who play basketball. Eighth 104
When you compute with common percents like 50% or 25%, it may be
easier to use the fraction form of the percent. This number line shows
some fraction-percent equivalents.
0% 12.5% 25% 37.5% 50% 62.5% 75% 87.5% 100%
1 1 3 1 5 3 7
0 1
8 4 8 2 8 4 8
+%9#/.#%04 Percent-Fraction Equivalents
25% = _ 20% = _ _2 _1 _1 _1 _
1 1 1
16 % = 12 % = 10% =
4 5 3 6 2 8 10
Percents and
Fractions Some 50% = _1 40% = _2 _1
33 % = _1 _1
37 % = _3 30% = _
3
percents are used 2 5 3 3 2 8 10
more frequently than
others. So, it is a 75% = _3 60% = _3 _2
66 % = _2 _1
62 % = _5 70% = _
7
good idea to be 4 5 3 3 2 8 10
familiar with these
percents and their 100% = 1 80% = _4 _1
83 % = _5 _1
87 % = _7 90% = _
9
equivalent fractions. 5 3 6 2 8 10
Use Fractions to Compute Mentally

1 Compute 20% of 45 mentally.
20% of 45 = _
1
· 45 or 9 Use the fraction form of 20%, which is . _1
5 5

Stephen Simpson/Getty Images
_
2 Compute 33 1 % of 93 mentally.
3
33_
1
% of 93 = _
1
· 93 or 31 _1
Use the fraction form of 33 %, which is ._1
3 3 3 3
Compute mentally.
b. 12_% of 160
1
a. 25% of 32 c. 80% of 45
2
You can also use decimals to find percents mentally. Remember that
10% = 0.1 and 1% = 0.01.
Use Decimals to Compute Mentally

Compute mentally.
Multiplying by 3 10% of 98 4 1% of 235
Decimals To multiply by
0.1, move the decimal 10% of 98 = 0.1 · 98 or 9.8 1% of 235 = 0.01 · 235 or 2.35
point one place to the
left. To multiply by 0.01,
move the decimal point Compute mentally.
two places to the left.
d. 10% of 65 e. 1% of 450 f. 3% of 22
5 ELECTIONS At Madison Middle School, 60% of the students voted in

an election for student council officers. There are 1,500 students.
How many students voted in the election?
METHOD 1 Use a fraction.

60% of 1,500 = _
3
of 1,500 THINK _1 of 1,500 is 300. So, _3 of 1,500
5 5 5
60% of 1,500 is 900. is 3 · 300 or 900.
Real-World Link METHOD 2 Use a decimal.

In the 2004
presidential election, 60% of 1,500 = 0.6 of 1,500 THINK 0.1 of 1,500 is 150. So, 0.6 of 1,500
about 55% of the is 6 · 150 or 900.
nearly 174.8 million 60% of 1,500 is 900.
registered voters in the
U.S. turned out to vote.
Source: infoplease.com
There were 900 students who voted in the election.
g. TIPPING Alan and his brother ate lunch at the local café. They left a
tip that was 20% of the bill. If the bill was $15.50, how much did
Alan and his brother leave for the tip?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-4 Finding Percents Mentally 269

Patti McConville/ImageState
Examples 1–4 Compute mentally.
2. 33_% of 60 3. 37_% of 72
(pp. 268–269) 1 1
1. 50% of 120
3 2
4. 1% of 52 5. 10% of 350 6. 2% of 630
Example 5 7. BOOKS An author receives a payment, or commission, equal to 25% of the

(p. 269) total sales of her book. Determine the amount of money she will receive if
the total sales are $48,000.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Compute mentally.

10. 12_% of 64 11. 16_% of 54
1 2
For See 8. 25% of 44 9. 50% of 62
2 3
Exercises Examples
14. 66_% of 120 15. 62_% of 160
2 1
8–15 1–2 12. 40% of 35 13. 60% of 15
3 2
16–23 3–4 16. 10% of 57 17. 10% of 125 18. 1% of 81 19. 1% of 28.3
24, 25 5
20. 3% of 130 21. 7% of 210 22. 10% of 17.1 23. 10% of 10.2
24. PEOPLE The average person has about 100,000 hairs on his or her head.
However, people with red hair average only 90% of this number. What is
the average number of hairs on the head of a person with red hair?
25. TRAVEL About 10% of travel trips in the United States include a visit to an
amusement park. If there were 920 million travel trips in the United States,
how many of those included a visit to an amusement park?
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true statement.

26. 66_% of 18 ● 60% of 15
2
27. 1% of 150 ● 10% of 15
3
28. MEASUREMENT The Amazon is the second longest river in the world with a
length of about 4,000 miles. If the longest river in the world, the Nile, is
about 104% of the length of the Amazon, find the length of the Nile River.
BASEBALL For Exercises 29 and 30, use the following information.

The graphic shows the results of a survey asking women 7OMENS)NTERESTIN
about their interest in Major League Baseball. Suppose -AJOR,EAGUE"ASEBALL
1,000 women were surveyed.
29. How many women said they were interested in Major .OT

League Baseball? )NTERESTED )NTERESTED

%842!02!#4)#%
30. How many women said they were not interested
in Major League Baseball?
See pages 689, 712.
31. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on Source: ESPN
Self-Check Quiz at pages 16–19. Choose some data and write a real-world
ca.gr7math.com
problem in which you could mentally compute a percent.

H.O.T. Problems 32. CHALLENGE Find two numbers, a and b, such that 10% of a is the same as
30% of b. Explain your reasoning.
33. OPEN ENDED Suppose you wish to find 33_% of x. List two values of x for
1
3
which you could do the computation mentally. Explain your reasoning.
34. FIND THE ERROR Candace and Pablo are finding 10% of 95. Who is correct?
Justify your choice.
10% of 95 = 0.95
10% of 95 = 9.5
Candace Pablo
35. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to find 75% of 40 mentally.

(*/
36. Allison, Raul, and Theo drove from 37. Etu bought the items listed below.
Austin, Texas, to Los Angeles, How much money did he save if each
California, a distance of 1,224 miles. item was 20% off the regular price?
Allison drove _
1
of the total distance, Item Regular Price ($)
3
Raul drove 40%, and Theo drove the Shirt 19
remainder. How many miles were Ties 9
driven by the person who drove the Belt 8
greatest distance? Shoes 29
A 330.5 C 489.6 F $52 H $24

B 408 D 734.4 G $36 J $13
38. FOOTBALL Eleven of the 48 members of the football team are on the field.
What percent of the team members are on the field? (Lesson 5-3)
Write each fraction as a percent. (Lesson 5-2)
39. _
9
40. _7 41. _
3
42. _2
20 8 500 9
43. MEASUREMENT A snail travels one mile in about 30 hours. At this rate,
how far can a snail travel in 1 day? (Lesson 2-4)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Draw the next three figures in the pattern. (Lesson 2-8)
44.
Lesson 5-4 Finding Percents Mentally 271

(l)Darren Modricker/CORBIS, (r)SW Productions/Getty Images
MAIN IDEA: Determine a reasonable answer.
STANDARD 7MR3.1 Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original situation.
STANDARD 7NS1.3 Convert fractions to decimals and percents and use these representations in estimations,
computations, and applications.
e-Mail: REASONABLE ANSWERS

YOUR MISSION: Determine a reasonable answer to
solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: Will Carla have to pay more or less

than $25?
▲
Carla: Because I work at the Jean Shack,
I can buy a $50 jacket there for 60% of
its price.
EXPLORE You know the cost of the jacket. Carla can buy the jacket for 60% of the price. You
want to know if the jacket will cost more or less than $25.
PLAN Use mental math to determine a reasonable answer.
SOLVE
THINK _
25
= _ or 50%
1
50 2
Since Carla will pay 60% of the cost, she will have to pay more than $25.
CHECK Find 60% of $50.
60% of 50 = _3 of 50
5
Since _ of 50 is 10, _ of 50 is 3 × 10 or 30.
1 3
5 5
Carla will pay $30, which is more than $25.
1. Explain why determining a reasonable answer was an appropriate strategy

for solving the above problem.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why mental math skills are important when
(*/
finding the reasonable answers.

Laura Sifferlin
For Exercises 3–5, determine a reasonable 8. GEOMETRY What percent of the large
answer. rectangle is green?
3. SCHOOL There are 750 students at Monroe
Middle School. If 64% of the students have
IN
purchased yearbooks, would the number of
yearbooks purchased be about 200, 480, or IN IN IN IN IN
700? Explain.
9. CARS Seth is saving to buy a car. He wants
4. MONEY Spencer took $40 to the mall. He to have a down payment of 10% for a car
spent $12.78 at the music store. He wants to that costs $13,000. So far he has saved $850.
buy two items at the bookstore for $7.25 and If he saves $75 each week for the down
$15.78. Does he have enough money with payment, how soon can he buy the car?
him to make these two purchases? Explain.
10. PETS In a recent survey, 44% of students at
5. BABY-SITTING Cameron is paid $8.50 an Davison High School own a cat. If there are
hour to watch his nephew. If he is saving to 1,532 students in the school, is 600, 675, or
buy a new skateboard that costs $325, 715 a reasonable estimate for the number of
should he baby-sit for about 20, 30, or 40 students who own a cat? Explain.
hours? Explain.
11. POPULATION About 12.25% of the people
in the U.S. live in California. If the U.S.
population is about 297,000,000, estimate the
strategies are shown below.
population of California.
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Work backward
.
• Look for a pa tte rn. For Exercises 12 and 13, select the appropriate
6. BAKING Desiree spilled 1_ cups of sugar,
1 12. MEASUREMENT Juanita is designing isosceles
2 triangles for a mosaic. The sides of the larger
which she discarded. She then used half of
the remaining sugar to make cookies. If she triangle are 1_
1
times larger than the sides of
2
had 4_
1
cups left, how much sugar did she the triangle shown. Find the perimeter of
2
have initially? the larger triangle.
7. NUMBER THEORY Study the pattern.

5 cm 5 cm
1×1 =1
6.5 cm
11 × 11 = 121
111 × 111 = 12,321 13. MEASUREMENT The entrance of a new
convention center will need 2.3 × 10 5 square
1111 × 1111 = 1,234,321 feet of ceramic tile. The tiles measure 2 feet
by 2 feet and are sold in boxes of 24. How
Without doing the multiplication, find many boxes of tiles are needed to tile the
1111111 × 1111111. entrance?
Lesson 5-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Reasonable Answers 273

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Write each ratio or fraction as a percent. Write a percent proportion to solve each
(Lesson 5-1) problem. Then solve. Round to the nearest
1. 3 out of 16 2. 8 : 10 tenth if necessary. (Lesson 5-3)
_
13 _
7 12. 63 is what percent of 84?
3. 4.
25 20
13. Find 41% of 700.
5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Fifteen percent 14. 294 is 35% of what number?

of the dogs at a show were Labrador 15. What number is 134% of 62?
retrievers. Which is not true? (Lesson 5-1)
A _
3
of the dogs were Labrador retrievers.
20 16. STANDARDS PRACTICE A study showed
B 15 out of every 100 dogs were Labrador that 37.5% of residents in a certain
retrievers. neighborhood use public transportation. If
C 85% of the dogs were not Labrador there are 168 residents in the neighborhood,
retrievers. which statement is not supported by
D 1 out of every 15 dogs was a Labrador this study? (Lesson 5-3)
retriever. F More than half the residents do not use
public transportation.
Write each decimal or fraction as a G Less than 62.5% of the residents do not
percent. (Lesson 5-2) use public transportation.
6. 0.325 7. _
3
8. _
4
9. 1.72 H 63 residents use public transportation.
200 15
J Less than _
2
of the residents use public
5
10. SCHOOL Santos answered 37 out of 40 transportation.
questions correctly on an English exam.
On the same exam, Chantal scored 87.5% Compute mentally. (Lesson 5-4)
and David correctly answered _
9
of the 17. 25% of 64 18. 1% of 58.5
10
19. 66_% of 45
questions. Which student correctly 2
20. 3% of 600
answered the most questions? (Lesson 5-2) 3
21. HOMEWORK Sean has 192 pages of reading

11. TIME Use the graph below. Does Leah spend to do in the next three days. He wants to
more of her day sleeping or at school? complete 33_
1
% of the reading tonight.
3
Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 5-2)
Compute mentally how many pages Sean
i>½ÃÊ>Þ should read tonight. Explain your
reasoning. (Lesson 5-4)
-V
-ii«} Î
ÎÎ¯ £ä 22. FOOD In one month, the Schaffer family
spent $121.59, $168.54, $98.67, and $141.78
7À -ÌÕ`Þ} on groceries. If their grocery budget is $500
"ÌiÀ £Ç¯ Ó
Î Óx
per month, did they stay within their
Óx budget? Explain. (Lesson 5-5)

5-6 Percent and Estimation
Main IDEA BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com
Estimate by using GEOGRAPHY The total area

equivalent fractions and of Earth is 196,800,000 square OF%ARTH
percents.
miles. The graphic shows the ISLAND
Standard 7NS1.3 percent of the area of Earth

Convert fractions to that is land and the percent
decimals and
percents and use these
that is water. OF%ARTH
representations in ISWATER
1. Round the total area of
Earth to the nearest hundred Source: World Book
and applications.
million square miles.
NEW Vocabulary 2. Round the percent of Earth that is land to the nearest ten percent.
compatible numbers 3. Use mental math to estimate the area of the land on Earth.
When an exact answer is not needed, you can estimate a percent of a

number by using compatible numbers. Compatible numbers are two
numbers that are easy to divide mentally.
Estimate Percents of Numbers

1 Estimate 19% of 30.
READING Math 19% ≈ 20% or _
1
. 5 and 30 are compatible numbers.
5
≈ is approximately equal to _1 of 30 is 6. So, 19% of 30 is about 6.
5
2 25% of 41
25% is _
1
, and 41 is about 40. _1 and 40 are compatible numbers.
4 4
_1 of 40 is 10. So, 25% of 41 is about 10.
4
3 Estimate 65% of 76.

65% ≈ 66_
2
% or _
2
, and 76 is about 75. 3 and 75 are compatible numbers.
3 3
_1 of 75 is 25, and _2 of 75 is 2 · 25 or 50. So, 65% of 76 is about 50.
3 3
Estimate. Justify your answer.

a. 24% of 44 b. 40% of 49 c. 13% of 65
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-6 Percent and Estimation 275

Sometimes estimation provides the best answer to a real-world problem.
4 LEFT–HANDEDNESS About 11% of the population is left-handed. If

there are about 36 million people in California, about how many
Californians are left-handed?
11% of 36 million ≈ 10% or _
1
of 36 million 11% is about 10%.
10
= 3.6 million _
1
× 36 = 3.6
10
So, about 3.6 million Californians are left-handed.
d. MONEY A circulating $5 bill in the United States lasts about 22% as

long as a $100 bill. If a $100 bill lasts nine years, estimate how long
a $5 bill lasts.
You can use similar techniques to estimate a percent.
Estimate Percents
Estimate each percent.
5 8 out of 25
_
8
≈_
8
or _
1
25 is close to 24.
25 24 3
_1 = 33_1 %
3 3
So, 8 out of 25 is about 33_
1
%.
3
6 14 out of 25
Estimation When
_
14
≈_
15
or _
3
14 is close to 15.
estimating, estimate 25 25 5
so that you change _3 = 60%
the ratio the least. 5
So, 14 out of 25 is about 60%.
7 89 out of 121
_
89
≈_
90
or _
3
89 is close to 90, and 121 is close to 120.
121 120 4
_ = 75%
3
4
So, 89 out of 121 is about 75%.
Estimate each percent. Justify your answer.

e. 7 out of 57 f. 9 out of 25 g. 7 out of 79

Examples 1–3 Estimate.
2. 66_% of 20
(p. 275) 2
1. 49% of 160 3. 73% of 65
3
Example 4 4. SCHOOL Math is the favorite subject of about 28% of students, according to
(p. 276) a recent study. If there are 30 students in your class, estimate the number of
students who would pick math as their favorite subject.
Examples 5–7 Estimate each percent.

(p. 276)
5. 6 out of 35 6. 8 out of 79 7. 14 out of 19
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Estimate.

For See 8. 29% of 50 9. 67% of 93 10. 20% of 76 11. 25% of 63
Exercises Examples 12. 21% of 71 13. 92% of 41 14. 48% of 159 15. 73% of 81
8–15 1–3
16–23 5–7 Estimate each percent.
24–25 4
16. 7 out of 29 17. 6 out of 59 18. 2 out of 15 19. 5 out of 36
20. 8 out of 23 21. 7 out of 11 22. 4 out of 21 23. 9 out of 55
24. MEASUREMENT The length of an object, in inches, is about 39% of its

length in centimeters. Estimate the length, in inches, of an object
50 centimeters long.
25. SPORTS A place kicker made 73% of his field goal attempts last season. If he
had 46 attempts, estimate the number of field goals that he made.
26. ANIMALS In 2003, 1,072 species of animals were endangered or threatened.

Of these species, 342 were mammals. Estimate the percent of endangered or
threatened animals that were mammals.
27. ANALYZE TABLES Estimate the percent of the

population of each state that lives in each city.
Then determine which city has the greatest
percent of its state’s population.
2003 Population
City Entire State
City
Population Population
New York, NY 8,085,742 19,190,115
%842!02!#4)#% Los Angeles, CA 3,819,951 35,484,453
See pages 690, 712. Chicago, IL 2,869,121 12,653,544

Source: World Almanac
Self-Check Quiz at Estimate.

ca.gr7math.com
28. 26.5% of 123 29. 124% of 41 30. 249% of 119
Lesson 5-6 Percent and Estimation 277

Purestock/SuperStock
H.O.T. Problems 31. NUMBER SENSE Use mental math to determine which is greater: 24% of 240
or 51% of 120. Explain your reasoning.
CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement about estimating percents of

numbers is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain.
32. If both the percent and the number are rounded up, the estimate will be
greater than the actual answer.
33. If the percent is rounded up and the number is rounded down, the estimate
will be greater than the actual answer.
34. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how you could use fractions and compatible
(*/
numbers to estimate 26% of $98.98.
35. Rick took his father to dinner for 36. There are 150 students who participate
his birthday. When the bill came, in athletics at Southland High School.
Rick’s father reminded him that it is If there are 325 total students, about
customary to tip the server 15% of the what part of the student body
bill. If the bill was $19.60 and Rick participates in athletics?
estimated the tip to be $3, which of the F 40%
following shows his method of
G 45%
estimation?
H 50%
A 15% of $19.60 ≈ 15% of $15.
J 55%
B 15% of $19.60 ≈ 10% of $20.
C 15% of $19.60 ≈ 20% of $20.
D 15% of $19.60 ≈ 15% of $20.
37. LIFE EXPECTANCY The average life expectancy in the United States is about
77 years of age. In 1901, the average life expectancy was about 63% of this
number. Would 30, 48, or 60 years of age be a reasonable life expectancy
for the year 1901? Explain. (Lesson 5-5)
38. BUSES Of the 840 students at Moyer Middle School, 75% ride the bus. Use
mental math to find the number of students who ride the bus. (Lesson 5-4)
39. SEATING A teacher would like to make a square seating chart. If there are
25 students in the class, how many students should be in each row?
(Lesson 3-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. (Lesson 2-7)
40. 0.2a = 7 41. 20s = 8 42. 0.35t = 140 43. 30n = 3

5-7 Algebra: The
Percent Equation
Main IDEA
Solve problems using a GEOGRAPHY The approximate area of New York
percent equation. is 55,000 square miles. Of this area, 13% is water.
Standard 7NS1.3 Total Area (sq mi) Percent of Area Occupied by Water
Convert fractions to 55,000 13%
decimals and
percents and use these Source: infoplease.com
representations in 1. Use a percent proportion to find the area of water in New York.
and applications. 2. Express the percent for New York as a decimal. Multiply the total
Standard 7NS1.7
Solve problems that involve area of New York by this decimal.
discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and 3. How are the answers for Exercises 1 and 2 related?
compute simple and
compound interest.
A percent equation is an equivalent form of a percent proportion in

NEW Vocabulary which the percent is written as a decimal.
percent equation
part
_ = percent The percent is written as a decimal.
whole
part
_
REVIEW Vocabulary · whole = percent · whole Multiply each side by the whole.
whole
equation a mathematical
sentence that contains part = percent · whole This form is called the percent equation.
two expressions separated
by an equals sign (Lesson 1-2)
Find the Part

1 Find 6% of 525.
Estimate 1% of 500 is 5. So, 6% of 500 is 6 · 5 or 30.
The percent is 6. The whole is 525. You need to find the part.
Let p represent the part.
part = percent · whole
p = 0.06 · 525 Write the percent equation. Note that the percent
has been written as a decimal.
p = 31.5 Multiply.
Check for Reasonableness 31.5 ≈ 30 ✓
Write a percent equation to solve each problem. Then solve. Round

a. What number is 35% of 88? b. Find 15% of 275.
Lesson 5-7 Algebra: The Percent Equation 279

David Muench/CORBIS
In some instances the percent or the whole are unknown. Solve the
percent equation for the missing value.
Find the Percent

Decimals and Estimate
_
420
≈ _ or 66 _%
400 2
600 600 3
Percents
When finding the The part is 420. The whole is 600. You need to find the percent.
percent, be sure to Let n represent the percent.
place the decimal
point correctly when part = percent · whole
writing your answer.
420 = n · 600 Write the percent equation.
_
420 _
= n · 600 Divide each side by 600.
600 600
0.7 = n Simplify.
Since 0.7 = 70%, 420 is 70% of 600. Note that the answer, a decimal,
must be converted to a percent.
Check for Reasonableness 70% ≈ 66_% ✓
2
3

c. 62 is what percent of 186? d. What percent of 750 is 6?
Find the Whole

3 65 is 52% of what number?
Estimate 65 is 50% of 130.
The part is 65. The percent is 52. You need to find the whole.
Let w represent the whole.
65 = 0.52 · w Write the percent equation. Note that the percent

has been written as a decimal.
_
65
=_
0.52w
Divide each side by 0.52.
0.52 0.52
125 = w Simplify.
So, 65 is 52% of 125.
Check for Reasonableness 125 ≈ 130 ✓

e. 210 is 75% of what number? f. 54 is 18% of what number?

#/.#%043UMMARY The Percent Equation
Type Example Equation
Find the Part What number is 25% of 60? p = 0.25(60)
Find the Percent 15 is what percent of 60? 15 = n(60)
Find the Whole 15 is 25% of what number? 15 = 0.25w
4 SALES TAX A television costs $350. If a 7% sales tax is added, what is

the total cost of the television?
METHOD 1 Find the amount of tax first.

The whole is $350. The percent is 7%. You need to find the amount
of the tax, or the part. Let t represent the amount of tax.
Real-World Link
State sales tax rates
t = 0.07 · 350 Write the percent equation, writing 7% as a decimal.
range from 0% in t = 24.5 Multiply.
Alaska, Delaware,
Montana, New The tax is $24.50. The total cost of the television is $350.00 + $24.50
Hampshire, and
Oregon, to 7.25%
or $374.50.
in California.
Source:
www.taxadmin.org
METHOD 2 Find the total percent first.
Find 100% + 7% or 107% of $350 to find the total cost, including tax.
Let t represent the total cost.
t = 1.07 · 350 Write the percent equation, writing 107% as a decimal.

t = 374.5 Multiply.
The total cost of the television is $374.50.
g. PROFIT Mrs. Dunn bought a house for $275,000. Three years

later, she sold it for a 35% profit. What was the sale price of
the house?
h. PAYCHECKS Paige earned $250 before taxes working at a movie
theater. If 23% of her pay is withheld for taxes, how much is her
take-home pay?

Juan Silva/Getty Images
Examples 1–3 Solve each problem using a percent equation.
(pp. 279–280)
1. Find 85% of 920. 2. What number is 4% of 30?
3. 25 is what percent of 625? 4. What percent of 800 is 2?
5. 680 is 34% of what number? 6. 25% of what number is 10?
Example 4 7. PROFIT A dealership sets car prices so that there is a 40% profit. If the
(p. 281) dealership paid $5,300 for a car, for how much should they sell the car?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each problem using a percent equation.

For See 8. Find 60% of 30. 9. What is 40% of 90?
Exercises Examples 10. What percent of 90 is 36? 11. 45 is what percent of 150?
8, 9, 14, 15 1
12. 75 is 50% of what number? 13. 15% of what number is 30?
10, 11,
16, 17 2 14. What number is 13% of 52? 15. Find 24% of 84.
12, 13,
18, 19 3 16. 6 is what percent of 3,000? 17. What percent of 5,000 is 6?
20–23 4 18. 3% of what number is 9? 19. 50 is 10% of what number?
20. CLOTHING A sweater costs $45. If a 6.5% sales tax is added, what is the total
cost of the sweater?
21. FUEL MILEAGE A car can travel 32 miles per gallon of gasoline. When the
tires are under-inflated, the car gets 15% fewer miles per gallon. What is the
fuel mileage of the car with under-inflated tires?
22. REAL ESTATE A commission is a fee paid to a salesperson based on a percent
of sales. Suppose a real estate agent earns a 3% commission. How much
commission would be earned on the sale of a $150,000 house?
23. BASKETBALL In a recent National Basketball Association season, LeBron
James made about 47.18% of his field-goal attempts. If he made 386 field
goals, about how many attempts did he make?
24. MUSEUMS Which museum uses the greater percent of its area for exhibits?
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 690, 712.
Guggenheim Museum in New York Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

Self-Check Quiz at
Total area: 79,600 square feet Total area: 257,000 square feet
ca.gr7math.com
Exhibition space: 49,600 square feet Exhibition space: 110,000 square feet

(l)R. Kord/Robertstock.com, (r)Steve Vidler/SuperStock
Solve each problem using a percent equation.
25. Find 6_% of 150.
1
26. 360 is what percent of 270?
4
H.O.T. Problems 27. CHALLENGE Determine whether a% of b is sometimes, always, or never equal
to b% of a. Explain your reasoning.
28. CHALLENGE Mrs. McGary budgeted a certain amount of money for new
shoes. Before she could buy them, there was a 20% increase in price. She
waited for a month, and the store discounted the shoes 20%. She bought
the shoes, thinking that they would cost less than the original price. Was
she correct? Explain your reasoning.
29. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain, using an example, how a 5% discount plus
(*/
5% sales tax on an item does not result in the original price of the item.
30. Mr. Dempsey receives a 7% 31. Shirley purchased an antique dresser

commission for every appliance he for $350. She restored the dresser and
sells. If he sells a refrigerator for sold it for a 50% profit. For how much
$1,299, what is his commission? did Shirley sell the dresser?
A $9.09 C $92.93 F $175 H $525
B $90.93 D $909.30 G $367.50 J $700
32. FOOTBALL A quarterback completed 19 out of 30 attempts to pass the

football. Estimate his percent of completion. (Lesson 5-5)
Compute mentally. (Lesson 5-4)
33. 20% of $200 34. 62.5% of 96 35. 75% of 84 36. 6% of 150
GEOMETRY Find the distance between each pair of points. Round to the nearest tenth, if
37. S(2, 3), T(0, 6) 38. E(-1, 1), F(3, -2) 39. W(4, -6), V(-3, -5)
40. WEATHER Ruben read that the low temperature for the day was expected to be -5°F
and the high temperature was expected to be 8°F. What was the difference in the
expected high and low temperatures? (Lesson 1-5)
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if f = -9, g = -6, and h = 8. (Lesson 1-2)
41. -5fg 42. 2gh 43. -10fh
44. ⎪17 - 24⎥ 45. ⎪340 - 253⎥ 46. ⎪531 - 487⎥ 47. ⎪352 - 581⎥

5-8 Percent of Change
Main IDEA
Find and use the percent MONEY MATTERS Over the years, some prices increase. Study the
of increase or decrease. change in gasoline prices from 1930 to 1960.
Standard Price of a Gallon of Gasoline
7NS1.6 Calculate
the percentage of Year Price (¢)
increases and decreases 1930 10
of a quantity.
Standard 7NS1.7 1940 15
Solve problems that involve 1950 20
discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and 1960 25
compute simple and Source: Senior Living
compound interest.
1. How much did the price increase from 1930 to 1940?

NEW Vocabulary
2. Write the ratio __. Then write the ratio as a percent.
amount of increase
percent of change price in 1930
percent of increase
3. How much did the price increase from 1940 to 1950? Write the
percent of decrease
markup ratio __
amount of increase
. Then write the ratio as a percent.
price in 1940
selling price
discount 4. How much did the price increase from 1950 to 1960? Write the
ratio __
amount of increase
. Then write the ratio as a percent.
price in 1950
5. MAKE A CONJECTURE Why are the amounts of increase the same but
the percents different?
The percent that an amount changes from its original amount is called
the percent of change.
+%9#/.#%04 Percent of Change
Words A percent of change is a ratio that compares the change in

quantity to the original amount.
Symbols percent of change = __

amount of change
original amount
To find the percent of change, do the following:

Step 1 Subtract to find the amount of change.
Step 2 Write the ratio __

amount of change
as a decimal.
original amount
Step 3 Write the decimal as a percent.

Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS
When the new amount is greater than the original, the percent of change
is a percent of increase. When the new amount is less than the original,
the percent of change is called a percent of decrease.
Find Percent of Change

1 CLUBS The Science Club had 25 members. Now it has 30 members.
Percent of Change Find the percent of change. State whether the change is an increase
When finding percent or decrease.
of change, always
use the original Step 1 The amount of change is 30 - 25 or 5.
amount as the
whole. amount of change
percent of __ Definition of
Step 2 change = original amount percent of change
=_
5 The amount of change is 5.
25 The original amount is 25.
= 0.2 Divide.
Step 3 The decimal 0.2 written as a percent is 20%. So, the percent
of change is 20%.
Since the new number of members is greater than the original, it is a

percent of increase.
2 COMIC BOOKS Consuela had 20 comic books. She gave some to her
friend. Now she has 13 comic books. Find the percent of change.
State whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
Step 1 The amount of change is 20 - 13 or 7.
amount of change
percent of = __ Definition of
Step 2
change original amount percent of change
=_
7 The amount of change is 7.
20 The original amount is 20.
= 0.35 Divide.
Real-World Link
In 1940, the average
comic book sold for Step 3 The decimal 0.35 written as a percent is 35%. So, the
$0.10, but today it is percent of change is 35%.
worth more than $700.
That’s a 6,999% The new amount is less than the original. It is a percent of decrease.
increase in value!
Source: antiqueweb.com
Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if

necessary. State whether the percent of change is an increase
or a decrease.
a. original: 6 hours b. original: 80 water bottles
new: 10 hours new: 55 water bottles
c. original: 15 meters d. original: 1.25 hours
new: 6 meters new: 3.5 hours
Lesson 5-8 Percent of Change 285

Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS
A store sells an item for more than it paid for that item. The extra money
is used to cover the expenses and to make a profit. The increase in the
price is called the markup. The percent of markup is a percent of
increase. The amount the customer pays is called the selling price.
Find the Selling Price

3 MARKETING Shonny is selling some embroidered jackets on a Web
site. She wants to price the jackets 25% over her cost, which is $35.
Find the selling price for a jacket.
METHOD 1 Find the amount of the markup first.

Check for The whole is $35. The percent is 25. You need to find the amount
Reasonableness
To estimate the of the markup, or the part. Let m represent the amount of
selling price, think the markup.
25% of 35 is about _
1
4 part = percent · whole
of 36 or 9. The selling
price should be m = 0.25 · 35 Write the percent equation.
about $35 + $9, or
$44. m = 8.75 Multiply.
Add the markup $8.75 to Shonny’s cost $35 to find the selling price.
$35 + $8.75 = $43.75
METHOD 2 Find the total percent first.

The customer will pay 100% of Shonny’s cost plus an extra 25% of
the cost. Find 100% + 25% or 125% of Shonny’s cost. Let p represent
the price.
p = 1.25 · 35 Write the percent equation.

p = 43.75 Multiply.
The selling price of the jacket is $43.75.
Find the selling price for each item given the percent of markup.
e. digital camera: $120, f. sunglasses: $7,
55% markup 30% markup
g. SHIPPING Cheng-Yu ordered a book that cost $24 from an online

store. Her total with the shipping charge was $27. What was the
percent of markup charged for shipping?
The amount by which a regular price is reduced is called the discount.

The percent of change is a percent of decrease.

Find the Sale Price
4 SHOPPING The Sport Chalet is having a sale. A snowboard has an
original price of $95. It is on sale for 35% off the original price. Find
the sale price of the snowboard.
METHOD 1 Find the amount of the discount first.

The percent is 35, and the whole is 95. We need to find the amount
of the discount, or the part. Let d represent the amount of discount.
d = 0.35 · 95 Write the percent equation.

d = 33.25 Multiply.
Subtract the amount of the discount from the original price to find
the sale price. $95 - $33.25 = $61.75.
Real-World Link
Snowboarding is one
of the fastest growing
sports with over 7.2
METHOD 2 Find the percent paid first.
million participants. If the amount of the discount is 35%, the percent paid is 100% - 35%
Source: about.com
or 65%. Find 65% of $95. Let s represent the sale price.
s = 0.65 · 95 Write the percent equation.

s = 61.75 Multiply.
The sale price of the snowboard is $61.75.
Find the sale price of each item to the nearest cent.

h. CD: $14.50, 10% off i. sweater: $39.95, 25% off
Examples 1–2 Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. State
(p. 285) whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
1. original: $40 2. original: 25 CDs 3. original: 325 miles
new: $32 new: 32 CDs new: 400 miles
Example 3 Find the selling price for each item given the percent of markup.
(p. 286)
4. roller blades: $60, 35% markup 5. coat: $87, 33% markup
Example 4 6. BICYCLES Find the sale price of a bicycle that is regularly $140 and is on sale
(p. 287) for 40% off the original price.

blickwinkel/Alamy Images
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. State
whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
For See
Exercises Examples 7. original: 6 tickets 8. original: 27 guests 9. original: $80
7–14 1, 2 new: 9 tickets new: 39 guests new: $64
15–18 3 10. original: $560 11. original: 68°F 12. original: 150 e-mails
19–22 4 new: $420 new: 51°F new: 98 e-mails
13. TELEVISION On Tuesday night, 17.8 million households watched a popular

television show. On Wednesday night, 16.6 million households watched the
same show. Find the percent of decrease in the number of households
watching the show from Tuesday to Wednesday.
14. STOCK Patrice invested $300 into a particular stock. The amount doubled
within a few weeks. Find the percent of increase.
Find the selling price for each item given the cost to the store and the
markup.
15. computer: $700, 30% markup 16. CD player: $120, 20% markup
17. jeans: $25, 45% markup 18. baseball cap: $12, 48% markup
Find the sale price of each item to the nearest cent.

19. video game: $75, 25% off 20. trampoline: $399, 15% off
21. skateboard: $119.95, 30% off 22. earrings: $19.50, 35% off
23. INTERNET An Internet service provider offers connection speed that is 35%
faster than dial-up. If it takes Brad 8 seconds to connect to the Internet
using dial-up, how long would it take using this provider?
24. ANIMALS At birth, a giraffe was 62 inches tall and grew at the highly
unusual rate of 0.5 inch per hour. By what percent did the height of the
giraffe increase in the first 24 hours?
would need to find the percent of change.
26. BUSINESS The table gives the price of milk for Price of a Gallon of Milk
various years. During which ten-year period Year Price ($)
did the price of milk have the greatest percent
1970 1.23
of increase?
1980 1.60
%842!02!#4)#% 1990 2.15
27. ALGEBRA Students receive a 20% discount
See pages 690, 712. off the price of an adult ticket at the theater. 2000 2.78
If a student ticket is $6.80, find the price of Source: Senior Living
Self-Check Quiz at an adult ticket. (Hint: Let p represent the
ca.gr7math.com
part and p + 6.80 represent the whole.)

H.O.T. Problems 28. CHALLENGE Blake bought a computer listed for $x at a 15% discount. He
also paid a 5% sales tax. After 6 months, he decided to sell the computer for
$y, which was 55% of what he paid originally. Express y in terms of x.
29. FIND THE ERROR Jared and Sidney are solving the following problem:
The price of a school play ticket rose from $5.75 to $6.25. What is the percent of
increase for the price of a ticket? Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.
percent 0.50
of change = 5.75
_
= 0.087 or 8.7%
percent _
0.50
of change = 6.25
= 0.08 or 8%
Jared Sidney
30. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write and solve a real-world problem involving a 25%
(*/
increase or decrease in some quantity.
31. A television originally cost $1,250. 32. Grace and her two brothers shared the
Samuel bought it at 30% off. How cost of a new video game system
much was deducted from the original equally. The original price of the
amount? system was $179. They received a 15%
A $875 discount off the original price and paid
7.5% sales tax on the discounted price.
B $675
Find the approximate amount that
C $425 each paid for the video game system.
D $375 F $51 H $60
G $55 J $66
33. TAXES An average of 40% of the cost of gasoline goes to state and federal
taxes. If gasoline sells for $2.15 per gallon, how much goes to taxes? (Lesson 5-7)
Estimate. (Lesson 5-6)
34. 21% of 60 35. 25% of 83 36. 12% of 31 37. 34% of 95
Express each rate as a unit rate. (Lesson 4-1)
38. $36 in 3 hours 39. 1.5 inches of rain in 5 months
40. 45 = 300 · a · 3 41. 24 = 200 · 0.04 · y 42. 21 = 60 · m · 5

First Light
5-9 Simple Interest
Main IDEA
Solve problems involving COLLEGE SAVINGS
simple interest.
Rates for Investments
Hector received $1,000
from his grandparents. 5
Standard 4.5 4.45%
7NS1.7 Solve He plans to save it for
4
problems that college expenses. The 3.25%
Rate as a Percent
3.5
involve discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and
graph shows rates for 3 2.5%
compute simple and various investments 2.5
compound interest. for one year. 2
1.5
1. If Hector puts his 1
NEW Vocabulary
money in a savings 0.5
interest account, he will 0
principal
receive 2.5% of $1,000 Savings Money Certificate of
Market Deposit (CD)
in interest for one
Type of Investment
year. Find the interest
Hector will receive.
2. Compare the interest Hector can receive in one year from a money
market and from a certificate of deposit.
Interest is the amount of money paid or earned for the use of money.
For a savings account, you earn interest from the bank. For a credit card,
you pay interest to the bank. To solve problems involving simple
interest, use the following formula.
Interest is the amount of The annual interest rate is
money paid or earned. expressed as a decimal.
I = prt
The principal is the amount of The time is written in years.
money invested or borrowed.
Find Simple Interest

1 Find the simple interest for $500 invested at 6.25% for 3 years.
I = prt Write the simple interest formula.
Reading Math
I = prt is read I = 500 · 0.0625 · 3 Replace p with 500, r with 0.0625, and t with 3.
interest equals
principal times rate I = 93.75 The simple interest is $93.75.
times time.
Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.

a. $400 at 3.67% for 2 years b. $770 at 16% for 6 months

Find the Total Amount
2 What is the total amount of money in dollars in an account where
$95 is invested at a simple interest rate of 7.5% for 8 months?
A $152.50 B $152 C $142.50 D $99.75
Read the Item

You need to find the total amount in an account.
Converting Units Solve the Item
When using the
formula I = prt, I = prt Simple interest formula
remember that time is
in years. Eight months I = 95 · 0.075 · _
2
p = 95, r = 0.075, t = _2
3 3
is _ or _ year.
8 2
12 3 I = 4.75 Simplify.
The amount in the account is 95 + 4.75 or $99.75.
The answer is D.
c. What is the total amount of money owed on a credit card with a

balance of $1,500 at a simple interest rate of 22% after 1 month?
F $1,502.75 G $1,527.50 H $1,533 J $1,830
Find the Interest Rate

3 CAR SALES Tonya borrowed $3,600 to buy a used car. She will be
paying $131.50 each month for the next 36 months. Find the simple
interest rate for her loan.
Use the formula I = prt. First find the total that Tonya will pay.
$131.50 · 36 = $4,734
She will pay $4,734 - $3,600 or $1,134 in interest. So, I = 1,134.
Real-World Career The principal is $3,600. So, p = 3,600.
How Does a Car The loan will be for 36 months or 3 years. So, t = 3.
Salesperson Use Math?
A car salesperson must I = prt Write the simple interest formula.
calculate the price of a
car including any 1,134 = 3,600 · r · 3 Replace I with 1,134, p with 3,600, and t with 3.
discounts, dealer
preparation cost, and
1,134 = 10,800r Simplify.
state taxes. They may 1,134 10,800r
also help customers by
_ =_ Divide each side by 10,800.
determining the amount
10,800 10,800
of their car payments. 0.105 = r The simple interest rate is 0.105 or 10.5%.

go to ca.gr7math.com
d. SAVINGS BOND Louie purchased a $200 savings bond. After 5 years,
it is worth $232.50. Find the simple interest rate for his bond.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-9 Simple Interest 291

Aaron Haupt
Example 1 Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.
(p. 290)
1. $300 at 7.5% for 5 years 2. $230 at 12% for 8 months
Example 2 Find the total amount in each account to the nearest cent.
(p. 291)
3. $660 at 5.25% for 2 years 4. $385 at 12.6% for 9 months
5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Nina invested $100 in a savings account for

4 years. Find the total amount in her account if it earns a simple
interest of 2.75%.
A $109 B $110 C $111 D $112
6. LOANS Jose’s brother paid off his $5,000 student loan in 1_ years. If he paid
1
Example 3
(p. 291)
2
a total of $5,225, what was the simple interest rate for the loan?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.

For See 7. $250 at 6% for 3 years 8. $725 at 4.5% for 4 years
Exercises Examples 9. $834 at 7.25% for 2 months 10. $3,070 at 8.65% for 24 months
7–10 1
11–14 2 Find the total amount in each account to the nearest cent.
15, 16 3 11. $2,250 at 5% for 3 years 12. $5,060 at 7.2% for 5 years
13. $575 at 4.25% for 6 months 14. $950 at 7.85% for 10 months
15. INVESTMENTS Over the summer, Booker earned $1,200, which he invested
in stocks that increased in value to $1,335 in only 9 months. Find the simple
interest rate for the investment.
16. HOUSING The prices of a ranch in Levittown, Year Price ($)
New York, are given at the right. Determine the 1947 9,500
simple interest rate for the investment of a
2007 280,000
ranch in Levittown from 1947 to 2007.
17. CARS Felicia took out a 5-year loan for $15,000 to buy a car. If the simple
interest rate was 11%, how much total will she pay including interest?
Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.
18. $1,000 at 7_% for 30 months 19 $5,200 at 13_% for 1_ years
1 1 1
2 5 2
20. CREDIT CARDS The balance on a credit card was $500. Mr. Cook paid the
minimum monthly payment of $25. The remaining balance was charged
a simple interest rate of 18%. If no additional purchases were made, what
%842!02!#4)#% was the balance the next month?
See pages 691, 712.
21. HOUSING The Turners need to borrow $100,000 to purchase a home. The
credit union is offering a 30-year mortgage loan at 5.38% interest while the
Self-Check Quiz at community bank has a 25-year mortgage loan at 6.12% interest. Assuming
ca.gr7math.com
simple interest, which loan will result in less total interest?

H.O.T. Problems 22. CHALLENGE What will be the monthly payments on a loan of $25,000 at
9% interest so that it will be paid off in 15 years? How much will the total
interest be?
23. OPEN ENDED Give a principal and interest rate where the amount of simple
interest earned in two years would be $50. Justify your answer.
24. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain what each variable in the simple interest
(*/
formula represents.
25. Mr. and Mrs. Owens placed $1,500 in a 26. Dave borrowed $4,000 at 9% simple
college savings account with a simple interest for one year. He made no
interest rate of 4% when Lauren was payments during that year. How
born. How much will be in the account much interest is owed at the end of
in 18 years when Lauren is ready to go the year?
to college? Assume no more deposits F $90
or withdrawals were made.
G $180
A $1,080
H $270
B $2,580
J $360
C $10,800
D $12,300
27. SALES What is the sale price of a $200 cell phone on sale at 10% off the
regular price? (Lesson 5-8)
Solve each problem using a percent equation. (Lesson 5-7)
28. What percent of 70 is 17.5? 29. 18 is 30% of what number?
30. HEALTH Shashawn’s heart beats 18 times in 15 seconds. Write and solve a
proportion to determine how many times her heart beats in 1 minute or
60 seconds. (Lesson 4-3)
31. Express 0.000084 in scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)
Math and Art

It’s a Masterpiece It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data you
have gathered about your artist and the Golden Ratio to prepare a Web page or poster.
Be sure to include your reports and calculations with your project.
Lesson 5-9 Simple Interest 293

Spreadsheet Lab
Extend
5-9 Compound Interest
Simple interest, which you studied in Lesson 5-9, is paid only on the
Main IDEA initial principal of a savings account or a loan. Compound interest is
Find compound interest. paid on the initial principal and on interest earned in the past. You can
use a spreadsheet to investigate the growth of compound interest.
Standard
7NS1.7 Solve
problems that
involve discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and
compute simple and
SAVINGS Find the value of a $2,000 savings account after four years
compound interest. if the account pays 8% interest compounded semiannually.
Standard 7MR2.2 Apply
strategies and results from 8% interest compounded semiannually means that the interest is paid
simpler problems to more twice a year. The interest rate is 8% ÷ 2 or 4% for each 6 months.
complex problems.
#OMPOUND)NTERESTXLS
NEW Vocabulary ! " # $
compound interest 2ATE

The interest rate is entered 0RINCIPAL )NTEREST .EW0RINCIPAL 4IME92
as a decimal.

The spreadsheet evaluates
the formula A4 × B1.

The interest is added to the
principal every 6 months.
The spreadsheet evaluates
the formula A4 + B4.

3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
The value of the savings account after four years is $2,737.14.
EXERCISES
1. Use a spreadsheet to find the value of a savings account if $2,000 is
invested for four years at 8% interest compounded quarterly.
2. Suppose you leave $1,000 in each of three bank accounts paying 6%
interest per year. One account pays simple interest, one pays interest
compounded semiannually, and one pays interest compounded
quarterly. Use a spreadsheet to find the amount of money in each
account after three years.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE How does the amount of interest change if the
compounding occurs more frequently? Explain your reasoning.

APTER
CH
Study Guide
5 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
compatible numbers percent of change (p. 284)
Be sure the following (p. 275) percent of decrease (p. 285)
Key Concepts are noted 0ERCENT
compound interest (p. 294) percent equation (p. 279)
in your Foldable.
discount (p. 286) percent of increase (p. 285)
interest (p. 290) percent proportion (p. 263)
Key Concepts markup (p. 286) principal (p. 290)
Percent (Lessons 5-1 and 5-2) percent (p. 252) selling price (p. 286)
• A percent is a ratio that compares a number
to 100.
• To write a percent as a decimal, divide by 100
and remove the percent symbol.
• To write a decimal as a percent, multiply by 100 Vocabulary Check
and add the percent symbol.
Choose the correct term or numbers to
complete each sentence.
Percent Proportion (Lesson 5-3)
• A percent proportion is _
part
= percent, where 1. A (proportion, percent) is a ratio that
whole compares a number to 100.
the percent is written as a fraction.
2. (Percents, Compatible numbers) are
Percent–Fraction Equivalents numbers that are easy to divide mentally.
25% = _ 50% = _ 75% = _
1 1 3
100% = 1 3. A (markup, discount) is an increase in
4 2 4
20% = _ 40% = _ 60% = _ _4

1 2 3 price.
80% =
5 5 5 5
4. 25% of 16 is (4, 40).
16 % = _
_ 33 % = _
_ 66 % = _
_ 83 % = _
_
2 1 1 1 2 2 1 5
3 6 3 3 3 3 3 6 5. The (interest, principal) is the amount
_
1
12 % = _
1 _
1
37 % = _
3 _
1
62 % = _
5 _
1
87 % = _7 borrowed.
2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8
6. In the proportion _ = _, the (part,
6 120
10% = _
1
30% = _
3
70% = _
7
90% = _9
5 100
10 10 10 10 whole) is 6.
7. A (markup, discount) is a decrease in
Percent Equation (Lesson 5-7) price.
• A percent equation is part = percent · whole,
8. The interest formula is (I = prt, p = Irt).
where the percent is written as a decimal.
9. The number 0.015 written as a percent is
Percent of Change (Lesson 5-8) (0.15%, 1.5%).
• A percent of change is a ratio that compares the 10. The (interest, principal) is the money paid
change in quantity to the original amount. for the use of money.

APTER
CH
5-1 Ratios and Percents (pp. 252–255)
Write each ratio or fraction as a percent. Example 1 _

Write 1 as a percent.
4
11. _4 12. 16.5 out of 100 × 25
5
_1 = _
25
So, _
1
= 25%.
13. WEATHER There is a 1 in 5 chance of 4 100 4
rain tomorrow. Write this as a percent. × 25
Example 2 Write 35% as a fraction in

Write each percent as a fraction in
simplest form.
simplest form.
35% = _
35
or _
7
14. 90% 15. 120% 100 20
5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents (pp. 256–261)
Write each percent as a decimal. Example 3 Write 24% as a decimal.

16. 4.3% 17. 147% 18. 0.7% 24% = 24% Divide by 100 and remove
= 0.24 the percent symbol.
19. 0.7 20. 0.015 21. 2.55 Example 4 Write 0.04 as a percent.
Write each fraction as a percent. 0.04 = 0.04 Multiply by 100 and add the
_
3 _
24 _1 = 4% percent symbol.
22. 23. 24.
40 25 6
Example 5 _
Write 9 as a percent.
25
25. CELL PHONES Adam used _ of his total
7
8
_
9
= 0.36 Write as a decimal.
25
monthly minutes while Andrea used
= 36% Change the decimal to percent.
88%. Which friend used the greater
part of his or her minutes?
5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion (pp. 263–267)
Write a percent proportion and solve each Example 6 18 is what percent of 27?
problem. Round to the nearest tenth if The whole is 27, and the part is 18. Let n
necessary. represent the percent.
26. 15 is 30% of what number? _
18
= _
n
Percent proportion
27 100
27. Find 45% of 18.
18 · 100 = 27 · n Find the cross products.
1,800 = 27n Multiply.
29. SCHOOL A band charges $3,000 and _
1,800
= _
27n
requires a 20% deposit to play at a 27 27
school. How much money does the 66.7 ≈ n Simplify.
school need for the deposit? So, 18 is 66.7% of 27.

see page 712.
5-4 Finding Percents Mentally (pp. 268–271)
Compute mentally. Example 7 Compute 50% of 42

30. 90% of 100 31. 10% of 18.3 mentally.
32. 66_
2
% of 24 33. 6% of 200 50% of 42 = _
1
of 42 or 21 50% = _1
2 2
3
34. ANIMALS Compute mentally the
number of hours a day a Koala bear
sleeps if it spends 83_
1
% of a day asleep.
3
5-5 PSI: Reasonable Answers (pp. 272–273)
Determine a reasonable answer. Example 8 Philip’s flight departed at

9:10 A.M. and arrived at 3:15 P.M., Eastern
35. ECOLOGY In a survey of 1,413
Standard Time. While in flight, Philip
consumers, 6% said they would be
checked his watch and estimated that he
willing to pay more for recycled
had completed about 63% of the trip. Is
products in order to protect the
11 A.M., 12 P.M., or 1 P.M. a reasonable
environment. Is 8.4, 84, or 841 a
estimate for the time that Philip checked
reasonable estimate for the number
his watch?
of consumers willing to pay more?
Explain. The total duration of the trip is
365 minutes, or 6 hours and 5 minutes.
36. PIZZA Twelve friends share three large One half, or 50%, of the trip would be
pizzas. If they split the cost evenly 3 hours and 2_
1
minutes after departure,
2
among themselves, and each pizza cost
or about 12:12 P.M. Since 63% is greater
$11.95, will each person pay about $2,
than 50%, 1 P.M. is the only reasonable
$3, or $4? Explain.
answer.
5-6 Percent and Estimation (pp. 275–278)
Estimate. Example 9 Estimate 8% of 104.

37. 67% of 60 38. 41% of 39 104 is about 100.
Estimate each percent. 8% of 100 is 8.
So, 8% of 104 is about 8.
39. 33 out of 98 40. 19 out of 52
41. MEASUREMENT The average

temperature of Earth is about 8% of
Venus’ average temperature of 850°F.
Estimate Earth’s average temperature.

APTER
CH
5-7 Alegebra: The Percent Equation (pp. 279–283)
Solve each problem using the percent Example 10 70 is 25% of what number?
equation. The part is 70, and the percent is 25. You
42. What is 66% of 7,000? need to find the whole. Let n represent
43. Find 15% of 82. the whole.
70 = 0.25n Write the percent equation.
_
70
=_
0.25n
45. MOVIES India produces an average of 0.25 0.25
1,000 movies each year. The United 280 = n Simplify.
States averages 63.3% of this amount.
So, 70 is 25% of 280.
On average, how many movies are
produced in the United States yearly?
5-8 Percent of Change (pp. 284–289)
Find each percent of change. Round to Example 11 Find the percent of change
the nearest tenth if necessary. State if the original amount is 900 and the new
whether the percent of change is an amount is 725. Round to the nearest
increase or a decrease. tenth.
46. original: 10 47. original: 8 The amount of change is 900 - 725 or 175.
new: 15 new: 10 amount of change
percent of change = __
48. original: 37.5 49. original: 18 original amount
new: 30 new: 12 =_
175
900
50. HOBBIES Mariah collects comic books. ≈ 0.194 or 19.4%
Last year she had 50 comic books. If
she now has 74 comic books, what is
the percent of increase?
5-9 Simple Interest (pp. 290–293)
Find the simple interest to the nearest Example 12 Find the simple interest
cent. for $250 invested at 5.5% for 2 years.
51. $100 at 8.5% for 2 years I = prt Simple interest formula
52. $350 at 5% for 3 years I = 250 · 0.055 · 2 Write 5.5% as 0.055.
53. $260 at 17.5% for 18 months I = 27.50 Simplify.
54. RETIREMENT At age 20, Mark invested

The simple interest is $27.50.
$500 into a retirement account with a
simple interest rate of 6.5%. He makes
no more deposits or withdrawals. Find
the account value at age 65.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
5
Write each ratio or fraction as a decimal and as 16. TAXES Sandra estimated that about 35% of
a percent. her $420 paycheck was deducted for taxes
3. _
4 and insurance. Did about $100, $150, or $200
1. 74 per 100 2. 3:50
22 get deducted from her pay?
4. FIELD TRIPS Seventeen students brought
Write a percent proportion and solve each
their permission slips to go to the zoo. If
problem. Round to the nearest tenth.
there are 18 students in the class, what
percent of the class brought their permission 17. What is 2% of 3,600?
slip? Round to the nearest tenth. 18. 62 is 90% of what number?
Express each percent as a decimal. Solve using the percent equation.

5. 135% 6. 14.6% 7. 0.97% 19. Find 45% of 600.
8. Order the set of numbers 38%, _, and 0.038

3 20. 75 is what percent of 30?
8
from least to greatest.
21. MEDICINE About 37% of the people in the
Compute mentally. United States have type O + blood. If there
are 250 million people in the United States,
9. 30% of 60 10. 1% of 99
how many have type O + blood?
11. 33_% of 90 12. 62_% of 48
1 1
3 2
Find each percent of change and state whether
13. STANDARDS PRACTICE The figure below it is an increase or decrease. Round to the
shows 8 shaded isosceles triangles nearest tenth if necessary.
formed by the diagonals of three adjacent 22. original: $15 23. original: 40 cars
squares. new: $12 new: 55 cars
24. BUSINESS A sporting goods store prices

items at a 30% markup rate. If the store
purchases a tennis racket for $165, find the
selling price of the racket.
If the total area of the figure is 12 square 25. STANDARDS PRACTICE Kevin invested
feet, which statement is true? $125 into a savings account that earns
A The shaded area is more than 75% of the 5.2% simple interest annually. If he does not
area of the figure. deposit or withdraw any money for 18
B The unshaded area is _2
of the area of the months, which statement is not supported
3
figure. by this information?
C The shaded area is 6 square feet. F The interest earned will be $117.
D The unshaded area is 4 square feet. G The interest earned will be $9.75.
H The total amount will be $134.75.
Estimate. J The interest earned in this time will be
14. 23% of 16 15. 9% of 81 greater than 5.2% of the principal.

APTER
CH

Read each question. Then fill in the 5 Jeanne’s grandfather gave her money for her
correct answer on the answer birthday. She bought 4 CDs at $12.99 each
document provided by your teacher and a sweater for $25.99. Then she spent
or on a sheet of paper. $2.70 on an ice cream cone. She had $4.35
left over. Which expression can be used to
1 If a pair of inline skates is on sale for 35% off
find how much money Jeanne received from
the regular price of $120, what is the sale
her grandfather?
price of the skates?
A 4(12.99 + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35)
A $48
B 12.99 + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35
B $78
C 4(12.99) + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35
C $94
D 4(12.99) + 4(25.99) + 4(2.70) + 4(4.35)
D $140
6 Find the height, in feet, of the skateboarding
ramp shown below.
2 Alan is buying a television that is regularly
priced at $149.99. It is on sale for _
1
off the
5
original price. Which expression can he use FT
to estimate the discount on the television?
F 0.02 × $150
G 0.05 × $150
H 0.2 × $150 FT
J 0.5 × $150 F 10 ft H 25 ft
G 22 ft J 34 ft
3 Andrew purchased a coat for $67.20 that
regularly sells for $84.00. What was the 7 Rosa can read about 21 pages in about
percent discount that Andrew received? 20 minutes. If she continues to read at this
A 16.8% C 25% rate, about how many pages can she read in
4 hours?
B 20% D 80%
A 220 C 240
B 230 D 250
8 Eliza purchased a dress off the clearance
Question 3 To find the percent of rack. The original cost for the dress was $35.
discount, you can use the proportion
percent discount amount of discount The dress had been marked down 50%, but
___ = ____.
100% regular price the sign on the rack said to take an
additional 20% off the discounted price.
What was the final sale price Eliza paid for
4 Find -17 - (5). the dress?
F -22 H 22 F $3.50 H $14.00
G -12 J 85 G $10.50 J $17.50
300 Chapter 5 Percent California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
9 Adrian swam 75 meters in 45 seconds, 12 The widths of a race track are shown below.
and Carlos swam 125 meters in 75 seconds. What is the percent of increase in the track
Based on these rates, which statement is width from the straightaway to the turn?
true?
Part of Track Width (feet)
A Adrian’s average speed was 2 meters per straightaway 50
second faster than Carlos’ average speed. turn 60
B Carlos’ average speed was equal to
F 8.3% H 16.7%
Adrian’s average speed.
G 10% J 20%
C Carlos’ average speed was 2 meters per
second faster than Adrian’s average
speed. 13 If m = 7 and n = 4, then 3(2m – 3n) =
D Adrian’s average speed was 3 meters per A 2

second faster than Carlos’ average speed. B 6
C 12
10 In 2003, a new planet was discovered
D 30
beyond Pluto. This new planet is 10 10 miles
from the sun. Which of the following
represents this number in standard
notation? Pre-AP
F 10,000,000,000 mi Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
G 10,000,000 mi Show your work.
H 10,000 mi 14 The Dow Jones Average is used to measure
J 100 mi changes in stock values on the New York
Stock Exchange. Three major drops in the
Dow Jones Average for one day are listed in
11 Martin and his sister agreed to split the cost
the table.
of a new board game. They received a 25%
discount on the board game and paid 5.5% Date Opening Closing
sales tax on the discounted price. If the 10-29-1929 261.07 230.07
original price of the board game was $30, 10-19-1987 2246.74 1738.74
how much did Martin and his sister each 9-17-2001 9605.51 8920.70
put toward the cost of the board game?
a. Which day had the greatest decrease in
A $20.57
amount?
B $11.87
b. Did this decrease represent the biggest
C $10.29 percent of decrease of the three drops?
D $9.77 Explain your reasoning.
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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Geometry and Measurement
Focus
Demonstrate an
understanding of geometry,
spatial reasoning, and
measurement.
CHAPTER 6
Geometry and
Spatial Reasoning
Understand plane and solid
geometric shapes by constructing figures
that meet given conditions and by
CHAPTER 7
Measurement:
Area and Volume
Compute the perimeter,
area, and volume of common geometric
objects and use the results to find
measures of less common objects. Know
how perimeter, area, and volume are
affected by changes of scale.
302
Jon Hicks/CORBIS
Math and Architecture
Under Construction You’ve been selected to head the architectural
and construction teams on a house of your own design. You’ll create
the uniquely-shaped floor plan, research different floor coverings,
and finally research different loans to cover the cost of purchasing
these floor coverings. So grab a hammer and some nails, and don’t
forget your geometry and measurement tool kits. You’re about to
construct a cool adventure!
Unit 3 Geometry and Measurement 303

Jon Hicks/CORBIS
Geometry and Spatial
6 Reasoning
• Standard 7MG3.0 Deepen

understanding of plane and
solid geometric shapes by
constructing figures that
meet given conditions and
by identifying attributes of
figures.
Key Vocabulary
congruent polygons (p. 320)
reflection (p. 332)
transformation (p. 332)
translation (p. 337)
Real-World Link
Architecture The Marin Civic Center, located in San
Rafael, California, uses geometric shapes and
properties such as symmetry to create balance.
Geometry and Spatial Reasoning Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with
_ 1
7 sheets of plain 8 ” × 11” paper.
2
1 Fold a sheet of paper in 2 Glue the 1” tab down.
,INEAND
half lengthwise. Cut a 1” tab Write the title of the lesson !NGLE
along the left edge through on the front tab. 2ELATIONSHIPS
one thickness.
3 Repeat Steps 1–2 for the remaining sheets of paper. ,INEAND

Staple together to form a booklet. !NGLE
2ELATIONSHIPS
304 Chapter 6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning

© David Frazier/Photo Edit
Option 2
Option 1
Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-9) Example 1

1. 49 + b + 45 = 180 Solve 82 + g + 41 = 180.
2. t + 98 + 55 = 180 82 + g + 41 = 180 Write the equation.
3. 15 + 67 + k = 180 123 + g = 180 Add 82 and 41.

- 123
________ - 123 Subtract 123 from
g = 57 each side.
4. LAWNS Lawrence made $60 on
Monday and $48 on Tuesday
mowing lawns. How much did he
make on Wednesday if his three-
day total was $180? (Lesson 1-9)
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2) Example 2

5. (3 - 2)180 6. (7 - 2)180 Evaluate (8 - 2)180.
7. (9 - 2)180 8. (11 - 2)180 (8 - 2)180 = (6)180 Subtract 2 from 8.
= 1,080 Multiply.
9. NUMBER SENSE Find the product
of the difference of 5 and 2 and
180. (Lesson 1-2)
Find the value of x in each triangle. Example 3 A

(Lesson 1-9) Find the value of x in
60⬚
10. 11. ABC. C x⬚
x⬚ x⬚
The sum of the measures
40⬚
26⬚ of the angles of a triangle
72⬚ 55⬚
is 180°.
12. 13.
B
38⬚ x⬚ x⬚
81⬚ 60 + 40 + x = 180 m∠A = 60, m∠B = 40
40⬚ 100 + x = 180 Add.
-100
________ = -100 Subtract 100 from
47⬚ each side.
x= 80

6-1 Line and Angle Relationships
Main IDEA
Identify special pairs of Draw a horizontal line on
angles and relationships notebook paper and a line that
of angles formed by two
parallel lines cut by a intersects the horizontal line
transversal. at one point. 1 2
4 3
Standard 7MR2.6 Label the angles formed as
Express the solution
clearly and logically
shown.
by using the appropriate
mathematical notation and
terms and clear language;
support solutions with 1. Suppose that the measures of angles 2 and 4 are each 60°. Using
evidence in both verbal and angle relationships you have previously learned or a protractor,
symbolic work.
find and record the measure of each numbered angle. Explain
your reasoning.
2. Congruent angles are angles that have the same measure. Describe
the pairs of angles that appear to be congruent.
NEW Vocabulary
3. What do you notice about the measures of angles that are side
congruent angles
by side?
point
line
collinear In the Mini Lab, you drew lines and points. You have also used these
plane
words in everyday language. In mathematics, they have very specific
ray
angle
definitions.
vertical angles •A point is simply a location.
complementary angles
supplementary angles
•A line is made up of points, has no thickness or width, and has infinite
length. Points on the same line are said to be collinear.
•A plane is a flat surface made up of points. A plane has no depth and
extends infinitely in all directions.
+%9#/.#%04 Points, Lines, and Planes

Point Line Plane
Model P B
A X
n Y
Z
T
‹___›
READING Symbols point P line n, line‹___
AB
›
or AB, plane T, plane XYZ, plane
in the Content Area line BA or BA XZY, plane YXZ, plane YZX,
plane ZXY, plane ZYX
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com.

Name Lines and Planes
Use the figure to name each of the following.
1 a line containing point B
E D
There are three points on the line. Any
C
two of the points can be used to name B
Lines and Planes the line. N
There is exactly one ‹___› ‹___› ‹___› ‹___› ‹___› ‹___›
line through any two
BC CB BD DB CD DC
points. There is The line can also be named as line .
exactly one plane
through any three
noncollinear points. 2 a plane containing point C
The plane can be named as plane . You can also use the letters of
any three noncollinear points to name the plane.
plane BCE plane BDE plane CDE
a. Use the figure to name a plane containing points B and D.
Other geometry terms are related to points, lines,

and planes. For example, a ray is a part of a line side
having one endpoint and extending indefinitely in
one direction. An angle is made up of two
noncollinear rays sharing a common endpoint.
side
The rays are called sides of the angle. endpoint
Pairs of angles can be classified by their relationship to each other.
#/.#%043UMMARY Special Pairs of Angles

Angles
For the examples in
Vertical angles are opposite angles formed
this chapter, assume by intersecting lines.
angles that appear
straight actually are ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles.

straight. ∠3 and ∠4 are vertical angles.
Vertical angles are congruent.
The sum of the measures of

READING Math complementary angles is 90°.
A D
Naming Angles Angles are 50˚
named using the endpoint ∠ABD and ∠DBC are complementary angles. 40˚ C
B
as the middle letter and a
point from each side, such
as ∠ABD. If there is no The sum of the measures of F
confusion, they can be supplementary angles is 180°. 125˚
named using only the
endpoint, such as ∠F. ∠F and ∠G are supplementary angles. 55˚
G
Angle Measure The
measure of ∠ABD is 50°.
In symbols, m∠ABD = 50°.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 6-1 Line and Angle Relationships 307
3 CARPENTRY You are building a End View
bench for a picnic table. Classify
the relationship between ∠1 and ∠2. 1
2
If m∠1 = 32°, find m∠2. Justify
your method.
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary.
So, the sum of their measures is 180°.
m∠1 + m∠2 = 180 Write an equation.
32 + x = 180 m∠1 = 32 and m∠2 = x
- 32 = -32 Subtract 32 from each side.
____________
x = 148 Simplify.
Real-World Career
How Does a Carpenter So, m∠2 = 148°.
Use Math?
Carpenters use angle
relationships when
cutting lumber to build
anything from furniture b. PARKING Engineers angled the parking

to houses. spaces along a downtown street so that
cars could park and back out easily. All
For more information, of the lines marking the parking spaces
go to ca.gr7math.com. are parallel. If ∠1 ∠2 and m∠1 = 55°,
find m∠3. Explain your reasoning.
Find a Missing Angle Measure

4 Find the value of x in the figure. C
Angles GBD and FBE are vertical angles. x⬚ D

So, the angles are congruent. Congruent 95⬚
angles have equal measures. G B 150⬚ E
READING Math F
m∠GBD = m∠FBE Write an equation.
Congruent and Equals
The symbol is used to m∠GBC + m∠CBD = m∠FBE
show that two angles are 95 + x = 150 m∠GBC = 95 and m∠CBD = x
congruent.
∠GBD ∠FBE - 95 = -95
______________ Subtract 95 from each side.
The = symbol is used to x = 55 Simplify.
show that two measures are
equal.
m∠GBD = m∠FBE
Find the value of x in each figure.

75⬚
c. d. e. x⬚
x˚ 110⬚
x˚ 38˚
150˚

Aaron Haupt
Examples 1, 2 For Exercises 1 and 2, refer to the figure at the right. R
(p. 307) E
1. Name a line containing point E. C B
2. Name a plane containing points B and D.
D q
Examples 3, 4 Find the value of x in each figure.
(p. 308)
3. 4. 5. 6.
x⬚ 153⬚ 94⬚ 86⬚ x⬚
x⬚ 76⬚ x⬚ 148⬚
7. CONSTRUCTION Jack cuts a piece of tile at a ª Xª

135° angle. What is the measure of the other
angle formed by the cut?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 For Exercises 8-11, refer to the figure at the right. n P m
Q
For See 8. Name a line that contains point S. W
Exercises Examples R S
9. Name the plane containing lines n and m.
8–11 1
12–19 2, 3 10. Name a point not contained in lines m or n. F
20–23 4 11. What is another name for line m?

12. 13. 14. 15.
x⬚ x⬚
129⬚ x⬚ 77⬚
131⬚
x⬚
88⬚
16. 17. 18. 19.

x⬚ 144⬚ 125⬚ 88⬚ x⬚
x⬚ 68⬚ 64⬚ x⬚ 167⬚
For Exercises 20–23, refer to the figure at the right. A

C
20. Classify the relationship between ∠CBD and
B
∠ABF. D
21. Classify the relationship between ∠ABF and
∠ABC. F
E
22. If m∠ABC = 145°, find m∠CBD.
Real-World Link 23. If m∠ABF = 35°, find m∠CBD.
The Leaning Tower of
Pisa is located in the
town of Pisa, Italy. 24. ARCHITECTURE Refer to the image at the left. If m∠1 = 84.5° and ∠1 ∠3,
Source: NOVA Online classify the relationship between ∠2 and ∠3. Then find m∠2.
Lesson 6-1 Line and Angle Relationships 309

age fotostock/Superstock
%842!02!#4)#% Find the value of x in each figure.
See pages 691, 713. 25. 26. 27.
(x 18) 42
90
Self-Check Quiz at 135 (x 27)
ca.gr7math.com (4x 22)
H.O.T. Problems 28. OPEN ENDED Draw and label three collinear points on a plane. Then draw
three noncollinear points on the same plane.
29. REASONING How many planes are determined by three collinear points?
Justify your response.
30. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Describe a real-world example of a plane containing

(*/
points, lines, and angles.
31. In the figure below, the two angles are 32. Find the value of x.
congruent. Find the value of x.
4x 118 (x 23)
120˚
A 30 C 116 F 39° H 141°

B 40 D 124 G 62° J 157°
33. BANKING A savings account starts with $560. If the simple interest rate is
3%, find the total amount after 18 months. (Lesson 5-9)
Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. State
whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease. (Lesson 5-8)
34. original: 20 35. original: 45 36. original: 620
new: 27 new: 18 new: 31
37. ARCHAEOLOGY Two artifacts were found at a dig. On a coordinate plane, one artifact
was found at (1, 5), and the other artifact was found at (3, 1). How far apart were the
two artifacts? Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 3-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression using the given value.

Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 1-2)
(n + 1)25
38. 110n - 250; n = 4 39. (n - 1)40; n = 10 40. _ n ;n=8

Extend Geometry Lab
6-1 Constructions
You can use a compass and a straightedge to construct basic elements
Main IDEA of geometric figures. For example, a line segment is a straight path
Construct basic elements between two endpoints. Line segments that have the same length are
of geometric figures using called congruent segments.
a compass and
straightedge.
Congruent Segments
Standard 7MG3.1
Identify and construct −−
basic elements of 1 Draw JK. Then use a straightedge J K
geometric figures (e.g., to draw a line segment longer
altitudes, midpoints, −− −− L M
diagonals, angle bisectors,
than JK. Label it LM.
and perpendicular bisectors;
central angles, radii, Place the compass at J and
diameters, and chords of adjust the compass setting so
circles) by using a compass
and straightedge. you can place the pencil tip on J K
Standard 7MR2.4 Make K. The compass setting equals
and test conjectures using −−
inductive and deductive
the length of JK.
reasoning.
Using this setting, place the
compass tip at L. Draw an
−−
NEW Vocabulary arc to intersect LM. Label
line segment
the intersection P. L P M
perpendicular lines −− −−
perpendicular bisector
LP is congruent to JK.
midpoint
angle bisector
altitude
a. Draw a line segment. Construct a line segment congruent to the
one drawn. Use a ruler to verify the segments are congruent.
READING Math Perpendicular lines are lines that form right angles. A perpendicular
Segments The symbol bisector is a perpendicular line that divides a line segment into two
−− for
line segment JK is JK. congruent segments at the midpoint.
Perpendicular Bisectors
−−
2 Draw AB. Then place the
compass at point A. Using A B
a setting greater than one
−−
half the length of AB, draw
−−
an arc above and below AB.
(continued on the next page)
Extend 6-1 Geometry Lab: Constructions 311

Using this setting, place the
compass at point B. Draw
Segment Bisectors another set of arcs above and
There can be an −−
below AB as shown. A B
infinite number of
bisectors of a line
segment, but only Label the intersection of these
one perpendicular arcs X and Y as shown.
bisector.
−−
Draw XY. Label the intersection X
−−
of AB and this new line M.
−− −− A M B
XY is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
b. Draw a line segment. Construct the perpendicular bisector of

the segment.
An angle bisector is a ray that divides an angle into two congruent

angles.
Angle Bisectors
J
3 Draw ∠JKL.
X
Place the compass at point K K L

and draw an arc that intersects Y
both sides of the angle. Label
the intersections X and Y.
With the compass at point X,

draw an arc in the interior J
of ∠JKL. X
Using this setting, place the K L

compass at point Y. Draw Y
another arc.
Label the intersection of these

arcs H. Then draw KH. J
X
is the angle bisector of ∠JKL.
KH
H
K L
Y

c. Draw an obtuse angle. Then bisect the angle.
An altitude of a triangle is a segment from one vertex to the line

containing the opposite side and perpendicular to that side.
Construct an Altitude B
READING Math 4 Place the compass at vertex B
Segments The height of a and draw two arcs intersecting
triangle is the length of the . Label the points where the
AC
altitude. A C
arcs intersect the side X and Y. X Y
Adjust the compass to an

opening greater than _XY.
1
2 B
Place the compass on point X
−− H
and draw an arc above AC. Using
the same setting, place the
compass on point Y and draw
−− A C
another arc above AC. Label the X Y
point of intersection of the arcs H.
Use a straightedge to draw BH

.
B
Label the point where BH

−− H
intersects AC as D.
−−
BD is an altitude of ΔABC.
A C
X D Y
−− −−
d. Construct the altitudes to AB and BC. (Hint: You may need to
extend the lines containing the sides of your triangle.) What do you
notice about the altitudes of the triangle?
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Draw two different line segments. Then construct a right triangle in
which the given segments are the legs.
2. Draw a large acute triangle. Construct the perpendicular bisectors for
each side. What do you notice about the perpendicular bisectors?
3. Repeat Exercise 2, constructing the angle bisectors for each angle.
What do you notice?
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE Predict a relationship involving the altitudes,
perpendicular bisectors, and angle bisectors for any kind of triangle.
Extend 6-1 Geometry Lab: Constructions 313

MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by using the logical reasoning strategy.
Standard 7MR1.2 Formulate and justify mathematical conjectures based on a general description of the mathematical
question or problem posed. Standard 7NS1.3 Convert fractions to decimals and percents and use these representations in
estimations, computations, and applications.
e-Mail: USE LOGICAL REASONING

YOUR MISSION: Use logical reasoning to solve
the problem.
THE PROBLEM: How can Zach find another

property that is true for rectangles, but not
parallelograms?
Zach: I know that a rectangle is a
▲
parallelogram with four right angles. Both
parallelograms and rectangles have opposite
sides that are congruent and parallel.
EXPLORE Try investigating the diagonals of rectangles and parallelograms to see whether
there is any pattern.
PLAN Draw several different rectangles and parallelograms, measure the diagonals,
and look for a pattern.
SOLVE A B A B A B
D C D C D C
AC BD AC BD AC q BD
It appears that the diagonals of a rectangle are congruent, but the diagonals of a
parallelogram are not.
CHECK You can try several more examples to see whether your conjecture appears to
be true. But at this point, it is just a conjecture, not an actual proof.
1. Inductive reasoning is the process of making a conjecture after observing several examples.
Determine where Zach used inductive reasoning. Explain.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write about a situation in which you use inductive reasoning.
(*/

For Exercises 3–5, solve each problem using 7. MONEY After a trip to the mall, Alex and
logical reasoning. Marcus counted their money to see how
3. GEOMETRY Draw several parallelograms much they had left. Alex said, “If I had $4
and measure their angles. What seems to be more, I would have as much as you.”
true about opposite angles of Marcus replied, “If I had $4 more, I would
parallelograms? have twice as much as you.” How much
does each boy have?
4. MEASUREMENT You need to measure 2 pints

of juice for a punch recipe. You have a large 8. LAUNDRY You need two clothespins to hang
container of pineapple juice, an empty one towel on a clothesline. One clothespin
5-pint container, and an empty 4-pint can be used on a corner of one towel and a
container. Explain how you can use only corner of the towel next to it. What is the
these containers to measure 2 pints of juice. least number of clothespins you need to
hang 8 towels?
5 pt 4 pt
9. SPORTS Nuna, Brianna, Mackenzie, Evelina,
and Bianca were the first five finishers of a
race. From the given clues, give the order in
5. NUMBER SENSE Write Fraction Decimal which they finished.
each fraction in the _1 • Nuna passed Mackenzie just before the
table as a decimal. 11
finish line.
Then use logical _4
11 • Bianca finished 5 seconds ahead of Nuna.
reasoning to write
the decimal _8 • Brianna crossed the finish line after
11
equivalents for the Mackenzie.
fractions _
3 _
, 6 , and _
9
. • Evelina was fifth at the finish line.
11 11 11

For Exercises 10 and 11, select an appropriate
G STRATEGIES operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
tep plan. selection(s) and solve the problem.
• Use the four-s

rn. 10. MEASUREMENT The circumference of Earth
• Draw a diag ra m. around the equator is 24,901.55 miles. The
• Use logical re
asoning. circumference through the North and South
Poles is 24,859.82 miles. How much greater
is the circumference of Earth around the
6. GEOMETRY Some pentagons are arranged equator than through the poles?
according to the pattern below. If the sides
of the pentagons shown are each 1 unit long, 11. BIRDS The arctic tern has the longest
find the perimeter of the pattern formed by migration of any bird. Each year, it flies
8 pentagons. over 21,750 miles. If the average lifespan of
an arctic tern is 20 years, on average, how
many miles will it have flown in the course
of its life?
Lesson 6-2 Problem-Solving Investigation: Use Logical Reasoning 315

6-3 Polygons and Angles
Main IDEA
Find the sum of the angle Copy and complete Number Sketch of Number of Sum of
measures of a polygon the table. The sum of of Sides Figure Triangles Angle Measures
and the measure of an
interior angle of a regular the angle measures
polygon. 3 1 1(180°) = 180°
of a triangle is 180°.
1. Predict the number
Standard 4 2 2(180°) = 360°
7MR3.3 Develop of triangles and
generalizations of the sum of the
the results obtained and the
strategies used and apply angle measures in 5
them to new problem a polygon with
situations.
8 sides.
Standard 7AF1.1 Use 6
variables and appropriate 2. Write an algebraic
expression, an equation, an expression that could represent the number of triangles in an
inequality, or a system of n-sided polygon. Then write an expression to represent the sum
equations or inequalities that
represents a verbal
of the angle measures in an n-sided polygon.
description (e.g. three less
as area A.) In the Mini Lab, you used the sum of the angle measures of a triangle
to find the sum of the interior angle measures of various polygons.
An interior angle is an angle that lies inside a polygon.
NEW Vocabulary
interior angle +%9#/.#%04 Interior Angle Sum of a Polygon
equilateral
equiangular Words The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon is
regular polygon (n - 2)180, where n represents the number of sides.
Symbols S = (n - 2)180.
Find the Sum of Interior Angle Measures

1 ALGEBRA Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
Naming Polygons decagon.
Polygons are named S = (n - 2)180 Write an equation.
by the number of
sides. S = (10 - 2)180 A decagon has 10 sides. Replace n with 10.
5 sides: pentagon
6 sides: hexagon S = (8)180 or 1,440 Simplify.
7 sides: heptagon
8 sides: octagon The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a decagon is 1,440°.
9 sides: nonagon
10 sides: decagon
Find the sum of the angle measures of each polygon.

a. hexagon b. octagon c. 15-gon

A polygon that is equilateral (all sides congruent) and equiangular
(all angles congruent) is called a regular polygon. Since all the angles
of a regular polygon are congruent, their measures are equal.
equilateral square regular regular

triangle pentagon hexagon
2 ARCHITECTURE The Ennis-Brown

House in Los Angeles, California,
shown at the right was designed
by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
The exterior of the house consists
of repeating regular quadrilaterals.
Find the measure of an interior
angle of a regular quadrilateral.
Step 1 Find the sum of the measures of the angles.
Real-World Link
Frank Lloyd Wright S = (n - 2)180 Write an equation.
designed 1,141 S = (4 - 2)180 Replace n with 4.
buildings during his
70-year career. He S = (2)180 or 360 Simplify.
used obtuse angles
and circles, creating The sum of the measures of the interior angles is 360.
unusually shaped
structures such as the Step 2 Divide 360 by 4, the number of interior angles, to find the
spiral Guggenheim measure of one interior angle. So, the measure of one
Museum in New
York City. interior angle of a regular quadrilateral is 360° ÷ 4 or 90°.
Source: architecture.
about.com
Find the measure of one interior angle in each regular polygon.

d. octagon e. heptagon f. 20-gon
Example 1 Find the sum of the angle measures of each polygon.

(p. 316)
1. quadrilateral 2. nonagon 3. 12-gon
Example 2 4. QUILTING The quilt pattern shown

(p. 317) is made of repeating equilateral
triangles. What is the measure of
one interior angle of a triangle?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 6-3 Polygons and Angles 317

(l)Roger Wood/CORBIS, (r)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of each polygon.
For See 5. pentagon 6. heptagon 7. 11-gon
Exercises Examples 8. 14-gon 9. 19-gon 10. 24-gon
5–10 1
11–16 2
11. ART The sculpture below 12. NATURE Each chamber of a
consists of repeating regular bee honeycomb is a regular
pentagons and hexagons. Find hexagon. What is the measure
the measure of one interior angle of an interior angle in the
of a pentagon. honeycomb?
Find the measure of one interior angle in each regular polygon. Round to the
13. nonagon 14. decagon 15. 13-gon 16. 16-gon
ART For Exercises 17 and 18, use the following information.

A tessellation is a repetitive pattern of polygons that fit together without
overlapping and without gaps between them. For each tessellation, find the
measure of each angle at the circled vertex. Then find the sum of the angles.
17. 18.
19. ARCHITECTURE The surface of the dome

of Spaceship Earth in Orlando, Florida,
consists of repeating equilateral triangles
%842!02!#4)#% as shown. Find the measure of each angle
See pages 692, 713. in each outlined triangle. Then make a
conjecture about the interior angle
Self-Check Quiz at measures in equilateral triangles of
ca.gr7math.com
different sizes.
H.O.T. Problems 20. CHALLENGE How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of
an interior angle is 157.5°? Justify your answer.
21. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the relationship between the number of sides
(*/
of a regular polygon and the measure of each interior angle.

(tl)George W. Hart, (tr)E.S. Ross/Visuals Unlimited, (b)Allan Friedlander/SuperStock
22. The following statements are true 23. Which statement is not true about the
about GHK. pattern of repeating regular octagons
• m∠G = m∠H + m∠K. and rectangles?
• ∠H and m∠K are complementary.
• The measure of each angle is evenly
divisible by 15.
Which choice does not fit all three
statements for angles G, H, and K?
F The sum of the angles in each
A m∠G = 90° C m∠G = 90° rectangle is 360°.
m∠H = 45° m∠H = 50° G The sum of the angles in each
m∠K = 45° m∠K = 40° octagon is 1,080°.
B m∠G = 90° D m∠G = 90° H The sum of the angles at the circled
vertex is 270°.
m∠H = 75° m∠H = 60°
J The measure of each interior angle
m∠K = 15° m∠K = 30°
of an octagon is 135°.
Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary,

or vertical. (Lesson 6-1)
24. ∠3 and ∠6 25. ∠2 and ∠3 1 2
3
6
26. ∠5 and ∠6 27. ∠1 and ∠4 5
4
28. Marisa put $580 in a savings account at a simple interest rate of 5.5%.
How much interest will the account earn in 3 years? (Lesson 5-9)
SCHOOL For Exercises 29 and 30, use the GXi\ekJlim\p

following information.
A recent survey asked parents to grade
themselves based on their involvement in
!3UPERIOR
their children’s education. The results are
shown at the right. (Lesson 5-2) "!BOVE!VERAGE
29. Write the percent of parents who gave
#!VERAGE
themselves an “A” as a decimal and as a
fraction in simplest form. $"ELOW!VERAGE
30. Did more or less than _ of the parents
2
5 &&AILING
give themselves a “B”?
PREREQUISITE SKILL Decide whether the figures are congruent. Write yes or
no and explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-4)
31. 5 in. 32. 33. 4 mm
5 in. 130˚ 130˚ 8 mm
Lesson 6-3 Polygons and Angles 319

6-4 Congruent Polygons
Main IDEA
Identify congruent QUILTING A template, or pattern, for
polygons. a quilt block contains the minimum
number of shapes needed to create
Standard
7MG3.4 the pattern.
Demonstrate an
1. How many different kinds of triangles
understanding of conditions
that indicate two geometrical are shown in the Winter Stars quilt
figures are congruent and at the right? Explain your reasoning
what congruence means
about the relationships and draw each triangle.
between the sides and
2. Copy the quilt and label all matching
angles of the two figures.
triangles with the same number, starting with 1.
NEW Vocabulary Polygons that have the same size and shape are called congruent
polygons.
congruent polygon
+%9#/.#%04 Congruent Polygons
Words If two polygons are congruent, their corresponding sides are

congruent and their corresponding angles are congruent.
Model B G
A C F H
Symbols Congruent angles: ∠A ∠F, ∠B ∠G, ∠C ∠H

−− −− −− −− −− −−
Congruent sides: BC GH, AC FH, AB FG
In a congruence statement, the letters identifying each polygon are

written so that corresponding vertices appear in the same order. For
example, for the diagram below, write CBD PQR.
C P
B Q
CBD PQR
Vertex C corresponds to vertex P.

Vertex B corresponds to vertex Q.
D R Vertex D corresponds to vertex R.
Two polygons are congruent if all pairs of corresponding angles are

congruent and all pairs of corresponding sides are congruent.

Identify Congruent Polygons
1 Determine whether the triangles Y 4 cm
L M
shown are congruent. If so, name
the corresponding parts and 9 cm
6 cm
6 cm 9 cm
write a congruence statement.
The arcs indicate that ∠X ∠M,
X 4 cm Z N
∠Y ∠N, and ∠Z ∠L.
−− −−− −− −− −− −−−
The side measures indicate that XY MN, YZ NL, and XZ ML.
Congruence Since all pairs of corresponding angles and sides are congruent,
Statements the two triangles are congruent. One congruence statement is
Other possible
congruence XYZ MNL.
statements for
Example 1 are
YZX NLM,
ZXY LMN,
YXZ NML, Determine whether the polygons shown are congruent. If so, name
XZY MLN, and the corresponding parts and write a congruence statement.
ZYX LNM.
a. 40˚ Q b. E 8 ft F T V
40˚
50˚ B 4 ft 7 ft
50˚
P C H G
R X 4 ft W
D
Find Missing Measures

In the figure, AFH QRN. Q
F
2 Find m∠Q. 13 in.
A 40˚
According to the congruence 65˚
9 in.
statement, ∠A and ∠Q are
H N R
corresponding angles. So, ∠A ∠Q.
Since m∠A = 40°, m∠Q = 40°.
READING Math 3 Find RN.

−− −−− −− −−−
Recall that symbols FH corresponds to RN. So, FH RN. Since FH = 9 inches,
like RN refer to the RN = 9 inches.
measure of the segment
with those endpoints.
In the figure, quadrilateral ABCD is congruent to quadrilateral

WXYZ. Find each measure.
C Y
4m
c. m∠X
B X
d. YX 145˚
3m
e. m∠Y 70˚
A D Z W
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 6-4 Congruent Polygons 321

Example 1 Determine whether the polygons shown are congruent. If so, name
(p. 321) the corresponding parts and write a congruence statement.
1. C 2. J 12 in. K 12 in. L
G
85˚ F 45˚
50˚ 9 in.
A 45˚ 15 in. 15 in.
50˚ 85˚
E N M
H
Examples 2, 3 In the figure, PQR YWX. 10 yd X

(p. 321)
P Q
Find each measure. 61˚
3. m∠X 4. YW 7 yd 73˚
5. XY 6. m∠W W Y
R
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Determine whether the polygons shown are congruent. If so, name
the corresponding parts and write a congruence statement.
For See
Exercises Examples 7. P 8. B 9m A
7–8 1 K
H 6m E
9–12 2, 3 6 cm 5 cm
3 cm 6 cm
H
5 cm J M
3 cm Q C D G F
In the figure, quadrilateral ABCD E 18 in.

X A B F
Y is congruent to quadrilateral HEFG. 76˚
W Find each measure.
11 in.
Z 9. AD 10. DC
D 81˚ H 13 in. G
V
11. m∠G 12. m∠H
C
13. ART The structure shown at the right, Cubi XII,

created by David Smith, is located at the Hirshhorn M K
Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C.
If quadrilaterals JMKL and PSNO are both squares, J L
write one statement you would need to know in
S
order to show that the quadrilaterals are congruent.
Real-World Link Explain your reasoning. P N
The Bank of China
Tower uses triangular O
bracing as protection 14. ARCHITECTURE The Bank of China Tower shown at
against high winds
caused by typhoons.
the left was designed by architect I.M. Pei and consists
Source: of congruent glass triangles. If WXY VWZ, and
greatbuildings.com m∠V = 60°, and m∠VWZ = 50°, find m∠Y.

(l)Peter Bowater/Photo Researchers, (r)Gjon Mili//TIME Life Pictures/Getty Images
Z
%842!02!#4)#% 15. INSECTS The wings of a monarch butterfly are
W
See pages 692, 713. shaped as congruent quadrilaterals. Write a A
congruence statement. Then find m∠A if Y
m∠Z = 45°, m∠Y = 145°, and m∠X = 90°. X
Self-Check Quiz at D B
ca.gr7math.com C
H.O.T. Problems 16. CHALLENGE State whether the following statement is sometimes, always or
If the perimeters of two triangles are equal,
then the triangles are congruent.
17. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how you could determine whether two
(*/
similar polygons were also congruent.
18. Which statement must be true if 19. In the scaffolding below, ABC
−− −−
PQR TUV? DCB, AC is 2.5 meters long, BC is
−− −−− −−
A PQ UV 1 meter long, and AB is 2.7 meters
−−
−−− −− long. What is the length of BD?
B QR TV
C ∠P ∠T
D ∠R ∠U
F 1 meter H 2.5 meters

G 2 meters J 2.7 meters
ALGEBRA Find the measure of one interior angle in each regular polygon.
20. triangle 21. pentagon 22. heptagon 23. nonagon
24. CITY SERVICES The street maintenance vehicles for the city of
n
N
Mai
Centerburg cannot safely make turns less than 70°. Should the
proposed site of the new maintenance garage at the northeast
Park 108°
corner of Park and Main be approved? Explain. (Lesson 6-1)
First
PREREQUISITE SKILL Which figure cannot be folded so one half matches

the other half?
25. 26.
A D
B C D A B C
Lesson 6-4 Congruent Polygons 323

(t)Pete Turner/Getty Images, (b)CORBIS, (b)Doug Martin
Extend Geometry Lab
6-4 Investigating Congruent Triangles
In this lab, you will investigate whether it is possible to show that
Main IDEA two triangles are congruent without showing that all six pairs of
Investigate which three corresponding parts are congruent.
pairs of corresponding
parts can be used to show
that two triangles are
congruent. Animation ca.gr7math.com
Standard 1 Draw a triangle on a piece of patty paper. Copy the sides

7MG3.4 onto another piece of patty paper and cut them out.
Demonstrate an
understanding of conditions
that indicate two geometrical
figures are congruent and
what congruence means
about the relationships
between the sides and angles
of the two figures.
Standard 7MR2.4 Make
and test conjectures using
inductive and deductive Arrange and tape the
reasoning. pieces together so that
they form a triangle.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Is the triangle you formed congruent to the original triangle? Explain.
2. Try to form another triangle with the given sides. Is it congruent to
the original triangle?
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Based on this activity, can three pairs of
congruent sides be used to show that two triangles are congruent?
2 Draw a triangle on a piece of patty paper. Copy each angle

of the triangle onto separate pieces of patty paper. Extend
each ray of each angle to the edge of the patty paper.
Arrange and tape the

pieces together so that
they form a triangle.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS
5. Try to form another triangle with the given angles. Is it congruent to
the original triangle?
6. MAKE A CONJECTURE Based on this activity, can three pairs of
congruent angles be used to show that two triangles are congruent?
3 Draw a triangle on a piece of patty paper. Copy two sides

of the triangle and the angle between them onto separate
pieces of patty paper and cut them out.
Arrange and tape the pieces

together so that the two sides
are joined to form the rays of
the angle. Then tape these
joined pieces onto a piece of
construction paper and connect
the two rays to form a triangle.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

8. Try to form another triangle with the given sides and angle. Is it
congruent to the original triangle?
9. MAKE A CONJECTURE Based on this activity, can two pairs of congruent
sides and the pair of congruent angles between them be used to show
that two triangles are congruent?
10. EXTENSION Use patty paper to investigate and make a conjecture
about whether each of these additional cases can be used to show
that two triangles are congruent.
Case 4 two pairs of congruent sides and a pair of congruent
angles not between them
Case 5 two pairs of congruent angles and the pair of congruent
sides between them
Case 6 two pairs of congruent angles and a pair of congruent
sides not between them
Extend 6-4 Geometry Lab: Investigating Congruent Triangles 325

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Find the value of x in each figure. (Lesson 6-1) 14. STANDARDS PRACTICE Mrs. Lytle’s
1. 2. kitchen tile is made up of a pattern of
77⬚ x⬚ 35⬚ repeating regular octagons and squares.
Which statement is true concerning the
x⬚
pattern? (Lesson 6-3)
3. 4. A The sum of the angle measures in each
147⬚ 154⬚
⬚ ⬚
square is 180°.
x 78⬚ x
B The sum of the angle measures at each
vertex is 1,080°.
For Exercises 5–8, use the figure. Classify C The measure of the angle at each vertex
each pair of angles as complementary, is 90°.
supplementary, or vertical. (Lesson 6-1) D The measure of each interior angle of an
5. ∠1 and ∠2 octagon is 135°.
6. ∠2 and ∠5
2 3
7. ∠4 and ∠5 15. FLAGS The blue portions of the flag below
1 4
5 are triangular. Determine whether the
8. ∠1 and ∠5
indicated triangles are congruent. If so,
name the corresponding parts and write a
9. LINES Refer to the figure below. Classify the congruence statement. (Lesson 6-4)
relationship between ∠J and ∠K. Then find A B
the measure of ∠J.
C
115 J
K F
G H
10. NUMBERS Consider the following pattern.
In the figure, quadrilateral QRST is congruent
12 = 1 to quadrilateral JKLM. Find each measure.
11 2 = 121 (Lesson 6-4)
16. QT Q T L 3 yd K
111 2 = 12,321
17. QR 58⬚ 42⬚
7 yd 6 yd
Use logical reasoning to find the next
18. m∠M 125⬚ 135⬚
equation. Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 6-2) M J
R S 7 yd
19. m∠K
ALGEBRA Find the sum of the measures of the

interior angles of each polygon. (Lesson 6-3) 20. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which statement
11. pentagon is not true if ABC DEF? (Lesson 6-4)
−− −−
12. 20-gon F BC EF H ∠F ∠B
−− −−
13. 15-gon G AB DE J ∠A ∠D

CORBIS
6-5 Symmetry
Main IDEA
Identify line symmetry and ARCHITECTURE The Pentagon is the
rotational symmetry. headquarters of the United States
Department of Defense and is located
Standard 7MG3.2
Understand and use near Washington, D.C. Trace the outline
coordinate graphs to of the Pentagon onto both a piece of
plot simple figures,
tracing paper and a transparency.
related to them, and 1. Draw a line through the center and
determine their image under
translations and reflections. one vertex of the Pentagon. Then fold
your paper across this line. What do you
notice about the two halves?
NEW Vocabulary 2. Are there other lines you can draw that will produce the same
line symmetry result? If so, how many?
line of symmetry
rotational symmetry
3. Place the transparency over the outline on your tracing paper.
angle of rotation Use your pencil point at the center of the Pentagon to hold the
transparency in place. How many times can you rotate the
transparency from its original position so that the two figures
match?
4. Find the first angle of rotation by dividing 360° by the total number
of times the figures matched.
5. List the other angles of rotation by adding the measure of the first
angle of rotation to the previous angle measure. Stop when you
reach 360°.
A figure has line symmetry if it can be folded over a line so that one half
of the figure matches the other half. This fold line is called the line of
symmetry.
vertical line horizontal line no line

of symmetry of symmetry of symmetry
Some figures, such as the Pentagon in the Mini Lab

above, have more than one line of symmetry. The
figure at the right has multiple lines of symmetry:
one vertical, one horizontal, and two diagonal.
Lesson 6-5 Symmetry 327

spaceimaging.com/Getty Images
Identify Line Symmetry
Determine whether each figure has line symmetry. If it does, trace
the figure and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
1 2
This figure has The figure has

one vertical line five lines of
of symmetry. symmetry.
a. b. c.
A figure has rotational symmetry if it can be rotated or turned less than

360° about its center so that the figure looks exactly as it does in its
original position. The degree measure of the angle through which the
figure is rotated is called the angle of rotation. Some figures have just
one angle of rotation, while others, like the Pentagon, have several.
Identify Rotational Symmetry

3 LOGOS Determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry.
Write yes or no. If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
Yes, this figure has rotational symmetry. It will
match itself after being rotated 180°.

Real-World Link
Many companies and
nonprofit groups, such
as the American Red
Cross, use a logo
so people can easily
identify their products
d. e. f.
or services. They often
design their logo to
have line or rotational
symmetry.
328 Chapter 6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

(l)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, (bc)Photick/SuperStock
Use a Rotation
4 FOLK ART Copy and complete the barn sign
shown so that the completed figure has
rotational symmetry with 90°, 180°, and
270° as its angles of rotation.
Use the procedure described above and the points indicated to rotate
the figure 90°, 180°, and 270° counterclockwise. A 90° rotation
clockwise produces the same rotation as a 270° rotation
counterclockwise.
90° counterclockwise 180° counterclockwise 90° clockwise
Real-World Link
The Pennsylvania
Dutch, or Pennsylvania
Germans, created signs
that were painted on
the sides of barns or
houses. Many feature
designs that have
rotational symmetry.
Source: folkart.com
g. SYMBOLS Copy and complete the symbol

for recycling shown so that the completed
figure has rotational symmetry with 120°
and 240° as its angles of rotation.
SPORTS For Exercises 1 and 2, complete parts a and b for each figure.
Examples 1, 2 a. Determine whether the logo has line symmetry. If it does, trace the figure
(p. 328) and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
Example 3 b. Determine whether the logo has rotational symmetry. Write yes or no.
(p. 328) If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
1. 2.
Example 4 3. ARCHITECTURE Copy and complete the window

(p. 329) for the partial window shown so that the
completed window has rotational symmetry
with 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°
as its angles of rotation.

Courtesy Ramona Maston/FolkArt.com
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 JAPANESE FAMILY CRESTS For Exercises 4–7, complete parts a and b for each
family crest.
For See
Exercises Examples a. Determine whether the crest has line symmetry. If it does, trace the crest
4a–7a, 8 1, 2 and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
4b–7b, 9 3 b. Determine whether the crest has rotational symmetry. Write yes or no.
10, 11 4 If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
4. 5. 6. 7.
ROAD SIGNS For Exercises 8 and 9, use the diagrams below.

a. b. c. d.
8. Determine whether each sign has line symmetry. If it does, trace

the sign and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
9. Which of the signs above could be rotated and still look the same? If any,
name the angle(s) of rotation.
10. HUBCAPS A partial hubcap is shown.

Copy and complete the figure so that the
completed hubcap has rotational symmetry
of 90°, 180°, and 270°.
11. PIZZA A piece of pizza is shown. Copy

and complete the figure so that the entire
pizza has rotational symmetry of 60°, 120°,
180°, 240°, and 300°. How many slices are
needed to complete the pizza?
12. ARCHITECTURE Determine whether the

Real-World Link
The stained glass
Taj Mahal in Agra, India, has line
window of the symmetry. If it does, state the number
Notre Dame Cathedral of lines of symmetry and describe each
in Paris, France,
has a diameter of one. If not, write none.
10 meters. The
Cathedral itself is
35 meters high, 13. ART Describe the kind(s) of symmetry
48 meters wide, Taj Mahal
and 130 meters long.
shown in the stained glass window
Source: parisdigest.com at the left.

(l to r, t to b)Doug Martin, (2 3 4)Doug Martin, (5)Vanni Archive/CORBIS, (6)Samuel R. Maglione/Photo Researchers
%842!02!#4)#% 14. ALPHABET Which capital letters of the alphabet produce the same letter
See pages 692, 713.
after being rotated 180°?
15. TRIANGLES Which types of triangles—scalene, isosceles, equilateral—have line

Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com symmetry? Which have rotational symmetry?
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE For Exercises 16 and 17, determine whether each statement is true
or false. If false, give a counterexample.
16. If a figure has one horizontal and one vertical line of symmetry, then it also
has rotational symmetry.
17. If a figure has rotational symmetry, it also has line symmetry.
18. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the difference between line symmetry and
(*/
rotational symmetry.
19. The figures below have a repeating pattern.
Which shows a 180° rotation of the 17th figure in the pattern?

A B C D
20. ALGEBRA Find the value of x in the two congruent 3x˚

triangles. (Lesson 6-4)
39˚
ALGEBRA Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles

of each polygon. (Lesson 6-3)
21. hexagon 22. octagon 23. 14-gon 24. 20-gon
25. SHOPPING A pair of boots costs $130 and is on sale for 15% off this price.
Find the amount of the discount. (Lesson 5-8)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the coordinates of the vertices of polygon HJKL

after polygon HJKL is dilated using the given scale factor. Then graph
polygon HJKL and its dilation. (Lesson 4-5)
26. H(-6, 2), J(4, 4), K(7, -2), L(-2, -4); scale factor _
1
2

6-6 Reflections
A
Main IDEA
Graph reflections on a PHOTOGRAPHY The undisturbed surface of
coordinate plane. a pond acts like a mirror and can provide
the subject for beautiful photographs. B C
Standard 7MG3.2
Understand and use 1. Compare the shape and size of the bird
coordinate graphs to
C'
to its image in the water. B'
determine lengths and areas 2. Compare the perpendicular distance
determine their image from the water line to each of the points
under translations and shown. What do you observe? A'
reflections.
3. The points A, B, and C appear counterclockwise on the bird. How are
these points oriented on the bird’s image?
NEW Vocabulary
reflection The mirror image produced by flipping a figure over a line is called a
line of reflection reflection. This line is called the line of reflection. A reflection is one
transformation
type of transformation or mapping of a geometric figure. In mathematics,
image
an image is the position of a figure after a transformation.
Draw a Reflection
1 Copy JKL at the right on graph paper. J
Then draw the image of the figure after a K
reflection over the given line.
Step 1 Count the number of units
between each vertex and the
line of reflection. L
Step 2 For each vertex, plot a point the J' 1 1 J

same distance away from the K' K
4 4
line on the other side.
READING Math Step 3 Connect the new vertices to

2 2
form the image of JKL, JKL. L' L
Notation Read J as J prime.
It is the image of point J.
a. Copy the figure on a piece of graph paper.

Then draw the image of the figure after a
Z
Y
X

Darrell Gulin/CORBIS
Reflect a Figure Over an Axis
REVIEW Vocabulary 2 Graph PQR with vertices P(-3, 4), Q(4, 2), and R(-1, 1). Then
vertex the point where two graph the image of PQR after a reflection over the x-axis, and
sides of a figure intersect; write the coordinates of its vertices.
Example: point P in PQR is
formed y The coordinates of the vertices of the image
−− by the−− intersection P
of PQ and PR. are P(-3, -4), Q(4, -2), and R(-1, -1).
Q
Examine the relationship between the
R coordinates of each figure.
R' O x
same
Q' opposites
P'
P(-3, 4) P(-3, -4)
Q(4, 2) Q(4, -2)
R(-1, 1) R(-1, -1)
Notice that the y-coordinate of a point reflected over the x-axis is the
opposite of the y-coordinate of the original point.
3 Graph quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(-4, 1), B(-2, 3), C(0, -3),
and D(-3, -2). Then graph the image of ABCD after a reflection
over the y-axis, and write the coordinates of its vertices.
y The coordinates of the vertices of the image
B B' are A(4, 1), B(2, 3), C(0, -3), and D(3, -2).
A A' Examine the relationship between the
O coordinates of each figure.
Points on Line of x
opposites
Reflection Notice
that if a point lies on D D' same
the line of reflection, C C'
the image of that
point has the same A(-4, 1) A(4, 1)
coordinates as those
of the point on the B(-2, 3) B(2, 3)
original figure.
C(0, -3) C(0, -3)
D(-3, -2) D(3, -2)
Notice that the x-coordinate of a point reflected over the y-axis is the
opposite of the x-coordinate of the original point.
Graph FGH with vertices F(1, -1), G(5, -3), and H(2, -4). Then
graph the image of FGH after a reflection over the given axis, and
write the coordinates of its vertices.
b. x-axis c. y-axis
If a figure touches the line of reflection as it does in Example 3, then the

figure and its image together form a new figure that has line symmetry.
The line of reflection is then also a line of symmetry.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 6-6 Reflections 333

Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com
Use a Reflection
4 MASKS Copy and complete the mask
shown so that the completed figure has
a vertical line of symmetry.
You can reflect the half of the mask shown
over the indicated vertical line.
Find the distance from each vertex on the
figure to the line of reflection.
Then plot a point that same distance away
on the opposite side of the line. Connect
vertices as appropriate.
Real-World Link
Many cultures use
masks in rituals as
well as theatrical
performances. Many
masks were created
to look like human or
animal faces, which
display vertical line
symmetry.
Source: The History
Channel
d. ART Copy and complete the

portion of the animal shown
so that the completed picture
has horizontal line symmetry.
What is the animal?
Examples 1–3 Graph the figure with the given vertices. Then graph the image of the figure
(pp. 332–333) after a reflection over the x-axis and y-axis and write the coordinates of the
image’s vertices.
1. ABC with vertices A(3, 5), B(4, 1), and C(1, 2)
2. WXY with vertices W(-1, -2), X(0, -4), and Y(-3, -5)
Example 4 3. ART Copy and complete the pattern

(p. 334) shown so that the completed figure
has vertical line symmetry.

Vanessa Vick/Photo Researchers
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Copy each figure onto graph paper. Then draw the image of the figure after a
For See
Exercises Examples 4. 5. G
C
4, 5 1
6–9 2, 3 F H
10, 11 4 B
D
J
Graph the figure with the given vertices. Then graph the image of the figure
after a reflection over the given axis, and write the coordinates of the image’s
vertices.
6. triangle ABC with vertices A(-1, -1), B(-2, -4), and C(-4, -1); x-axis
7. triangle FGH with vertices F(3, 3), G(4, -3), and H(2, 1); y-axis
8. square JKLM with vertices J(-2, 0), K(-1, -2), L(-3, -3), and
M(-4, -1); y-axis
9. quadrilateral PQRS with vertices P(1, 3), Q(3, 5), R(5, 2), and
S(3, 1); x-axis
10. PATTERNS The drawing shows the pattern

for the left half of the front of the shirt.
Copy the pattern onto grid paper. Then ,EFT
draw the outline of the pattern after it &RONT
has been flipped over a vertical line.
Label it “Right Front”.
11. ART The top half of a Ukranian decorative

egg is shown. Copy the figure onto a piece of
paper. Then draw the egg design after it has
been reflected over a horizontal line.
12. ARCHITECTURE Describe in what ways the

symmetry of the Fogong Monastery, shown
at the left, is similar to that of the Eiffel
Real-World Link Tower in Paris, France, shown at the right.
The Fogong
Monastery in Yingxian,
China, is an example 13. Triangle XYZ has vertices X(-1, 3), Y(2, 5),
of a pagoda, a and Z(3, -2). Find the coordinates of the
popular style of
traditional Chinese
image after a reflection over the x-axis
architecture. The and then the y-axis.
monastery has five
stories and each
story is octagonal.
14. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data
Source: chinaknowledge. File on pages 16–19. Choose an image
org that illustrates a reflection.
Lesson 6-6 Reflections 335

(l)Liu Liqun/CORBIS, (r)Daryl Benson/Masterfile
Copy each figure onto graph paper. Then draw the image of the figure after a
%842!02!#4)#% 15. Q R S T 16.
See pages 693, 713. V U A

B
Self-Check Quiz at C
ca.gr7math.com F D
H.O.T. Problems 17. OPEN ENDED Draw a right triangle ABC in the first quadrant of a coordinate
plane. Then draw the image after a reflection over the x-axis.
18. CHALLENGE Suppose point P with coordinates (-4, 5) is reflected so that the
coordinates of its image are (-4, -5). Without graphing, which axis was
this point reflected over? Explain your reasoning.
19. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Find the coordinates of the point (x, y) after it has
(*/
been reflected over the x-axis. Then find the coordinates of the point
(x, y) after it has been reflected over the y-axis. Explain your reasoning.
20. Which of the following is the reflection of ABC with vertices A(1, -1),
B(4, -1), and C(2, -4) over the x-axis?
A y B y C y D y
O x
O x O x O x
Determine whether each regular polygon has rotational symmetry. Write

yes or no. If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation. (Lesson 6-5)
21. 22. 23.
24. ALGEBRA Find the value of x if the triangles at the right are B 12 ft C D
congruent. (Lesson 6-4)
x ft 16 ft
20 ft
A E
PREREQUISITE SKILL Add. (Lesson 1-4)
25. -4 + (-1) 26. -5 + 3 27. -1 + 4

6-7 Translations
Main IDEA
Graph translations on a CHESS In chess, there are rules
coordinate plane. governing how many spaces and in
what direction each game piece can be
Standard 7MG3.2
Understand and use moved during a player’s turn. The
coordinate graphs to diagram at the right shows one legal
move of a knight.
1. Describe the motion involved in
determine their image
under translations and moving the knight.
reflections.
2. Compare the shape, size, and orientation of the knight in its
original position to that of the knight in its new position.
NEW Vocabulary A translation (sometimes called a slide) is the movement of a figure from
translation one position to another without turning it.
Draw a Translation
1 Copy trapezoid WXYZ at the right on X
graph paper. Then draw the image of W Y
the figure after a translation 4 units left
and 2 units down.
Step 1 Move each vertex of the trapezoid Z
4 units left and 2 units down.
Step 2 Connect the new vertices to form the image.
X X
W W
X' Y X' Y
W'
W'
Y' Z Y' Z
Z' Z'
a. Copy square EFGH at the right on

graph paper. Then draw the image of F
the figure after a translation 5 units
E
right and 3 units up.
G
H
Lesson 6-7 Translations 337

Translation in the Coordinate Plane
2 Graph JKL with vertices J(-3, 4), K(1, 3), and L(-4, 1). Then
graph the image of JKL after a translation 2 units right and
5 units down. Write the coordinates of its vertices.
Translations In the J y J y
coordinate plane, a K K
translation can be
described using an
ordered pair. A L L
translation up or to O x J' O x
the right is positive. A K'
translation down or
to the left is negative.
(2, -5) means a L'
translation 2 units
right and 5 units The coordinates of the vertices of the image are J '(-1, -1), K '(3, -2),
down.
and L '(-2, -4). Notice that these vertices can also be found by
adding 2 to the x-coordinates and -5 to the y-coordinates, or (2, -5).
Original Add (2, -5) Image
J(-3, 4) (-3 + 2, 4 + (-5)) J '(-1, -1)
K(1, 3) (1 + 2, 3 + (-5)) K '(3, -2)
L(-4, 1) (-4 + 2, 1 + (-5)) L '(-2, -4)
Graph ABC with vertices A(4, -3), B(0, 2), and C(5, 1). Then
graph its image after each translation, and write the coordinates
of its vertices.
b. 2 units down c. 4 units left and 3 units up
3 If triangle PQR is translated 2 units Q

left and 3 units down, what are the
coordinates of point R'? R
P
A (2, 2) C (4, 2) O
B (4, -1) D (2, -1)
Read the Item

You are asked to determine the coordinates of point R' after the
original figure has been translated 2 units left and 3 units down.
Solve the Item

You can answer this question without translating the entire triangle.

The coordinates of point R Original Figure
are (4, 2).
Eliminate the The x-coordinate of R is 4, Translating 2 units left is the same as
Possibilities Since subtracting 2 from the x-coordinate.
point R was translated so the x-coordinate of R' is
2 units left, the 4 - 2 or 2.
x-coordinate of point
R' is 4 - 2 or 2. This The y-coordinate of R is 2, Translating 3 units down is the same as
eliminates choices
B and C. so the y-coordinate of R' subtracting 3 from the y-coordinate.
is 2 - 3 or -1.
The coordinates of R' are (2, -1).
The answer is D.
d. If ABC with vertices A(-3, -4),

B(-1, -3), and C(-3, 1) is translated C
3 units to the right and 4 units up,
what are the coordinates of B'?
F (2, 1) H (-4, 1)
B
G (-4, -7) J (2, -7) A
Example 1 For Exercises 1 and 2, copy the figure at the right.

(p. 337) A
1. Draw the image of ABC after a translation B
4 units left and 1 unit up.
2. Draw the image of ABC after a translation
2 units right and 3 units down.
C
Example 2 Graph XYZ with vertices X(-4, -4), Y(-3, -1), and Z(2, -2).
(p. 338) Then graph the image of XYZ after each translation, and write
the coordinates of its vertices.
3. 3 units right and 4 units up 4. 2 units left and 3 units down
Example 3 5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Triangle PQR is translated P'

(p. 338) 5 units left and 3 units down. If the coordinates Q'
of P' are (-3, 8), find the coordinates of P.
A (-8, 11) C (-8, 5)
B (-6, 3) D (2, 5) R'
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 6-7 Translations 339

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Copy each figure onto graph paper. Then draw the image of the figure after
the indicated translation.
For See
Exercises Examples 6. 5 units right and 3 units up 7. 3 units right and 4 units down
6–9 1
G
10–11 2 Q
P
19, 20 3 H
F
E R
8. 2 units left and 5 units down 9. 1 unit left and 2 units up

X Y
N
M
O W Z
Graph the figure with the given vertices. Then graph the image of the figure
after the indicated translation, and write the coordinates of its vertices.
10. ABC with vertices A(1, 2), B(3, 1), and C(3, 4) translated 2 units left
and 1 unit up
11. rectangle JKLM with vertices J(-3, 2), K(3, 5), L(4, 3), and M(-2, 0)
translated by 1 unit right and 4 units down
12. ARCHITECTURE The arches in the first three stories
FT
of the Coliseum in Rome, Italy, are translations of
one another. Describe the minimum number of
translations of the indicated arch needed to create FT
the section shown in the photo at the right.
13. MUSIC The sound wave of a tuning fork is shown below. Look for a pattern
in the sound wave. Copy the sound wave and indicate where this pattern
repeats or is translated. Find how many translations of the original pattern
are shown in the diagram.
%842!02!#4)#%
14. WALLPAPER The wallpaper design at the 4 in.
See pages 693, 713. right is a traditional Japanese design. A 3 in.
Describe the minimum number of
Self-Check Quiz at translations of the original pattern, A,
ca.gr7math.com
needed to create the section shown.

Silvia Otte/Getty Images
15. GEOMETRY Triangle RST has vertices R(4, 2), S(-8, 0), and T(6, 7).
When translated, R ' has coordinates (-2, 4). Find the coordinates of
S ' and T '. Then describe the translation of triangle RST.
H.O.T. Problems 16. REASONING A figure is translated by (-5, 7). Then the result is translated
by (5, -7). Without graphing, what is the final position of the figure?
17. CHALLENGE What are the coordinates of the point (x, y) after being
translated m units left and n units up?
18. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem in which you would need
(*/
to translate a figure. Then solve your problem.
19. If PQR is translated 4 units 20. Find the coordinates of C ' of trapezoid
right and 3 units up, what are ABCD after a translation 3 units right
the coordinates of R ' ? and 7 units down.
y y
P
Q D C
O x A B
O x
R
A (-1, -6) C (-1, 0) F (1, 3) H (1, -3)

B (7, 0) D (7, -6) G (5, 7) J (-9, 1)
21. Graph polygon ABCDE with vertices A(-5, -3), B(-2, 1), C(-3, 4),
D(0, 2), and E(0, -3). Then graph the image of the figure after a reflection
over the y-axis, and write the coordinates of its vertices. (Lesson 6-6)
LIFE SCIENCE A diatom is a microscopic algae. For Exercises 22 and

23, use the diagram of the diatom at the right. (Lesson 6-5)
22. Does the diatom have line symmetry? If so, trace the figure
and draw any lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
23. Does the diatom have rotational symmetry? Write yes or no.
If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
Order each set of numbers from least to greatest. (Lesson 5-2)
24. 16%, _
1
, 1.6, _
1
25. _3 , 0.65, 38%, _5 26. 0.44, _, _, 88%
4 4
6 16 8 8 5 9
Lesson 6-7 Translations 341

APTER
CH
Study Guide
6 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
angle (p. 307) line symmetry (p. 327)
Be sure the following ,INEAND
Key Concepts are noted !NGLE collinear (p. 306) plane (p. 306)
2ELATIONSHIPS
in your Foldable. complementary angles point (p. 306)
(p. 307) ray (p. 307)
Key Concepts congruent angles (p. 306) reflection (p. 332)
image (p. 332) rotational symmetry
Angle Relationships (Lesson 6-1)
• The sum of the measures of complementary inductive reasoning (p. 328)
angles is 90°. (p. 314) supplementary angles
• The sum of the measures of supplementary interior angles (p. 316) (p. 307)
angles is 180°. line (p. 306) transformation (p. 332)
• Vertical angles are opposite angles formed by line of reflection (p. 332) translation (p. 337)
intersecting lines and are congruent.
line of symmetry (p. 327) vertical angles (p. 307)
Polygons (Lessons 6-3 and 6-4)
• The sum of the measures of the interior angles of
a polygon is (n – 2)(180).
• In congruent polygons, corresponding sides and
angles are congruent. Vocabulary Check
State whether each sentence is true or false.
Symmetry (Lesson 6-5)
If false, replace the underlined word or
• A figure with line symmetry can be folded over a
number to make a true sentence.
line so that the two halves match.
• A figure with rotational symmetry can be rotated 1. m∠1 is read as the measure of ∠1.
about its center so that it looks exactly as it does
2. A translation of (3, -2) means a
in its original position.
translation 3 units left and 2 units down.
Transformations (Lessons 6-6 and 6-7) 3. If ABC DEF, then ∠C ∠E.
• In a reflection, the image is congruent to
4. Inductive reasoning is the process of
the original figure, but the orientation of
the image is different from that of the making a rule after observing several
original figure. examples and using that rule to make a
decision.
• In a translation, the image is congruent to
the original figure, and the orientation of 5. A polygon whose angles are all congruent
the image is the same as that of the is said to be equilateral.
original figure. 6. A rectangle will match itself after being
rotated 90°, 180°, and 270°.
7. P, the image of point P, is read as P prime.
8. When a transformation occurs, the resulting
figure is called a line of reflection.
342 Chapter 6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

6-1 Line and Angle Relationships (pp. 306–310)
Find the value of x in each figure. Example 1 Find the value

9. 10. of x in the figure. x⬚
108⬚
125˚
43˚ x˚ Since the angle labeled x°
x˚
and the angle labeled 108°
are vertical angles, they
11. 12. are congruent.
122⬚ x⬚ 139⬚ x⬚ Therefore, x = 108.
87⬚
Example 2 Classify ∠2 and ∠3 as
complementary, supplementary, or
Refer to the figure below. Classify each vertical.
pair of angles as complementary,
supplementary, or vertical.
13. ∠1 and ∠4 2
3
14. ∠2 and ∠3 3 1
2 4
15. ∠1 and ∠5 1 4
5
16. ∠4 and ∠5
17. ARCHITECTURE On Since ∠2 and ∠3 form a straight line, they

the skyscraper at the
are supplementary angles.
right, m∠1 = 86° and
∠1 ∠3. Classify
the relationship
between ∠2 and
∠3. Then find m∠2.
6-2 PSI: Use Logical Reasoning (pp. 314–315)
Solve each problem using logical Example 3

reasoning. Use logical reasoning to find the next
18. GEOMETRY Draw several number.
squares and connect the 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, …
opposite vertices. Then
3 5 8 12 17
measure the four angles
⁺2 ⁺3 ⁺4 ⁺5
that are formed by the intersecting
diagonals on each square. What seems Since the numbers increase by 2, 3, 4, and
to be true about the diagonals of 5, the next number will increase by 6. The
a square? next number is 23.

APTER
CH
6-3 Polygons and Angles (pp. 316–319)
Find the sum of the measures of the Example 4 Find the measure of one
interior angles of each polygon. interior angle of a regular hexagon.
19. decagon Find the sum of the measures of the
20. 32-gon angles.
S = (n - 2)180 Write an equation.
Find the measure of one interior angle S = (6 - 2)180 Replace n with 6.
in each regular polygon. Round to the S = (4)180 Subtract.
nearest tenth if necessary. S = 720 Multiply.
21. heptagon 22. pentagon
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles is 720°.
23. RUGS Find the measure of an interior
angle of a rug shaped like a regular Divide 720° by 6, the number of interior
octagon. angles. So, the measure of one interior
angle of a regular hexagon is 720° ÷ 6
or 120°.
6-4 Congruent Polygons (pp. 320–323 )
Determine whether the polygons shown Example 5 In the figure below,

are congruent. If so, name the ABC RPQ. Find PQ.
corresponding parts and write a
45˚ B
congruence statement.
A 65˚
24. 25. 5 ft
4 ft
V 14 in. P
Y A B C
N E D C Q
14 in.
8 cm 6 cm P Q R
H G −− −−
S R PQ corresponds to BC.
Since BC = 5 feet, PQ = 5 feet.
26. ART BGY MGK in the art design
below. If m∠Y = 55°, find m∠K.
B
Y
G

see page 713.
Plate decorated with flame pattern. 16th century, Islamic School, Turkey. Ceramic./Louvre, Paris, France, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library
6-5 Symmetry (pp. 327–331)
BOATING Determine whether each signal Example 6 Determine whether the logo
flag has line symmetry. If it does, trace below has line symmetry. If it does, trace
the figure and draw all lines of the figure and draw all lines of
symmetry. If not, write none. symmetry. If not, write none.
27. 28. 29. The logo has line symmetry.
30. Which of the figures above has

rotational symmetry? Name the
angle(s) of rotation.
Example 7 Determine whether the logo
31. ART Determine whether the plate
above has rotational symmetry. If it does,
design below has rotational symmetry.
name its angle(s) of rotation.
If it does, name the angle(s) of rotation.

The logo has rotational symmetry. Its

angles of rotation are 90°, 180°, and 270°.
6-6 Reflections (pp. 332–336)
Graph parallelogram QRST with vertices Example 8 Graph FGH with vertices
Q(2, 5), R(4, 5), S(3, 1), and T(1, 1). Then F(1, -1), G(3, 1), and H(2, -3) and its
graph its image after a reflection over the image after a reflection over the y-axis.
given axis, and write the coordinates of The x-coordinate of a point reflected
its vertices. over the y-axis is the opposite of the
32. x-axis 33. y-axis x-coordinate of the original point.
So, the coordinates of the vertices of
34. ANIMALS Copy and complete the the image are F(-1, -1), G(-3, 1),
starfish shown so that the completed and H(-2, -3).
figure has a vertical line of symmetry. y
G' G
O
x
F' F
H' H

Plate decorated with flame pattern. 16th century, Islamic School, Turkey. Ceramic./Louvre, Paris, France, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library
APTER
CH
6-7 Translations (pp. 337–341)
Copy the figure at the H Example 9 Graph XYZ with vertices

right onto graph paper. X(-3, -1), Y(-1, 0), and Z(-2, -3) and
Then draw the image its image after a translation 4 units right
of the figure after the F and 1 unit up.
indicated translation. The coordinates of the vertices of the
35. 4 units left and 2 units up G image can be found by adding 4 to the
36. 3 units right and 1 unit down x-coordinates and 1 to the y-coordinates.
The coordinates of the image are X (1, 0),
Graph ABC with vertices A(2, 2), Y (3, 1), and Z (2, -2).
B(3, 5), and C(5, 3). Then graph its image y
after the indicated translation, and write Y'
the coordinates of its vertices. Y X'
O x
37. 1 unit right and 4 units down X
Z'
38. 2 units left and 3 units up Z
39. HIKING From her car, Marjorie hiked

2 miles north and 3 miles west before
she decided to stop and rest. If her
starting point can be represented by
the point P(1, 4), what are the
coordinates of her resting point?
Assume that each unit in the
coordinate plane is equal to one mile.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
6
1. ALGEBRA Find the MUSIC Determine whether each figure has line
value of x. 77⬚ x⬚ symmetry. If it does, trace the figure and draw
all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
119⬚
9. 10. 11.
2. ALGEBRA Angles P and Q are

supplementary. Find m∠P if m∠Q = 139°.
ALGEBRA Find the sum of the measures of the 12. MUSIC Which figure above has rotational
interior angles of each regular polygon. Then, symmetry? Name its angle(s) of rotation.
find the measure of one interior angle.
3. octagon 13. STANDARDS PRACTICE A portion of an
archway is shown. Which of the
4. 15-gon
following shows the completed archway
5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which of the with vertical line symmetry?
following statements is not true
concerning the quadrilaterals in the stained
glass window?
F A F H
E B
D G J
C
A The sum of the angle measures in
Graph JKL with vertices J(2, 3), K(-1, 4),
quadrilateral ADEF is 360°.
and L(-3, -5). Then graph its image and
B Quadrilateral ABCD is a regular polygon. write the coordinates of its vertices after
C The quadrilaterals are congruent. each transformation.
D The sum of the angle measures in 14. reflection over the x-axis
quadrilateral ABCD is 360°. 15. translation 2 units left and 5 units up
In the figure below, MNP ZYX.
Find each measure. 16. CHESS Describe the minimum number of
translations needed to create the pattern of
6.3 m N X
M the chess board shown from the original
28⬚
square B if each square has a side length of
5.7 m 35⬚
Z 1 inch.
P Y
6. ZY
7. ∠X
8. ∠Z B

Aaron Haupt
APTER
CH

Read each question. Then fill in the 4 The graph of rectangle LMNP is shown below.
correct answer on the answer document
provided by your teacher or on a sheet x
{
of paper. - .
Î
1 If LMN is translated 5 units up and Ó
£
7 units to the right, what are the
coordinates of point L’ ? x { Î Ó ££ £ Ó Î { x
, Ó
0
y Î
4
{
3
x
2
1
⫺7⫺6⫺5⫺4⫺3⫺2⫺1O 1 2 3 4x
⫺2 What is the area, in square units, of rectangle
L ⫺3
⫺4
LMNP?
⫺5 F 24 H 12
⫺6
N ⫺7 G 18 J 9
M
A (-10, 2) C (2, 5) 5 Find -18 - (-7).

B (4, 2) D (4, -3) A -25 C -9
B -11 D 25
2 A refrigerator costs $560. If the refrigerator
is on sale for 30% off the regular price, how
6 A circle with a radius of 4 units has its
much is the discount?
center at (1, -2) on a coordinate grid. If
F $392 H $175 the circle is translated 5 units up and
G $260 J $168 4 units left, what will be the coordinates
of the new center?
3 A microscope slide shows 35 red blood cells y
7
out of 60 blood cells. How many red blood 6
5
cells would be expected in a sample of the 4
same blood that has 840 blood cells? 3
2
A 2.5 C 510 1
⫺7⫺6⫺5⫺4⫺3⫺2⫺1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
B 490 D 1,440
⫺2
⫺3
⫺4
⫺5
⫺6
Question 3 The ratio of the number ⫺7
of red blood cells to the total blood
cells on the first slide is the same as
the ratio on the second slide. Use a
F (-5, 2) H (-3, 3)
proportion. G (-4, 2) J (5, 3)
348 Chapter 6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com
More California
Standards Practice
7 Which figure is congruent to the figure 9 Dannie can make 3 bracelets in 55 minutes.
below? At this rate, how many hours will it take her
6
to make 18 bracelets?
A 3.3 C 9.17
3
B 5.5 D 330
10 Stu saved $19.75 when he purchased shoes.
A 6
If the sale price was 25% off the regular
price, what was the original price?
3
F $79 H $25
G $35 J $20
B 3
3
Pre-AP
Show your work.
C 3
11 Use the figure in the coordinate grid.
1.5
y
7
6
5
4
D 4 3
2
4 1
⫺7⫺6⫺5⫺4⫺3⫺2⫺1O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
⫺2
⫺3
8 Jesse purchased a new digital camera for ⫺4
⫺5
$499 and a printer for $299 including tax. If ⫺6
he plans to pay the total amount in 6 equal ⫺7
monthly payments, what is a reasonable
estimate of the amount he will pay each a. Graph the figure after a reflection over
month? the x-axis.
F $66.50 b. Graph the figure after a reflection over
G $133.00 the y-axis.
H $155.00 c. Graph the figure if it is reflected over the
line y = 2 and then over the line y = -2.
J $165.00
What transformation is this the same as?
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Go to Lesson... 6-7 5-8 4-3 3-7 1-5 6-7 6-4 1-1 4-1 5-8 6-6
For Help with Standard... MG3.2 NS1.7 AF4.2 MG3.2 NS1.2 MG3.2 MG3.4 MR2.1 AF4.2 NS1.7 MG3.2

Measurement:
7 Area and Volume
• Standard 7MG2.0
Compute the perimeter,
area, and volume of
common geometric objects
and use the results to find
measures of less common
objects. Know how
perimeter, area, and
volume are affected by
changes of scale.
Key Vocabulary
cone (p. 381)
cylinder (p. 374)
pyramid (p. 369)
prism (p. 369)
Real-World Link
Caverns Stalactites and stalagmites are cone-shaped
formations found in caverns. If you know the diameter of
the base and the height of the formation, you can determine
the volume of rocks and minerals in the formation.
Measurement: Area and Volume Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.
Begin with a piece of 11” × 17” paper.
1 Fold in half widthwise. 2 Open and fold the bottom 3 Label each pocket. Place several
to form a pocket. Glue edges. index cards in each pocket.
"REA 7OLUME
350 Chapter 7 Measurement: Area and Volume

Todd Gipstein/CORBIS
Option 2
Option 1
Multiply. (Lessons 2-3 and 2-9) Example 1

1. _ · 8 · 12
1 2. _1 · 4 · 9 2 _
Multiply 1 · 5 · 6 2.
3 3 3
3. RUNNING Julian runs 4 miles a
_ · 5 · 6 2 = _1 · 5 · 36
1
Evaluate 6 2.
3 3
day for 6 days each week. If he _
= 1 · 180 Multiply 5 by 36.
decides to run _
1
of this distance, 3
3
= 60 Multiply _1 by 180.
how many miles will he run in 3
one week? (Lesson 2-3)
Evaluate 2ab + 2bc + 2ac for the Example 2

values of the variables indicated. Evaluate 2ab + 2bc + 2ac if a = 7, b = 4,
(Lesson 1-2) and c = 2.
4. a = 5, b = 4, c = 8 Substitute
2ab + 2bc + 2ac a = 7, b = 4,
5. a = 2, b = 3, c = 9 = 2(7)(4) + 2(4)(2) + 2(7)(2) and c = 2.
= 56 + 16 + 28 Multiply.
6. a = 5.4, b = 2.9, c = 7.1
= 100 Add.
7. a = 2.6, b = 6.4, c = 10.8
Find the value of each expression. Example 3

Use π ≈ 3.14. Round to the nearest Evaluate π · 16 2. Use π ≈ 3.14. Round to
tenth. (Prior Grade) the nearest tenth.
8. π · 15 9. 2 · π · 3.2 π · 16 2 ≈ 3.14 · 256 Evaluate 16 2.
2 2 ≈ 803.8 Multiply 3.14 by 256.
10. π · 7 11. π · (19 ÷ 2)
12. PIZZA The distance, in inches,

around a circular pizza with
diameter 14 inches is given by
the expression π · 14. Evaluate
this expression. Round to the
nearest tenth. (Prior Grade)

7-1 Circumference and
Area of Circles
Main IDEA
Find the circumference
and area of circles. Measure and record the distance d across the circular
part of an object, such as a battery or a can, through its
Standard 7MG2.1 center.
Use formulas
routinely for finding Place the object on a piece of paper. Mark the point
the perimeter and area of
basic two-dimensional where the object touches the paper on both the object
figures and the surface area and on the paper.
and volume of basic three-
dimensional figures,
including rectangles, Carefully roll the object so that it makes one complete
parallelograms, trapezoids, rotation. Then mark the paper again.
squares, triangles, circles,
prisms, and cylinders.
Standard 7MG3.1 Identify
Finally, measure the distance C between the marks.
and construct basic elements
of geometric figures (e.g.,
altitudes, midpoints,
diagonals, angle bisectors,
central angles, radii, in. 1 2 3 4 5 6
diameters, and chords of

circles) by using a compass
and straightedge. 1. What distance does C represent?
2. Find the ratio _ for this object.

C
d
NEW Vocabulary 3. Repeat the steps above for at least two other circular objects and
circle compare the ratios of C to d. What do you observe?
center 4. Graph the data you collected as ordered pairs, (d, C). Then describe
radius
the graph.
chord
diameter
circumference
pi A circle is a set of points in a plane
center radius circumference
that are the same distance from a (r) (C)
given point in the plane, called the
center. The segment from the center diameter
to any point on the circle is called (d)
the radius. A chord is any segment
with both endpoints on the circle. The diameter of a circle is
twice its radius or d ⫽ 2r.
A diameter is a chord that passes
through the center. It is the longest chord.
The distance around the circle is called the circumference. The ratio
of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is always 3.1415926….
It is represented by the Greek letter π (pi). The numbers 3.14 and 22 _
7
are often used as approximations for π. So, _ C
= π. This can also be
d
written as C = πd or C ≈ 3.14d.

+%9#/.#%04 Circumference of a Circle
Words The circumference C of a circle Model C

is equal to its diameter d times π, d
r
or 2 times its radius r times π.
Symbols C = πd or C = 2πr
Find the Circumferences of Circles

Calculating with π
Using 3.14 for π will Find the circumference of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
result in a close 1 C = πd Circumference of a circle
approximation.
IN
C=π·9 Replace d with 9.
C = 9π This is the exact circumference.
C ≈ 9 · 3.14 or 28.3 Replace π with 3.14 and multiply.
The circumference is about 28.3 inches.
2 C = 2πr Circumference of a circle

7.2 cm
C ≈ 2 · 3.14 · 7.2 Replace π with 3.14 and r with 7.2.
C ≈ 45.2 Multiply.
The circumference is about 45.2 centimeters.
a. b. c.
IN
FT
M
A circle can be separated into congruent wedge-like pieces. Then the

pieces can be rearranged to form a figure that resembles a parallelogram.
1
C
2
radius
1
C
2
Since the circle has an area that is relatively close to the area of the
parallelogram-shaped figure, you can use the formula for the area of a
parallelogram to find the formula for the area of a circle.
A = bh Area of a parallelogram
A= _
1
·C r ( ) The base of the parallelogram is one-half the
2 circumference and the height is the radius.
A= _
1
(
· 2πr r ) Replace C with 2πr.
2
A = π · r · r or πr 2 Simplify.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 7-1 Circumference and Area of Circles 353
+%9#/.#%04 Area of a Circle
Words The area A of a circle is equal to Model

π times the square of the radius r.
Symbols A = πr 2
Find the Areas of Circles

Find the area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
Estimation 3 A = πr 2 Area of a circle
To estimate the area 2
of a circle, square the KM A ≈ 3.14 · 8 Replace π with 3.14 and r with 8.
radius and then
multiply by 3. A ≈ 3.14 · 64 Evaluate 8 2.
A ≈ 201.0 Multiply.
The area is about 201.0 square kilometers.
4 A = πr 2 Area of a circle
FT 2
A ≈ 3.14 (7.5) Replace π with 3.14 and r with half of 15 or 7.5.
A ≈ 3.14 · 56.25 Evaluate 7.5 2.
A ≈ 176.6 Multiply.
The area is about 176.6 square feet.

d. The radius is 11 inches. e. The diameter is 5 meters.
5 FOUNTAINS Refer to the information at the left. Suppose that you

walk around the edge of the Sonic Pool and estimate its
circumference to be 16 feet. Based on your estimate, what is the
approximate diameter of the fountain?
Real-World Link
The Sonic Pool, at the C = πd Circumference of a circle
Huntington Botanical
Gardens in San Marino, 16 ≈ 3.14d Replace π with 3.14 and C with 16.
California, is a circular _16
≈d Divide each side by 3.14.
bowl filled with lake 3.14
water. The water is 5.1 ≈ d Divide.
vibrated to create wave
patterns that visitors The diameter of the fountain is about 5 feet.
can reach in and touch.
Source: nedkahn.com
f. HOME DECOR A catalog states that a circular area rug covers

19.5 square feet. What is the approximate diameter of the rug?

Vickie Kirby/Austin College
Find the circumference of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
Examples 1, 2 1. 2. 3.
(p. 353) CM YD MI

Examples 3, 4 4. 5. 6.
(p. 354) 14.5 m FT
IN
Example 5 7. BRACELETS When Cammie finished making a friendship bracelet, it was

(p. 354) 7.9 inches long. What was the diameter of the bracelet?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the circumference of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
For See 8. 9. 10. 11.
Exercises Examples MM MI IN
8–11 1, 2 KM
12–15 3, 4
16–19 5
12. 13. 14. 15.
M MI FT IN
16. CARS If the tires on a car each have a diameter of 25 inches, how far will the
car travel in 100 rotations of its tires?
17. MEASUREMENT A circular table top has a radius of 2_ feet. A decorative trim
1
4
is placed along the outside edge of the table. How long is the trim?
18. SAFETY A light in a parking lot illuminates a circular area 15 meters across.
What is the area of the parking lot covered by the light?
19. ANIMALS A California ground squirrel usually stays within 150 yards of
its burrow. Find the area of a California ground squirrel’s world.
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth.
20. The radius is 3.5 centimeters. 21. The diameter is 8.6 kilometers.
22. The diameter is 9 inches. 23. The radius is 0.6 mile.
Lesson 7-1 Circumference and Area of Circles 355

24. Find the diameter of a circle if its
area is 706.9 square millimeters.
25. LAWN CARE The pattern of water

distribution from a sprinkler is
commonly a circle or part of a circle. FT
A certain sprinkler is set to cover
part of a circle measuring 270°.
Find the area of the grass watered
if the sprinkler reaches a distance
of 15 feet.
_
Another approximate value for π is 22 . Use this value to find the
7
circumference and area of each circle.
27. The radius is 2_ inches.
1
26. The diameter is 7 feet.
3
28. PIZZA The pizzeria has a special
that offers one large, two medium,
or three small pizzas for $12. IN IN IN
Which offer is the best buy?
Real-World Link
Trees should be 29. SPORTS Three tennis balls are packaged one on top of the other in a can.
planted so that they Which measure is greater, the can’s height or circumference? Explain.
have plenty of room
to grow. The planting
site should have an 30. TREES During a construction project,
area of at least 2 to 3
times the diameter barriers are placed around trees. For each
of the circle the inch of trunk diameter, the protection
zone should have a radius of 1_
spreading roots of the 1
maturing tree are feet.
2
expected to occupy. Find the area of this zone for a tree with
Source: www.forestry. 1
uga.edu
a trunk circumference of 63 inches. d in. 12 d
31. GRAPHIC ARTS Michael is painting a sign for

a new coffee shop. On the sign, he drew a circle
with a radius of 2 feet. He then drew another
circle with a radius 1.5 times larger. How much
%842!02!#4)#%
greater is the area of the larger circle?
See pages 693, 714.
ca.gr7math.com
would determine the area of a circle.
H.O.T. Problems 33. OPEN ENDED Draw and label a circle that has a circumference between
10 and 20 centimeters. Justify your answer.
34. NUMBER SENSE If the radius of a circle is halved, how will this affect its
circumference and its area? What happens to the circumference and area if
the radius is doubled or tripled? Explain your reasoning. (Hint: Find the
circumference and area for each circle and organize the data in a table.)

(l)Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit, (r)Aaron Haupt
CHALLENGE Find the area of each shaded region.
35. 36. 37.
IN
M
CM
M
CM
38. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to find the diameter of a circle if you
(*/
know the measure of its area.
39. In the figure below, the radius of the 40. Using the two circles shown below,
inscribed circle is 8 inches. What is the what is __
circumference of circle x
?
perimeter of square WXYZ? circumference of circle y
X Y
8 cm 12 cm
circle x circle y
W Z
A 16π in. F _
3π
H _
2
4 3
B 64 in.
G _
4π
J _4
C 32 in. 3 3
D 64π in.
GEOMETRY For Exercises 41 and 42, use ABC with vertices A(-2, -2),
B(-1, 2), and C(1, 0).
41. GEOMETRY Graph ABC and its image after it is translated 2 units right
and 1 unit up. (Lesson 6-7)
42. GEOMETRY What are the coordinates of A’B’C’ when ABC is reflected
over the x-axis? (Lesson 6-6)
43. ART At an auction in New York City, a 2.55-square inch portrait of George
Washington sold for $1.2 million. About how much did the buyer pay per
square inch for the portrait? (Lesson 4-1)
44. PREREQUISITE SKILL The price of calculators has been decreasing. A

calculator sold for $125 in 1995. A similar calculator sold for $89 in 2005.
Use the look for a pattern strategy to determine the price of a similar
calculator in 2025 if the price decrease continues at the same rate.
Lesson 7-1 Circumference and Area of Circles 357

Extend Geometry Lab
7- 1 Investigating Arcs and Angles
In Lesson 6-1, you learned about angle relationships. Angles can also be
Main IDEA placed in circles. A central angle is an angle that intersects a circle in two
Find measures of arcs and points and has its vertex at the center of the circle. It separates the circle
inscribed angles.
into two parts, each of which is an arc.
Standard 7MG3.1 The measure of a central angle is equivalent to the measure of its
Identify and construct corresponding arc. There are three types of arcs.
basic elements of
geometric figures (e.g.,
altitudes, midpoints, A minor arc measures A major arc measures A semicircle measures
diagonals, angle bisectors, less than 180°. more than 180°. 180°.
central angles, radii,
diameters, and chords of A AC D DFE JKL
circles) by using a compass J
and straightedge. E K
Standard 7MR2.4 Make 60
110
and test conjectures using
B C G N
inductive and deductive
reasoning. F L
M
JML
NEW Vocabulary
central angle
arc An inscribed angle is an angle that has its vertex on the circle, and its
minor arc sides contain chords of the circle.
major arc B
semicircle
inscribed angle
Measure of Inscribed Angles
1 C
Use a compass to draw a circle and
label the center C. A
D
Use a straightedge to draw chords B
BA and BD that do not go through
the center of the circle.
Use a straightedge to C
−− −−
draw AC and CD. A
Measure ∠ABD and ∠ACD. D
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What seems to be the relationship between m∠ABD and m∠ACD?
2. Repeat Steps 1–4 with several different inscribed angles.
READING Math 3. MAKE A PREDICTION Draw a circle with a radius of 3 inches. Then
Arcs and Segments draw a central angle that measures 60° and an inscribed angle that
The symbol
AC is−−
read arc intercepts the same arc. Without measuring, predict the measure of
AC. The symbol AC is read the inscribed angle. Then check your prediction by measuring.
segment AC.

Angles Inscribed in a Semicircle
Z
2 Use a compass to draw a circle
−−
with center X and diameter YZ.
X
Draw and label any point R on
YZ.
Use a straightedge to
−− −−
draw RY and RZ. Y R
Vocabulary Link
Inscribe
ANALYZE THE RESULTS
−− −− −−
Everyday Use to write, 4. What shape is formed by RY, RZ, and YZ?
engrave, or print
characters on 5. Find m∠YRZ. What kind of triangle is triangle YRZ?
Math Use to have its −− −−
vertex (or vertices) on 6. Draw and label another point T on
YZ. Draw TY and TZ. Find
a circle and its sides m∠YTZ.
containing chords of
the circle. 7. MAKE A CONJECTURE What is true about inscribed angles that
intercept a semicircle?
8. Find the measures of the missing angles and A 20˚
arcs in the figure at the right. B
a.
DB b. ∠a c.
ECA d. ∠b 130˚
e. ∠ECB f.
BA g.
DC h.
CB a b
E
C
D
Chords and Diameters

3 Use a compass to draw a circle F
and label the center P. Draw a chord G
−−
that is not a diameter. Label it EF.
P
Construct a line segment through P
−− E
that is perpendicular to EF H
with endpoints on the circle.
−−
Label this as diameter GH.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

9. Compare the lengths of
EG and
FG. Then compare the lengths of
EH
and
FH.
−−− −−
10. What is the relationship between diameter GH and chord EF?
11. MAKE A CONJECTURE What is the relationship among a
diameter, a chord, and its arc if the diameter is perpendicular
to the chord?
Extend 7-1 Geometry Lab: Investigating Arcs and Angles 359

MAIN IDEA: Solve a simpler problem.
Standard 7MR1.3 Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts. Standard 7MR2.2 Apply strategies and
results from simpler problems to more complex problems. Standard 7AF4.2 Solve multistep problems involving rate,
average speed, distance, and time or a direct variation.
e-Mail: SOLVE A SIMPLER

PROBLEM
YOUR MISSION: Solve a problem by solving a
simpler problem.
THE PROBLEM: What is the largest number of

pieces that can be cut from one pizza using
5 straight cuts?
▲
GINA: I have a circular pizza. A “cut”
doesn’t have to go through the center,
just edge to edge.
EXPLORE You know that a “cut” does not have to go through the center. Also, the pieces do
not necessarily have to be the same size.
PLAN Solve a simpler problem using 1, 2, 3, and 4 cuts and then look for a pattern.
SOLVE
£ÊVÕÌ ÓÊVÕÌÃ ÎÊVÕÌÃ {ÊVÕÌÃ
Cuts 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pieces 1 2 4 7 11 16
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5
So, the largest number of pieces formed by 5 cuts is 16.

CHECK Check your answer by making a diagram for 5 cuts.
1. Explain why it was helpful for Gina to solve a simpler problem.

2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write about a situation in which you might need to
(*/
solve a simpler problem in order to solve a more complicated problem.
Then solve the problem.

Brent Turner
Use the solve a simpler problem strategy to READING For Exercises 9 and 10, use the
solve Exercises 3–6. following information.
3. GEOMETRY How many Carter Middle School has 487 fiction books and
squares of any size are 675 nonfiction books. Of the nonfiction books,
in the figure at the right? 84 are biographies.
9. Draw a Venn diagram of the situation.
10. How many books are not biographies?
4. TABLES The school cafeteria has 15 square
tables that can be pushed together to form 11. STATISTICS The graph represents a survey of
one long table for class parties. Each square 400 students. Determine the difference in
table can seat only one person on each side. the number of students who prefer cola to
How many people can be seated at the lemon-lime soda.
combined tables? Soft Drink Preferences
5. PARTY SUPPLIES Paper cups come in 37% 15%

packages of 40 or 75. Monica needs 350 Cola Orange
paper cups for the school party. How many 10%
Cherry
packages of each size should she buy? 20% 18%
Lemon- Root
Lime Beer
6. GIFT WRAPPING During the holidays,
Tyler and Abigail earn extra money by
wrapping gifts at a department store.
Tyler wraps 8 packages an hour and
Abigail wraps 10 packages an hour. For Exercises 12–14, select the appropriate
Working together, about how long will operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
it take them to wrap 40 packages? selection(s) and solve the problem.
12. TRAVEL When Mrs. Lopez started her trip
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 7–11. Some from Jackson, Mississippi, to Atlanta,
strategies are shown below. Georgia, her odometer read 35,400 miles.
When she reached Atlanta, her odometer
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN read 35,782 miles. If the trip took 6_
1
hours,
• Use the four-s
tep plan. 2
what was her average speed?
rn.
• Use a Venn di
agram.
13. SCHOOL SUPPLIES Ethan wishes to buy
• Solve a simple
r problem.
4 pens, 1 ruler, and 8 folders at the school
store. The prices are shown in the table
below. If there is no tax, is $11 enough to pay
7. CUBES Three different views of a cube are for Ethan’s school supplies? Explain.
shown. If the fish is currently faceup, what
Item Cost
figure is facedown?
Pens $1.75
Ruler $1.09
Folder $0.55
14. HEALTH A human heart beats an average of

8. NUMBER SENSE Find the sum of all the 72 times in one minute. Estimate the number
whole numbers from 1 to 40, inclusive. of times a human heart beats in one year.
Lesson 7-2 Problem-Solving Investigation: Solve a Simpler Problem 361

Explore Measurement Lab
7-3 Area of Irregular Figures
An irregular figure has sides that are not line segments. To estimate area
Main IDEA of an irregular figure, separate the figure into simpler shapes. Then find
Estimate areas of irregular the sum of these areas.
figures.
Standard 7MG2.2
Estimate and
compute the area of
more complex or irregular Estimate the area of Idaho.
two- and three-dimensional
First, separate the figure into a triangle
figures by breaking the
figures down into more triangle and a rectangle.
basic geometric objects.
Standard 7MR2.2 Apply Area of triangle 481 mi 100 mi
strategies and results from
simpler problems to more
complex problems.
A=_
1
bh 170 mi
2 I DAHO
b = 300 –100 or 200
=_
1
· 200 · 311 300 mi
2 h = 481–170 or 311
rectangle
= 31,100 Simplify.
Area of rectangle
A = w
= 300 · 170 or 51,000 = 300 and w = 170
The area of Idaho is about 31,100 + 51,000 or 82,100 square miles.
Check for Reasonableness Solve the problem another way. How does it compare
to the answer in the activity?
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. In the figure at the right, the area of 210 mi
California is separated into polygons. 213.3 mi
Explain how polygons can be used to
estimate the total land area. 546.7 mi
2. Estimate the area of each region.
3. Estimate the total area of California. 280 mi 133.3 mi
4. RESEARCH Use the Internet or another

160 mi
source to find the actual total land area 40 mi
of California. How does it compare to 160 mi
your answer in Exercise 3?
5. RESEARCH Estimate the area of another state. Use the
Internet or another source to compare your estimate
with the actual area.

7-3 Area of Complex Figures
Main IDEA
Find the area of complex CARPETING When carpeting,
figures. you must calculate the amount
of floor space. Sometimes the &AMILY2OOM
Standard 7MG2.1
Use formulas space is made up of several shapes. .OOK
routinely for finding
1. Identify some of the polygons
basic two-dimensional that make up the family room,
figures and the surface area &OYER
nook, and foyer area shown in
and volume of basic three- $INING
dimensional figures, this floor plan.
including rectangles,
2. How can the polygons be used
parallelograms, trapezoids,
squares, triangles, circles, to find the total area that will
prisms, and cylinders. be carpeted?
Standard 7MG2.2 Estimate
and compute the area of
more complex or irregular
two- and three-dimensional A complex figure is made up of two or more shapes.
figures down into more
basic geometric objects. PARALLELOGRAM HALFOFACIRCLEORSEMICIRCLE
TRAPEZOID
NEW Vocabulary
complex figure
RECTANGLE
SQUARE TRIANGLE
To find the area of a complex figure, separate the figure into shapes
whose areas you know how to find. Then find the sum of these areas.
The following is a review of area formulas.
+%9#/.#%04 Area Formulas

Shape Words Formula
The area A of a parallelogram is the
Parallelogram A = bh
product of any base b and its height h.
Triangle
The area A of a triangle is half the
A= _1 bh
product of any base b and its height h. 2
The area A of a trapezoid is half the

READING Trapezoid product of the height h and the sum of A= _1 h(b1 + b2)
2
in the Content Area the bases, b 1 and b 2.
For strategies in reading The area A of a circle is equal to π
this lesson, visit Circle times the square of the radius r. A = πr 2
ca.gr7math.com.
Lesson 7-3 Area of Complex Figures 363

Find the Area of a Complex Figure
1 Find the area of the complex figure.
Semicircle Since a The figure can be separated into a 6m
semicircle is half a semicircle and a triangle.
circle, its area is _1 πr2. 11 m
2
Area of semicircle Area of triangle
A=_ 1
πr 2 A=_ 1
bh
2 2
A≈_ 1
· 3.14 · 3 2 A=_ 1
· 6 · 11
2 2
A ≈ 14.1 A = 33
The area of the figure is about 14.1 + 33 or 47.1 square meters.
Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
a. 12 cm b. c. 20 in.
12 cm 7m
13 in. 20 in.
6 cm 15 m
18 cm 25 in.
2 GOLF The plan for one hole of a FT
miniature golf course is shown. FT

FT
It is composed of a trapezoid and FT
a parallelogram. How many FT

square feet of turf will be needed
for this plan?
Real-World Link
There are 336 dimples Area of trapezoid Area of parallelogram
on a regulation golf ball.
Source: mygolfrecord.com A=_ 1
h(b 1 + b 2) A = bh
2
A=_ 1
(3)(2 + 3) A = 6 · 2.5
2
A = 7.5 A = 15
So, 7.5 + 15 or 22.5 square feet of turf will be needed.
4 ft
d. SHEDS Chloe’s father is building a shed.
How many square feet of wood are
12 ft
needed to build the back of the shed
shown at the right?
15 ft

Bill Bachmann/Photo Researchers
Find the Area of a Shaded Region
1 in.
3 In the figure at the right, four
1 in.
Congruent Triangles
congruent triangles are cut from
5 in.
Congruent triangles a rectangle. Find the area of the
have corresponding shaded region. Round to the nearest
sides and angles that 12 in.
are congruent. tenth if necessary.
Find the area of the rectangle and subtract the area of the four
triangles.
Area of rectangle Area of triangles
A = w A = 4 · (_
1
bh)
2
A = 12 · 5 = 12, w = 5 A=4·_·1·1
1
b = 1, h = 1
2
A = 60 Simplify. A=2 Simplify.
The area of the shaded region is 60 – 2 or 58 square inches.
13 cm
e. Two rectangles are cut from a
3 cm
larger rectangle. Find the area of
7cm 4 cm
the shaded region. Round to the
1 cm
2 cm
Example 1 Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
(p. 364)
1. 12 in. 2.
3 yd
11 in.
8 yd
17 in.
10 yd
16 in.
Examples 2, 3 3. WINDOWS The Lunas installed 4. A triangle is cut from a rectangle.

(p. 364, 365) the window shown below. How Find the area of the shaded region.
many square feet is the window? 11 ft
FT
6 ft
FT
4 ft

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
5. CM 6. 7.
For See
Exercises Examples YD YD CM
CM CM
5–10 1 YD YD
11, 12 2 CM
13–16 3 CM YD
8. M 9. 10. CM

6.4 ft 7 ft
M CM
3.6 ft CM
9 ft CM
11. CARPENTRY Scott is constructing 12. JEWELRY A necklace comes with a

a deck like the one shown. What gold pendant. What is the area of
is the area of the deck? the pendant in square centimeters?
5 ft
CM
3.5 ft
12 ft
CM
CM
CM
Find the area of the shaded region. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
13. 14.
20 m 10 yd 8 yd
25 m
22 m
9 yd
42 m 15 yd
15. 2 cm 16. 5 ft
2 cm
8 cm 12 ft
16 cm 25 ft
%842!02!#4)#% 17. PAINTING Suppose you are painting one

See pages 694, 714. side of a house. One gallon of paint covers 13 ft
350 square feet and costs $21.95. How
Self-Check Quiz at
much will it cost to buy enough paint
18 ft
ca.gr7math.com if you apply one coat of paint?
35 ft

H.O.T. Problems 18. CHALLENGE In the diagram at the right, a 16 ft
3-foot-wide wooden walkway surrounds
a garden. What is the area of the walkway?
*/ -!4( Explain at least two 15 ft

19. (*/
83 *5*/( 27 ft
different ways of finding the area of a hexagon.
12 ft
Include a drawing with your answer.
20. What is the total area of the figure 21. A rectangular vegetable garden that is
shown? 32 feet long and 21 feet wide is on a
rectangular lot that is 181 feet long and
48 feet wide. The rest of the lot is
CM grass. Approximately how many
CM
square feet is grass?
A 92.5 cm 2 21 ft 48 ft
2
B 64.3 cm 32 ft
C 56.5 cm 2 181 ft
D 36.0 cm 2
F 8,688 ft 2 H 8,016 ft 2
G 8,635 ft 2 J 282 ft 2
22. MODELS Suppose you had 100 cubes. Use the solve a simpler problem strategy
to determine the largest cube you could build with the cubes. (Lesson 7-2)
23. MONUMENTS Stonehenge is a circular array of giant stones in England.

The diameter of Stonehenge is 30.5 meters. Find the approximate distance
around Stonehenge. (Lesson 7-1)
24. GEOMETRY Graph rectangle ABCD with vertices A(-1, 3), B(5, 3), C(5, -2),
and D(-1, -2). Then graph its image after a translation 2 units right and
4 units down. (Lesson 6-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Classify each polygon according to its number of sides.

25. 26.
27. 28.

7-4 Three-Dimensional Figures
Main IDEA
Identify and draw three- CRYSTALS A two-dimensional figure
dimensional figures. has two dimensions, length and
width. A three-dimensional figure,
Standard 7MG3.6
Identify like the Amethyst crystal shown at
elements of three- the right, has three dimensions,
dimensional geometric
objects (e.g., diagonals of
length, width, and depth (or height).
rectangular solids) and Amethyst
1. Name the two-dimensional
describe how two or more top
objects are related in space shapes that make up the sides
(e.g., skew lines, and the of this crystal.
possible ways three planes
might intersect). 2. If you observed the crystal from directly above,
what two-dimensional figure would you see? sides
NEW Vocabulary 3. How are two- and three-dimensional figures

related? bottom
coplanar
parallel
solid
polyhedron
The figure at the right shows rectangle ABCD.
edge Lines AB and DC are coplanar because they A B
face lie in the same plane. They are also parallel
vertex
diagonal because they will never intersect, no matter
skew lines how far they are extended.
prism D
Just as two lines in a plane can intersect or be C
base J
pyramid parallel, there are different ways that planes
may be related in space.
ÌiÀÃiVÌÊÊ>Êi ÌiÀÃiVÌÊ>ÌÊ>Ê*Ì ÊÌiÀÃiVÌ

!
4HESEARECALLED
AL E P N S R
Intersecting planes can also form three-dimensional figures or solids. A

polyhedron is a solid with flat surfaces that are polygons. Some terms
associated with three-dimensional figures are edge, face, vertex, and
diagonal.
Vocabulary Link
Intersection An edge is where two
Everyday Use the planes intersect in a line.
place where two A face is a flat surface.
roads cross
Math Use any point
or points that figures A vertex is where three or more
A diagonal is a line segment whose
have in common. planes intersect at a point.
endpoints are vertices that are
neither adjacent nor on the same face.

Craig Kramer
Notice that in the figure at the right, W X
−−− −−
WX and KL do not intersect. These
J K
segments are not parallel because they
do not lie in the same plane. Lines that
do not intersect and are not coplanar are Z Y
called skew lines.
M L
Identify Relationships
G C
1 Name a plane that is parallel to H D
plane ABC.
Plane EFG is parallel to plane ABC.
−−−
2 Identify a segment that is skew to CG. F B
−− −−
CG and EH are skew. E A
3 Identify a pair of points between which a diagonal can be drawn.
A segment between points A and G forms a diagonal.
a. Identify the intersection of planes ABC and CDH.
Prisms and pyramids are common solids. Their names are based on the
shape of their bases.
A prism is a polyhedron with two prism pyramid
parallel, congruent faces called bases.
A pyramid is a polyhedron with one bases base
base that is a polygon and faces that
are triangles.
Identify Prisms and Pyramids

Common Error
In the drawing of a Identify each solid. Name the number and shapes of the faces.
rectangular prism, Then name the number of edges and vertices.
the bases do not
have to be on the top 4 The figure has two parallel congruent bases that
and bottom. Any two are triangles, so it is a triangular prism. The other
parallel rectangles
are bases. In a three faces are rectangles. It has a total of 5 faces,
triangular pyramid, 9 edges, and 6 vertices.
any face is a base.
5 The figure has one base that is a pentagon, so it is a
pentagonal pyramid. The other faces are triangles.
It has a total of 6 faces, 10 edges, and 6 vertices.
b. c. d.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 7-4 Three-Dimensional Figures 369

Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston
You can use three-dimensional drawings of objects to describe how
different parts of the objects are related in space.
Analyze Drawings
6 ARCHITECTURE The drawing shows
the plans for a new office building.
Draw and label the top, front, and
side views.
Real-World Link FRONT SIDE
Architects use
computer-aided design
and drafting technology
to produce their
drawings. Ì«ÊÛiÜ vÀÌÊÛiÜ ÃìÊÛiÜ
e. CABINETS Julian’s brother drew

plans for a cabinet as shown.
Draw and label the top, front, and
side views.
SIDE
FRONT
Examples 1–3 Use the figure at the right to identify the B F

(p. 369) following points, lines, or planes. C G
1. parallel planes
2. skew lines
3. two points that form a diagonal when connected
4. intersecting planes A E
Examples 4, 5 Identify each solid. Name the number and shapes D H

(p. 369) of the faces. Then name the number of edges and vertices.
5. 6. 7.
Example 6 8. PETS A pet lizard lives in an aquarium

(p. 370) with a height of 2 units and a rectangular
base 3 units long and 2 units wide. Draw
and label the top, front, and side views.

Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston
T
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Use the figure at the right to identify X
the following points, lines, or planes. S Y
For See
Exercises Examples 9. parallel planes
9–12 1–3 10. skew lines
13–16 4, 5 W
11. two points that form a diagonal U
17–18 6
when connected. R V
12. intersecting planes
Identify each solid. Name the number and shapes of the faces. Then name
the number of edges and vertices.
13. 14. 15. 16.
17. PEDESTALS The plans for a 18. STEPS The Taros are planning
sculpture pedestal are shown. to install the porch steps
Draw and label the top, front, shown. Draw and label the
and side views. top, front, and side views.
-VÕ«ÌÕÀiÊ*iìÃÌ> *ÀVÊ-Ìi«Ã
FRONT
FRONT
SIDE SIDE
UNITIN UNITIN
CRYSTALS For Exercises 19–21, complete parts a and b for each crystal.
a. Identify the solid or solids that form the crystal.
b. Draw and label the top and one side view of the crystal.
19. 20. 21.
%842!02!#4)#%
Emerald Fluorite Quartz
See pages 694, 714.
22. State whether the following conjecture is true or false. If false, provide a
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com counterexample.
Two planes in three-dimensional space
can intersect at one point.
Lesson 7-4 Three-Dimensional Figures 371

(l)Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, (c)E.B. Turner, (r)Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston
H.O.T. Problems 23. OPEN ENDED Choose a real-world object such as a chair or a desk. Draw the
top, front, and side views of your object.
CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement is always, sometimes, or
24. A prism has two congruent bases.
25. A pyramid has five vertices.
26. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain whether a top-front-side view diagram

(*/
always provides enough information to draw a figure. If not, provide a
counterexample.
27. Benita received the gift box shown. 28. Which of the following represents a
side view of the figure below?
Which drawing best represents

the top view of the gift box?
F
A
B G
C H
D J
29. Find the area of the figure. Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-3)
IN
IN

30. MANUFACTURING The label that goes around a jar of peanut butter
IN

overlaps itself by _
3
inch. If the diameter of the jar is 2 inches, what IN
8
is the length of the label? (Lesson 7-1)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the area of each triangle described.

31. base, 3 in.; height, 10 in. 32. base, 8 ft; height, 7 ft 33. base, 5 cm; height, 11 cm

7-5 Volume of Prisms
and Cylinders
Main IDEA
Find the volumes of The rectangular prism at the right has a
prisms and cylinders. volume of 12 cubic units.
Standard 7MG2.1 Model three other rectangular prisms
Use formulas
with a volume of 12 cubic units.
basic two-dimensional figures Copy and complete the following table.
and the surface area and
volume of basic three- Length Width Height Area of Base
Prism
dimensional figures, (units) (units) (units) (units 2)
parallelograms, trapezoids, A 4 1 3 4
squares, triangles, circles, B
Standard 7MG2.2 Estimate C
and compute the area of D
more complex or irregular
two- and three-dimensional 1. Describe how the volume V of each prism is related to its length ,
figures down into more width w, and height h.
basic geometric objects.
2. Describe how the area of the base B and the height h of each prism
is related to its volume V.
NEW Vocabulary Volume is the measure of the space occupied by a solid. Standard
volume measures of volume are cubic units such as cubic inches (in 3) or
cylinder cubic feet (ft 3).
complex solid
+%9#/.#%04 Volume of a Prism
Words The volume V of a prism Models

is the area of the base B B
times the height h. h
B h
Symbols V = Bh
Find the Volumes of Prisms

Volume The formula 1 Find the volume of the rectangular prism.
for the volume of a
rectangular prism V = Bh Volume of a prism
is often written as 6.5 cm
V = wh since the V = ( · w) h The base is a rectangle, so B = · w.
area of base B of a 5 cm
rectangular prism is V = (9 · 5) 6.5 = 9, w = 5, h = 6.5 9 cm
always equal to w.
V = 292.5 Simplify.
The volume is 292.5 cubic centimeters.
Lesson 7-5 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders 373

2 Find the volume of the triangular prism. IN
IN
V = Bh Volume of a prism
Common Error
Remember that the (_2
V= 1 ·6·7 h ) The base is a triangle,
_
so B = 1 · 6 · 7.
2 IN
bases of a triangular
prism are triangles. V = (_1
· 6 · 7)10 The height of the prism is 10.
2
In Example 2, these
bases are not on the V = 210 Simplify.
top and bottom of
the figure, but on The volume is 210 cubic inches.
its sides.
Find the volume of each prism.
a. b. c.
FT
CM
MM MM
FT MM CM CM

FT
A cylinder is a solid with bases that are congruent, parallel circles

connected with a curved side. You can use the formula V = Bh to find
the volume of a cylinder, where the base is a circle.
+%9#/.#%04 Volume of a Cylinder
Words The volume V of a cylinder with Model

radius r is the area of the base B
times the height h.
Symbols V = Bh, where B = π r 2 or V = π r 2h
Find the Volume of a Cylinder

3 Find the volume of the cylinder.
Estimation
Round to the nearest tenth. FT
You can estimate the Since the diameter is 13 feet,
volume of the cylinder
in Example 3 to be the radius is 6.5 feet. FT
about 3 · 7 2 · 20 or
2,940 ft 3 to check
V = π r 2h Volume of a cylinder
the reasonableness 2
V ≈ 3.14 · 6.5 · 20 Replace π with 3.14, r with 6.5, and h with 20.
of your result.
V ≈ 2,653.3 Simplify.
The volume is about 2,653.3 cubic feet.
Find the volume of each cylinder. Round to the nearest tenth.

d. radius, 2 in.; height 7 in. e. diameter, 18 cm; height 5 cm

Objects that are made up of more than one type of solid are called
complex solids. To find the volume of a complex solid, separate
the figure into solids whose volumes you know how to find.
Find the Volume of a Complex Solid

4 DISPENSERS Find the volume of the soap 3 in.
Estimation
dispenser at the right.
You can check the 5 in.
The dispenser is made of one rectangular
reasonableness of
your result in prism and one triangular prism. Find the 7 in.
5 in.
Example 4 by volume of each prism.
estimating the
volume. The volume Rectangular Prism Triangular Prism
should be between
5 · 7 · 5 or 175 in 3
and 5 · 7 · 8 or IN IN
280 in 3.
IN IN
IN IN
V = Bh V = Bh
V = (5 · 7)5 or 175 (_2 )
V = 1 · 7 · 3 5 or 52.5
The volume of the dispenser is 175 + 52.5 or 227.5 cubic inches.
MM
f. CRAFTS Tanya uses cube beads similar to

the one shown to make jewelry. Each bead
has a circular hole through the middle. Find
MM
the volume of the bead. MM
Examples 1, 2 Find the volume of each prism. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
(pp. 373–374)
1. 2.
6 ft
7m
14 m
2 ft 3 ft 11 m
Example 3 Find the volume of each cylinder. Round to the nearest tenth.
(p. 374)
3. 9 yd 4.
CM
5 yd
CM
CM
Example 4 5. TOYS Gloria’s younger sister received the toy

CM
(p. 375) house shown as a gift. What is the volume of the
toy house? CM
CM
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 7-5 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders 375
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the volume of each solid. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
For See 6. 7. 8.
Exercises Examples IN MM YD
6–9, 12, 13 1, 2
IN
MM
10, 11, IN YD
MM YD
14, 15 3
16, 17 4
9. 10. CM 11.
M M
CM M
M M
12. rectangular prism: length, 4 in.; width, 6 in.; height, 17 in.

13. triangular prism: base of triangle, 5 ft; altitude, 14 ft; height of prism, 8_ ft
1
2
14. cylinder: radius, 25 m; height, 20 m
15. cylinder: diameter, 7.2 cm; height, 5.8 cm
16. MAILBOXES The Francos have 17. TOWELS An unused roll of

the mailbox shown below. Find paper towels has the dimensions
the volume of the mailbox. shown. What is the volume of
3.5 in.
the unused roll?
CM
CM
9 in.
15 in.
7 in.
CM
18. Find the height of a rectangular prism with a length of 6.8 meters, a width
of 1.5 meters, and a volume of 91.8 cubic meters.
19. Find the height of a cylinder with a radius of 4 inches and a volume of
301.6 cubic inches.
20. MEASUREMENT A bar of soap in the shape of a rectangular prism has a

volume of 16 cubic inches. After several uses, it measures 2_
1
inches by
4
2 inches by 1_
1
inches. How much soap was used?
2
21. PACKAGING The Cooking Club is selling their own special blends of rice
mixes. They can choose from the two containers below to package their
product. Which container will hold more rice? Explain your reasoning.

CM
#OOKING#LUB
#OOKING#LUB 2ICE-IX
2ICE-IX CM
CM
CM
CM

22. POOLS A wading pool is to be 20 feet long, 11 feet wide, and 1.5 feet
deep. The excavated dirt is to be hauled away by wheelbarrow. If the
wheelbarrow holds 9 cubic feet of dirt, how many wheelbarrows of
dirt must be hauled away from the site?
CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE For Exercises 23–25, use the cubes and the
information below.
YD FT
YD FT
YD FT
The volume of the left cube is 1 cubic yard. The right cube is the same size, but
the unit of measure has been changed. So, 1 cubic yard = (3)(3)(3) or 27 cubic
feet. Use a similar process to convert each measurement.
23. 1 ft 3 = in 3 24. 1 cm 3 = mm 3 25. 1 m 3 = cm 3
26. GARDENING Candice is making a vegetable

garden with the dimensions shown. Each bag
of planting soil she plans to use fills 0.5 cubic
FT FT
%842!02!#4)#% yard. How many bags of soil will she need
FT
to buy to fill her garden?
See pages 695, 714.
27. GEOMETRY Explain how you would find M

Self-Check Quiz at M
the volume of the hexagonal prism shown M
ca.gr7math.com
at the right. Then find its volume. M M
M
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE For Exercises 28–31, describe how the volume of each solid is
affected after the indicated change in its dimension(s).
28. You double one dimension of a rectangular prism.
29. You double two dimensions of a rectangular prism.
30. You double all three dimensions of a rectangular prism.
31. You double the radius of a cylinder.
32. OPEN ENDED Find the volume of a can or other cylindrical object, making
sure to include appropriate units. Explain your method.
33. FIND THE ERROR Erin and Dulce are finding the
volume of the prism shown at the right. Who is 8 in.
10 in.
7 in.
A = Bh
A = (10 · 7) · 8
A = 560 in 3 A = Bh
A = _21 · 7 · 8 · 10
( )
3
A = 280 in
Erin Dulce
Lesson 7-5 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders 377

(l)Stewart Cohen/Getty Images, (r)Stewart Cohen/Getty Images
34. SELECT A TOOL Tyree needs to find the volume M
of the figure at the right. Which of the following
tools might Tyree use to find the volume of
the figure? Justify your selection(s). Then, use M
the tool(s) to solve the problem.
make a model calculator paper/pencil
35. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write two formulas that you can use to find the
(*/
volume of a rectangular prism. State the formula that you prefer to use
and explain why.
36. A cylinder is 30 inches tall and has a 37. A cardboard box has the dimensions
diameter of 12 inches. Which is the shown below. Which is the closest to
closest to the volume of the cylinder in the volume of the box in cubic feet?
cubic feet?
A 1 ft 3
IN
B 2 ft 3
C 3 ft 3 IN
IN
3
D 4 ft
F 8 ft 3 H 15.5 ft 3
G 10 ft 3 J 17 ft 3
38. How many edges does an octagonal pyramid have? (Lesson 7-4)
39. PAINTING You are painting a wall of this room red. Find the 2 yd
4 yd
area of the red wall to the nearest square foot. (Lesson 7-3)
2 yd
40. MEASUREMENT The circumference of a circle is 16.5 feet. What
is its area to the nearest tenth of a square foot? (Lesson 7-1)
41. WOOL Texas ranchers produce about 20% of U.S. wool. 4 yd
If 27.5 million pounds of wool are produced each year, how

many pounds of wool are not produced in Texas? (Lesson 5-7)
Write each percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. (Lesson 5-1)
42. 0.12% 43. 225% 44. 135% 45. _3 %
8
PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply.

46. _1 · 6 · 10 47. _1 · 7 · 15 48. _1 · 4 2 · 9 49. _1 · 6 2 · 20
3 3 3 3

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Find the circumference and area of each circle. 8. GEOMETRY Draw and label the top view, a
Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-1) side view, and the front view of the figure.
1. 2. (Lesson 7-4)
IN MI
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 3 and 4, use the

following information. Round to the
nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-1)
A shot-putter must stay inside the circle shown. 9. STANDARDS PRACTICE Juanita wants to
sketch all of the faces of a triangular
prism. What shapes will appear on her
paper? (Lesson 7-4)
A 2 squares, 2 triangles
B 2 triangles, 3 rectangles
FT
C 3 triangles
3. What is the area of the region in which the D 1 triangle, 3 rectangles
athlete is able to move?
Find the volume of each solid. Round to the
4. What is the circumference of the circular
nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 7-5)
region?
10.
CM
5. DANCE Balloons come in packages of 15 or
35. Julie needs 195 balloons for the spring CM
CM
dance. How many packages of each size
should she buy? Use the solve a simpler 11.
problem strategy. (Lesson 7-2)
YD
Find the area of each figure. Round to the YD

6. 12. STANDARDS PRACTICE Find the volume
CM CM
of a cube-shaped box with edges 15
inches in length. (Lesson 7-5)
F 225 in 3 H 1,350 in 3
G 900 in 3 J 3,375 in 3
7. M
13. Find the width of a rectangular prism with a
M length of 7.6 meters, a height of 8 meters,
M and a volume of 88.4 cubic meters. Round to
M the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-5)
7-6 Volume of Pyramids
and Cones
Main IDEA Animation ca.gr7math.com
Find the volumes of In this Mini Lab, you will investigate the relationship between the
pyramids and cones. volume of a pyramid and the volume of a prism with the same base
area and height.
Standard 7MG2.1
Use formulas
basic two-dimensional
figures and the surface area
and volume of basic three-
Standard 7MG3.5
Construct two-dimensional
patterns for three-
dimensional models, such as
cylinders, prisms, and cones.
NEW Vocabulary
cone
1. Compare the base areas and the heights of the two solids.
2. Fill the pyramid with rice, sliding a ruler across the top to level
the amount. Pour the rice into the cube. Repeat until the prism is
filled. How many times did you fill the pyramid in order to fill
the cube?
3. What fraction of the cube’s volume does one pyramid fill?
The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume of a prism with the

same base area and height.
Volume of a Pyramid
Words The volume V of a pyramid is one- Model

third the area of the base B times
the height h.
Symbols V= _1 Bh
3
The height of a pyramid or cone is the distance from the vertex,

perpendicular to the base.

Find the Volume of a Pyramid
1 Find the volume of the pyramid. Round to the nearest tenth.
Estimation You can V=_
1
Bh Volume of a pyramid 11 m
estimate the volume 3
of the pyramid in _
V= 1 _
1
(
· 8.1 · 6.4 11 ) _
B = 1 · 8.1 · 6.4, h = 11
Example 1 to be 3 2 2
3 2 ( )
about _ _ · 8 · 6 (11)
1 1 V = 95.04 Simplify. 6.4 m
The volume is about 95.0 cubic meters. 8.1 m

or 88 m 3. Since
95.04 m 3 is close to
88 m 3, the answer is
reasonable.
a. Find the volume of a pyramid that has a height of 5 yards and a

square base with sides 2 yards long.
2 ARCHITECTURE The volume of the Pyramid Arena in Memphis,

Tennessee, is about 38,520,000 cubic feet. If the height of the
pyramid is 321 feet, find the area of the rectangular base.
V=_
1
Bh Volume of a pyramid
3
_
38,520,000 = 1 · B · 321 Replace V with 38,520,000 and h with 321.
3
_
38,520,000 = 321 B Multiply.
3
Real-World Link
The Pyramid Arena’s _ 3
· 38,520,000 =
3 _
·_321 3
B Multiply each side by 321 . _
structure is appropriate 321 321 3
as the city of Memphis 360,000 ≈ B Simplify.
gets its name from an
Egyptian city, known The area of the base of the pyramid is about 360,000 square feet.
for its ancient
pyramids.
Source: pyramidarena.org
b. CRAFTS Nicco made a pyramid-shaped candle. The volume of

the candle is 864 cubic centimeters and its base has an area of
144 square centimeters. How high is the candle?
A cone is a three-dimensional figure with one circular base. A curved

surface connects the base and the vertex. The volumes of a cone and a
cylinder are related in the same way as those of a pyramid and prism.
+%9#/.#%04 Volume of a Cone
Words The volume V of a cone with Model

radius r is one-third the area
of the base B times the height h.
Symbols V= _1 Bh or V = _1 πr2h
3 3
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 7-6 Volume of Pyramids and Cones 381
4x5 Coll-A Briere Productions/SuperStock
Find the Volume of a Cone
3 Find the volume of the cone. 3 mm
V=_
1 2
πr h Volume of a cone
3
_
V ≈ 1 · 3.14 · 3 2 · 14 Replace π with 3.14, r with 3, and
3 14 mm
h with 14.
V ≈ 131.9 Simplify.
The volume is about 131.9 cubic millimeters.
Find the volume of each cone. Round to the nearest tenth.

c. d.
FT
FT CM
CM
Example 1 Find the volume of each pyramid. Round to the nearest tenth.
(p. 381)
1. 11 cm 2. IN
8 cm
14 cm IN
IN
3. Find the volume of a pyramid that has a height of 125 centimeters
and a square base with sides 95 centimeters long.
4. Find the volume of a pyramid that has a height of 17 feet and a

square base with sides 22 feet long.
Example 2 5. ARCHITECTURE The Louvre Pyramid in Paris has a square base with
(p. 381) sides 112 feet long. If the volume is 296,875 cubic feet, find the height
of the pyramid.
Example 3 Find the volume of each cone. Round to the nearest tenth.
(p. 382)
6. 7. IN IN
7m
5m
8. 9. 12 cm
7 yd
4 yd
15 cm

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the volume of each pyramid. Round to the nearest tenth.
For See 10. IN 11. 12.
CM
Exercises Examples YD
10–13 1
18 2 IN
CM
14–17 3 IN YD
CM
YD
13. triangular pyramid: triangle base, 10 cm; triangle height, 7 cm; pyramid
height, 15 cm
Find the volume of each cone. Round to the nearest tenth.

14. 15. MI 16.
FT
FT MM MM
MI
17. cone: diameter, 12 m; height, 5 m
18. VOLCANO A model of a volcano constructed for a science project is

cone-shaped with a diameter of 10 inches. If the volume of the model
is about 287 cubic inches, how tall is the model?
Find the volume of each solid. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
19. YD 20. 21. MM
2.5 m MM
3m
YD 2m MM
YD 4m
YD
22. FROZEN CUSTARD You are filling cone-shaped glasses

8 cm
with frozen custard. Each glass has the dimensions
shown. One gallon of custard is equivalent to 4,000
cubic centimeters. About how many glasses can you
completely fill using one gallon of custard? 15 cm
23. IRRIGATION A water tank like the one at the right

%842!02!#4)#% M
is used to water flowers at a park. Water can be
See pages 695, 714. pumped from the tank at a rate of 25 liters
per minute. How long will it take to use all M
Self-Check Quiz at of the water in a full tank? Round to the
ca.gr7math.com
nearest minute. (Hint: 1 liter = 1,000 cm 3) M
Lesson 7-6 Volume of Pyramids and Cones 383

H.O.T. Problems 24. CHALLENGE How could you change the height of a cone so that its volume
would remain the same when its radius was tripled?
25. OPEN ENDED Draw and label a rectangular pyramid with a volume of
48 cubic centimeters.
26. NUMBER SENSE Which would have a greater effect on the

volume of a cone, doubling its radius or doubling its height?
27. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write about a real-world situation

(*/
that can be solved by finding the volume of a cone.
28. A rectangular pyramid has a base 29. Find the volume of the cylinder.
18 inches by 30 inches and a height of Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
36 inches. Which is closest to the 6ft
volume of the pyramid in cubic feet?
A 2.5 ft 3
8ft
B 3 ft 3
C 4 ft 3
D 5.5 ft 3
F 48 ft 3 H 288 ft 3
G 150.3 ft 3 J 904.3 ft 3
30. MEASUREMENT Find the volume of the doghouse at

the right. (Lesson 7-5) FT

31. Name the number and shapes of the faces of a trapezoidal FT
prism. Then name the number of edges and vertices. (Lesson 7-4)
FT
32. GEOMETRY Graph triangle ABC with vertices A(1, 2), B(4, -1), FT
and C(2, -4). Then graph its image after a reflection over the y-axis,
and write the coordinates of the image’s vertices. (Lesson 6-6)
33. SHOPPING Etu saved $90 when he purchased a DVD recorder on sale. If
the sale price was 37.5% off the regular price, what was the regular price of
the DVD recorder? (Lesson 5-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the circumference of each circle. Round to the

nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-1)
34. diameter, 9 in. 35. diameter, 5.5 ft 36. radius, 2 m 37. radius, 3.8 cm

Explore Measurement Lab
7-7 Surface Area of Cylinders
Main IDEA Nets are two-dimensional patterns of three-dimensional figures. You can
use a net to find the area of each surface of a three-dimensional figure
Find the surface area of
cylinders using models
such as a cylinder.
and nets.
Standard 7MG3.5
Construct two-
dimensional patterns Use an empty cylinder-shaped
for three-dimensional container that has a lid. Measure
models, such as cylinders,
prisms, and cones.
and record the height of the container.
variety of methods, such as Then label the lid and bottom face
words, numbers, symbols, using a blue marker. Label the curved
charts, graphs, tables,
diagrams, and models, to side using a red marker.
reasoning. Take off the lid of the container and make 2 cuts as shown.
Next, cut off the sides of the lid. Finally, lay the lid, the
curved side, and the bottom flat to form the net of the
NEW Vocabulary container.
TOP
net
CUT
SIDE
CUT
CUT BOTTOM
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Classify the two-dimensional shapes that make up the net of the
container.
2. Find the area of each shape. Then find the sum of these areas.
3. Find the diameter of the top of the container and use it to find the
perimeter or circumference of that face.
4. Multiply the circumference by the height of the container. What does
this product represent?
5. Add the product from Exercise 4 to the sum of the areas of the two
circular bases.
6. Compare your answers from Exercises 2 and 5.
7. MAKE A CONJECTURE Write a method for finding the area of all the
surfaces of a cylinder given the measures of its height and the
diameter of one of its bases.
Explore 7-7 Measurement Lab: Surface Area of Cylinders 385

7-7 Surface Area of Prisms
and Cylinders CUT
CUT
Main IDEA
Find the lateral and total Use an empty box with a tuck-in CUT
surface area of prisms and CUT
lid. Measure and record the height
cylinders.
of the box and the perimeter of CUT
Standard 7MG2.1 the top or bottom face.
Use formulas
routinely for finding Label the top, bottom, front, back, BACK
the perimeter and area of and side faces using a marker.
basic two-dimensional figures
and the surface area and
volume of basic three-
Open the lid and make 5 cuts as SIDE BOTTOM SIDE
dimensional figures, shown. Then open the box and
including rectangles, lay it flat to form a net of the box. FRONT
squares, triangles, circles, Measure and record the dimensions
prisms, and cylinders. of each face.
Standard 7MG3.5 Construct TOP
two-dimensional patterns
for three-dimensional 1. Find the area of each face. Then find the sum of these areas.
prisms, and cones. 2. Multiply the perimeter of a base by the height of the box.
What does this product represent?
3. Add the product from Exercise 2 to the sum of the areas of
NEW Vocabulary the two bases.
lateral face 4. Compare your answers from Exercises 1 and 3.
lateral surface area
total surface area
In the Mini Lab, you found the area of each surface, or face, of a box.
A lateral face of a solid is any flat surface that is not a base. The lateral
surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas of its lateral faces. The
total surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas of all its surfaces.
Vocabulary Link
Lateral
Everyday Use situated on,
directed toward, or coming
+%9#/.#%043 Lateral Surface Area of a Prism
from the side
Words The lateral area L of a Model
Lateral face
prism is the perimeter P
Math Use a face of a solid
that is not a base of the base times the
height h of the prism.
Symbols L = Ph
Total Surface Area of a Prism
Words The total surface area S Model
of a prism is the lateral
surface area L plus the
area of the two bases 2B.
Symbols S = L + 2B or S = Ph + 2B

Surface Areas of a Prism
1 Find the lateral and total surface areas of
Bases of the rectangular prism.
Rectangular Prisms The bases of this prism are rectangles that are 12 m
For the examples and
exercises in this 3 meters wide and 7 meters long. Begin by
3m
book, assume that finding the perimeter and area of one base.
the top and the 7m
bottom faces of a
rectangular prism
Perimeter of Base Area of Base
are its bases. P = 2 + 2w B = w
P = 2(7) + 2(3) or 20 B = 7(3) or 21
Use this information to find the lateral and total surface areas.
Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area

L = Ph S = L + 2B
L = 20(12) or 240 S = 240 + 2(21) or 282
The lateral surface area is 240 square meters, and the total surface
area of the prism is 282 square meters.
2 SKATEBOARDING A wedge skateboarding 55.3 in.

ramp is built in the shape of a triangular
prism. You plan to paint all surfaces of
32 in. 12 in.
the ramp. Find the total surface area to
be painted. 54 in.
2
Estimate S = (60 + 50 + 10)(30) + 60(10) or 4,200 in .
The bases of the prism are triangles with side lengths of 12 inches,
54 inches, and 55.3 inches. Find the perimeter and area of one base.
Perimeter of Base Area of Base

P = 55.3 + 12 + 54 B=_ 1
bh
Real-World Link 2
Other types of P = 121.3 B=_ 1
(54)(12) or 324
skateboarding ramps 2
include angled boxes, Use this information to find the total surface area.
lo-banks, quarterpipes,
and micro halfpipes. S = Ph + 2B Total surface area of prism
Kits for building ramps
can include isometric S = 121.3(32) + 2(324) P = 121.3, h = 32, and B = 324.
drawings of side and
rear views. S = 4,529.6 Simplify.
The surface area is 4,529.6 square inches. Compare to the estimate.
Find the lateral and total surface areas of each prism.

a. b. 3ft 4ft
9 yd 6 ft
6 yd
21 yd 5ft
Lesson 7-7 Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders 387

Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit
You can find the total surface area of a cylinder by finding the area of
its two bases and adding the area of the curved surface. The lateral area
of a cylinder is the area of the curved surface. If you unfold a cylinder,
its net is two circles and a rectangle.
Model Net Area

2 circular bases 2 congruent circles with radius r 2(πr 2) or 2πr 2
1 curved surface 1 rectangle with width h and length 2πr 2πr · h or 2πrh
Just as with prisms, you can use the measures of a cylinder to find
Cylinders The
the lateral and total surface areas of a cylinder.
formulas for the
lateral and total
surface areas of
cylinders are similar
+%9#/.#%043 Lateral Surface Area of a Cylinder
to those of prisms. Words The lateral area L of a cylinder Model
Prism: L = Ph with height h and radius r is
For cylinders, the
base is a circle, so its the circumference of the base
perimeter is the times the height.
circumference.
Symbols L = 2πrh
Prism: S = L + 2B
For cylinders, the
base B is a circle with
Total Surface Area of a Cylinder
area πr 2.
Words The surface area S of a cylinder Model
with height h and radius r is the
lateral area plus the area of the
two bases.
Symbols S = L + 2πr 2 or S = 2πrh + 2πr 2
Surface Areas of Cylinders

3 Find the lateral area and the total surface area of 2 ft
the cylinder. Round to the nearest tenth.
3 ft
Lateral Surface Area Total Surface Area
L = 2πrh S = L + 2πr 2
L ≈ 2(3.14)(2)(3) S ≈ 37.7 + 2(3.14)(2) 2
L ≈ 37.7 S ≈ 62.8
The lateral area is about 37.7 square feet, and the surface area of the
cylinder is about 62.8 square feet.
388 Chapter 7 Measurement: Area and Volume Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

4 LABELS Find the area of the label on the can IN
of vegetables shown at the right.
Since the label covers the lateral surface of
the can, you only need to find the can’s IN
lateral surface area.
Estimate L = 2πrh
L ≈ 2(3)(2)(5) π ≈ 3, r = 1.75 ≈ 2, h = 5
2
L ≈ 60 in
L = 2πrh Lateral surface area of cylinder

L ≈ 2(3.14)(1.75)(5) π = 3.14, r = 1.75, h = 5
L ≈ 55.0 Simplify.
The area of the label is about 55 square inches. Compare to the estimate.
Find the lateral and total surface areas of each cylinder. Round to
the nearest tenth.
c. 5 mm d.
7 cm
10 mm
14.8 cm
Examples 1, 2 Find the lateral and total surface areas of each solid. Round to the nearest
(p. 387) tenth if necessary.
1. 2.
10 in.
4 yd 6 in.
7 in.
3 yd 8 in.
5 yd
Example 3 3. 8m 4.
(p. 388)
YD
9.4 m
YD
Example 4 5. CONTAINERS Frozen orange juice often comes in IN

(p. 389) cylindrical cardboard containers with metal lids.
/RANGE
Find the area of the cardboard portion of the orange

*UICE
IN
juice container shown.

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the lateral and total surface areas of each solid. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
For See
Exercises Examples 6. 7. 8. FT
6, 7 1 IN
CM
8, 9, 13 2
IN FT FT
10, 11 3 CM CM
FT
12, 13 4 IN
9. M 10. 11. MM

M YD
M MM
M YD
M
12. CAMPING A manufacturer makes nylon

tents like the one shown. How much
CM
material is needed to make the tent? CM
CM
CM
13. POOL A vinyl liner covers the inside 25 ft

walls and bottom of the swimming
pool. Find the area of this liner to
4 ft
the nearest square foot.
14. A rectangular prism has length 12 centimeters and width 4 centimeters. If

its surface area is 467 square centimeters, what is the height of the prism?
15. MANUFACTURING Find the amount of metal

2 in.
needed to construct the mailbox at the right
to the nearest tenth of a square inch. MAIL
4 in.
10 in.
4 in.
16. GARDENING The door of the 17. PLUMBING A hollow piece of

greenhouse below has an area a cylindrical pipe is shown.
of 4.5 square feet. How many Find the total surface area of
square feet of plastic are the pipe, including the
needed to cover the roof and interior.
sides of the greenhouse? IN
%842!02!#4)#% IN
FT FT
See pages 695, 714. IN
FT
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com FT FT

H.O.T. Problems 18. REASONING Determine whether the following statement is true or false.
If false, give a counterexample.
If two rectangular prisms have the same volume,
then they also have the same surface area.
19. CHALLENGE Will the surface area of a cylinder increase more if you double
the height or double the radius? Explain your reasoning.
20. NUMBER SENSE If you double the edge length of a cube, explain how this
affects the surface area of the prism.
21. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the difference between lateral area and
(*/
surface area.
22. Molly is painting the rectangular toy 23. A paint roller like the one shown is
chest shown in the diagram below. used for painting.
16 in.
IN
15 in.
24 in. IN
If Molly paints only the outside of the To the nearest tenth, how many square
toy chest, what is the total surface inches does a single rotation of the
area, in square inches, she will paint? paint roller cover?
A 330 in 2 C 1,968 in 2 F 18.0 H 56.5
2 2
B 399 in D 5,760 in G 28.3 J 113.1
(Lesson 7-6)
24. rectangular pyramid: length, 14 m; width, 12 m; height, 7 m

25. cone: diameter, 22 cm; height, 24 cm
26. HEALTH The inside of a refrigerator in a medical laboratory measures

17 inches by 18 inches by 42 inches. You need at least 8 cubic feet to
refrigerate some samples from the lab. Is the refrigerator large enough for
the samples? Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 7-5)

_1 · 2.8 _1 · 10 · 23 _1 · 2.5 · 16 _1 3_1 (20)
27.
2
28.
2
29.
2
30. ( )
2 2

Extend Measurement Lab
7- 7 Net of a Cone
A cone is a three-dimensional figure with one circular base. The lateral
Main IDEA surface is part of a larger circle. So that the edges match, the
Make a net of a cone. circumference of the base is equal to part of the circumference of the
larger circle.
Standard 7MG3.5
Construct two-
dimensional patterns Make a Net of a Cone
for three-dimensional
prisms, and cones. Use a compass to draw two circles
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a slightly touching, one with a radius
variety of methods, such as
of 17 centimeters and one with a A B
charts, graphs, tables, radius of 8 centimeters.
17 cm 8 cm
diagrams, and models, to
reasoning.
Think: What part of the circumference of A is equal to the
circumference of B? Let x represent the part.
x(34π) = 16π The circumference of A is 34π.
The circumference of B is 16π.
x·_ =_
34π 16π
Divide each side by 34π.
34π 34π
x ≈ 0.47 Simplify.
You need 0.47 of the circumference of A.
Find the size of the central angle to be cut from A.

0.47 · 360° ≈ 170°
Cut a central angle of 170° from circle A and make a cone.
A
17 cm
A B
B
8 cm
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

Find the central angle of each cone and then make a net and the cone.
1. A 2. A
25 cm 4 in.
B
B
2 in.
10 cm

7-8 Surface Area
of Pyramids
Main IDEA
Find the lateral and total HISTORY In 1485, Leonardo da Vinci
surface areas of pyramids. sketched a pyramid-shaped parachute
in the margin of his notebook. In
Standard 7MG2.1
Use formulas June 2000, using a parachute created
routinely for finding with tools and materials available in
basic two-dimensional figures
medieval times, Adrian Nicholas
and the surface area and proved da Vinci’s design worked by
volume of basic three- descending 7,000 feet.
including rectangles, 1. How many cloth faces does
this pyramid have? What shape
prisms, and cylinders. are they?
2. How could you find the total area
NEW Vocabulary of the material used for the parachute?
regular pyramid
slant height A regular pyramid is a pyramid with a base that is a regular polygon.
The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles triangles.
At the top of the pyramid, these triangles meet at a common point called
the vertex. The altitude or height of each lateral face is called the
slant height of the pyramid.
ìÊvÊ,i}Õ>ÀÊ*ÞÀ>` iÌÊvÊ,i}Õ>ÀÊ*ÞÀ>`
VERTEX BASE
LATERALFACE LATERALFACE
SLANTHEIGHT
BASE
SIDELENGTHSOF
SLANTHEIGHT Ű
REGULARPOLYGON
To find the lateral area L of a regular pyramid, look at its net. The lateral
area of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of its lateral faces, which are all
Look Back triangles.
You can review
area of triangles The net of a square pyramid is a square and four triangles as
on page 693. shown above.
L=4 _
1
s (2 ) Area of the lateral faces
L=_
1
(4s) Commutative Property of Multiplication
2
_
L = 1 P The perimeter of the base P is 4s.
2
The total surface area of a regular pyramid is the lateral surface area
plus the area of the base.
Lesson 7-8 Surface Area of Pyramids 393

(t)Heathcliff O’Malley/The Daily Telegraph, (b)Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan/Art Resource, NY
+%9#/.#%043 Lateral Surface Area of a Pyramid
Words The lateral surface area L of a Model

regular pyramid is half the
perimeter P of the base times
the slant height .
Symbols L= _1 P
2
Total Surface Area of a Pyramid

Words The total surface area S of a Model
regular pyramid is the lateral
area L plus the area of the
base B.
Symbols S = L + B or S = _1 P + B
2
Surface Areas of a Pyramid

1 Find the lateral and total surface areas of 10 ft 12 ft
the triangular pyramid.
L=_
1
P S=L+B 8.7 ft
2 10 ft
10 ft
L=_
1
· 30 · 12 S = 180 + 43.5 B = _
1
2
· 10 · 8.7
2
L = 180 S = 223.5
The lateral and total surface areas are 180 and 223.5 square feet.
a. Find the lateral and total surface areas of a pyramid with a slant
height of 18 meters and a square base with 11-meter sides.
2 ARCHITECTURE Use the information at the left to find the lateral

surface area of the Pyramid of the Sun if it has a slant height of
132.5 meters.
Real-World Link L=_
1
P Lateral surface area of a pyramid
The Pyramid of the 2
Sun in Teotihuacán, L=_
1
· 894 · 132.5 P = 223.5(4) or 894 and = 132.5
Mexico, was built in 2
the second century,
A.D. It is about
L = 59,227.5 Simplify.
71 meters tall, and The lateral area of the pyramid is 59,227.5 square meters.
its square base
has side lengths
of 223.5 meters.
b. AWARDS A music award is a square pyramid with a 6-inch-long
base and a 13-inch slant height. Find the award’s total surface area.

Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS
Example 1 Find the lateral and total surface areas of each regular pyramid. Round to the
(p. 394) nearest tenth if necessary.
1. 2. 12 m 15 m
6 ft
10.2 m
4 ft 12 m 12 m
4 ft
Example 2 3. HISTORY Refer to the lesson opener. Each face of the parachute has a base of
(p. 394) about 12 yards and a height of about 17 yards. Find the amount of material
needed to make the parachute.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the lateral and total surface area of each regular pyramid. Round to the
For See
Exercises Examples 4. 5. 6. M M
IN FT
4–9 1
10, 11 2
M M
IN
FT
IN
FT M
7. MM 8. CM 9. FT

MM
MM
MM MM CM CM FT FT
10. ARCHITECTURE The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco is shaped like a

square pyramid. It has a slant height of 856.1 feet and each side of its base
is 145 feet. Find the lateral area of the building.
11. ROOFS A pyramid-shaped roof has a slant height of 16 feet and its square
base is 40 feet wide. How much roofing material is needed to cover
the roof?
12. A square pyramid has a lateral area of 107.25 square centimeters and a slant
height of 8.25 centimeters. Find the length of each side of its base.
13. GLASS The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada,

is a pyramid-shaped building standing
%842!02!#4)#% FT
350 feet tall and covered with glass. Its base
See pages 696, 714. is a square with each side 646 feet long. FT
Find the surface area of the glass on the

Self-Check Quiz at Luxor. (Hint: Use the Pythagorean Theorem FT
ca.gr7math.com
to find the pyramid’s slant height .) FT
Lesson 7-8 Surface Area of Pyramids 395

Mike Yamashita/Woodfin Camp & Associates
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE For Exercises 14–16, use the drawings of the pyramid shown,
in which the lateral faces are equilateral triangles.
14. Find the measure of the slant Side View
height .
15. Use the slant height to find the
height h of the pyramid.
16. Find the volume and surface area
of the pyramid.
17. OPEN ENDED Draw a square pyramid, giving measures for its slant height
and base side length. Then find its lateral area. Justify your answer.
18. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how the slant height and the height of a
(*/
pyramid are different.
19. Which is the best estimate for the 20. The net of a paperweight is shown
surface area of the pyramid? below. Which is closest to the lateral
FT
surface area of the paperweight?
CM
FT FT
CM
A 107 ft 2
B 180 ft 2
F 32 cm 2 H 127 cm 2
2
C 429 ft
G 49 cm 2 J 176 cm 2
D 608 ft 2
21. GEOMETRY Find the surface area of a cylinder that has a diameter of 22 feet
and a height of 7.5 feet. (Lesson 7-7)
22. MOUNTAINS A student is creating a clay model of a mountain shaped like

a cone. If the mountain is 4 feet tall and the radius of the base is 2 feet,
what is the volume of clay needed to make the mountain? Round to the
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each proportion. (Lesson 4-2)
23. _
16
=_
12
24. _3 = _x 25. _
a
=_
7
26. _
10
=_
30
n 40 5 8 13 39 26 w

Explore Spreadsheet Lab
7-9 Similar Solids
In this activity you will use a spreadsheet to investigate the relationship
Main IDEA between surface areas and volumes of similar solids, solids that have the
Investigate the same shape and whose linear measures are proportional.
relationships between the
surface areas and volumes
of similar solids.
Prism A
Standard 7MG2.3 1 Find the surface area and volume of
Compute the length 3 cm
of the perimeter, the the prism at the right. Then find the
surface area of the faces, surface areas and volumes of similar
and the volume of a three- 2 cm
dimensional object built
prisms with scale factors of 2, 3, and 4. 5 cm
from rectangular solids.
Understand that when the
lengths of all dimensions
are multiplied by a scale
3IMILAR0RISMSXLS
factor, the surface area is ! " # $ % & '
multiplied by the square of 0RISM 3CALE ,ENGTH 7IDTH (EIGHT 3URFACE 6OLUME
the scale factor and the &ACTOR !REA
volume is multiplied by the
cube of the scale factor. !
Standard 7MR2.2 Apply "
strategies and results from #
simpler problems to more $
complex problems.
3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
The spreadsheet evaluates the The spreadsheet evaluates

formula 2*C3*D3⫹2*C3*E3⫹2*D3*E3. the formula C5*D5*E5.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What is the ratio of the surface area of prism B to the surface area of
prism A? of prism C to prism A? of prism D to prism A?
2. How are the answers to Exercise 1 related to the scale factors?
3. What is the ratio of the volume of prism B to the volume of prism A?
of prism C to prism A? of prism D to prism A?
4. How are the answers to Exercise 3 related to the scale factors?
5. MAKE A PREDICTION If the dimensions of prism E are 5 times that of
prism A, predict the ratio of the surface areas of prism E to prism A.
6. Explain how you can use the ratio in Exercise 5 to predict the surface
area of prism E. Find the surface area using the spreadsheet.
7. MAKE A PREDICTION If the dimensions of prism E are 5 times that of
prism A, predict the ratio of the volumes of prism E to prism A.
8. Explain how you can use the ratio in Exercise 6 to predict the volume
of prism E. Find the volume using the spreadsheet.
Explore 7-9 Spreadsheet Lab: Similar Solids 397

Cylinder A
3 in.
2 Find the surface area and volume of the cylinder
at the right. Then find the surface areas and 4 in.
volumes of similar cylinders with scale factors
of 2, 3, and 4.
3IMILAR#YLINDERSXLS
! " # $ % & '
#YLINDER 3CALE 2ADIUS (EIGHT 3URFACE 6OLUME
&ACTOR !REA
Spreadsheet
Notation in !
Microsoft ® Excel ®, "
the expression PI() #
gives the value for π. $
3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
4HESPREADSHEETEVALUATESTHE 4HESPREADSHEETEVALUATES
FORMULA
0)
#>
0)
#
$ THEFORMULA0)
#>
$
Spreadsheet
Notation The
expression C5^2
squares the value ANALYZE THE RESULTS
in cell C5.
9. What is the ratio of the surface areas of cylinder B to cylinder A? of
cylinder C to cylinder A? of cylinder D to cylinder A?
10. How are the answers to Exercise 9 related to the scale factors of each
cylinder?
11. What is the ratio of the volume of cylinder B to the volume of
cylinder A? of cylinder C to cylinder A? of cylinder D to cylinder A?
12. How are the answers to Exercise 11 related to the scale factors of
each cylinder?
13. MAKE A PREDICTION If the dimensions of cylinder F are 6 times that
of cylinder A, predict the ratio of the surface areas of cylinder F to
cylinder A.
14. Explain how you can use the ratio to predict the surface area of
cylinder F. Find the surface area using the spreadsheet.
15. MAKE A PREDICTION If the dimensions of cylinder F are 5 times that
of cylinder A, predict the ratio of the volumes of cylinder F to
cylinder A.
16. MAKE A CONJECTURE If two solids A and B are similar and the scale
factor relating solid A to solid B is _a , write expressions for the ratios
b
of their surface areas and volumes.

7-9 Similar Solids
Main IDEA
Find dimensions, surface The model car at the right is _
1
the
area, and volume of 43
size of the original car.
similar solids.
1. If the model car is 4.2 inches long,
Standard 7MG2.3 1.6 inches wide, and 1.3 inches tall,
Compute the length
of the perimeter, the
what are the dimensions of the original car?
surface area of the faces, 2. Make a conjecture about the radius of the wheel of the original car
and the volume of a three-
dimensional object built compared to the model.
from rectangular solids.
Understand that when the
lengths of all dimensions The pyramids at the right have M
are multiplied by a scale M
factor, the surface area is
the same shape. The ratios of their
multiplied by the square of corresponding linear measures,
the scale factor and the such as length, width, or height,
volume is multiplied by the M
cube of the scale factor. are _
6
or 3 and _
12
or 3. We say that M
2 4
3 is the scale factor.
NEW Vocabulary
These pyramids are called similar solids because they have the same
similar solids
shape, their corresponding linear measures are proportional, and their
corresponding faces are similar polygons. If you know two solids are
REVIEW Vocabulary similar, you can use a proportion to find a missing measure.
scale factor the ratio of
corresponding measures Find Missing Linear Measures
of two similar figures
(Lesson 4-5)
1 The cylinders at the right are similar. H
FT
FT FT
Find the height of cylinder A.
Since the two cylinders are similar,
the ratios of their corresponding

ÞìÀÊ
ÞìÀÊ
linear measures are proportional.
Words __
radius cylinder A
is proportional to __
height cylinder A
radius cylinder B height cylinder B
Variable Let h represent the height of cylinder A.
Equation _5 = _
h
8 12
_5 = _
h
8 12
5 · 12 = 8 · h Find the cross products.
_
5 · 12
=_
8·h
8 8
7.5 = h Simplify.
The height of cylinder A is 7.5 feet.
Lesson 7-9 Similar Solids 399

Susan Jones/Age Fotostock
Find the missing measure for each pair of similar solids.
a. b.
FT
FT FT
MM MM

MM
As you discovered in the Geometry Lab prior to this lesson, the surface
areas and volumes of similar solids are proportional.
+%9#/.#%043 Ratios of Similar Solids

Ratios of Surface Area
Words If two solids are similar, the ratio of Model
their surface areas is proportional to the Solid A
square of the scale factor between them.
Symbols __
surface area of solid A
= (_)
a 2
surface area of solid B b Solid B
Ratios of Volumes
Words If two solids are similar, the ratio of their
volumes is proportional to the cube of
the scale factor between them.
Symbols __
volume of solid A
= (_)
a 3
volume of solid B b
Find Surface Area of a Similar Solid

*ÞÀ>`Ê *ÞÀ>`Ê
2 The pyramids at the right are similar. 3IN

Scale Factor Find the total surface area of pyramid B.

Remembering that
area is expressed in The ratio of the measures of pyramid A
to pyramid B is _a = _
8
or _
square units can help 2
you remember to . IN
b 12 3 IN
square the scale
factor when working surface area of pyramid A
___ = _a
with surface areas of
similar solids. surface area of pyramid B b ( )2 Write a proportion.
_ _ 2 Substitute the known values.

224
S
= 2
3 () Let S = the surface area of pyramid B.
_=_ (_23 ) = _23 · _23 or _49
224 4 2
S 9
224 · 9 = 4S Find the cross products.
_
224 · 9
=_
4S
4 4
504 = S Simplify.
The surface area of pyramid B is 504 square inches.
400 Chapter 7 Measurement: Area and Volume Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Find the missing measure for each pair of similar solids. Round to
c. d.
Find Volume of a Similar Solid

3 A cube has a volume of 27 cubic feet.
Suppose the dimensions are doubled.
What is the volume of the new cube?
A 13.5 ft 3 B 54 ft 3 C 108 ft 3 D 216 ft 3
Read the Item

You know that the cubes are similar, the ratio of the side lengths
Scale Factors _a is _1 , and the volume of the smaller cube is 27 cubic feet.
When the lengths of b 2
all dimensions of a
solid are multiplied by Solve the Item
a scale factor x, then
the surface area is Since the volumes of similar solids have a ratio of _a ( b )3 and _ba = _12 ,
multiplied by x 2 and
replace a with 1 and b with 2 in _a .
3
the volume is
multiplied by x 3.
(b)
__
volume of smaller cube
= _a
volume of larger cube b ( )3 Write a proportion.
_ 1 3 Substitute the known values. Let V

27
= _ () represent the volume of the larger cube.
V 2
_ =_ (_12 )
27 1 3
=_·_·_
1 1 1
V 8 2 2 2
27 · 8 = V · 1 Find the cross products.
216 = V Multiply.
So, the volume of the larger cube is 216 cubic feet. The answer is D.
e. A triangular prism has a volume of 896

cubic meters. If the prism is reduced to
one-fourth its original size, what is the
volume of the new prism? M
M
F 14 m 3 H 64 m 3
G 56 m 3 J 224 m 3

Examples 1, 2 For Exercises 1 and 2, use the two similar
(pp. 399–400) pyramids shown. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary. 7 in. 15 in.
1. Find the missing side length.
2. Find the missing surface area.

10 in.
?
Example 3 3. STANDARDS PRACTICE A cone has a volume of 134.4 cubic centimeters.

(p. 401) Suppose that the dimensions are reduced to half their current value.
What is the volume of the resulting cone?
CM CM
A 8.4 cm 3 B 16.8 cm 3 C 33.6 cm 3 D 67.2 cm 3
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the missing measure for each pair of similar solids. Round to the
For See
Exercises Examples 4. MM 5.
4, 5, 10 1
6, 7 2 FT FT
8, 9, 11, MM MM
23, 24 3 FT

6. 7.
6 in.
12 in.
8. 27 m 9. 4 cm
3 cm
9m

10. ARCHITECTURE The model of a high-rise apartment building is 25.2 inches tall.
On the model, 2 inches represents 45 feet. What is the height of the building?
11. ART In art class, Rueben made two similar cylindrical containers. One was
4 inches tall, and the other was 8 inches tall. If the volume of the smaller
container is 16.7 cubic inches, find the volume of the larger container.
For Exercises 12–14, use the two similar Prism A Prism B

prisms at the right.
12. Write the ratio of the surface areas
and the ratio of the volumes.
13. Find the surface area of prism B.
14. Find the volume of prism A.
15. The surface areas of two similar solids are 36 square yards and 144 square
yards. Find the ratio of their linear measures.
16. HOBBIES Darcy is building a doll house

similar to her family’s house. If the doll house
FT
FT
will be _
1
the size of her actual house, what will
20
be the lateral surface area of her doll house, not
FT
including the roof? Round to the nearest tenth. FT
17. AQUARIUMS A zoo has three cylindrical

%842!02!#4)#%
aquariums. The smallest is _
3 CM
See pages 696, 714. the size of
4
the one shown, while the largest is 1_
1
times
2 CM
Self-Check Quiz at larger. Determine the volumes of the
ca.gr7math.com
three aquariums. Round to the nearest tenth.
18. CHALLENGE The ratio of the surface areas of two similar pyramids is _.
1
H.O.T. Problems
25
What is the ratio of the volumes of the pyramids? Explain your reasoning.
19. OPEN ENDED Draw and label two cones that are similar. Explain why they
are similar.
20. SELECT A TECHNIQUE Ruby is packing two similar boxes. The smaller box
is 9 inches long and 12 inches tall, and the larger box is 18 inches long and
24 inches tall. Which of the following techniques might Ruby use to
determine how much greater the volume of the larger box is? Justify your
selection(s). Then use the technique(s) to solve the problem.
mental math number sense estimation
21. REASONING True or False? All spheres are similar. Explain your reasoning.
22. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Refer to the application at the beginning of the
(*/
lesson. Write a real-world problem involving a model car. Then solve your
problem.

23. The triangular prisms shown are 24. The dimensions of two cubes are
similar. shown below.
14 in. 7 in.
Find the volume of the smaller prism. The volume of the smaller cube is
A 211 in 3 125 cubic feet. Find the volume of
the larger cube.
B 844 in 3
F 375 ft 3
C 3,376 in 3
G 3,375 ft 3
D 6,752 in 3
H 5,125 ft 3
J 15,625 ft 3
25. HISTORY The great pyramid of Khufu in Egypt was originally 481 feet
high, and had a square base measuring 756 feet on a side and slant
height of about 611.8 feet. What was its lateral surface area? Round to
the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-8)
26. MEASUREMENT Find the lateral surface and total surface area of
the rectangular prism at the right. (Lesson 7-7)
CM
27. GEOMETRY Graph parallelogram QRST with vertices Q(-3, 3),
CM
R(2, 4), S(3, 2), and T(-2, 1). Then graph the image of CM
the figure after a reflection over the x-axis, and write
the coordinates of its vertices. (Lesson 6-6)
28. ALGEBRA Find the value of x in

the two congruent triangles. (Lesson 6-4)
29. MONEY A $750 investment earned $540 in

6 years. Find the simple interest rate. (Lesson 5-9)
Math and Architecture

Under construction It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data
you have gathered about floor covering costs and loan rates to prepare a Web page or
brochure. Be sure to include a labeled scale drawing with your project.

APTER
CH
Study Guide
7 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
base (p. 369) lateral surface area
Be sure the following (p. 386)
Key Concepts are noted center (p. 352)
in your Foldable. chord (p. 352) net (p. 385)
"REA 7OLUME pi (p. 352)
circle (p. 352)
circumference (p. 352) polyhedron (p. 368)
prism (p. 368)
Key Concepts complex figure (p. 363)
pyramid (p. 369)
Circles (Lesson 7-1)
complex solid (p. 375)
• Circumference: C = πd or C = 2πr cone (p. 381) radius (p. 352)
• Area: A = πr 2 coplanar (p. 368) regular pyramid (p. 393)

cylinder (p. 374) similar solids (p. 399)
Volume (Lessons 7-5 and 7-6)
diameter (p. 352) slant height (p. 393)
• Prism: V = Bh solid (p. 368)
edge (p. 368)
• Cylinder: V = Bh or V = π r 2h total surface area (p. 386)
_
• Pyramid: V = 1 Bh
face (p. 368)
vertex (p. 368)
3 lateral face (p. 386)
• Cone: V = Bh or V = _π r 2h
_
1 1
3 3 volume (p. 373)
Surface Area (Lessons 7-7 and 7-8)

• Prism
Lateral Surface Area: L = Ph
Total Surface Area: S = L + 2B
• Pyramid
Vocabulary Check
Lateral Surface Area: L = P State whether each sentence is true or false.
Total Surface Area: S = L + B If false, replace the underlined word or
• Cylinder number to make a true sentence.
Lateral Surface Area: L = 2πrh
Total Surface Area: S = L + 2B 1. The flat surface of a prism is called a face.
2. Circumference is the distance around a
Similar Solids circle.
(Lesson 7-9)
• If two solids are similar with a scale factor of , _a
(_)
3. The measure of the space occupied by a
a 2 b
then the surface areas have a ratio of and solid is called the total surface area.
(_b )
a 3 b
the volumes have a ratio of . 4. A cylinder is a figure that has two parallel,
congruent circular bases.
5. A solid is any two-dimensional figure.
6. The side of a prism is called a vertex.
7. The radius is the distance across a circle
through its center.

APTER
CH
7-1 Circumference and Area of Circles (pp. 352–357)
Find the circumference and area of each Example 1 Find the

circle. Round to the nearest tenth. circumference and area
of the circle. YD
8. radius: 18 in. 9. diameter: 6 cm
The radius is 5 yards.
10. LANDSCAPING Bill is planting a circular
flowerbed. What is the area of the C = 2πr A = πr 2
flowerbed if the diameter is 30 feet? C ≈ 2 · 3.14 · 5 A ≈ 3.14 · 5 2
C ≈ 31.4 yd A ≈ 78.5 yd 2
7-2 PSI: Solve a Simpler Problem (pp. 360–361)
Solve. Use the solve a simpler problem Example 2 A total of 450 students
strategy. were surveyed. If 60% of the students
11. GEOGRAPHY The total area of Arizona voted to hold a carnival, find the number
is 114,006 square miles. Of that, about of students who voted for the carnival.
42% of the land is desert. About how Find 10% of 450 and use the result to
many square miles of Arizona’s land is find 60% of 450.
not covered by desert? 10% of 450 = 45; so 60% is 6 × 45 or 270.
So, 270 students voted for the carnival.
7-3 Area of Complex Figures (pp. 363–367)
Find the area of each figure. Round to the Example 3 Find the
nearest tenth if necessary. area of the complex M
figure. M
12. CM 13. MM
CM MM M

CM MM
Area of semicircle Area of trapezoid
MM MM
A≈_ 1
· 3.14 · 2 2 A=_ 1
(6)(4 + 10)
CM 2 2
A ≈ 6.3 A = 42
14. BASKETBALL Travis is
The area is about 6.3 + 42 or 48.3 square
going to paint part of FT meters.
a basketball court as
shown. What is the
area of the court?

see page 714.
7-4 Three-Dimensional Figures (pp. 368–372)
Identify each solid. Name the number Example 4 Name the number and
and shapes of the faces. Then name the shapes of the faces of a rectangular
number of edges and vertices. prism. Then name the number of edges
15. 16. and vertices.
RECTANGULARFACES
VERTICES EDGES
17. CRYSTALS Kelli found a crystal in the

shape of a pentagonal pyramid. How
many faces, edges, and vertices does
the crystal have?
7-5 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders (pp. 373–378)
Find the volume of each solid. Example 5 Find the

18. 19. YD volume of the solid. FT
YD
The base of this
MM FT
YD prism is a triangle. FT
MM
MM YD V = Bh
20. FOOD A can of green beans has a V= _
1
(2
· 13 · 10 18 )
diameter of 10.5 centimeters and a
V = 1,170 ft 3
height of 13 centimeters. Find its
volume.
7-6 Volume of Pyramids and Cones (pp. 380–384)
Find the volume of each solid. Round to Example 6 Find the IN
the nearest tenth if necessary. volume of the pyramid.
21. 22. The base B of the IN
CM pyramid is a rectangle. IN
FT
CM V=_
1
Bh
FT 3
FT CM
V=_
1
(12 · 6)8
23. cone: diameter, 9 yd; height, 21 yd 3
V = 192 in 3
24. ICE CREAM A waffle cone is five inches
tall. The opening of the cone has a
radius of 1.5 inches. What is the volume
of ice cream that the cone can hold?

APTER
CH
7-7 Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders (pp. 386–391)
Find the surface area of each solid. Example 7 Find the MM
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. surface area of the MM
25. IN 26. cylinder.
M
IN M S = 2πr 2 + 2πrh Surface area of a
cylinder
M S ≈ 2(3.14)(8) 2 + 2(3.14)(8)(11)
M
r = 8 and h = 11
2
S ≈ 954.6 mm Simplify.
7-8 Surface Area of Pyramids (pp. 393–396)
27. ARCHITECTURE A hotel shaped like a Example 8 Find the

square pyramid has a slant height of total surface area of the
92.5 meters and each side of its base is M
square pyramid.
183.5 meters long. What is the lateral
A=_
1
bh Area of triangle
surface area of the pyramid? 2
_
A = 1 (3)(7) or 10.5 M
2 M
The total lateral area is 4(10.5) or

42 square meters. The area of the base
is 3(3) or 9 square meters. So, the total
surface area is 42 + 9 or 51 square meters.
7-9 Similar Solids (pp. 399–404)
28. Cylinders A and B are

ÞìÀÊ Example 9 Two 9 cm 3 cm
similar. If the total FT similar cones are
surface area of cylinder shown at the right.
A is 84 square feet, Find the volume of
what is the total
ÞìÀÊ the smaller cone. 3
surface area of FT V ⫽ 184 cm V⫽?
cylinder B? __
volume of smaller cone
= _a ( b )3 Write a
volume of larger cone proportion.
FT _
V
=_
1 _1 = (_1 )3.
184 27 27 3
V · 27 = 184 · 1 Find the cross products.
_
27V
=_
184
27 27
V = 6.8 cm 3 Simplify.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
7
Find the circumference and area of each Find the volume of each solid. Round to the
figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. nearest tenth.
1. 2. 8. 5.2 in. 9. 15 mm
FT 9.4 cm
3 in.
9.4 mm
12 mm
3. STANDARDS PRACTICE A jogger ran 10. FUEL The fuel tank is made up of a cylinder.
around a circular track two times. If What is the volume of the tank? Round to
the track has a radius of 25 yards, about the nearest tenth.
how far did the jogger run?
A 314 yd C 78.5 yd 8.4 m
B 157 yd D 50 yd
21.2 m
Find the area of each figure. Round to the
nearest tenth if necessary. Find the volume and the total surface area
4. 5. M
of each solid. Round to the nearest tenth if
FT
M M necessary.
FT M
M 11. 3.3 m 12.
6m
10.4 ft 11 ft
M 6m
FT 7m
7 ft
6. GEOMETRY Identify the 10 m 7 ft
solid. Name the number
and shapes of its faces. 13. STANDARDS PRACTICE Find the volume
Then name its number of the solid. FT
of edges and vertices.
F 2,160 ft 3
7. CAKE DECORATION Mrs. Lee designed G 2,520 ft 3 FT
the flashlight birthday cake shown H 3,600 ft 3
below. If one container of frosting covers J 7,200 ft 3 FT
FT
250 square inches of cake, how many
containers will she need to frost the top For Exercises 14–16, use the two similar prisms.
of this cake? Explain.
14. Write the ratio of the Prism B
IN
surface areas. Prism A
IN
15. Find the total surface
IN IN area of prism B.
16. Find the volume of
prism A.

APTER
CH
Practice
Read each question. Then fill in the 3 What is the surface area of the shoe box?
correct answer on the answer
document provided by your teacher or
on a sheet of paper. IN
1 The figure shows a circle inside a square.

IN
IN
A 200 in 2 C 400 in 2
B 224 in 2 D 448 in 2
Which procedure should be used to find the
area of the shaded region?
A Find the area of the square and then
Question 3 Most standardized tests will
subtract the area of the circle. include any commonly used formulas at
the front of the test booklet, but it will
B Find the area of the circle and then save you time to memorize many of
subtract the area of the square. these formulas. For example, you should
memorize that the surface area of a
C Find the perimeter of the square and then prism is 2h + 2w + 2hw.
subtract the circumference of the circle.
D Find the circumference of the circle and
then subtract the perimeter of the square. 4 What is the area of the shaded region in the
figure below?
2 If LMN is translated 7 units up and 2 units
2cm
to the right, what are the coordinates of
point L? 2cm
y
4 3.5 cm 3.5 cm
3
2
1 F 6.5 cm H 13 cm
⫺8⫺7⫺6⫺5⫺4⫺3⫺2⫺1 O 1 2 3 4x
G 7 cm J 26 cm
⫺2
L ⫺3
⫺4
⫺5 5 Martin and his two brothers equally shared
⫺6 the cost of a new computer game with a list
N⫺7
M ⫺8
price of $35. They received a 25% discount
on the video game and paid 5.5% sales tax
on the discounted price. Find the
F (-1, 4) approximate amount that each of the
G (7, 2) brothers paid toward the cost of the game.
H (2, 7) A $14.77 C $9.23
J (4, -1) B $11.73 D $8.42

More California
Standards Practice
6 Suppose you know the side lengths of each 9 A stackable block shown below is made of
figure below. Which one would contain wood. The height and width of each section
enough information to let you find the is 6 cm. The length is 12 cm.
length of diagonal d? 6 cm
F H 6 cm
d
d
6 cm
G J 12 cm
d d
What is the volume, in cubic centimeters, of

the wood used to create this block?
A 2,592 C 432
7 An isosceles triangle is removed from a
rectangle as shown in the figure below. Find B 1,296 D 30
the area of the remaining part of the
rectangle.
Pre-AP
5 cm 5 cm Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Show your work.
Front Back
10 The diagrams show 3
12 cm ft
the design of the 4
A 60 cm 2 C 47.5 cm 2 trash cans in the 3 ft
B 55 cm 2 D 35 cm 2 school cafeteria. 2 ft 1
1 2 ft
a. Find the volume
of each trash can to the nearest tenth.
8 Susan has two similar rectangular packages. b. The tops and sides of the cans need to be
The dimensions of the first box is three painted. Find the surface area of each can
times that of the second package. How to the nearest tenth.
many times greater is the volume of the first
c. The paint used by the school covers
package than of the second package?
200 square feet per gallon. How many
F 81 H 9 trash cans can be covered with 1 gallon
G 27 J 3 of paint?
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Go to Lesson... 7-1 6-7 7-7 7-3 5-8 3-5 7-3 7-9 7-5 7-7
For Help with Standards... MG2.2 MG3.2 MG2.1 MG2.2 NS1.7 MG3.3 MG2.2 MG2.3 MG2.3 MG2.1
California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

Algebraic Thinking:
Linear and Nonlinear Functions
Focus
Graph linear equations and
understand the idea of slope
and its relation to ratio.
CHAPTER 8
Algebra: More Equations and
Inequalities
Express quantitative
relationships by using algebraic
terminology, expressions, equations,
inequalities, and graphs.
Solve simple linear
equations and inequalities over the
rational numbers.
CHAPTER 9
Algebra: Linear Functions
Graph and interpret linear
and some nonlinear functions.
CHAPTER 10
Algebra: Nonlinear Functions
and Polynomials
Use exponents, powers, and
roots and use exponents in working with
fractions.
Interpret and evaluate
expressions involving integer powers and
simple roots.
412
Math and Economics
Getting Down to Business How would you like to run your own
business? On this adventure, you’ll be creating your own company.
Along the way, you’ll come up with a company name, slogan, and
product to sell to your peers at school. You’ll research the cost of
materials, create advertisements, and calculate potential profits.
You’ll also survey your peers to find out what they would be willing
to pay for your product, analyze the data, and adjust your projected
profit model. You’re going to need your algebra tool kit to make this
company work, so let’s get down to business!
Unit 4 Algebraic Thinking: Linear and Nonlinear Functions 413

Algebra: More Equations
8 and Inequalities
• Standard 7AF2.0 Interpret

and evaluate expressions
involving integer powers
and simple roots.
• Standard 7AF4.0
Solve simple linear
equations and inequalities
over the rational numbers.
Key Vocabulary
equivalent expressions (p. 416)
like terms (p. 417)
two-step equation (p. 422)
Real-World Link
Beaches The California shoreline has been decreasing
at an average rate of about 9 inches per year. You can
write an equation to describe the change in the
amount of shoreline for a given number of years.
Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.
Begin with a plain sheet of 11” × 17” paper.
1 Fold in half lengthwise. 2 Fold again from top to 3 Open and cut along the 4 Label each tab as shown.
bottom. second fold to make two
tabs.
%QUATIONS
)NEQUALIT
IES
414 Chapter 8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities

© Larry Dale Gordon/zefa/Corbis
Option 2
Option 1
Determine whether each statement Example 1

is true or false. (Lesson 1-3) Determine whether the statement -2 > 1
1. 10 > 4 2. 3 < -3 is true or false.
3. -8 < -7 4. -1 > 0 Plot the points on a number line.
5. WEATHER The temperature in

Sioux City, Iowa, was -7°F
while the temperature in Since -2 is to the left of 1, -2 < 1. The
Des Moines, Iowa, was -5°F. statement is false.
Which city was warmer?
Explain. (Lesson 1-3)
Write an algebraic equation for each Example 2

verbal sentence. (Lesson 1-7) Write an algebraic equation for the
6. Ten increased by a number is -8. verbal sentence twice a number increased
7. The difference of -5 and 3x is 32. by 3 is -5.
Let x represent the number.
8. Twice a number decreased by
4 is 26. twice a number increased by 3 is -5
2x +3 = -5
9. MONEY Bianca has $1 less than
So, the equation is 2x + 3 = -5.
twice as much as her brother. If
her brother had $15, how much
money did Bianca have? (Lesson 1-9)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 3

solution. (Lessons 1-9 and 1-10) Solve 44 = k - 7.
10. n + 8 = -9 11. 4 = m + 19 44 = k - 7 Write the equation.
12. -4 + a = 15 13. z - 6 = -10 + 7= +7
______ Add 7 to each side.
14. 3c = -18 15. -42 = -6b 51 = k Simplify.
_ 17. 12 = _
w = -8 r
16.
4 -7

8-1 Simplifying Algebraic
Expressions
Main IDEA
Use the Distributive You can use algebra tiles to rewrite the algebraic expression 2(x + 3).
Property to simplify
algebraic expressions. Double this amount Rearrange the tiles by
Represent x + 3 of tiles to represent grouping together the
Standard using algebra tiles. 2(x + 3). ones with the same shape.
7AF1.1 Use
variables and
appropriate operations to
write an expression, an 1 1 1 1 1
equation, an inequality, or a x x x x x
1 1 1 1 1
system of equations or
inequalities that represents a 1 1 1 1 1
verbal description (e.g. three
less than a number, half as
large as area A. 1. Choose two positive and one negative value for x. Then evaluate
Standard 7AF1.3 Simplify
numerical expressions by 2(x + 3) and 2x + 6 for each of these values. What do you notice?
applying properties of
rational numbers (e.g.,
2. Use algebra tiles to rewrite the expression 3(x - 2). (Hint: Use one
identity, inverse, distributive, green x-tile and 2 red –1-tiles to represent x - 2.)
Standard 7AF1.4 Use
algebraic terminology (e.g.
In Chapter 1, you learned that expressions like 2(4 + 3) can be rewritten
variable, equation, term, using the Distributive Property and then simplified.
coefficient, inequality,
expression, constant) 2(4 + 3) = 2(4) + 2(3) Distributive Property
correctly.
= 8 + 6 or 14 Multiply. Then add.
The Distributive Property can also be used to simplify an algebraic

NEW Vocabulary expression like 2(x + 3).
equivalent expressions 2(x + 3) = 2(x) + 2(3) Distributive Property
term
coefficient = 2x + 6 Multiply.
like terms
constant The expressions 2(x + 3) and 2x + 6 are equivalent expressions,
simplest form because no matter what x is, these expressions have the same value.
simplifying the expression
Write Expressions With Addition

Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
1 4(x + 7) 2 (y + 2)5
4(x + 7) = 4(x) + 4(7) (y + 2)5 = y · 5 + 2 · 5
READING = 4x + 28 Simplify. = 5y + 10 Commutative
Property
in the Content Area
this lesson, visit a. 6(a + 4) b. (n + 3)8 c. -2(x + 1)
ca.gr7math.com.

Write Expressions with Subtraction
Look Back You can Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
review multiplying
integers in
3 6(p - 5)
Lesson 1-6. 6(p - 5) = 6[p + (-5)] Rewrite p - 5 as p + (-5).
= 6(p) + 6(-5) Distributive Property
= 6p + (-30) Simplify.
= 6p - 30 Definition of subtraction
4 -2(x - 8)
-2(x - 8) = -2[x + (-8)] Rewrite x - 8 as x + (-8).
= -2(x) + (-2)(-8) Distributive Property
= -2x + 16 Simplify.
d. 3(y - 10) e. -7(w - 4) f. (n - 2)(-9)
When plus or minus signs separate an algebraic expression into parts,

each part is called a term. The numerical factor of a term that contains a
variable is called the coefficient of the variable.
This expression has three terms.
-2x + 16 + x
- 2 is the coefficient of x 1 is the coefficient of x
Like terms contain the same variables to the same powers. For example,
3x 2 and -7x 2 are like terms. So are 8xy 2 and 12xy 2. But 10x 2z and 22xz 2
are not like terms. A term without a variable is called a constant.
Constant terms are also like terms.
Vocabulary Link
Constant
Everyday Use unchanging
Math Use a numeric term
Identify Parts of an Expression
without a variable
5 Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients, and constants in the
expression 6n - 7n - 4 + n.
6n - 7n - 4 + n = 6n + (-7n) + (-4) + n Definition of subtraction
= 6n + (-7n) + (-4) + 1n Identity Property; n = 1n
• Terms: 6n, -7n, -4, n • Like terms: 6n, -7n, n

• Coefficients: 6, -7, 1 • Constants: -4.
Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients,

and constants in each expression.
g. 9y - 4 - 11y + 7 h. 3x + 2 - 10 - 3x
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 8-1 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 417

An algebraic expression is in simplest form if it has no like terms and
no parentheses. You can use the Distributive Property to combine like
terms. This is called simplifying the expression.
Simplify Algebraic Expressions

6 Simplify the expression 3y + y.
Equivalent 3y and y are like terms.
Expressions
To check whether 3y + y = 3y + 1y Identity Property; y = 1y
3y + y and 4y
are equivalent = (3 + 1)y or 4y Distributive Property; simplify.
expressions, substitute 7 Simplify the expression 7x - 2 - 7x + 6.
any value for y and
see whether the 7x and -7x are like terms. -2 and 6 are also like terms.
expressions have
the same value. 7x - 2 - 7x + 6 = 7x + (-2) + (-7x) + 6 Definition of subtraction
= 7x + (-7x) + (-2) + 6 Commutative Property
= [7 + (-7)]x + (-2) + 6 Distributive Property
= 0x + 4 Simplify.
= 0 + 4 or 4 0x = 0 · x or 0

i. 4z - z j. 6 - 3n + 3n k. 2g - 3 + 11 - 8g
8 FOOD At a baseball game, you buy some hot dogs that cost $3 each
and the same number of soft drinks for $2.50 each. Write an
expression in simplest form that represents the total amount spent.
$3 each some number $2.50 the same number

Words and
for of hot dogs each for of drinks
Variable Let x represent the number of hot dogs or drinks.

Real-World Link
In a recent year,
Americans were Expression 3·x + 2.50 · x
expected to eat
26.3 million hot dogs
in major league Simplify the expression.
ballparks. This is
enough to stretch 3x + 2.50x = (3 + 2.50)x Distributive Property
from Dodger Stadium
in Los Angeles to the = 5.50x Simplify.
Pirates’ PNC Stadium
in Pittsburgh. The expression $5.50x represents the total amount spent.
Source: www.hot-dog.org
l. MONEY You have saved some money. Your friend has saved $50
less than you. Write an expression in simplest form that represents
the total amount of money you and your friend have saved.

DiMaggio/Kalish/CORBIS
Examples 1–4 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
(pp. 416–417)
1. 5(x + 4) 2. 2(n + 7) 3. (y + 6)3 4. (a + 9)4
5. 2(p - 3) 6. 6(4 - k) 7. -6(g - 2) 8. -3(a + 9)
Example 5 Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients, and constants in each expression.
(p. 417)
9. 5n - 2n - 3 + n 10. 8a + 4 - 6a - 5a 11. 7 - 3d - 8 + d
Examples 6, 7 Simplify each expression.

(p. 418)
12. 8n + n 13. 7n + 5 - 7n 14. 4p - 7 + 6p + 10
Example 8 15. MOVIES You buy 2 drinks that each cost x dollars and a large bag of
(p. 418) popcorn for $3.50. Write an expression in simplest form that represents
the total amount of money you spent.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.

For See 16. 3(x + 8) 17. -8(a + 1) 18. (b + 8)5 19. (p + 7)(-2)
Exercises Examples 20. 4(x - 6) 21. 6(5 - q) 22. -8(c - 8) 23. -3(5 - b)
16–27 1–4
24. (d + 2)(-7) 25. -4(n - 3) 26. (10 - y)(-9) 27. (6 + z) 3
28–33 5
34–39 6, 7
Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients, and constants in each expression.
40–43 8
28. 2 + 3a + 9a 29. 7 - 5x + 1 30. 4 + 5y - 6y + y
31. n + 4n - 7n - 1 32. -3d + 8 - d - 2 33. 9 - z + 3 - 2z

34. n + 5n 35. 12c - c 36. 5x + 4 + 9x
37. 2 + 3d + d 38. -3r + 7 - 3r - 12 39. -4j - 1 - 4j + 6
Write an expression in simplest form that represents the total amount in

each situation.
40. SHOPPING You buy x shirts that each cost $15.99, the same number of
jeans for $34.99 each, and a pair of sneakers for $58.99.
41. PHYSICAL EDUCATION Each lap around the school track is a distance of
y yards. You ran 2 laps on Monday, 3_
1
laps on Wednesday, and 100 yards
2
on Friday.
42. FUND-RAISING You have sold t tickets for a school fund-raiser. Your friend
has sold 24 fewer than you.
43. BIRTHDAYS Today is your friend’s birthday. She is y years old. Her brother
is 5 years younger.
Lesson 8-1 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 419

44. GOVERNMENT In 2005, in the Texas Legislature, there were 119 more
members in the House of Representatives than in the Senate. If there were
m members in the Senate, write an expression in simplest form to represent
the total number of members in the Texas Legislature.
would write and simplify an algebraic expression.

46. 3(2y + 1) 47. -4(3x + 5) 48. -6(12 - 8n) 49. 4(x - y)
50. -2(3a - 2b) 51. (-2 - n)(-7) 52. 5x(y - z) 53. -6a(2b + 5c)
ALGEBRA Simplify each expression.

54. -_ a - _ + _ a - _
2 1 7 1
55. 6p - 2r - 13p + r 56. -n + 8s - 15n - 22s
5 4 10 5
57. SCHOOL You are ordering T-shirts with your school’s mascot printed on
them. Each T-shirt costs $4.75. The printer charges a set-up fee of $30 and
$2.50 to print each shirt. Write two expressions that you could use to
represent the total cost of printing n T-shirts.
MEASUREMENT Write two equivalent expressions for the area of each figure.
58. 59. 12 60.
10
x⫺7 x⫹4
x⫹5
16
61. SCHOOL You spent m minutes studying on Monday. On Tuesday, you

studied 15 more minutes than you did on Monday. Wednesday, you
%842!02!#4)#%
studied 30 minutes less than you did on Tuesday. You studied twice
See pages 696, 715.
as long on Thursday as you did on Monday. On Friday, you studied
20 minutes less than you did on Thursday. Write an expression in
Self-Check Quiz at simplest form to represent the number of minutes you studied for these
ca.gr7math.com
five days.
H.O.T. Problems 62. OPEN ENDED Write an expression that has four terms and simplifies
to 3n + 2. Identify the coefficient(s) and constant(s) in your expression.
63. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the expression that is not equivalent to
the other three. Explain your reasoning.
x - 3 + 4x 5(x - 3) 6 + 5x - 9 5x - 3
64. CHALLENGE Simplify the expression 8x 2 - 2x + 12x - 3. Show that your

answer is true for x = 2.
65. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Is 2(x - 1) + 3(x - 1) = 5(x - 1) a true statement?

(*/
If so, justify your answer using mathematical properties. If not, give
a counterexample.

66. Which property is used in the equation 67. Which expression is equivalent to
below? 5a + 5b?
4x + 32 = 4(x + 8) F 5ab
A Associative Property of Addition G 5(a + b)
B Commutative Property of Addition H 5a + b
C Distributive Property J a + 5b
D Reflexive Property
68. MEASUREMENT The prisms at the right are similar.

Find the volume of the smaller prism. Round to
the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-9) IN
IN IN
IN
MEASUREMENT Find the lateral area and the surface area of each regular pyramid. Round
to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 7-8)
69. CM 70. FT 71.
CM IN
CM
CM FT
FT IN
IN
CM
72. INTERNET The number of U.S. households with high-speed Internet

access increased 66% from 2003 to 2004. If 63 million households had
high-speed Internet access in 2004, how many households had high-
speed Internet access in 2003? (Lesson 5-8)
73. Determine whether the set of numbers in the table is proportional. (Lesson 4-2)
Time (hours) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rental Charge $13 $23 $33 $43 $53 $63
Express each rate as a unit rate. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 4-1)
74. $5 for 4 loaves of bread 75. 183.4 miles in 3.2 hours
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution.

76. x + 8 = 2 77. y - 5 = -9 78. 32 = -4n 79. _a = -15

3
Lesson 8-1 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 421

8-2 Solving Two-Step Equations
Main IDEA
Solve two-step equations. BOOK SALE Linda bought four books
at a book sale benefiting a local charity. I]Vc`Ndj[dg
Standard
NdjgHjeedgi
The handwritten receipt she received
7AF4.1 Solve two-
step linear equations was missing the cost for the hardback (]VgYWVX`h
and inequalities in one books she purchased.
variable over the rational &eVeZgWVX`h &
numbers, interpret the 1. Explain how you could use the work
solution or solutions in the
context from which they
backward strategy to find the cost of IdiVaeV^Y ,
arose, and verify the each hardback book. Then find the cost.
reasonableness of the
results.
The solution to this problem can also
be found by solving the equation 1 1 1 1
x x x
NEW Vocabulary 3x + 1 = 7, where x is the cost per 1 1
two-step equation hardback book. This equation can be 1 1
modeled using algebra tiles.

3x 1 7
A two-step equation contains two operations. In the equation
3x + 1 = 7, x is multiplied by 3 and then 1 is added. To solve two-step
equations, undo each operation in reverse order.
Solve Two-Step Equations

1 Solve 3x + 1 = 7.
METHOD 1 Use a model. METHOD 2 Use symbols.

Remove one 1-tile from each mat. Use the Subtraction Property
of Equality.
1 1 1 1 3x + 1 = 7 Write the equation.
x x x
1 1
- 1 =-1
____________ Subtract 1
3x = 6 from each side.
1 1
3x 1 1 71 Use the Division Property

Separate the remaining tiles
of Equality.
into 3 equal groups. 3x = 6
_
3x
=_
6
x 1 1 3 3
x=2 Simplify.
x 1 1
x 1 1
3x 6
There are 2 1-tiles in each
group, so the solution is 2.

Aaron Haupt
2 Solve 25 = 1 n - 3._
BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com 4
METHOD 1 Vertical method METHOD 2 Horizontal method
25 = _
1
n-3 Write the equation. _1 n - 3 = 25
4 4
+3= +3 Add 3 to each side. _n - 3 + 3 = 25 + 3
1
4
28 = _
1
n Simplify. _1 n = 28
4 4
4 · 28 = 4 · _
1
n Multiply each side _
4 · 1 n = 4 · 28
4 4
by 4.
112 = n n = 112
The solution is 112.

c. -1 = _ a + 9
1
a. 3x + 2 = 20 b. 5 + 2n = -1
2
Some two-step equations have a term with a negative coefficient.
Equations with Negative Coefficients

3 Solve 6 - 3x = 21.
6 - 3x = 21 Write the equation.
Common Error
6 + (-3x) = 21 Rewrite the left side as addition.
A common mistake 6 - 6 + (-3x) = 21 - 6 Subtract 6 from each side.
when solving the
equation in Example -3x = 15 Simplify.
3 is to divide each _
side by 3 instead of
-3x
=_
15
Divide each side by -3.
-3 -3
-3. Remember that
you are dividing by x = -5 Simplify.
the coefficient of the
variable, which in this
The solution is -5.
instance is a negative Check 6 - 3x = 21 Write the equation.
number.
6 - 3(- 5) 21 Replace x with -5.
6 - (-15) 21 Multiply.
6 + 15 21 To subtract a negative number, add its opposite.
21 = 21 ✓ The sentence is true.

d. 10 - _p = 52 _
2 n
e. -19 = -3x + 2 f. - 2 = -18
3 -3
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 8-2 Solving Two-Step Equations 423

Sometimes it is necessary to combine like terms before solving
an equation.
Combine Like Terms First

4 Solve -2y + y - 5 = 11. Check your solution.
-2y + y - 5 = 11 Write the equation.
-2y + 1y - 5 = 11 Identity Property; y = 1y
-y - 5 = 11 Combine like terms; -2y + 1y = (-2 + 1)y or -y.
-y - 5 + 5 = 11 + 5 Add 5 to each side.
-y = 16 Simplify.
-1y
_ 16
=_ -y = -1y; divide each side by -1.
-1 -1
y = -16 Simplify.
The solution is –16.

Check
-2y + y - 5 = 11 Write the equation.
-2(-16) + (-16) - 5 11 Replace y with -16.
32 + (-16) - 5 11 Multiply.
11 = 11 ✓ The statement is true.

i. -3 = 6 - 5w + _w
5
g. x + 4x = 45 h. 10 = 2a + 13 - a
2
Examples 1–3 Solve each equation. Check your solution.

3. 10 = _ + 3
(pp. 422–423) a
1. 6x + 5 = 29 2. -2 = 9m - 11
4
4. _2 x - 5 = 7 5. 3 - 5y = -37 6. _
c
-4=3
3 -2
Example 3 7. ELECTRONICS Mr. Sampson bought a home theater system. The total cost of
(p. 423) the system was $816, and he pays $34 a month on the balance. The current
balance owed is $272. Solve the equation 272 = 816 - 34m to determine the
number of monthly payments Mr. Sampson has made.

10. 1 = 4_ - 2p + _p
(p. 424) 1 10
8. 6k - 10k = 16 9. 5d + 4 - 6d = 11
2 3
11. MOVIES Cassidy went to the movies with some of her friends. The tickets
cost $6.50 apiece, and each person received a $1.75 student discount.
The total amount paid for all the tickets was $33.25. Solve the equation
33.25 = 6.50p - 1.75p to determine the number of people who went to
the movies.

For See 12. 2h + 9 = 21 13. 11 = 2b + 17 14. 5 = 4a - 7
Exercises Examples 15. -17 = 6p - 5 16. 2g - 3 = -19 17. 16 = 5x - 9
12–19, 1, 2 g y
24, 25 18. 13 = _ + 4 19. 5 + _ = -3 20. 3 - 8c = 35
3 8
_ 23. 15 - _ = 28
20–23 3 1 w
21. 13 - 3d = -8 22. - x - 7 = -11
26–33 4 2 4
24. SCHOOL TRIP At an amusement park, each student is given $19 for food.
This covers the cost of 2 meals at x dollars each plus $7 worth of snacks.
Solve 2x + 7 = 19 to find how much money the school expects each student
will spend per meal.
25. SHOPPING Suppose you receive a $75 online gift to your favorite music site.
You want to purchase some CDs that cost $14 each. There will be a $5
shipping and handling fee. Solve 14n + 5 = 75 to find the number of CDs
you can purchase.

26. 28 = 3m - 7m 27. y + 5y = 24 28. 3 - 6x + 8x = 9
29. -21 = 9a - 15 - 3a 30. 26 = g + 10 - 3g 31. 8x + 5 - x = -2
32. GAMES Brent had $26 when he went to the fair. After playing 5 games and
then 2 more, he had $15.50 left. Solve 15.50 = 26 - 5p - 2p to find the price
for each game.
33. SPORTS LaTasha paid $75 to join a summer golf program. The course
where she plays charges $30 per round, but since she is a student, she
receives a $10 discount per round. If LaTasha spent $375, use the equation
375 = 30g - 10g + 75 to find out how many rounds of golf LaTasha played.

36. -4_ = _(t + 1)
2 6
34. 4(x + 2) = 20 35. 6(w - 2) = 54
5 5
37. _
a-4
= 12 38. _
n+3
= -4 39. _
6+z
= -2
5 8 10
14 ft
40. HOME IMPROVEMENT If Mr. Arenth wants to
put new carpeting in the room shown, how
many square feet should he order?
6c 8 ft
41. ANIMALS Solve 4x + 12 = 171. If x stands

for the number of animals in a pet store,
%842!02!#4)#%
can it be a solution? Explain.
See pages 697, 715. 5 3c ft
42. GEOMETRY Write an equation to 25

Self-Check Quiz at −− 13 x 2x
represent the length of AB. Then find
ca.gr7math.com
the value of x. A B
Lesson 8-2 Solving Two-Step Equations 425

H.O.T. Problems 43. FIND THE ERROR Alexis and Tomás are solving the equation
2x + 7 = 16. Who is correct? Explain.
2x + 7 = 16
2x + 7 - 7 = 16 - 7
2x + 7 = 16
2x = 9
_
2x
+7=_
16
_ =_
2x 9
2 2 2 2
x+7=8 x = 4.5
x+7-7=8-7
x=1
Alexis Tomás
44. CHALLENGE Solve (x + 5) 2 = 49. (Hint: There are two solutions.)
45. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how you can use the work backward problem-
(*/
solving strategy to solve a two-step equation.
46. What value of y makes the equation 47. What is the value of m if
true? -6m + 4 = -32?
_y - 7 = 3 F 6
4
A 3 G 4_
2
3
B 16
H 2_
1
C 40 3
J -6
D 84
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. (Lesson 8-1)
48. 6(a + 6) 49. -3(x + 5) 50. (y - 8)4 51. -8(p - 7)

MM
52. MEASUREMENT The cylinders at the right are similar. MM
Find the surface area of the larger cylinder. Round to
the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-9)
MM
53. MEASUREMENT If one leg of a right triangle is 5 feet and
its hypotenuse is 13 feet, how long is the other leg? (Lesson 3-5)
54. Write 4.78 × 10 -4 in standard form. (Lesson 2-10)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write an algebraic equation for each verbal sentence.

(Lesson 1-7)
55. A number increased by 5 is 17. 56. The quotient of a number and 2 is -2.

(l)RubberBall/Alamy Images, (r)CORBIS
8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations
Main IDEA
Write two-step equations HOME ENTERTAINMENT Your parents Payments Amount Paid
that represent real-life offer to loan you the money to buy
situations. 0 125 + 25(0) = $125
a $600 sound system. You give them
1 125 + 25(1) = $150
Standard $125 as a down payment and agree
2 125 + 25(2) = $175
7AF1.1 Use to make monthly payments of
variables and 3 125 + 25(3) = $200
$25 until you have repaid the loan.

write an expression, an
1. Let n represent the number of
equation, an inequality, or a
system of equations or payments. Write an expression
inequalities that represents a that represents the amount of the loan paid after n payments.
verbal description (e.g. three
less than a number, half as 2. Write and solve an equation to find the number of payments
large as area A.
you will have to make in order to pay off your loan.
3. What type of equation did you write for Exercise 2? Explain
your reasoning.
In Chapter 1, you learned how to write verbal sentences as one-step

equations. Some verbal sentences translate to two-step equations.
Words The sum of 125 and 25 times a number is 600.
Variable Let n represent the number.
Equation 125 + 25n = 600
Translate Sentences into Equations

Translate each sentence into an equation.
Sentence Equation
1 Eight less than three times a number is -23. 3n - 8 = -23
2 Thirteen is 7 more than twice a number. 13 = 2n + 7
3 The quotient of a number and 4, decreased by 1, _

n
-1=5
4
is equal to 5.
Translate each sentence into an equation.

a. Fifteen equals three more than six times a number.
b. If 10 is increased by the quotient of a number and 6, the result is 5.
c. The difference between 12 and twice a number is 18.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations 427

4 FUND-RAISING Your Class Council needs $600. With only $210 in the
treasury, they decide to raise the rest by selling donuts for a profit
of $1.50 per dozen. How many dozen will they need to sell?
Treasury
Words plus 1.50 per dozen sold equals $600.
amount
Variable Let d represent the number of dozens.
Equation 210 + 1.50 · d = 600
210 + 1.50d = 600 Write the equation.
Real-World Career
210 - 210 + 1.50d = 600 - 210 Subtract 210 from each side.
How Does a Fund- 1.50d = 390 Simplify.
Raising Professional
Use Math? _
1.50d
=_
390
Fund-raising 1.50 1.50
professionals use d = 260
equations to help set
and meet fund-raising They need to sell 260 dozen.
goals.
5 DINING You and your friend’s lunch totaled $19. Your lunch cost $3
For more information, more than your friend’s. How much was your friend’s lunch?
Words Your friend’s lunch plus your lunch equals $19.
Variable Let f represent the cost of your friend’s lunch.
Equation f + f+3 = 19
f + f + 3 = 19 Write the equation.
Look Back 2f + 3 = 19 Combine like terms.

You can review
writing equations 2f + 3 - 3 = 19 - 3 Subtract 3 from each side.
in Lesson 1–7. 2f = 16 Simplify.
_
2f
=_
16
2 2
f=8
Your friend spent $8.
d. METEOROLOGY Suppose the current temperature is 54°F. It is

expected to rise 2°F each hour for the next several hours. In how
many hours will the temperature be 78°F?
e. MEASUREMENT The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 inches. The width
is 8 inches shorter than the length. Write and solve an equation to
find the dimensions of the rectangle.

Jon Feingersch/CORBIS
Examples 1–3 Translate each sentence into an equation.
(p. 427)
1. One more than three times a number is 7.
2. Seven less than twice a number is -1.
3. The quotient of a number and 5, less 10, is 3.
For Exercises 4 and 5, write and solve an equation to solve each problem.
Example 4 4. BOOK FINES You return a book that is 5 days overdue. Including a previous
(p. 428) unpaid overdue balance of $1.30, your new balance is $2.05. How much is
the daily fine for an overdue book?
Example 5 5. SHOPPING Marty paid $121 for shoes and clothes. He paid $45 more for
(p. 428) clothes than he did for shoes. How much did Marty pay for the shoes?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Translate each sentence into an equation.

For See 6. Four less than five times a number is equal to 11.
Exercises Examples 7. Fifteen more than twice a number is 9.
6–9 1–3
8. Eight more than four times a number is -12.
10–13 4
14, 15 5 9. Six less than seven times a number is equal to -20.
For Exercises 10–15, write and solve an equation to solve each problem.
10. PERSONAL FITNESS Angelica joins a local
gym called Fitness Solutions. If she sets aside
$1,000 in her annual budget for gym costs, use
the ad at the right to determine how many
hours she can spend with a personal trainer.
11. VACATION While on vacation, you purchase

Annual Membership: $720
4 identical T-shirts for some friends and a watch
Personal Trainers Available
for yourself, all for $75. You know that the watch ($35/h)
cost $25. How much did each T-shirt cost?
12. PHONE SERVICE A telephone company advertises long distance service for
7¢ per minute plus a monthly fee of $3.95. If your bill for one month was
$12.63, find the number of minutes you used making long distance calls.
13. VIDEO GAMES You and two of your friends share the cost of renting a
video game system for 5 nights. Each person also rents one video game
for $6.33. If each person pays $11.33, what was the cost of renting the
video game system?
14. MONUMENTS From ground level to the tip of the torch, the Statue of Liberty
and its pedestal are 92.99 meters high. The pedestal is 0.89 meter higher
than the statue. How high is the Statue of Liberty?
Lesson 8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations 429

15. GEOMETRY Find the value of x in the x˚ 134˚
parallelogram at the right. 134˚ x˚
ANIMALS For Exercises 16 –18, use the information at the left.

16. The top speed of a peregrine falcon is 20 miles per hour less than three
times the top speed of a cheetah. What is the cheetah’s top speed?
17. A sailfish can swim up to 1 mile per hour less than one fifth the top speed
of a peregrine falcon. Find the top speed that a sailfish can swim.
18. The peregrine falcon can reach speeds about 14 miles per hour more than
7 times the speed of the fastest human. What is the approximate top speed
Real-World Link
of the fastest human?
When diving, the
peregrine falcon can
reach speeds of up to 19. BASKETBALL In a basketball game, 2 points are awarded for making a
175 miles per hour.
regular basket, and 1 point is awarded for making a foul shot. Emeril
Source: Time for
Kids Almanac scored 21 points during one game. Three of those points were for foul
shots. The rest were for regular goals. Find the number of regular baskets
that Emeril made during the game.
20. SKIING In aerial skiing competitions, Skier Score

the total judges’ score is multiplied by the Martin, S. 100.23
jump’s degree of difficulty and then added
Toshiro, M. 105.34
to the skier’s current score to obtain their
Moseley, K. 93.99
final score. After her second jump,
Long, A. 87.50
Martin’s final score is 216.59. The
degree of difficulty for Toshiro’s second Cruz, P. 80.63
jump is 4.45. What must the judges’ score Thompson, L. 75.23
for Toshiro’s jump be in order for her to tie
Martin for first place?
21. ALGEBRA Three consecutive even

integers can be represented by n, n + 2,
and n + 4. If the sum of three consecutive
even integers is 36, what are the integers?
JOBS For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following information.

Hunter and Amado are each trying to save $600 for a summer trip. Hunter
%842!02!#4)#% started with $150 and earns $7.50 per hour working at a grocery store. Amado
See pages 697, 715. has nothing saved, but he earns $12 per hour painting houses.
22. Make a conjecture about who will take longer to save enough money for
Self-Check Quiz at the trip. Justify your reasoning.
ca.gr7math.com
23. Write and solve two equations to check your conjecture.
H.O.T. Problems 24. OPEN ENDED Write two different statements that translate into the same
two-step equation.
25. CHALLENGE Student Council has $200 to divide among the top class
finishers in a used toy drive. Second place will receive twice as much as
third place. First place will receive $15 more than second place. Write and
solve an equation to find how much each winning class will receive.

(l)Tim Fitzharris/Masterfile, (r)Cris Cole/Getty Images
26. SELECT A TECHNIQUE Sherrie bought 3 bottles of sports drink for $6.42. If the
sales tax was $0.42, which technique would you use to determine the cost
of each bottle of sports drink? Justify your selection. Then find the cost of
each bottle of sports drink.
mental math estimation paper/pencil
27. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write about a real-world situation that can be solved
(*/
using a two-step equation. Then write the equation and solve the problem.
28. A company employs 72 workers. 29. Kimberly needs $45 to go to the

It plans to increase the number of amusement park. She has $13. She
employees by 6 per month until it has earns $8 per hour working at her job.
twice its current workforce. Which The equation 8h + 13 = 45 shows this
equation can be used to determine m, relationship. How many hours does
the number of months it will take for Kimberly need to work to earn enough
the number of employees to double? money to go to the park?
A 6m + 72m = 144 F 8
B 2m + 72 = 144 G 7
C 2(6m + 72) = 144 H 6
D 6m + 72 = 144 J 4
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 8-2)
32. -6 = _ + 1
n
30. 5x + 2 = 17 31. -7b + 13 = 27 33. -15 = -4p + 9
8
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 8-1)
34. 5x + 6 - x 35. 8 - 3n + 3n 36. 7a - 7a - 9 37. 3 - 4y + 9y
38. GEOMETRY Copy the figure at the right onto graph paper.
Then draw the image of the figure after it is translated
4 units left and 2 units up. (Lesson 6-7)
39. Find the percent of change from 32 feet to 79 feet. Round

to the nearest tenth if necessary. Then state whether the
percent of change is a percent of increase or a percent
of decrease. (Lesson 5-8)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Simplify each expression. (Lesson 8-1)
40. 2x - 8 + 2x 41. -5n + 7 + 5n 42. 8p -3 + 3 43. -6 - 15a + 6
Lesson 8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations 431

Algebra Lab
Explore
8-4 Equations with Variables
on Each Side
You can use algebra tiles to solve equations that have variables on each
Main IDEA side of the equation.
Solve equations with
variables on each side
using algebra tiles. Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com
Standard 1 Use algebra tiles to solve 3x + 1 = x + 5.

7AF4.1 Solve two-
step linear equations
and inequalities in one 1 1
variable over the rational x x x x
1 1 Model the equation.
numbers, interpret the
solution or solutions in the 1 1
context from which they
arose, and verify the 3x 1 x5
results.
variety of methods, such as 1 1
words, numbers, symbols, Remove the same number of x-tiles
x x x x
charts, graphs, tables, 1 1 from each side of the mat until there
diagrams, and models, to 1 1 are x-tiles on the only one side.
reasoning. 3x x 1 xx5
1 1 Remove the same number of

x x x
1 1 1-tiles from each side of the mat
until the x-tiles are by themselves
1 1
on one side.
2x 1 1 51
Separate the tiles into two equal

x 1 1
groups.
x 1 1
2x 4
Therefore, x = 2. Since 3(2) + 1 = 2 + 5, the solution is correct.
Use algebra tiles to solve each equation.

a. x + 2 = 2x + 1 b. 2x + 7 = 3x + 4 c. 2x - 5 = x - 7
d. 8 + x = 3x e. 4x = x - 6 f. 2x - 8 = 4x - 2
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Identify the property of equality that allows you to remove a 1-tile
or -1-tile from each side of an equation mat.
2. Explain why you can remove an x-tile from each side of the mat.

2 Use algebra tiles to solve x - 4 = 2x + 2.
1 1 1
x x x
1 1 1 Model the equation.
x4 2x 2
1 1 1 Remove the same number of x-tiles

x x x
1 1 1 from each side of the mat until there
is an x-tile by itself on one side.
xx4 2x x 2
1 1 1 1 1 To isolate the x-tile, it is not possible to

x remove the same number of 1-tiles from
1 1 1 1 1
each side of the mat. Add two -1-tiles to
each side of the mat.
4 (2) x 2 (2)
1 1 1 1 1 Remove the zero pairs from the right

x
1 1 1 1 1 side. There are six -1-tiles on the left
side of the mat. The x-tile is isolated on
the right side of the mat.
6 x
Therefore, x = -6. Since -6 - 4 = 2(-6) + 2, the solution is correct.
Use algebra tiles to solve each equation.

g. x + 6 = 3x - 2 h. 3x + 3 = x - 5 i. 2x + 1 = x - 7
j. x - 4 = 2x + 5 k. 3x - 2 = 2x + 3 l. 2x + 5 = 4x - 1
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

3. Solve x + 4 = 3x - 4 by removing 1-tiles first. Then solve the
equation by removing x-tiles first. Does it matter whether you
remove x-tiles or 1-tiles first? Is one way more convenient? Explain.
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE In the set of algebra tiles, -x is represented by x .

Explain how you could use -x-tiles and other algebra tiles to
solve -3x + 4 = -2x - 1.
Explore 8-4 Algebra Lab: Equations with Variables on Each Side 433
8-4 Solving Equations with
Variables on Each Side
Main IDEA
Solve equations with SPORTS You and your friend Time Friend’s Your
variables on each side. are having a race. You give (s) Distance (m) Distance (m)
your friend a 15-meter head 0 15 + 5(0) = 15 6(0) = 0
Standard
7AF1.1 Use start. During the race, you 1 15 + 5(1) = 20 6(1) = 6
variables and average 6 meters per second 2 15 + 5(2) = 25 6(2) = 12
and your friend averages 3 15 + 5(3) = 30 6(3) = 18
equation, an inequality, or a 5 meters per second.

inequalities that represents a 1. Copy the table. Continue
verbal description (e.g. three filling in rows to find how
large as area A. long it will take you to catch up to your friend.
Standard 7AF4.1
2. Write an expression for your distance after x seconds.
Solve two-step linear
equations and inequalities in 3. Write an expression for your friend’s distance after x seconds.
one variable over the
rational numbers, interpret 4. What is true about the distances you and your friend have covered
the solution or solutions in
the context from which they
when you catch up to your friend?
arose, and verify the 5. Write an equation that could be used to find how long it will take
results. for you to catch up to your friend.
Some equations, like 15 + 5x = 6x, have variables on each side of the

equals sign. To solve these equations, use the Addition or Subtraction
Property of Equality to write an equivalent equation with the variables
on one side of the equals sign. Then solve the equation.
Equations with Variables on Each Side

1 Solve 15 + 5x = 6x. Check your solution.
15 + 5x = 6x Write the equation.
15 + 5x - 5x = 6x - 5x Subtract 5x from each side.
15 = x Simplify by combining like terms.
Subtract 5x from the right side of

the equation to keep it balanced.
Subtract 5x from the left side of the
equation to isolate the variable.
To check your solution, replace x with 15 in the original equation.

Check 15 + 5x = 6x Write the original equation.
15 + 5(15) 6(15) Replace x with 15.
90 = 90 ✓ The sentence is true.
The solution is 15.
434 Chapter 8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
Westlight Stock/OZ Production/CORBIS
2 Solve 6n - 1 = 4n - 5.
6n - 1 = 4n - 5 Write the equation.
6n - 4n - 1 = 4n - 4n – 5 Subtract 4n from each side.
2n - 1 = -5 Simplify.
2n - 1 + 1 = -5 + 1 Add 1 to each side.
2n = -4 Simplify.
n = -2 Mentally divide each side by 2.

c. 7g - 12 = 3 + _g
7
a. 8a = 5a + 21 b. 3x - 7 = 8x + 23
3
3 CELL PHONES A cellular phone provider charges $24.95 per month

plus $0.10 per minute for calls. Another cellular provider charges
$19.95 per month plus $0.20 per minute for calls. For how many
minutes of calls is the monthly cost of both providers the same?
$24.95 per month plus $19.95 per month plus

Words equals
$0.10 per minute $0.20 per minute
Variable Let m represent the minutes.
Equation 24.95 + 0.10m = 19.95 + 0.20m
24.95 + 0.10m = 19.95 + 0.20m Write the equation.
24.95 + 0.10m - 0.10m = 19.95 + 0.20m - 0.10m Subtract 0.10m

from each side.
24.95 = 19.95 + 0.10m
24.95 - 19.95 = 19.95 - 19.95 + 0.10m Subtract 19.95 from
each side.
5 = 0.10m
_
5
=_
0.10m
Divide each side
0.10 0.10 by 0.10.
50 = m
Check for Reasonableness $25 + 50($0.10) = $30
$20 + 50($0.20) = $30
The monthly cost is the same for 50 minutes of calls.

Real-World Link
Congress established
the first official
United States flag
on June 14, 1777. d. FLAGS The length of a flag is 0.3 foot less than twice its width.
Source: firstgov.gov If 17.4 feet of gold fringe is used along the perimeter of the
flag, find the dimensions of the flag.
Lesson 8-4 Solving Equations with Variables on Each Side 435

MPI/Getty Images
Examples 1, 2 Solve each equation. Check your solution.
(pp. 434–435)
1. 5n + 9 = 2n 2. 3k + 14 = k 3. 10x = 3x - 28
4. 7y - 8 = 6y + 1 5. 2a + 21 = 8a - 9 6. -4p - 3 = 2 + p
Example 3 7. CAR RENTAL EZ Car Rental charges $40 a day plus $0.25 per mile. Ace
(p. 435) Rent-A-Car charges $25 a day plus $0.45 per mile. What number of
miles results in the same cost for one day?

For See 8. 7a + 10 = 2a 9. 11x = 24 + 8x 10. 9g - 14 = 2g
Exercises Examples 11. m - 18 = 3m 12. 5p + 2 = 4p - 1 13. 8y - 3 = 6y + 17
8–11 1
14. 15 - 3n = n - 1 15. 3 - 10b = 2b - 9 16. -6f + 13 = 2f - 11
12–19 2
20–23 3 17. 2z - 31 = -9z + 24 18. 2.5h - 15 = 4h 19. 21.6 - d = 5d
Define a variable, write an equation, and solve to find each number.

20. Eighteen less than three times a number is twice the number.
21. Eleven more than four times a number equals the number less 7.
For Exercises 22 and 23, write and solve an equation to solve each problem.
22. MOVIES For an annual membership fee of $30, you can join a movie club
that will allow you to purchase tickets for $5.50 each at your local theater.
If the theater in your area charges $8 for movie tickets, determine how
many movie tickets you will have to buy through the movie club for the
cost to equal that of buying tickets at the regular price.
23. FOOD DRIVES The seventh graders at your school have collected 345 cans
for the canned food drive and are averaging 115 cans per day. The eighth
graders have collected 255 cans, but vow to win the contest by collecting
an average of 130 cans per day. If both grades continue collecting at these
rates, after how many days will the number of cans they have collected
be equal?
MEASUREMENT Write an equation to find the value of x so that each pair of

polygons has the same perimeter. Then solve.
24. 25. 12x 12x
x4 x1
x2 6x 9
x7
x3 12x 12x
%842!02!#4)#% x5
12x x 10
See pages 697, 715.
26. MEASUREMENT Write and solve an equation to
Self-Check Quiz at find the perimeter and area of the square 2x 8
ca.gr7math.com
at the right.
4x 2

27. CRAFT FAIRS The Art Club is selling mugs at a local craft fair. They must
pay $5 for a booth plus 10% of their sales. It costs $8 in materials to make
each mug. The club sells each mug for $10. Write and solve an equation to
find how many mugs they must sell to break even.
H.O.T. Problems 28. OPEN ENDED Write an equation that has variables on each side with a
solution of 5.
29. CHALLENGE Find the area of the 3x 3

parallelogram at the right.
x3
30. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how to solve
(*/
5x 1
the equation 1 - 3x = 5x - 7.
31. Carpet cleaner A charges $28.25 plus 32. Find the value of x so that the
$18 a room. Carpet cleaner B charges polygons have the same perimeter.
$19.85 plus $32 a room. Which equation 2x
can be used to find the number of 2x 2x
rooms for which the total cost of both x4 x4
carpet cleaners is the same? 2x 2x
x1 2x
A 28.25x + 18 = 19.85x + 32
B 28.25 + 32x = 19.85 + 18x F 4 H 2
C 28.25 + 18x = 19.85 + 32x G 3 J 1
D (28.25 + 18)x = (19.85 + 32)x
33. SHOPPING Marisa bought 4 paperback books, each at the same price. The
tax on her purchase was $2.35, and the total was $34.15. Write and solve
an equation to find the price of each book. (Lesson 8-3)
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. (Lesson 8-2)
34. 9 + 5y = 19 35. -6 = 4 + 2x 36. 8 - k = 17 37. 2 = 18 - 4d
38. SAVINGS Shala’s savings account earned $4.57 in 6 months at a simple

interest rate of 4.75%. How much was in her account at the beginning of
that 6-month period? (Lesson 5-9)
39. PREREQUISITE SKILL Enrique has $37.50 to spend at the cinema. A drink
costs $1.75, popcorn costs $2.25, and tickets cost $8.50. Use the work
backward strategy to determine how many friends he can invite to go with
him if he pays for himself and for his friends. (Lesson 1-8)
Lesson 8-4 Solving Equations with Variables on Each Side 437

MAIN IDEA: Guess and check to solve problems.
Standard 7MR2.8 Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context of the problem.
Standard 7AF1.1 Use variables and appropriate operations to write an expression, an equation, an inequality, or a
system of equations or inequalities that represents a verbal description (e.g. three less than a number, half as large as area A.
e-Mail: GUESS AND CHECK

YOUR MISSION: Solve the problem by guessing and
checking the solution.
THE PROBLEM: Find the number of tickets collected

at the Balloon Pop and the Bean-Bag Toss.
Missy: We collected 150 tickets during

the Fall Carnival. It took 3 tickets to
play the Bean-Bag Toss and 2 tickets to
play the Balloon Pop. Ten more games were
played at the Bean-Bag Toss booth than at
the Balloon Pop.
EXPLORE The Bean-Bag Toss was 3 tickets, and the Balloon Pop was 2 tickets. The number
of games played at the Bean-Bag Toss was 10 more than at the Balloon Pop.
PLAN Make a systematic guess and check to see if it is correct.
SOLVE Find the combination that gives 150 total tickets. In the list, p is the number of
Balloon Pop games and t is the number of Bean-Bag Toss games.
p t 2p + 3t Check
12 22 2(12) + 3(22) = 90 too low
30 40 2(30) + 3(40) = 180 too high
27 37 2(27) + 3(37) = 165 still too high
24 34 2(24) + 3(34) = 150 correct
So, 2(24) or 48 tickets were from the Balloon Pop and 3(34) or 102 tickets were
from the Bean-Bag Toss.
CHECK Thirty-four Balloon Pop games is 10 more than 24 Bean-Bag Toss games. Since
48 tickets plus 102 tickets is 150 tickets, the guess is correct.
1. Explain why it is important to make a systematic, organized list of your

guesses and their results when using the guess and check strategy.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that could be solved by guessing
(*/
and checking. Then write the steps you would take to find the solution.

John Evans
For Exercises 3–5, solve using the guess and 9. RECREATION During a routine, ballet dancers
check strategy. are evenly spaced in a circle. If the sixth
3. NUMBER THEORY A number is squared, and person is directly opposite the sixteenth
the result is 576. Find the number. person, how many people are in the circle?
4. MONEY MATTERS Dominic has exactly $2 ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 10 and 11, use
in quarters, dimes, and nickels. If he has the following information.
13 coins, how many of each coin does he The school cafeteria surveyed 34 students
have? about their dessert preference. The results
are listed below.
5. GIFTS At a park souvenir shop, a mug costs
$3, and a pin costs $2. Chase bought either a Number of Preference of
mug or a pin for each of his 11 friends. If he Students Students
spent $30 on these gifts and bought at least 25 apples
one of each type of souvenir, how many of 20 oranges
each did he buy? 15 bananas
2 all three
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–9. Some 1 no fruit
15 apples or oranges
8 bananas or apples
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN 3 oranges only
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Draw a diagra
m. 10. How many students prefer only bananas?
• Make a table. 11. How many do not prefer apples?
• Guess and check.
6. MEASUREMENT The length of the rectangle

below is longer than its width w. List the
possible whole number dimensions for the For Exercises 12–14, select the appropriate
rectangle, and identify the dimensions that operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
give the smallest perimeter. selection(s) and solve the problem.
12. TECHNOLOGY The average Internet user
A ⫽ 84 in2
w spends 6_
1
hours online each week. What
2
percent of the week does the average user
ᐉ
spend online?
7. DINING The cost of your meal is $8.25. If you
want to leave a 15% tip, would it be more 13. READING Terrence is reading a 255-page
reasonable to expect the tip to be about $1.25 book for his book report. He needs to read
or about $1.50? twice as many pages as he has already read
to finish the book. How many pages has he
8. DESIGN Edu-Toys is designing read so far?
a new package to hold a
set of 30 alphabet blocks 14. NUMBER SENSE Find the product of
like the one shown. Give 2 in. 1-_
1
,1-_
1
,1-_
1
,1-_
1
, ..., 1 - _
1
,1-_
1
,
2 2 3 4 48 49
two possible dimensions
and 1 - _
1
.
for the box. 2 in. 2 in. 50
Lesson 8-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess and Check 439

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each Translate each sentence into an equation. Then
expression. (Lesson 8-1) find each number. (Lesson 8-3)
1. 3(x + 2) 2. -2(a - 3) 16. Nine more than the quotient of a number
and 3 is 14.
3. 5(3c - 7) 4. -4(2n + 3)
17. The quotient of a number and -7, less 4,
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 8-1) is -11.
5. 2a - 13a 6. 6b + 5 - 6b 18. The difference between three times a
number and 10 is 17.
7. 2m + 5 - 8m 8. 7x + 2 - 8x + 5
19. The difference between twice a number
and 13 is -21.
9. Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients,
and constants in the expression 5 - 4x +
x - 3. (Lesson 8-1)
20. MOVING A rental company charges $52
per day and $0.32 per mile to rent a moving
Solve each equation. Check your solution. van. Ms. Misel was charged $202.40 for a
(Lesson 8-2) 3-day rental. How many miles did she
10. 3m + 5 = 14 11. -2k + 7 = -3 drive? (Lesson 8-3)
12. 11 = _a + 2
1
13. -15 = -7 - p
3
14. STANDARDS PRACTICE A diagram of a (Lesson 8-4)
room is shown below.
21. 3x + 7 = 2x
22. 7p - 6 = 4p
w 23. 3y - 5 = 5y + 7
24. 4m + 7 = -3m + 49
2w 3
If the perimeter of the room is 78 feet, find 25. MEASUREMENT Write and solve an equation
its width. (Lesson 8-2) to find the value of x so that the polygons
have the same perimeter. (Lesson 8-4)
A 12 ft
2x
B 15 ft
C 25 ft 4x
x2 x2
2x
D 27 ft
4x 1 3x 2
15. EXERCISE Brandi rode her bike the same
distance on Tuesday and Thursday, and
20 miles on Saturday for a total of 50 26. MONEY Marlisa has exactly $61 in one-
miles for the week. Solve the equation dollar, five-dollar, and ten-dollar bills. If she
2m + 20 = 50 to find the distance Brandi has 14 bills in all, how many of each bill
rode on Tuesday and Thursday. (Lesson 8-2) does she have? (Lesson 8-5)

8-6 Inequalities
Main IDEA
Write and graph SIGNS The top sign indicates that trucks more
inequalities. than 10 feet 6 inches tall cannot pass. The other
sign indicates that a speed of 45 miles per hour
Standard
7AF1.1 Use or less is legal.
variables and
1. Name three truck heights that can safely pass
write an expression, an on a road where the first sign is posted. Can a
equation, an inequality, or a truck that is 10 feet 6 inches tall pass? Explain.
inequalities that represents a 2. Name three speeds that are legal according to
verbal description (e.g. three the second sign. Is a car traveling at 45 miles
large as area A. per hour driving at a legal speed? Explain.
In Chapter 1, you learned that a mathematical sentence that contains

> or < is called an inequality. When used to compare a variable and
a number, inequalities can describe a range of values.
Write Inequalities with < or >

Write an inequality for each sentence.
1 SAFETY A package must 2 AGE You must be over
weigh less than 80 pounds. 55 years old to join.
Let w = package’s weight. Let a = person’s age.
w < 80 a > 55
a. ROLLER COASTERS Riders must be taller than 48 inches.

b. SPORTS Members of a swim team must be under 15 years of age.
READING Math The symbols ≤ and ≥ combine < and > with part of the equals sign.
Inequality Symbols
≤ less than or equal to Write Inequalities with ≤ or ≥
≥ greater than or equal to
3 VOTING You must be 18 years 4 DRIVING Your speed must be
of age or older to vote. 65 miles per hour or less.
Let a = person’s age. Let s = car’s speed.
a ≥ 18 s ≤ 65
c. CARS A toddler must weigh at least 40 pounds to use a booster seat.

d. TRAVEL A fuel tank holds at most 16 gallons of gasoline.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 8-6 Inequalities 441

Doug Martin
Inequalities
Words • is less than • is greater than • is less than or • is greater than or
• is fewer than • is more than equal to equal to
• exceeds • is no more than • is no less than
• is at most • is at least
Symbols < > ≤ ≥
Inequalities with variables are open sentences. When the variable is

replaced with a number, the inequality becomes either true or false.
Determine the Truth of an Inequality

For the given value, state whether each inequality is true or false.
5 a + 2 > 8, a = 5 6 10 ≤ 7 - x, x = -3
Symbols Read 7 ≯ 8 a + 2 > 8 Write the inequality. 10 ≤ 7 - x Write the inequality.
as 7 is not greater
than 8. 5 + 2 8 Replace a with 5. 10 7 - (-3) Replace x with -3.
7 ≯ 8 Simplify. 10 ≤ 10 Simplify.
Since 7 is not greater than 8, While 10 < 10 is false, 10 = 10
7 > 8 is false. is true, so 10 ≤ 10 is true.
e. n - 6 < 15, n = 18 f. -3p ≥ 24, p = 8 g. -2 > 5y - 7, y = 1
Inequalities can be graphed on a number line. Since it is impossible to

show all the values that make an inequality true, an open or closed circle
is used to indicate where these values begin, and an arrow to the left or
to the right is used to show that they continue in the indicated direction.
Graph an Inequality
Graph each inequality on a number line.
7 n<3 8 n≥3
Place an open circle at 3. Place a closed circle at 3.
Then draw a line and an Then draw a line and an
arrow to the left. arrow to the right.
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
The open circle means The closed circle means

the number 3 is not the number 3 is
included in the graph. included in the graph.

h. x > 2 i. x < 1 j. x ≤ 5 k. x ≥ -4

Examples 1–4 Write an inequality for each sentence.
(p. 441)
1. RESTAURANTS Children under the age of 6 eat free.
2. TESTING A maximum of 45 minutes is given to complete section A.
Examples 5, 6 For the given value, state whether each inequality is true or false.
(p. 442)
3. x - 11 < 9, x = 20 4. 42 ≥ 6a, a = 8 5. _
n
+ 1 ≤ 6; n = 15
3
Examples 7, 8 Graph each inequality on a number line.
(p. 442)
6. n > 4 7. p ≤ 2 8. x ≥ 0 9. a < 7
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write an inequality for each sentence.

For See 10. MOVIES Children under 13 are not permitted without an adult.
Exercises Examples 11. SHOPPING You must spend more than $100 to receive a discount.
10–15 1–4
12. ELEVATORS An elevator’s maximum load is 3,400 pounds.
16–21 5, 6
22–29 7, 8 13. FITNESS You must run at least 4 laps around the track.
14. GRADES A grade of no less than 70 is considered passing.
15. MONEY The cost can be no more than $25.
16. 12 + a < 20, a = 9 17. 15 - k > 6, k = 8 18. -3y < 21; y = 8
19. 32 ≤ 2x, x = 16 20. _
n
≥ 5, n = 12 21. _
-18
> 9, x = -2
4 x
22. x > 6 23. a > 0 24. y < 8 25. h < 2
26. w ≤ 3 27. p ≥ 7 28. 1 ≤ n 29. 4 ≥ d
SPORTS For Exercises 30 –33, use Jgfikj@eali`\j

the graph that shows the number
"ICYCLING
of children ages 5 –14 treated
recently in U.S. emergency rooms.
"ASKETBALL
30. In which sport(s) were more
than 150,000 children injured? &OOTBALL
3PORT
31. In which sport(s) were at least

"ASEBALL
75,000 children injured? 3OFTBALL
32. Of the sports listed, which have
3OCCER
fewer than 100,000 injuries?
%842!02!#4)#% 33. Write an inequality comparing
3KATEBOARDING
See pages 698, 715. the number treated for soccer-
related injuries with those
Self-Check Quiz at treated for football-related
ca.gr7math.com .UMBEROF4REATED)NJURIESTHOUSANDS
injuries.
Source: Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
Lesson 8-6 Inequalities 443

H.O.T. Problems 34. FIND THE ERROR Valerie and Diego are writing an inequality for the
expression at least 2 hours of homework. Who is correct? Explain.
h≤2
h≥2
Valerie Diego

sometimes, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
If x is a real number, then x ≥ x.
36. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( If a < b and b < c, what is true about the relationship
(*/
between a and c? Explain your reasoning and give examples using both
positive and negative values for a, b, and c.
37. Conner can spend no more than 38. What inequality is graphed below?
4 hours at the swimming pool today.
Which graph represents the time that
Conner can spend at the pool?
F x > -3
A
G x ≥ -3
B H x < -3
J x ≤ -3
C

D

39. SOUVENIRS The Green Gables gift shop sells regular postcards in
packages of 5 and large postcards in packages of 3. If Román bought
16 postcards, how many packages of each did he buy? (Lesson 8-5)
40. ALGEBRA Suppose you can rent a car for either $35 a day plus $0.40 a mile
or for $20 a day plus $0.55 per mile. Write and solve an equation to find the
number of miles that result in the same cost for one day. (Lesson 8-4)
41. y + 15 = 31 42. n + 4 = -7 43. a - 8 = 25 44. -12 = x - 3

(l)Robin Lynne Gibson/Getty Images, (r)Richard Hutchings/Photo Researchers
8-7 Solving Inequalities by
Adding or Subtracting
Main IDEA
Solve inequalities by FAMILY The table shows the age of each member Family
using the Addition or Age
of Victoria’s family. Notice that Victoria is Member
Subtraction Properties
of Inequality. younger than her brother Greg, since 13 < 16. Dad 43
Will this be true 10 years from now? Mom 41
Standard
v 1. Add 10 to each side of the inequality 13 < 16. Greg 16
7AF1.1 Use
variables and Write the resulting inequality and decide Victoria 13
appropriate operations to whether it is true or false.
equation, an inequality, or a 2. Was Victoria’s dad younger or older than
system of equations or Victoria’s mom 13 years ago? Explain your
inequalities that represents a
verbal description (e.g. three reasoning using an inequality.
large as area A.
Standard 7AF4.1
The examples above demonstrate properties of inequality. These
Solve two-step linear properties are also true for a ≥ b and a ≤ b.
equations and inequalities in
rational numbers, interpret
the solution or solutions in
+%9#/.#%04 Properties of Inequality
arose, and verify the
Words When you add or subtract the same number from each side of
reasonableness of the an inequality, the inequality remains true.
results.
Symbols For all numbers a, b, and c,
1. if a > b, then a + c > b + c and a - c > b - c.
2. if a < b, then a + c < b + c and a - c < b - c.
Examples 2 > -3 3<8
2 + 5 > -3 + 5 3-4<8-4
7>2 ✓ -1 < 4 ✓
Solving an inequality means finding the values of the variable that make
the inequality true.
Solving Inequalities
1 Solve n - 8 < 15. Check your solution.
n - 8 < 15 Write the inequality.
n - 8 + 8 < 15 + 8 Add 8 to each side.
n < 23 Simplify.
Check n - 8 < 15 Write the inequality.
22 - 8 15 Replace n with a number less than 23, such as 22.

14 < 15 ✓ This statement is true.
The solution is n < 23.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 8-7 Solving Inequalities by Adding or Subtracting 445
John Evans
2 Solve -4 ≥ a + 7. Check your solution.
-4 ≥ a + 7 Write the inequality.
Equivalent
Inequalities If -11 -4 - 7 ≥ a + 7 - 7 Subtract 7 from each side.
is greater than or
equal to a, then a -11 ≥ a or a ≤ - 11 Simplify.
is less than or equal Check Replace a in the original equality with -11 and then with a
to -11.
number less than -11.
The solution is a ≤ -11.
Solve each inequality.

a. t + 3 > 12 b. n + _1 ≥ 4 c. y - 1.5 < 2
2
3 A manatee can weigh up to 1,300 pounds. Suppose a manatee

currently weighs 968 pounds. Which inequality indicates how
much more weight this manatee might gain?
A w < 332 B w > 332 C w ≤ 332 D w ≥ 332
Read the Item

Real-World Link The phrase up to means less than or equal to.
An average manatee
eats about 73 pounds Solve the Item
of seagrass and other
vegetation each day. Let w = weight gained by the manatee.
Source: Kids Discover
Estimate 1,300 - 1,000 = 300
Manatee’s weight is less than 1,300

current weight plus gained or equal to pounds.
968 + w ≤ 1,300
968 + w ≤ 1,300 Write the inequality.
968 - 968 + w ≤ 1,300 - 968 Subtract 968 from each side.
w ≤ 332 Simplify.
Check for Reasonableness 332 ≈ 300 ✓
The answer is C.
d. A tornado is classified using the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale, the

F-Scale. An F1 tornado has wind speeds that are at least 73 miles per
hour. An F2 tornado has wind speeds that are at least 113 miles per
hour. Which inequality indicates how much the winds of an F1
tornado need to increase so it becomes at least an F2 tornado?
F x ≥ 40 G x < 40 H x ≤ 40 J x > 40

Douglas Faulkner/Corbis
Examples 1–2 Solve each inequality. Check your solution.
(pp. 445–446)
1. b + 5 > 9 2. 12 + n ≤ 4 3. x - 4 < 10
4. Write an inequality for three more than a number is at most 15. Then solve.
Example 3 5. STANDARDS PRACTICE A certain city receives an average of 37 inches

(p. 446) of rain per year, and there has been 13 inches of rain so far this year.
Which inequality indicates how much more rainfall the city can get and
stay at or within the average?
A r < 24 B r > 24 C r ≤ 24 D r ≥ 24
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each inequality. Check your solution.

For See 6. 5 + x ≤ 18 7. 10 + n ≥ -2 8. -4 < k + 6
Exercises Examples 9. 3 < y + 8 10. c + 10 < 9 11. g - 4 ≥ 13
6–27 1, 2
12. -2 < b - 6 13. s - 12 ≤ -5 14. t - 3 < -9
28, 29 3
15. -10 ≥ x + 6 16. a - 3 ≤ 5 17. -11 > g - 4
18. 2 + m ≥ 3.5 19. q + 0.8 ≤ -0.5 20. v - 6 > 2.7
21. p - 4.8 > -6 22. d - _2 ≤ _1 23. 5 > f + 1 _

1
3 2 4
Write an inequality and solve each problem.
24. Five more than a number is at least 13.
25. The difference between a number and 11 is less than 8.
26. Nine less than a number is more than 4.
27. The sum of a number and 17 is no more than 6.
28. HEALTH Suppose Mr. Herr has Range of Human Temperature

a temperature of 99.2°. Write
and solve an inequality to find Below Low-Grade High
Normal Fever Fever
how much his temperature
must increase before he is 98.6 101
considered to have Body Temperature (F)

a high fever.
29. HEALTH Hypothermia occurs when a person’s body temperature falls below
95°F. Write and solve an inequality that describes how much lower the
body temperature of a person with hypothermia will be than a person with
a normal body temperature of 98.6°F.
30. INSECTS There are more than 350,000 species of beetles. Suppose your local
science museum has a collection representing 320 of these species. Write
and solve an inequality to find how many beetle species are not shown in
this collection. Interpret the solution.
Lesson 8-7 Solving Inequalities by Adding or Subtracting 447

%842!02!#4)#%
31. MEASUREMENT The base of the rectangle is
greater than its height. Write and solve an x 3 cm
See pages 698, 715.
inequality to find the possible values of x.
Interpret the solution.
Self-Check Quiz at 15 cm
ca.gr7math.com
32. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19. Choose
some data and write a real-world problem in which you would need to
solve an inequality using addition or subtraction.
H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE Determine whether each equation or inequality has no solution,
one solution, or more than one solution.
33. y - y = 0 34. x + 4 = 9
35. x + 4 > 9 36. y > y + 1
37. OPEN ENDED Write an inequality that has a solution of n > 5 and can be
solved by using the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.
38. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how solving an inequality by using

(*/
subtraction is similar to solving an equation by using subtraction.
39. Adriana has $30 to spend on food and 40. If x - 6 > 17, then x could be which of
rides at a carnival. She has already the following values?
spent $12 on food. Which inequality F 11
represents how much money she can
G 22
spend on rides?
H 23
A m < 18 C m > 18
J 24
B m ≤ 18 D m ≥ 18
For the given value, state whether each inequality is true or false. (Lesson 8-5)
41. 18 - n > 4, n = 11 42. 13 + x < 21, x = 8 43. 34 ≤ 5p, p = 7
44. ALGEBRA A family membership to the zoo costs $75 per year and covers
admission, but not the $3 parking fee. Regular admission is $7 per person.
Write and solve an equation to determine how many trips to the zoo a
family of four could make for the cost of a membership to equal regular
admission. (Lesson 8-4)
45. 3y = -15 46. -18 = -2a 47. _

w
= 12
4

8-8 Solving Inequalities by
Multiplying or Dividing
Main IDEA
Solve inequalities by using SHOPPING The table shows the prices of the Shoe Regular
the Multiplication or same brand name of shoes at a sports store. Style Price ($)
Division Properties of
Inequality. Notice that walking shoes cost less than athletic sandal 60
cross-training shoes since 80 < 150. Will this walking 80
Standard inequality be true if the store sells both pairs running 100
7AF1.1 Use
of shoes at half price?
variables and basketball 120
1. Divide each side of the inequality cross training 150
equation, an inequality, or a 80 < 150 by 2. Write the resulting
system of equations or inequality and decide whether it
inequalities that represents a
verbal description (e.g. three is true or false.
2. Would the cost of three pairs of basketball shoes be greater or less
large as area A.
Standard 7AF4.1 than the cost of three pairs of running shoes all sold at the regular
Solve two-step linear price? Explain your reasoning using an inequality.
equations and inequalities in
rational numbers, interpret
the solution or solutions in The examples above demonstrate additional properties of inequality.
arose, and verify the
results.
Words When you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a

positive number, the inequality remains true.
Symbols For all numbers a, b, and c, where c > 0,
1. if a > b, then ac > bc and _ _
a b
c > c.
2. if a < b, then ac < bc and _ _
a b
c < c.
Examples 5<8 2 > -10
4(5) < 4(8) _
2
>_
-10
2 2
20 < 32 1 > -5
These properties are also true for a ≥ b and a ≤ b.
Solve Inequalities by Dividing

Checking Solutions 1 Solve 7y > -42. Check your solution.
You can check this
solution by 7y > -42 Write the inequality.
substituting numbers 7y
greater than -6 into
_ >_
-42
the inequality and 7 7
testing it to verify that y > -6 Simplify.
it holds true.
The solution is y > -6.
Lesson 8-8 Solving Inequalities by Multiplying or Dividing 449

Doug Martin
Solve Inequalities by Multiplying
2 Solve _
1
x ≤ 8. Check your solution.
3
_1 x ≤ 8 Write the inequality.
3
3 _
( )
1
x ≤ 3(8) Multiply each side by 3.
3
x ≤ 24 Simplify.
The solution is x ≤ 24. You can check this solution by substituting 24

and a number less than 24 into the inequality.
Solve each inequality. Check your solution.

a. 3a ≥ 45 b. _
n
< -16 c. 81 ≤ 9p
4
What happens when each side of an inequality is multiplied or divided

by a negative number?
Graph 3 and 5 on a number line. Multiply each number by -1.
5432 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5432 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Since 3 is to the left of 5, 3 < 5. Since -3 is to the right of -5,

-3 > -5.
Notice that the numbers being compared switched positions as a result

of being multiplied by a negative number. In other words, their order
reversed.
These and other examples suggest the following properties.
Common Error Words When you multiply or divide each side of an inequality by a
Do not reverse the negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must
inequality symbol
just because there be reversed for the inequality to remain true.
is a negative sign in
the inequality, as in Symbols For all numbers a, b, and c, where c < 0,
1. if a > b, then ac < bc and _ _
7y < -42. Only a b
reverse the` c < c.
2. if a < b, then ac > bc and _ _
inequality symbol a b
when you multiply or c > c.
divide each side by a Examples 8>5 -3 < 9
negative number.
-1(8) < -1(5) Reverse the inequality symbols. _
-3
>_
9
-3 -3
-8 < -5 1 > -3
These properties also hold true for a ≥ b and a ≤ b.
450 Chapter 8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
Multiply or Divide by a Negative Number
3 Solve _
a
≥ 8. Check your solution.
-2
_
a
≥8 Write the inequality.
-2
_
-2 a ≤ -2(8)
-2 ( ) Multiply each side by -2 and reverse the inequality symbol.
a ≤ -16 Check this result.
4 Solve -24 > -6n. Check your solution.

-24 > -6n Write the inequality.
_
-24
<_
-6n
Divide each side by -6 and reverse the symbol.
-6 -6
4 < n or n > 4 Check this result.
Solve each inequality.
d. _
c
< -14 e. -5d ≥ 30 f. -3 ≤ _
w
-7 -8
Some inequalities involve more than one operation. To solve, work

backward as you did in solving two-step equations.
5 WORK Jason wants to earn at least $30 this week to go to the state
fair. His dad will pay him $12 to mow the lawn. For washing their
cars, his neighbors will pay him $8 per car. Suppose Jason mows
the lawn. Write and solve an inequality to find how many cars he
needs to wash to earn at least $30. Interpret the solution.
The phrase at least means greater than or equal to. Let c = the number
of cars he needs to wash. Then write an inequality.
Real-World Link
If you are 14 or 15 and 12 + 8c ≥ 30 Write the inequality.
have a part-time job,
you can work no more 12 - 12 + 8c ≥ 30 - 12 Subtract 12 from each side.
than 3 hours on a
school day, 18 hours in 8c ≥ 18 Simplify.
a school week, 8 hours _
on a nonschool day, or
8c
≥_
18
8 8
40 hours in a
nonschool week. c ≥ 2.25 Simplify.
Source: www.youthrules.
dol.gov Since he will not get paid for washing one fourth of a car, Jason must
wash at least 3 cars.
g. DVDS Joan has a total of $250. DVDs cost $18.95 each. Write and
solve an inequality to find how many DVDs she can buy and still
have at least $50. Interpret the solution.

Aaron Haupt
Examples 1–2 Solve each inequality. Check your solution.
(pp. 449–450)
1. 3x > 12 2. _3 < _7 y 3. 8x ≤ -72 4. _h ≥ -6
4 9 4
g
_ _
d
Examples 3–4 5. -4y > 32 6. -56 ≤ -7p 7. < -7 8. ≥ -3
(p. 451) -2 -3
Example 5 9. RENTAL CARS A rental car company charges $45 plus an additional $0.19 per
(p. 451) mile to rent a car. If Lawrence does not want to spend more than $100 for
his rental car, write and solve an inequality to find how many miles he can
drive and not spend more than $100. Interpret the solution.

For See 10. 5x < 15 11. 9n ≤ 45 12. 14k ≥ -84
Exercises Examples 13. -12 > 3g 14. -100 ≤ 50p 15. 2y < -22
10–15 1, 2
16. -4w ≥ 20 17. -3r > 9 18. -72 < -12h
16–27 3, 4
28–29 5 19. -6c ≥ -6 20. _
v
>4 21. _
a
≥5
-4 -3
22. _x ≤ -3 23. _
n
< -14 24. _
m
< -7
9 7 -2
_ y
26. -8 ≤ _ _
t -1
25. ≤ -2 27. k > -10
-5 0.2 2
28. BUS TRAVEL A city bus company charges $2.50 per trip. They also offer a
monthly pass for $85.00. Write and solve an inequality to find how many
times a person should use the bus so that the pass is less expensive than
buying individual tickets. Interpret the solution.
29. BABY-SITTING You want to buy a pair of $42 inline skates with the money
you make baby-sitting. If you charge $5.25 an hour, write and solve an
inequality to find how many whole hours you must baby-sit to buy the
skates. Interpret the solution.
30. 5y – 2 > 13 31. 8k + 3 ≤ -5 32. -3g + 8 ≥ -4
33. 7 + _ < 4 _
n w
34. - 4 ≤ -5 35. 10 - 3x ≥ 25 + 2x
3 8
Write an inequality for each sentence. Then solve the inequality.

36. Three times a number increased by four is less than -62.
See pages 699, 715.
37. The quotient of a number and -5 increased by one is at most 7.
Self-Check Quiz at 38. The quotient of a number and 3 minus two is at least -12.
ca.gr7math.com
39. The product of -2 and a number minus six is greater than -18.

H.O.T. Problems 40. OPEN-ENDED Write an inequality that can be solved using the
Multiplication Property of Equality where the inequality symbol needs to
be reversed.
41. FIND THE ERROR Olivia and Lakita each solved 8a ≤ -56. Who is correct?
Explain.
Olivia Lakita
8a ≤ -56 8a ≤ -56
_
8a
≥_
-56 _
8a
≤_
-56
8 8 8 8
a ≥ -7 a ≤ -7
42. CHALLENGE You have scores of 88, 92, 85, and 87 on four tests. What
number of points must you get on your fifth test to have a test average of at
least 90?
43. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain when you should reverse the inequality when
(*/
solving an inequality.
44. Which number is a possible base 45. As a salesperson, you are paid $60 per
length of the triangle if its area is week plus $25 per sale. This week you
greater than 45 square yards? want your pay to be at least $700.
Which inequality can be used to find
the number of sales you must make
this week?
18 yd F 60 + 25x ≥ 700
G 60x + 25 ≥ 700
x yd
H 60 + 25 ≤ 700
A 3 C 5 J 60x + 25 ≤ 700
B 4 D 6
Solve each inequality. Check your solution. (Lesson 8-7)
46. y + 7 < 9 47. a - 5 ≤ 2 48. j - 8 ≥ -12 49. -14 > 8 + n
Write an inequality for each sentence. (Lesson 8-6)

50. SPEED A minimum speed on a certain highway is 45 miles per hour.
51. BIRDS A hummingbird’s wings can beat up to 200 times per second.
52. MEASUREMENT Three boxes with height 12 inches, width 10 inches, and length
13 inches are stacked on top of each other. What is the volume of the space that they
occupy? (Lesson 7-5)

APTER
CH
Study Guide
8 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
coefficient (p. 417)
Key Concepts are noted %QUATIONS constant (p. 417)
in your Foldable. equivalent expressions (p. 416)
)NEQUALIT
IES
like terms (p. 417)
simplest form (p. 418)
simplifying the expression (p. 418)
Key Concepts term (p. 417)
Algebraic Expressions (Lesson 8-1)
two-step equation (p. 422)
• Like terms contain the same variables to the
same powers.
• A constant is a term without a variable.
• An algebraic expression is in simplest form if it Vocabulary Check
has no like terms and no parentheses.
State whether each sentence is true or false.
Equations (Lessons 8-2, 8-3, and 8-4)
If false, replace the underlined word or
number to make a true sentence.
• To solve a two-step equation, undo each
operation in reverse order.
1. Like terms are terms that contain different
• To solve equations with variables on each side of variables.
the equals sign, use the Addition or Subtraction
2. A two-step equation is an equation that
Property of Equality to write an equivalent
equation with the variables on one side of the contains two operations.
equals sign. Then solve the equation. 3. A coefficient is a term without a variable.
4. The numerical factor of a term that
Inequalities (Lesson 8-6)
contains a variable is called the constant
• When used to compare a variable and a number, of the variable.
inequalities can describe a range of values.
5. When plus or minus signs separate an
Inequality Properties (Lessons 8-7 and 8-8) algebraic expression into parts, each part
• When you add or subtract the same number is called a term.
from each side of an inequality, the inequality
6. An algebraic expression is in simplest
remains true.
form if it has no like terms and no
• When you multiply or divide each side of an parentheses.
inequality by a positive number, the inequality
remains true. 7. The expressions 4(y + 7) and 4y + 28 are
two-step equations.
• When you multiply or divide each side of an
inequality by a negative number, the direction of 8. When you use the Distributive Property to
the symbol must be reversed for the inequality to combine like terms, you are simplifying
be true. the expression.
454 Chapter 8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com
8-1 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions (pp. 416–421)
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite Example 1 Use the Distributive

each expression. Property to rewrite -8(x - 9).
9. 4(a + 3) 10. (n - 5)(-7) -8(x - 9) Write the expression.
Simplify each expression. = -8[x + (-9)] Rewrite x - 9 as x + (-9)
11. p + 6p 12. 6b - 3 + 7b + 5 = -8(x) + (-8)(-9) Distributive Property
= -8x + 72 Simplify.
13. SOCCER Pam scored n goals. Leo scored
5 fewer than Pam. Write an expression
in simplest form to represent the total
number of goals scored.
8-2 Solving Two-Step Equations (pp. 422–426)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 2 Solve 5h + 8 = -12.

solution. 5h + 8 = -12 Write the equation.
14. 2x + 5 = 17 15. 4 = -3y - 2 5h + 8 - 8 = -12 - 8 Subtract 8 from
16. _c + 2 = 9 17. 39 = a + 6a + 11 each side.
5 5h = -20 -12 - 8 = -12 + (-8)
18. ZOO Four adults spend $37 for or 20
admission and $3 for parking at the
_
5h
=_
-20
5 5
zoo. Solve the equation 4a + 3 = 40 to h = -4 Simplify.
find the cost of admission per person.
The solution is -4. Check this solution.
8-3 Writing Two-Step Equations (pp. 427–431)
Translate each sentence into an equation. Example 3 Translate the following

19. Six more than twice a number is -4. sentence into an equation. Then solve.
20. The quotient of a number and 8, less 2, 6 less than 4 times a number is equal to 10.
is 5. 6 less than 4 times a number is 10.
21. MEDICINE Dr. Miles recommended 4n - 6 = 10

that Jerome take 8 tablets on the
first day and then 4 tablets each day 4n - 6 = 10 Write the equation.
until the prescription was used. The 4n - 6 + 6 = 10 + 6 Add 6 to each side.
prescription contained 28 tablets. How 4n = 16 Simplify.
many days will Jerome be taking _
4n
=_
16
tablets after the first day? Write an 4 4
equation and then solve. n=4 Simplify.

APTER
CH
8-4 Solving Equations with Variables on Each Side (pp. 434–437)
Solve each equation. Check your Example 4 Solve -7x + 5 = x - 19.

solution. -7x + 5 = x - 19 Write the equation.
22. 11x = 20x + 18 -7x + 7x + 5 = x + 7x - 19 Add 7x to
23. 4n + 13 = n - 8 each side.
5 = 8x - 19
24. 7b - 3 = -2b + 24 5 + 19 = 8x - 19 + 19 Add 19 to
each side.
25. 9 - 2y = 8y - 6 24 = 8x
_24
=_8x
8 8
26. GEOGRAPHY The coastline of
California is 46 miles longer than 3=x Simplify.
twice the length of Louisiana’s
The solution is 3.
coastline. It is also 443 miles longer
than Louisiana’s coastline. Find
the lengths of the coastlines of
California and Louisiana.
8-5 PSI: Guess and Check (pp. 438–439)
Solve using the guess and check strategy. Example 5 The product of two
27. FUND-RAISER The Science Club sold consecutive even integers is 1,088.
candy bars and pretzels to raise money. What are the integers?
They raised a total of $62.75. If they The product is close to 1,000.
made $0.25 on each candy bar and Make a guess. Try 24 and 26.
$0.30 on each pretzel, how many of 24 × 26 = 624 This product is too low.
each did they sell?
28. FOOD A store sells apples in 2-pound Adjust the guess upward. Try 30 and 32.
bags and oranges in 5-pound bags. 30 × 32 = 960 This product is still too low.
How many bags of each should you
buy if you need exactly 11 pounds of Adjust the guess upward again. Try 34
apples and oranges? and 36.
29. BONES Each hand in the human body 34 × 36 = 1,224 This product is too high.
has 27 bones. There are 6 more bones
in the fingers than in the wrist. There Try between 30 and 34. Try 32 and 34.
are 3 fewer bones in the palm than in 32 × 34 = 1,088 This is the correct product.
the wrist. How many bones are in each
part of the hand? The integers are 32 and 34.

see page 715.
8-6 Inequalities (pp. 441–444)
Write an inequality for each sentence. Example 6 All movie tickets are
30. SPORTS Participants must be at least $9 and less. Write an inequality for
12 years old to play. this situation.
31. PARTY No more than 15 people at the Let t = the cost of a ticket.
party. t≤9
For the given value, state whether each Example 7 Graph the inequality
inequality is true or false. a < -4 on a number line.
32. 19 - a < 20, a = 18 Place an open circle at -4.
33. 9 + k > 16, k = 6 Then draw a line and an arrow to the left.
Graph the inequality on a number line.
34. t < 2 35. g ≥ 92
36. NUTRITION A food can be labeled low-

fat only if it has no more than 3 grams
of fat per serving. Write an inequality
to describe low-fat foods.
8-7 Solving Inequalities by Adding or Subtracting (pp. 445-448)
Solve each inequality. Check your Example 8 Solve x - 7 < 3. Check your
solution. solution.
37. b - 9 ≥ 8 38. 15 > 3 + n x-7<3 Write the inequality.
39. x + 4.8 ≤ 2 40. r + 5.7 ≤ 6.1 x-7+7<3+7 Add 7 to each side.
x < 10 Simplify.
41. t + _ < 4 42. -1_ < k - 3
1 2
2 5
43. MOVING A moving company is loading Check x-7<3 Write the inequality.
a 920-pound piano into a service 9-73 Replace x with a
number less than
elevator. The elevator can carry a
10, such as 9.
maximum of 1,800 pounds. Write and
solve an inequality to determine how 2<3✓ This statement is
true.
much additional weight the elevator
can carry.

APTER
CH
8-8 Solving Inequalities by Multiplying and Dividing (pp. 449-453)
Solve each inequality. Example 9 Solve -2n ≥ 26. Check your

_
n _
k solution.
44. <6 45. ≤3
4 1.7 -2n ≥ 26 Write the inequality.
46. 0.5x > 3.2 47. -56 ≥ 8y _
-2n
≤_
26
Divide each side by -2 and
-2 -2 reverse the symbol.
48. 9 > _ 49. -_a ≤ 2
x 5
-4 6 n ≤ -13 Simplify.
50. GOLF Aubrey wants to spend less than
$38.50 on new golf balls. If each box The solution is n ≤ -13. You can check
costs $11, what is the maximum this solution by substituting -13 and a
number of boxes of golf balls that she number less than -13 into the inequality.
can buy?
51. JOBS Dakota earns $8 per hour
working at a landscaping company
and wants to earn at least $1,200 this
summer.
a. Write an inequality to represent this
situation.
b. Solve the inequality that you found
in part a.
c. What is the minimum number of
hours Dakota will have to work?

APTER
CH
Practice Test
8
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each 19. MUSICAL Joseph sold tickets to the school
expression. musical. He had 12 bills worth $175 for the
1. -7(x - 10) 2. 8(2y + 5) tickets sold. If all the money was in $5 bills,
$10 bills, and $20 bills, how many of each
Simplify each expression. bill did he have?
3. 9a - a + 15 - 10a - 6
4. 2x + 17x 20. BANKING First Bank charges $4.50 per
month for a basic checking account plus
Solve each equation. Check your solution. $0.15 for each check written. Citizen’s Bank
5. 3n + 18 = 6 6. _k - 11 = 5 charges a flat fee of $9. How many checks
2 would you have to write each month in
7. -23 = 3p + 5 + p 8. 4x - 6 = 5x
order for the cost to be the same at both
9. -3a - 2 = 2a + 3 10. -2y + 5 = y - 1 banks?
11. FUND-RAISER The band buys coupon books

for a one-time fee of $60 plus $5 per book. If 21. STANDARDS PRACTICE The perimeter of
they sell the books for $10 per book, write the rectangle is 44 inches.
and solve an equation to determine how 4x in.
many books they will need to sell in order
x 7 in.
to break even.
Translate each sentence into an equation. What is the area of the rectangle?
12. Three more than twice a number is 15. F 22 in 2
13. The quotient of a number and 6 plus 3 is 11. G 120 in 2
H 392 in 2
14. The product of a number and 5 less 7 is 18.
J 440 in 2
15. STANDARDS PRACTICE In the inequality
3x + $5,000 ≤ $80,000, x represents the For Exercises 22 and 23, write an inequality
salary of an employee at a factory. Which and then graph the inequality on a number
phrase most accurately describes the line.
employee’s salary?
22. COMPUTERS A recordable DVD can hold at
A Less than $25,000 most 4.7 gigabytes of data.
B More than $25,000
C At least $25,000
23. GAMES Your score must be over 55,400 to
D At most $25,000
have the new high score.
16. x + 5 = 4x + 26 Solve each inequality. Check the solution.
24. -4 > _
c
17. 3d = 18 - 3d
9
18. -2g + 15 = 45 - 8g 25. -2g + 15 > 45

APTER
CH
Practice
Read each question. Then fill in the 5 Orlando, Eddie, and Dante scored a total of
correct answer on the answer 108 touchdowns this season. Eddie scored 8
document provided by your teacher or more touchdowns than Dante, and Orlando
on a sheet of paper. scored twice as many touchdowns as Dante.
1 Which property is used in the equation Which is a reasonable conclusion about the
below? number of touchdowns scored by the
players?
5(x - 2) = 5x - 10 A Eddie scored the most touchdowns.
A Associative Property of Addition B Orlando scored the most touchdowns.
B Commutative Property of Addition C Dante scored exactly half of the total
number of touchdowns.
C Distributive Property
D Dante scored the most touchdowns.
6 The largest possible circle is to be cut from
2 A farmer packs tomatoes in boxes that
a 2 meter board. What will be the
weigh 1.4 kilograms when empty. The
approximate area, in square meters, of the
average tomato weighs 0.2 kilogram and the
remaining board (shaded region)?
total weight of a box filled with tomatoes is
(A = πr 2 and π ≈ 3.14)
11 kilograms. How many tomatoes are
packed in each box?
F 62
G 55
H 48
J 13.6
2 meters
3 There are 4 children in the Owens family. F 8.56

Jamie is 1_
1
times as tall as Kelly, and he G 0.86
2
is 6 inches taller than Olivia. Sammy is H 2.28
56 inches tall, which is 2 inches taller
J 3.14
than Olivia. Find Jamie’s height.
A 52 inches C 58 inches 7 A rectangular prism has a length of 7.5
B 56 inches D 60 inches inches, a width of 1.4 inches, and a volume
of 86.4 cubic inches. What is the height of
4 The sum of a number n and 6 is 23. Which the rectangular prism? Round to the nearest
equation shows this relationship? tenth.
F 23 + n = 6 A 0.1
G 6n = 23 B 8.2
H 6 + n = 23 C 462.9
J n – 6 = 23 D 907.2

at ca.gr7math.com
More California
Standards Practice
8 Which expression is equivalent to 12 In the figure below, every angle is a right

2ab + 4ac? angle.
F 6abc H 2a(b + c) 6
G ab + ac J 2a(b + 2c) 3 2
3
2
9 About how much paper is needed to make a 3 4
2
label that covers only the sides of the soup 4 3
2
can shown below? Use 3.14 for π and round
to the nearest square inch. 6
2 in.
What is the area in square units?
F 49 H 54
5 in. G 50 J 57
13 Which expression has the smallest value?

A ⎪78⎥ C ⎪-22⎥
A 31 C 63 B ⎪14⎥ D ⎪-47⎥
B 62 D 72
Pre-AP
Question 9 When answering a test
question involving a 3-dimensional
Show your work.
shape, always study the shape and its
14 The table below gives prices for two
labels carefully. Ask yourself, “ Am I
finding surface area or volume?” different bowling alleys in your area.
Bowling Shoe Cost per
10 What is the value of x if -5x - 4 = -34? Alley Rental Game
X $2.50 $4.00
F -7 H 6 Y $3.50 $3.75
G -6 J 7
a. Write an equation to find the number of
games g for which the total cost to bowl
11 √
625 = at each alley would be equal.
A 15 C 30 b. How many games will you have to bowl
B 25 D 35 at each alley for the cost to be equal?
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Go to Lesson... 8-1 8-2 1-9 1-7 1-1 7-1 7-5 8-1 7-7 8-2 3-1 7-3 1-3 8-4
For Help with Standard... AF1.3 AF4.1 AF4.1 AF1.1 MR1.1 MG2.1 MG2.1 AF1.3 MG2.1 AF4.1 NS2.4 MG2.2 NS2.5 AF1.1

Algebra: Linear
9 Functions
• Standard 7AF3.0 Graph

and interpret linear and
some nonlinear functions.
Key Vocabulary
constant of variation (p. 483)
line of fit (p. 505)
linear function (p. 472)
slope (p. 477)
Real-World Link
Roller Coasters If you ride the Boomerang roller
coaster, located in Buena Park, California, you will
travel 935 feet in 108 seconds. You can use the
linear function 935 = 108r to model the average
speed of this coaster.
Algebra: Linear Functions Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with seven
_1
sheets of 8 ” × 11” paper.
2
1 Fold a sheet of paper in half 2 Glue the 1” tab down. Write the 3 Repeat Steps 1–2 for the remaining
lengthwise. Cut a 1” tab along the title of the lesson on the front tab. sheets of paper. Staple together to
left edge through one thickness. form a booklet.
-INEAR -INEAR
'UNCTIONS 'UNCTIONS
462 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions

Eric Gieszl/Ultimate Rollercoaster
Option 2
Option 1
Graph each point on the same Example 1

coordinate grid. (Prior Grade) Graph P(-1, 2), Q(3, -1), and R(-4, 0) on
1. A(-3, -4) 2. B(2, -1) a coordinate grid.
3. C(0, -2) 4. D(-4, 3) y Start at the origin.
The first number in
P each ordered pair is
5. WALKING From his cabin, Derek
the x-coordinate. The
walked 4 miles south and 2 miles R
second number in
O x
west, where he rested. If the each ordered pair is
Q the y-coordinate.
origin represents the cabin, graph
the point representing Derek’s
resting point. (Prior Grade)
Evaluate each expression if x = 6. Example 2

(Lesson 1-2) Evaluate 6x - 1 if x = 4.
6. 3x 7. 4x - 9 6x - 1 = 6(4) - 1 Replace x with 4.
8. 2x + 8 9. 5 + x = 24 - 1 Multiply 6 by 4.
= 23 Subtract.
10. PROFIT The weekly profit of a
certain company is 48x - 875,
where x represents the number of
units sold. Find the weekly profit,
if the company sells 37
units. (Lesson 1-2)
Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-9) Example 3

11. 14 = n + 9 12. z - 3 = 8 Solve 18 + m = 7.
13. -17 = b - 21 14. 23 + r = 15 18 + m = 7 Write the equation.
-18__________
____ = -18 Subtract 18 from
m = -11 each side.

Explore Algebra Lab
9-1 Functions
A relation expresses how objects in one group called inputs are assigned
Main IDEA or related to objects in another group called outputs. Suppose three
Model functions using students select a favorite color from the colors blue, red, or green. The
real-world situations.
relation diagrams below show two of several possible results.
Preparation 2ELATION 2ELATION
for Standard )NPUT /UTPUT )NPUT /UTPUT
7AF3.3 Graph linear
functions, noting that the
vertical change (change in !MBER BLUE !LONSO BLUE
y-value) per unit of horizontal 4IM RED -ALINA RED
change (change in x-value) is +AELA GREEN #HEN GREEN
always the same and know
that the ratio (“rise over run”)
is called the slope of a graph.
Standard 7MR2.5 A function is a relation in which exactly one output is assigned to each
Use a variety of methods, input. In the example above, the first relation is a function, since each
such as words, numbers,
symbols, charts, graphs, person chose one favorite color. The second relation is not a function,
tables, diagrams, and since Alonso chose two colors as his favorite.
models, to explain
mathematical reasoning.
Create a spinner like the one shown. ! "

Each of the four people in your group
should spin the spinner once to simulate # $
selecting TV show A, B, C, or D as
their favorite. Each person should keep
spinning until they get a result different
from anyone else. Record the results as Relation 1.
Next, have each person spin again, this time spinning until
one or more persons are assigned the same letter. Record
the results as Relation 2.
Finally, have each person spin again, and allow one person
to spin twice. Record the five results as Relation 3.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Make a diagram like the one shown above for each relation.
2. Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain your
reasoning in the context of selecting a favorite TV show.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Draw a diagram of each of the relations
described below. Then determine if the relation is a function. Explain.
a. one person spins four times, each time spinning a different letter
b. each of four people spins the same letter

9-1 Functions
Main IDEA
Complete function tables. ENTERTAINMENT Suppose you can buy
DVDs for $15 each. DVDs Cost ($)
Preparation
for Standard 1. Copy and complete the table at the right. 1 15
7AF3.3 Graph linear 2 30
functions, noting that the 2. If 6 DVDs are purchased, what is the
vertical change (change in total cost? 3
y-value) per unit of horizontal 4
change (change in x-value) is 3. Explain how to find the total cost of
always the same and know 9 DVDs. 5
that the ratio (“rise over run”)
is called the slope of a graph.
Standard 7MR2.5
Use a variety of methods,
The total cost depends on, or is a function of, the number of DVDs
such as words, numbers, purchased. A relationship that assigns exactly one output value for
symbols, charts, graphs, each input value is called a function. Functions are often written
tables, diagrams, and
models, to explain as equations.
mathematical reasoning.
The input x is
any real number.
f(x) = 7x
NEW Vocabulary The operations performed in
function f(x) is read the function of x, or the function are sometimes
more simply, f of x. It is the output. called the rule.
domain
range
function table To find the value of a function for a certain number, substitute the
number for the variable x.
Find a Function Value

Find each function value.
1 f(9) if f(x) = x - 5
f(x) = x - 5 Write the function.
f(9) = 9 - 5 or 4 Substitute 9 for x into the function rule.
So, f(9) = 4.
2 f(-3) if f(x) = 2x + 1
f(x) = 2x + 1 Write the function.
f(-3) = 2(-3) + 1 Substitute -3 for x into the function rule.
f(-3) = -6 + 1 or -5 Simplify.
READING So, f(-3) = -5.
in the Content Area
this lesson, visit a. f(2) if f(x) = x - 4 b. f(6) if f(x) = 2x - 8
ca.gr7math.com.
Lesson 9-1 Functions 465

The set of input values in a function is called the domain. The set of
output values is called the range. You can organize the input, rule, and
output into a function table.
Input and Output
The variable for the
input is called the
independent variable Make a Function Table
because it can be any
number. The variable 3 Complete the function table Input Rule Output
for the output is
called the dependent
for f(x) = x + 5. Then state x f(x) = x + 5 f(x)
variable because it the domain and range of
-2
depends on the the function.
input value. -1
Substitute each value of x, 0
or input, into the function 1
rule. Then simplify to find
the output. Input Rule Output
The domain is {-2, -1, 0, 1}. x f(x) = x + 5 f(x)
-2 -2 + 5 f(-2) = 3
The range is {3, 4, 5, 6}.
-1 -1 + 5 f(-1) = 4
0 0+5 f(0) = 5
1 1+5 f(1) = 6
Copy and complete each function table. Then state the domain and
range of the function.
c. f(x) = x - 7 d. f(x) = 4x e. f(x) = 2x + 3
x x-7 f(x) x 4x f(x) x 2x + 3 f(x)

-3 -5 -1
-2 -3 2
-1 2 3
0 5 5
Sometimes functions are written using two variables. One variable,

usually x, represents the input and the other, usually y, represents the
output. The function in Example 3 can also be written as y = x + 5.
Real-World Career
How Does a Functions with Two Variables
Zookeeper Use Math?
A zookeeper must 4 ZOOKEEPER The zoo needs 1.5 tons of specially mixed elephant
order the appropriate
amount of various chow to feed its elephants each week. Write a function to
foods that will keep represent the amount of elephant chow c needed for w weeks.
each animal healthy. Then determine how much elephant chow the zoo will need to
feed its elephants for 12 weeks.
go to ca.gr7math.com. Amount of the number
Words equals 1.5 times
chow of weeks.
Function c = 1.5 · w
The function c = 1.5w represents the situation.

Robert Brenner/PhotoEdit
To find the amount of chow needed for 12 weeks, substitute 12 for w.
c = 1.5w Write the function.
c = 1.5(12) or 18 Substitute 12 for w.
The zoo needs 18 tons of elephant chow.
f. HOME REPAIR An air conditioner repair service charges $60 for

a service call plus $30 per hour for labor. Write a function to
represent the charge c for a service call with h hours of labor.
How much would the charge be if there are 3 hours of labor?
Examples 1, 2 Find each function value.

(p. 465)
1. f(4) if f(x) = x - 6 2. f(-2) if f(x) = 4x + 1
Example 3 Copy and complete each function table. Then state the domain and range of
(p. 466) the function.
3. f(x) = 8 - x 4. f(x) = 5x + 1 5. f(x) = 3x - 2
x 8-x f(x) x 5x + 1 f(x) x 3x - 2 f(x)
-3 -2 -5
-1 0 -2
2 1 2
4 3 5
Example 4 6. MEASUREMENT The perimeter of a square is 4 times the length of a side.

(p. 466) Write a function to represent the perimeter p of a square with sides
measuring s units. What is the perimeter of a square with a 14-inch side?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find each function value.

For See 7. f(7) if f(x) = 5x 8. f(9) if f(x) = x + 13 9. f(4) if f(x) = 3x - 1
Exercises Examples 10. f(5) if f(x) = 2x + 5 11. f(-5) if f(x) = 4x - 1 12. f(-12) if f(x) = 2x + 15
7–12 1, 2
13–18 3 Copy and complete each function table. Then state the domain and range of
19–20 4 the function.
13. f(x) = 6x - 4 14. f(x) = 5 - 2x 15. f(x) = 7 + 3x
x 6x - 4 f(x) x 5 - 2x f(x) x 7 + 3x f(x)
-5 -2 -3
-1 0 -2
2 3 1
7 5 6
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-1 Functions 467

Copy and complete each function table. Then state the domain and range of
the function.
16. f(x) = x - 9 17. f(x) = 7x 18. f(x) = 4x + 3
x x-9 f(x) x 7x f(x) x 4x + 3 f(x)
-2 -5 -4
-1 -3 -2
7 2 3
12 6 5
19. SPORTS Tyree’s bowling score is handicapped by 30 points, meaning that

he receives an additional 30 points on his final score. Write a function that
can be used to represent Tyree’s final score s given his base score b. What is
his adjusted score if he bowled 185?
20. PARTY PLANNING Sherry is having a birthday party at the Swim Center. The
cost of renting the pool is $45 plus $3.50 for each person. Write a function to
represent the total cost c for p people. What is the total cost if 20 people
attend the party?

21. f (_56 ) if f(x) = 2x + _13 22. f (_58 ) if f(x) = 4x - _14
23. BIKING After 1 hour, a cyclist had ridden 12 miles. If she then continued
riding at an average rate of 8 miles per hour, how long did it take her to
ride 60 miles?
24. SCUBA DIVING The table shows the water

%842!02!#4)#% Depth Pressure
pressure encountered by a diver. Write (ft) (lb/in 2)
See pages 699, 716. a function to represent the pressure p 0 14.7
encountered at a depth of d feet. What 33 29.4
Self-Check Quiz at would the pressure be at a depth of
ca.gr7math.com 66 44.1
175 feet? Round to the nearest tenth. 99 58.8
132 73.5
H.O.T. Problems 25. OPEN ENDED If f(x) = 2x - 4, find a value of x that will make the function
value a negative number.
26. CHALLENGE Write the function rule for each function table.
a. b. c. d.
x f(x) x f(x) x y x y
-3 -30 -5 -9 -2 -3 -2 -5
-1 -10 -1 -5 1 3 1 1
2 20 3 -1 3 7 3 5
6 60 7 3 5 11 5 9
27. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( For the function y = x + 4, find the input value when
(*/
the output value is -5. Write a rule that can be used to find the input value
when the output value is known.

28. The equation c = 6.50t represents c, 29. Stephanie received a $25 gift certificate
the total cost of t tickets for a movie. to an online music store. If the cost of
Which table contains values that purchasing a song is $0.95, which table
satisfy this equation? best describes b, the balance remaining
A after she buys s songs?
Cost of Movie Tickets
t 1 2 3 4 F s b H s b
c $6.50 $13.00 $19.50 $26.00 1 24.10 2 23.10
2 23.20 4 21.20
B Cost of Movie Tickets
4 21.40 5 20.25
t 1 2 3 4
6 19.60 8 17.40
c $6.50 $12.00 $18.00 $24.50
8 17.80 10 15.50
C Cost of Movie Tickets
t 1 2 3 4
G s b J s b
c $13.00 $19.50 $26.00 $32.50 0 25.00 5 20.05
3 22.00 10 15.10
D Cost of Movie Tickets 6 19.00 15 10.15
t 1 2 3 4 9 16.00 20 5.20
c $6.50 $8.50 $9.50 $10.50
12 13.00 25 0.25
30. MEASUREMENT The length of a rectangle is 6 inches. Its area is greater

than 30 square inches. Write an inequality for the situation. Solve the
inequality. Interpret the solution. (Lesson 8-8)
Solve each inequality. (Lesson 8-6)
31. b + 15 > 32 32. y - 24 ≤ 12 33. 9 ≤ 16 + t 34. 18 ≥ a - 6
35. UTILITIES An airport has changed the booths used for Old Design New Design
public telephones. The old booths consisted of four
sides of a rectangular prism. The new booths are half
of a cylinder with an open top. How much less 45 in. 45 in.
material is needed to construct a new booth than
an old booth? (Lesson 7-7) 26 in. 26 in.
13 in.
36. MEASUREMENT A block of cheese in the shape of a rectangular prism has

a volume of 305 cubic centimeters. After several slices are cut from the
block, it measures 10.25 centimeters by 6.5 centimeters by 2 centimeters.
How much cheese was used? (Lesson 7-5)
37. Find the distance between the points (-1, 1) and (3, -2). (Lesson 3-7)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each point on the same coordinate plane.

38. A(-4, 2) 39. B(3, -1) 40. C(0, -3) 41. D(1, 4)
Lesson 9-1 Functions 469

Explore Algebra Lab
9-2 Graphing Relationships
In this lab, you will investigate a relationship between the number of
Main IDEA pennies in a cup and how far the cup will stretch a rubber band.
Graph relationships.
Standard 7AF1.5
Represent
quantitative Using a pencil, punch a small hole in
relationships graphically
and interpret the meaning the bottom of a paper cup. Place a
of a specific part of a graph paper clip onto a rubber band. Push the
by the graph.
other end of the rubber band through
the hole in the cup. Attach a second
paper clip to the other end of the
rubber band. Place it horizontally
across the bottom of the cup to keep
it from coming through the hole.
Copy the table at the right. Number of Pennies Distance

x y
Tape the top paper clip to the
edge of a desk. Measure and
record the distance from the
bottom of the desk to the
bottom of the cup. Drop one
penny into the cup. Measure
and record the new distance
from the bottom of the desk
to the bottom of the cup.
Continue adding one penny

at a time. Measure and record
the distance after each addition
up to 10 pennies.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. MAKE A CONJECTURE Examine the data. Do you think the number of
pennies affects the distance? Explain.
2. Graph the ordered pairs formed by your data. Do the points resemble
a straight line?
3. MAKE A PREDICTION What will the distance of the bottom of the cup
from the bottom of the desk be if 15 pennies are placed in the cup?
4. Find the ratio of each distance to the number of pennies. What do
you notice about these ratios?

9-2 Representing Linear
Functions
Main IDEA
Represent linear functions ROLLER COASTERS The Millennium Force has a maximum speed of
using function tables and 1.5 miles per minute. If x represents the minutes traveled at this
graphs.
speed, the function rule for the distance traveled is y = 1.5x.
Standard 1. Copy and complete Input Rule Output (Input, Output)
7AF3.4 Plot the
values of quantities
the function table.
whose ratios are always the 2. Graph the ordered x 1.5x y (x, y)
same (e.g., cost to the 1 1.5(1) 1.5 (1, 1.5)
number of an item, feet to pairs (x, y) on a
inches, circumference to coordinate plane. 2 1.5(2)
diameter of a circle). Fit a 3
line to the plot and
What do you notice?
understand that the slope of 4
the line equals the quantities.
Standard 7AF1.5
Represent quantitative Functions can be represented in words, in a table, with a graph, and as
and interpret the meaning ordered pairs.
by the graph.
Graph a Function
1 SCHOOL SUPPLIES The school store sells book covers for $2 each
and notebooks for $1. Toni wants to buy some of each. The cost of
x books covers and y notebooks is 2x + y. Toni has $5 to spend, so
2x + y = 5. Graph 2x + y = 5 to find how many covers and
notebooks Toni can buy.
2x + y = 5 Write the equation.
NEW Vocabulary 2x - 2x + y = 5 - 2x Subtract 2x from each side to solve for y.
linear function y = 5 - 2x Simplify.

The equation y = 5 - 2x represents a function. Choose values for x
and substitute them to find y. Then graph the ordered pairs (x, y).
y
x 5 - 2x y (x, y) (0, 5)
0 5 - 2(0) 5 (0, 5)
(1, 3)
1 5 - 2(1) 3 (1, 3)
2 5 - 2(2) 1 (2, 1) (2, 1) x
3 5 - 2(3) -1 (3, -1) O
(3, ⫺1)
Check for She cannot buy negative amounts, so she can buy 0 covers and
Reasonableness
Check solutions in 5 notebooks, 1 cover and 3 notebooks, or 2 covers and 1 notebook.
the context of the
original problem
to be sure they
make sense. a. DECORATING A repeating pattern is made using 6 triangular tiles x
and 1 hexagonal tile y. Graph the function 6x + y = 35 to find the
number of each tile needed if 35 tiles are used.
Lesson 9-2 Representing Linear Functions 471

Graph a Function
2 Graph y = x + 2.
• Select any four values for the input x. Substitute these values for x
to find the output y.
• Graph each ordered pair. Draw a line that passes through each
point.
y
x x+2 y (x, y)
(3, 5)
0 0+2 2 (0, 2) yx 2 (2, 4)
(1, 3)
1 1+2 3 (1, 3) (0, 2)
2 2+2 4 (2, 4)
O x
3 3+2 5 (3, 5)
The line is the complete graph of the

Solutions The
function. The ordered pair corresponding
The point where the line
solutions of an to any point on the line is a solution crosses the x-axis is the
equation are of the equation y = x + 2. solution to the equation
ordered pairs that 0 = x + 2.
make an equation
representing the
Check It appears that (-2, 0) is also a
function true. solution. Check this by substitution.
y=x+2 Write the function.
0 -2 + 2 Replace x with -2 and y with 0.
0=0 ✓ Simplify.
Graph each function.

b. y = x - 5 c. y = -2x d. y = 2x + 1
REVIEW Vocabulary A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line is called a
linear relationship linear function. Therefore, y = x + 2 is a linear equation.
relationships that have
straight-line graphs
(Lesson 4-10)
#/.#%043UMMARY Representing Functions
Words The value of y is one less than the corresponding value of x.
Equation y=x-1 Ordered Pairs (0, -1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)
Table x y Graph y
yx 1
0 -1
1 0
O x
2 1
3 2

3 Which line graphed below best represents the table of values
for the ordered pairs (x, y)?
x -2 -1 0 1
y -3 -1 1 3
A y C y
O x O x
B y D y
O x O x
Read the Item

You need to decide which of the four graphs represents the data.
Solve the Item

The values in the table represent the ordered pairs (-2, -3), (-1, -1),
Eliminate the (0, 1), and (1, 3). Test the ordered pairs. Graph C is the only graph that
Possibilities By
testing the ordered contains all these ordered pairs. The answer is C.
pair (0, 1) first,
choices B and D y
can be eliminated.
e. The graph of the line y = 3x + 2 is
drawn on the coordinate grid. Which
O x
table of ordered pairs contains only
points on this line?
F x -1 0 2 3 H x -6 -3 0 3
y -5 -2 4 7 y 0 -1 2 3
G x -1 5 7 8 J x -3 -1 1 2
y -1 1 -3 2 y -7 -1 5 8
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-2 Representing Linear Functions 473

Example 1 1. GARDENING Marigolds x come in containers with 4 flowers and daisies y
(p. 471) come individually. Graph the function 4x + y = 15 to find the number of
containers of marigolds and daisies you can get if you want 15 flowers.
Example 2 Graph each function.

(p. 472)
2. y = x + 5 3. y = 3x - 2 4. y = -2x + 1
Example 3 5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which line graphed best represents the table of
(p. 473) values for the ordered pairs (x, y)?
x -7 -2 2 9
y -6.5 -4 -2 1.5
A y C y
8 8
4 4
⫺8 ⫺4 O 8x ⫺4 O 4 8x
⫺4
⫺8 ⫺8
B 8
y D 8
y
4 4
⫺8 ⫺4 O 4 8x ⫺8 ⫺4 O 4 8x
⫺4
⫺8 ⫺8
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 6. PETS Fancy goldfish x cost $3 each and common goldfish y cost $1 each.
Graph the function 3x + y = 20 to determine how many of each type of
For See
Exercises Examples goldfish Tasha can buy for $20.
6, 7 1
8–15 2 7. CLOTHES A store sells T-shirts x in packs of 5 and regular shirts y
27, 28 3 individually. Graph the function 5x + y = 10 to determine the number
of each type of shirt Bethany can have if she buys 10 shirts.

8. y = 4x 9. y = -3x 10. y = x - 3 11. y = x + 1
14. y = _x + 1 15. y = _x - 3
1 1
12. y = 3x - 7 13. y = 2x + 3
3 2

16. MEASUREMENT The equation s = 180(n - 2) relates the sum of the measures
of angles s formed by the sides of a polygon to the number of sides n. Find
four ordered pairs (n, s) that are solutions of the equation. Then graph the
equation.
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 17–19, use the following information.

The equation y = 1.09x describes the approximate number of meters y
in x yards.
17. Would negative values of x have any meaning in this situation? Explain.
18. Graph the function.
19. About how many meters is a 40-yard race?
MOUNTAIN CLIMBING For Exercises 20 and Various California Mountains

21, use the following information and the Mountain Elevation (ft)
table at the right. Mount Whitney 14,494
If the temperature is 80°F at sea level,
Pyramid Peak 9,984
the function t = 80 - 3.6h describes
Adams Peak 8,197
the temperature t at a height of h
Mount Palomar 6,138
thousand feet above sea level.
20. Graph the temperature function.
21. What is the temperature at each peak on a day that is 80°F at sea level?
%842!02!#4)#%
22. MONEY Drake is saving money to buy a new computer for $1,200.
See pages 699, 716. He already has $450 and plans to save $30 a week. The function
f(x) = 30x + 450 represents the amount Drake has saved after x weeks.
Self-Check Quiz at Graph the function to determine the number of weeks it will take Drake
ca.gr7math.com
to save enough money to buy the computer.
H.O.T. Problems 23. OPEN ENDED Draw a graph of a linear function. Name three solutions of
the function.
24. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the ordered pair that is not a solution of
y = 2x - 3. Explain your reasoning.
(1, -1) (2, 1) (0, 3) (-2, -7)
25. CHALLENGE Name the coordinates of four points that satisfy each function.
Then give the function rule.
a. y b. y
O x
O x
26. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain how a function table can be used to graph a
(*/
function.
Lesson 9-2 Representing Linear Functions 475

27. Which line graphed below best 28. The graph shows the line y = 5x - 1.
represents the table of values for y
the ordered pairs (x, y)?
x -4 0 4 8
y -2 -1 0 1 x
O
A y C y
2
⫺2 O 2x ⫺4 ⫺2 O x
⫺2 ⫺2
Which table of ordered pairs contains
only points on this line?
F x -2 -1 0 1
B y D y
2 2
y -9 -4 1 6
⫺2 O 2x O 2 4x
G x -3 -2 -1 0
y -8 -7 -6 -5
H x 0 1 2 3
y -1 0 1 2
J x -1 0 1 2
y -6 -1 4 9
Find each function value. (Lesson 9-1)
29. f(6) if f(x) = 7x – 3 30. f(-5) if f(x) = 3x + 15 31. f(3) if f(x) = 2x - 7
32. BAND The school band makes $0.50 for every flower they sell. They
want to make at least $500 on the flower sale. Write and solve an
inequality to find how many flowers they can sell and meet their goal. (Lesson 8-8)
33. MEASUREMENT Find the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 7 inches

and a height of 9 inches. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. (Lesson 7-5)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the constant rate of change for each graph. (Lesson 4-9)
34. y 35. y 36. y
O x O x O x

9-3 Slope
Main IDEA
Find the slope of a line. SAFETY A ladder truck uses a
moveable ladder to reach upper
Standard levels of houses and buildings.
7AF3.3 Graph linear
functions, noting 1. The rate of change of the
that the vertical change
(change in y-value) per unit ladder compares the height 45 ft
of horizontal change it is raised to the distance
(change in x-value) is
of its base from the building.
that the ratio (“rise over Write this rate as a fraction in
run”) is called the slope simplest form.
of a graph.
2. Find the rate of change of a 30 ft
ladder that has been raised
100 feet and whose base is
50 feet from the building.
NEW Vocabulary
slope
The term slope is used to describe the steepness of a straight line. Slope is
rise
run the ratio of the rise, or vertical change, to the run, or horizontal change.
In linear functions, no matter which two points you choose, the slope of
the line is always constant.
slope = _
rise
run
vertical change between any two points
horizontal change between the same two points
1 EXERCISE Find the slope of the

treadmill at the right.
slope = _
rise
run
Definition of
slope IN
Slope Slope =_
10 in. rise = 10 in., IN
provides a way of 48 in. run = 48 in.
describing how steep
a line is numerically. =_
5
Simplify.
24
The slope of the treadmill is _

5
.
24
a. HIKING A hiking trail rises 6 feet for every horizontal change of

100 feet. What is the slope of the hiking trail?
Since slope is a rate of change, it can be positive (slanting upward) or

negative (slanting downward).
Lesson 9-3 Slope 477

Tom Carter/PhotoEdit
Find Slope Using a Graph
2 Find the slope of the line. y
run
Translating Rise Choose two points on the line. The vertical 3
and Run rise
change is 2 units while the horizontal change B
up positive 2 O x
is 3 units.
down negative A
right positive slope = _
rise
run Definition of slope
left negative
=_
2
rise = 2, run = 3
3
The slope of the line is _
2
.
3
b. y c. y
O x
O x
Slope can be found by finding the ratio of the change in y-values (rise) to
the change in x-values (run) for any two points on a line.
Find Slope Using a Table

3 The points given in the table lie on +2 +2 +2
a line. Find the slope of the line.
Then graph the line. x 1 3 5 7
y 12 9 6 3
Choose two points from the table
to find the changes in the x- and -3 -3 -3
y
y-values. (1, 12)
⫺3
change in y
slope = _ 2
(3, 9)
change in x
=_
9 - 12
(5, 6)
3-1
=_-3
or -_3
(7, 3)
2 2
Slope You can
_3
The slope is - .
choose any two
2
O x
points to calculate
slope. Whichever
y-value you use first,
be sure to use the
corresponding
x-value first. d. x -6 -2 2 6 e. x -4 0 4 8
y -2 -1 0 1 y -1 -2 -3 -4

change in y
READING Math You have found slope by using _
rise
run and
_. You can also find
change in x
Subscripts x 1 is read the slope of a line by using the coordinates of any two points on the
x sub one and x 2 is read
x sub two. They are used line. One point can be represented by (x 1, y 1) and the other by (x 2, y 2).
to indicate two different The small numbers slightly below x and y are called subscripts.
x-coordinates.
+%9#/.#%04 Slope Formula
Words The slope m of a line passing Model

through points (x 1, y 1) and y
(x 2, y 2) is the ratio of the
(x1, y1)
difference in the y-coordinates
to the corresponding difference (x2, y2)
in the x-coordinates.
y2 - y1
m=_
O x
Symbols x - x , where x 2 ≠ x 1
2 1
Find Slope Using Coordinates

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
4 C(-1, -4), D(2, 2) y
y -y
m=_2
x -x
1
Slope formula
2 1 D(2, 2)
2 - (-4) (x 1, y 1) = (-1, -4)
m=_ O x
2 - (-1) (x 2, y 2) = (2, 2)
m=_
6
or 2 Simplify. C(⫺1, ⫺4)
3
Check When going from left to right,

the graph of the line slants upward.
This is correct for positive slope.
5 R(1, 2), S(-4, 3) y

y2 - y1 S(⫺4, 3)
Using the Slope m=_
x2 - x1 Slope formula R(1, 2)
Formula
• It does not matter
m=_
3-2 (x 1, y 1) = (1, 2)
which point you x
-4 - 1 O
define as (x 1, y 1) (x 2, y 2) = (-4, 3)
and (x 2, y 2).
m= _
1
or -_
1
Simplify.
• However, the -5 5
coordinates of both
points must be Check When going from left to right,
used in the same
order. the graph of the line slants downward.
To check Example 5, This is correct for negative slope.
let (x 1, y 1) = (-4, 3)
and (x 2, y 2) = (1, 2).
Then find the slope.
f. A(2, 2), B(5, 3) g. C(-2, 1), D(0, -3) h. J(-7, -4), K(-3, -2)
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-3 Slope 479

Example 1 1. BUILDINGS Find the slope of the
3 ft
(p. 477) roof of the storage shed. 15 ft
Example 2 Find the slope of each line.

(p. 478)
2. y 3. y
x
O x O
Example 3 4. The points given in the table lie on a line. Find the x 0 1 2 3
(p. 478) slope of the line. Then graph the line. y 1 3 5 7
Examples 4, 5 Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
(p. 479)
5. A(-3, -2), B(5, 4) 6. C(-4, 2), D(1, 5)
7. E(-6, 5), F(3, -3) 8. G(1, 5), H(4, -3)
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 9. SKIING Find the slope of a ski 10. ROADS Find the slope of a road
run that descends 15 feet for that rises 12 feet for every
For See
Exercises Examples every horizontal change of 24 feet. horizontal change of 100 feet.
9, 10 1
11–14 2 12 ft
15, 16 3 100 ft
17–22 4, 5
FT
FT
Find the slope of each line.

11. y 12. y
O x O x
13. y 14. y
O x O x

The points given in each table lie on a line. Find the slope of the line.
Then graph the line.
15. x 0 2 4 6 16. 3 9 15
x -3
y 9 4 -1 -6 y -3 1 5 9
17. A(0, 1), B(2, 7) 18. C(2, 5), D(3, 1) 19. E(1, 2), F(4, 7)
20. G(-6, -1), H(4, 1) 21. J(-9, 3), K(2, 1) 22. M(-2, 3), N(7, -4)
23. AQUARIUMS The graph shows the depth y

of water in an aquarium over several days. 12
Depth (in.)
Find the slope of the line and explain its
8
meaning as a rate of change.
4
TRAVEL For Exercises 24–26, use the
following information. 0 4 8 12
x
After 2 hours, Kendra had traveled 110 miles. Day

After 3 hours, she had traveled 165 miles. After
5 hours, she had traveled 275 miles.
24. Graph the information with the hours on the horizontal axis and miles
traveled on the vertical axis. Draw a line through the points.
25. What is the slope of the graph?
26. What does the slope of the graph represent?
HOUSING For Exercises 27–29, use the 53(OME/WNERSHIP

graph at the right.
27. Find the slope of the line representing
the change between each three-year 0ERCENTOF&AMILIES
period.

28. Does the graph show a constant rate

of change? Explain.
Real-World Link
After World War II, 29. If the graph is extended in each direction,

the rate of home could you expect the slope to remain 9EAR
ownership in the U.S. constant throughout the graph? Explain.
rose steadily for three Source: U.S. Census Bureau
decades, from 44%
in the late 1940s 30. GEOMETRY Two lines that are parallel have the same slope. Determine
to 65.6% in 1980. whether quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. Justify your reasoning.
Source: www.census.gov
y
C
D
B
%842!02!#4)#%
O A x
See pages 700, 716. 31. DISABILITIES Wheelchair ramps for access to public buildings are allowed
a maximum of one inch of vertical increase for every one foot of horizontal
Self-Check Quiz at distance. Would a ramp that is 10 feet long and 8 inches tall meet this
ca.gr7math.com
guideline? Explain your reasoning.
Lesson 9-3 Slope 481

Van D. Bucher/Photo Researchers
H.O.T. Problems 32. OPEN ENDED Write the coordinates of two points. Show that you can define
either point as (x 1, y 1) and the slope of the line containing the points will be
the same.
33. FIND THE ERROR Martin and Dylan are finding the slope of the line that
passes through X(0, 2) and Y(2, 3). Who is correct? Explain.
m=_
3-2
0-2 m=_
3-2
m=_
1
or -_1 2-0
-2 2 m = _21
Martin Dylan
34. CHALLENGE Find the slope of the straight line that is the graph of the
function expressing the circumference of a circle as a function of the radius.
35. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( For the slope of a linear function, explain why the
(*/
vertical change (rise) and the horizontal change (run) is always the same.
36. Which line graphed below has a slope 37. What is the slope of the linear function
of -2? shown in the graph?
A y C y y
O x O x
O x
B y D y
F -_
4
H _
3
3 4
O x O x
_
G -3 J _
4
4 3
Graph each function. (Lesson 9-2)
38. y = 5x 39. y = x - 2 40. y = 2x - 1 41. y = 3x + 2
42. TEMPERATURE The function used to change a Celsius temperature C to a

Fahrenheit temperature F is F = _
9
C + 32. Change 25° Celsius to
5
Fahrenheit. (Lesson 9-1)
43. 42 = -14x 44. 144 = 18a 45. _

n
=7 46. -6 = _
t
3 9

(l)First Light, (r)Yellow Dog Productions/Getty Images
9- 4 Direct Variation
Main IDEA
Use direct variation to COMPUTERS Use the graph at the right y
solve problems. that shows the output of a color printer. 24
Standard 1. What is the constant rate of change, 18
Pages
7AF4.2 Solve or slope, of the line?
multistep problems 12
involving rate, average speed, 2. Is the total number of pages printed
distance, and time or a direct 6
variation.
always proportional to the printing
time? If so, what is the constant ratio? x
0 2 4 6 8
3. Compare the constant rate of change Time (minutes)
to the constant ratio.
In the example above, the number of minutes and the number of pages
printed both vary, while the ratio of pages printed to minutes, 1.5 pages
per minute, remains constant.
When the ratio of two variable quantities is constant, their relationship
is called a direct variation. The constant ratio is called the constant of
NEW Vocabulary variation.
direct variation
constant of variation
Find a Constant Ratio
1 FUND-RAISER The amount of y
money Robin has raised for a 40
Amount Raised ($)
bike-a-thon is shown in the graph

30
at the right. Determine the
amount that Robin raises for 20
each mile she rides.
10
Since the graph of the data forms a line,
the rate of change is constant. Use the 0 2 4 6 8
x
graph to find the constant ratio. Distance (miles)
__
amount raised _
15
or _
7.5 _
30
or _
7.5 _
45
or _
7.5 _
60
or _
7.5
distance 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1
Robin raises $7.50 for each mile she rides.
a. SKYDIVING Two minutes after a skydiver opens his parachute,

he has descended 1,900 feet. After 5 minutes, he has descended
4,750 feet. If the distance varies directly as the time, at what rate
is the skydiver descending?
Lesson 9-4 Direct Variation 483

+%9#/.#%04 Direct Variation
Words A direct variation is a Model

relationship in which y
4
the ratio of y to x is a
constant, k. We say y 2
y 3x
varies directly with x.
Symbols _y
k = x or y = kx,
4 2 O
2
2 4x
where k ≠ 0
4
Example y = 3x
Solve a Direct Variation

2 PETS Refer to the information at the left. Assume that the age of a
dog varies directly as its equivalent age in human years. What is
the human-year age of a dog that is 6 years old?
METHOD 1 Use an equation.

Write an equation of direct variation. Let x represent the dog’s
actual age and let y represent the human-equivalent age.
Real-World Link y = kx Direct variation
Most pets age at a
different rate than their 21 = k(3) y = 21, x = 3
human companions. 7=k Simplify.
For example, a 3-year- y = 7x Substitute for k = 7.
old dog is often
considered to be 21 in Use the equation to find y when x = 6.
human years.
y = 7x
y = 7(6) x=6
y = 42 Multiply.
METHOD 2 Use a proportion.

human equivalent age _
21
=_
x human equivalent age
actual age 3 6 actual age
126 = 3x Multiply.
_
126
=_
3x
3 3
42 = x Simplify.
A dog that is 6 years old is 42 years old in human-equivalent years.
b. SHOPPING A grocery store sells 6 oranges for $2. How much would
it cost to buy 10 oranges? Round to the nearest cent if necessary.

Jane Burton/Photo Researchers
Not all relationships with a constant rate of change are proportional.
Likewise, not all linear functions are direct variations.
Look Back
To review
proportional Identify Direct Variation
relationships, see
Lessons 4-2 and 4-3. Determine whether each linear function is a direct variation. If so,
state the constant of variation.
3 Miles, x 25 50 75 100 Compare the ratios to check for a
common ratio.
Gallons, y 1 2 3 4
gallons
_ _ _
1 2
or _
1 _
3
or _
1 _
4
or _
1
miles 25 50 25 75 25 100 25
Since the ratios are the same, the function is a direct variation. The
constant of variation is _1
.
25
4 Hours, x 2 4 6 8
Earnings, y 36 52 68 84
earnings _
_ 36
or _
18 _
52
or _
13 _
68
or _
11.33 _
84
or _
10.50
hours 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1
The ratios are not the same, so the function is not a direct variation.
c. d.
Days, x 5 10 15 20 Time, x 4 6 8 10
Height, y 12.5 25 37.5 50 Distance, y 12 16 20 24
#/.#%043UMMARY Proportional Linear Function
Table Graph Equation
x
y y = 2x
-2 -1 1 2
y -4 -2 2 4
Direct Variations
Notice that the
_yx 2 2 2 2
O x
graph of a direct
variation, which is a
proportional linear
relationship, is a line
that passes through Nonproportional Linear Function
the origin.
Table Graph Equation
x
y y = 2x - 1
-2 -1 1 2
y -5 -3 1 3
_yx _5 3 1 _3 O x
2 2
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-4 Direct Variation 485

Example 1 1. MANUFACTURING The number of computers y
(p. 483) built varies directly as the number of hours 60
Computers
the production line operates. What is the ratio
40
of computers built to hours of production?
20
Example 2 2. TRANSPORTATION A charter bus
travels 210 miles in 3_
1
(p. 484)
hours. Assuming 0 2 4 6
x
2
that the distance traveled is directly Hours
proportional to the time traveled,
how far will the bus travel in 6 hours?
Examples 3, 4 3. Determine whether the linear function Hours, x 2 3 4 5

(p. 485) is a direct variation. If so, state the Miles, y 116 174 232 290
constant of variation.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 4. GARDENING Janelle planted 5. JOBS The amount Dusty earns
ornamental grass seeds. After is directly proportional to the
For See
Exercises Examples the grass breaks the soil surface, number of newspapers he
4–5 1 its height varies directly with delivers. How much does
6–11 2 the number of days. What is the Dusty earn for each newspaper
12–15 3, 4 rate of growth? delivery?
y y
3 6
Height (in.)
Earnings ($)
2 4
1 2
x x
0 2 4 6 0 4 8 12
Days Newspapers
6. SUBMARINES Ten minutes after a submarine is launched from a research

ship, it is 25 meters below the surface. After 30 minutes, the submarine has
descended 75 meters. At what rate is the submarine diving?
7. MOVIES The Stratton family rented 3 DVDs for $10.47. The next weekend,
they rented 5 DVDs for $17.45. What is the rental fee for a DVD?
8. MEASUREMENT Morgan used 3 gallons of paint to cover 1,050 square feet

and 5 gallons to paint an additional 1,750 square feet. How many gallons of
paint would she need to cover 2,800 square feet?
9. MEASUREMENT The weight of an object on Mars varies directly with

its weight on Earth. An object that weighs 70 pounds on Mars weighs
210 pounds on Earth. If an object weighs 160 pounds on Earth, how much
would it weigh on Mars?

10. ELECTRONICS The height of a wide-screen television screen is
directly proportional to its width. A manufacturer makes a television
screen that is 60 centimeters wide and 33.75 centimeters high. Find the
height of a television screen that is 90 centimeters wide.
11. BAKING A cake recipe requires 2_ cups of flour for 12 servings. How much
3
4
Real-World Link flour is required to make a cake that serves 30?
The aspect ratio of a
television screen
describes the ratio Determine whether each linear function is a direct variation. If so, state the
of the width of the constant of variation.
screen to the height.
Standard screens have 12. 13.
an aspect ratio of 4:3 Pictures, x 5 6 7 8 Minutes, x 200 400 600 800
while widescreen Profit, y 20 24 28 32 Cost, y 65 115 165 215
televisions have an
aspect ratio of 16:9.
Source: infoplease.com 14. 15.
Age, x 10 11 12 13 Price, x 10 15 20 25
Grade, y 5 6 7 8 Tax, y 0.70 1.05 1.40 1.75
ALGEBRA If y varies directly with x, write an equation for the direct variation.
Then find each value.
16. If y = -12 when x = 9, find y when x = -4.
17. Find y when x = 10 if y = 8 when x = 20.
18. If y = -6 when x = -14, what is the value of x when y = -4?
19. Find x when y = 25, if y = 7 when x = 8.
20. Find y when x = 5, if y = 12.6 when x = 14.
21. MEASUREMENT The number of centimeters in a measure varies directly as

the number of inches. Find the measure of an object in centimeters if it is 50
inches long.
Inches, x 6 9 12 15
%842!02!#4)#% Centimeters, y 15.24 22.86 30.48 38.10
See pages 700, 716.
22. MEASUREMENT The length of the rectangle shown
Self-Check Quiz at varies directly as its width. What is the perimeter ⫽4m
ca.gr7math.com
of a rectangle that is 10 meters long?
w ⫽ 6.4 m
H.O.T. Problems 23. OPEN ENDED Identify values for x and y in a direct variation relationship
where y = 9 when x = 16.
24. CHALLENGE The amount of stain needed to cover a wood surface is directly
proportional to the area of the surface. If 3 pints are required to cover a
square deck with a side of 7 feet, how many pints of stain are needed to
paint a square deck with a side of 10 feet 6 inches?
25. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem involving a direct

(*/
variation. Then solve your problem.
Lesson 9-4 Direct Variation 487

Samsung Electronics/Handout/Reuters/CORBIS
26. Students in a science class recorded 27. Nicole read 24 pages during a
lengths of a stretched spring, as shown 30-minute independent reading
in the table below. period. How many pages would
she read in 45 minutes?
Length of Stretched Spring
Distance Stretched, x Mass, y
F 30 H 42
(centimeters) (grams) G 36 J 48
0 0
2 12 28. To make fruit punch, Kelli must add
5 30 8 ounces of pineapple juice for every
9 54
12 ounces of orange juice. If she uses
32 ounces of orange juice, which
12 72
proportion can she use to find x, the
Which equation best represents the number of ounces of pineapple juice
relationship between the distance she should add to make the punch?
stretched x and the mass of an object A _
8
=_
32
C _
8
=_
x
on the spring y? 12 x 12 32
A y = -6x C y = -_x B _
8
= _
32
D _x
=_8
6 x 12 12 32
B y = 6x D y= _
x
6
Find the slope of each line. (Lesson 9-3)
29. y 30. y 31. y
O x O x O x
32. JOBS The function p = 7.5h describes the relationship between the
number of hours h Callie works and the amount she is paid p. Graph the
function. Then use your graph to determine how much Callie can expect
to earn if she works 20 hours. (Lesson 9-2)
33. HEALTH Many health authorities recommend that a healthy diet contains
no more than 30% of its Calories from fat. If Jennie consumes 1,500
Calories each day, what is the maximum number of Calories she should
consume from fat? (Lesson 5-3)
34. 7 + a = 15 35. 23 = d + 44 36. 28 = n - 14 37. t - 22 = -31

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Find each function value. (Lesson 9-1) Find the slope of the line that passes through
1. f(9) if f(x) = 12x 2. f(6) if f(x) = x + 7 each pair of points. (Lesson 9-3)
3. f(8) if f(x) = 2x - 8 4. f(2) if f(x) = 6x + 1 11. A(2, 5), B(3, 1)
12. C(-1, 2), D(-5, 2)
5. SCIENCE Sonar units locate objects using the 13. E(5, 2), F(2, -3)
time it takes to reflect sound waves back
from an object. The function f(x) = 727x, 14. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which graph has
where f(x) is the distance to the object in a negative slope? (Lesson 9-3)
meters and x is the time in seconds, can be F y H y
used to locate objects under water. Find
the distance to a wrecked ship if it takes
5.24 seconds for sound to reflect back. O x O x
(Lesson 9-1)
6. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which equation

G y J y
describes the function represented by
the table? (Lesson 9-1)
x y O x O x
-2 -7
0 -3
2 1
15. BAKING Ernesto baked 3 cakes in 2_ hours.
4 5
1
2
A y = 2x – 3 C y=x+4 Assuming that the number of cakes baked
is directly proportional to the number of
B y=x-3 D y = 2x + 3 hours, how many cakes can he bake in
7_
1
hours? (Lesson 9-4)
7. PICNICS Shelby is hosting a picnic. The cost 2
to rent the shelter is $25 plus $2 per person. 16. JOBS The number of gallons of water Fina
Write a function using two variables to uses is directly proportional to the number
represent the situation. Find the total cost if of dogs she washes. How many gallons of
150 people attend. (Lesson 9-1) water does she use for each dog she washes?
(Lesson 9-4)
Graph each function. (Lesson 9-2) y
8. y = x + 6 9. y = 2x - 5 12
9
Gallons
10. WATER A store sells bottles of water x in

6
packs of 6 and individual bottles of water y.
Graph the function 6x + y = 17 to determine 3
the number of each type of bottled water
Sophia can have if she buys 17 bottles of 0 1 2 3 4
x
water. (Lesson 9-2) Dogs

Explore Algebra Lab
9-5 Proportional and
Nonproportional Functions
In this lab, you will use models to develop two different functions.
Main IDEA
Compare and contrast
proportional and
nonproportional linear
functions.
Using centimeter cubes, build the two tower patterns
Standard 7AF1.5 shown.
Represent
quantitative Pattern A B
by the graph. Figures
Figure Number 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
reasoning.
Let x represent the figure number and y represent the
number of cubes in each tower. Copy and complete the
table below for each pattern. Then graph and label each
set of tower data on separate coordinate planes.
x Process y y
0 8
Number of Cubes
1 6
2
4
3
4 2
5
0 2 4 6 8 x
x
Figure Number
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Compare and contrast the models of patterns A and B.
2. Compare and contrast the processes for patterns A and B.
3. Compare and contrast the graphs of patterns A and B.
4. Which pattern represents a proportional relationship or direct
variation, and which represents a nonproportional relationship?
Explain. How can you tell this from the process shown in the table?
from the graph?

9- 5 Slope-Intercept Form
Main IDEA BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com
Graph linear equations Graph each equation listed in Equation Slope y-intercept
using the slope and the table at the right.
y-intercept. y = 3x + 2
1. Use the graphs to find the _1
y = x + (-1)
Standard slope and y-intercept of 4
7AF3.3 Graph linear
each line. Copy and y = -2x + 3
functions, noting
that the vertical change complete the table.
(change in y-value) per unit
of horizontal change 2. Compare each equation with the value of its slope. What do
(change in x-value) is you notice?
that the ratio (“rise over
run”) is called the slope
of a graph. Proportional linear functions can be written in the form y = kx, where
k is the constant of variation, or slope of the line. Nonproportional
linear functions can be written in the form y = mx + b. This is called
the slope-intercept form. When an equation is written in this form,
NEW Vocabulary m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. The y-intercept of a line is the
slope-intercept form y-coordinate of the point where the line crosses the y-axis.
y-intercept
Find Slopes and y-intercepts of Graphs

State the slope and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
_
1 y = 2x - 4
3
y=_
2
x + (-4) Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.
3
y = mx + b m= _2 , b = -4
3
The slope of the graph is _

2
, and the y-intercept is -4.
3
2 x+y=6
x+y=6 Write the original equation.
x-x+y=6-x Subtract x from each side.
y=6-x Simplify.
y = -1x + 6 Write the equation in the form y = mx + b.
Recall that -x means -1x.
y = mx + b m = -1, b = 6
The slope of the graph is -1, and the y-intercept is 6.
b. y = _x - 6
1
a. y = -5x + 3 c. y - x = 5
4
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-5 Slope-Intercept Form 491

Graph Using Slope-Intercept Form
_
3 Graph y = - 3 x - 1 using the slope and y-intercept.
2
Step 1 Find the slope and y-intercept.
y = -_
3
x-1 _
slope = - 3 , y-intercept = -1
2 2
Step 2 Graph the y-intercept -1. y
Check for Accuracy Step 3 Write the slope -_

3
as _
-3
. Use it to O x
To check your graph, 2 2
substitute the x- and locate a second point on the line. down
y-values of another 3 units
m=_
point on your graph
-3 change in y: down 3 units
into the equation. 2 change in x: right 2 units right
For Example 3, test Step 4 Draw a line through the two points. 2 units
the point (2, -4).
_
y = -3x - 1 Graph each equation.
2
_
-4 = - 3 (2) - 1
e. y = _x - 1 f. y = -_x + 2
1 4
2 d. y = x + 3
-4 = -3 - 1
2 3
-4 = -4 ✓
Graph an Equation to Solve Problems

ADVERTISING It costs $15 to design a poster and $3 to print each
poster. The cost y to print x posters is given by y = 3x + 15.
4 Graph the equation to find the number y
of posters that can be printed for $45. 60
y = 3x + 15 slope = 3, y-intercept = 15 40 (
1,18)
Plot the point (0, 15). Locate another point up
20
3 and right 1. Draw the line. The x-coordinate (0,15)
is 10 when the y-coordinate is 45, so the O 4 8 12 x
number of posters is 10.
5 Describe what the slope and y-intercept represent.
The slope 3 represents the cost in dollars per poster, and the y-intercept
15 is the one-time charge in dollars for preparing the design.
6 Is the total cost proportional to the number of posters? Explain.
Compare the ratio of total cost to number of posters for two points.
_
18
= $18 per poster _
45
= $4.50 per poster The ratios are different.
1 10
So, the total cost is not proportional to the number of posters.
Real-World Link
In the year 2000, over
$236 billion was spent
on advertising in the TRANSPORTATION A taxi fare y can be determined by the equation
United States. y = 0.50x + 3.50, where x is the number of miles traveled.
Source: McCann-Erickson,
Inc. g. Graph the equation to find the cost of traveling 8 miles.
h. What do the slope and y-intercept represent?
i. Is the total fare proportional to the number of miles? Explain.

Juan Silva/Getty Images
Examples 1, 2 State the slope and the y-intercept for the graph of each equation.
2. y = -_x - _
(p. 491) 1 1
1. y = x + 2 3. 2x + y = 3
6 2
Example 3 Graph each equation using the slope and the y-intercept.
4. y = _x - 2 5. y = -_x + 1
(p. 492) 1 5
6. y = -2x + 5
3 2
Examples 4–6 MONEY MATTERS For Exercises 7–9, use the following information.
(p. 492) Lydia borrowed $90 from her mother and plans to pay her mother $10 per
week. The equation for the amount of money y Lydia owes her mother is
y = 90 - 10x, where x is the number of weeks after the loan.
7. Graph the equation to find the amount Lydia owes her mother after
4 weeks.
8. What do the slope and x-intercept represent?
9. Is the amount owed proportional to the number of weeks? Explain.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 State the slope and the y-intercept for the graph of each equation.
12. y = _x - 6
1
For See 10. y = 3x + 4 11. y = -5x + 2
2
13. y = -_x - _
14. y - 2x = 8 15. 3x + y = -4
10–15 1, 2 7 7
16–21 3
Graph each equation using the slope and the y-intercept.
22–27 4–6
16. y = _x - 5 17. y = -x + _ 18. y = -_x + 1
1 3 4
3 2 3
_
3
19. y = x - 4 20. y + 2x = -3.5 21. 1.5 = y - 3x
2
BOATING For Exercises 22–24, use the following information.

The Lakeside Marina charges a $35 rental fee for a boat, in addition to charging
$15 an hour for usage. The total cost y of renting a boat for x hours can be
represented by the equation y = 15x + 35.
22. Graph the equation to find the total cost for a 3-hour rental.
23. What do the slope and the y-intercept represent?
24. Is the total cost proportional to the number of hours? Explain.
SPACE SCIENCE For Exercises 25–27, use the following information.

From 4,074 meters above Earth, a space shuttle glides to the runway. Let
y = 4,074 - 47x represent the altitude of the shuttle after x seconds.
25. Graph the equation to find the shuttle’s altitude after 50 seconds.
26. What do the slope and y-intercept represent?
27. Is the altitude propotional to the number of seconds? Explain.
Lesson 9-5 Slope-Intercept Form 493

28. INSECTS The equation y = 15x + 37 can be used to approximate the
temperature y in degrees Fahrenheit based on the number of chirps x a
cricket makes in 15 seconds. Graph the equation to estimate the number of
chirps a cricket will make in 15 seconds if the temperature is 80°F.
GEOMETRY For Exercises 29–31, use

the supplementary angles at the right.
29. Write the equation in slope-intercept form. y˚ x˚
x ⫹ y ⫽ 180˚
30. Graph the equation.
31. Is the relationship between supplementary angles proportional? Explain.
For Exercises 32–34, use the graph at the right. y
32. What is the slope of the line?

33. Identify the y-intercept of the graph. O x
34. What is an equation of the line in
slope-intercept form?
WEATHER For Exercises 35–37, use the
%842!02!#4)#%
The equation y = 1.5x + 2 can be used to find the total rainfall in y inches
x hours after 12:00 P.M. during a tropical storm.
See pages 700, 716.
Self-Check Quiz at 36. State the slope and y-intercept and describe what they represent.
ca.gr7math.com
37. Name the x-intercept and describe what it represents.
H.O.T. Problems 38. OPEN ENDED Draw the graph of a line that has a y-intercept but no
x-intercept. What is the slope of the line?
39. FIND THE ERROR The table shows Time (s) Temperature (°C)
the results of a science experiment in 0 100°
which water is heated until it is boiling
15 99°
then removed from the heat source.
30 98°
Whose conclusion is correct? Explain.
45 97°
The temperature The temperature is

is proportional to the not proportional to the
amount of time. amount of time.
Aurelio Chantel
40. CHALLENGE A triangle’s original vertices are located at (3, 0), (4, -3), and (1, -4).
The triangle is translated 1 unit to the right and 3 units up. It is then reflected
across the graph of y = x + 1. Determine the new vertices of the triangle.
41. REASONING What is the slope and y-intercept of a vertical line?

(l)Rob Crandall/The Image Works, (r)David Young–Wolff/PhotoEdit
42. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a real-world problem that involves a linear
(*/
equation in slope-intercept form. Graph the equation. Explain the meaning
of the slope and y-intercept.
43. Which best represents the graph of 44. Which statement could be true for the
y = 3x + 4? graph below?
y
A 4 y C 4 y
3 3
Total Earnings
3000
2 2
1 1
2000
21 O 1 2 3 4x 321 O 1 2 3 x
1 1 1000
2 2
x
y y 0 10 20 30
B 2 D 4
1 3 Sales (thousands of dollars)
2
321 O 1 2 3 x 1
1 F Mr. Blackwell will earn $1,750 if his
2
4321 O 1 2 x sales are $10,000.
3 1
4 2 G Ms. Chu will not earn any money
if she has no sales.
H Mr. Montoya earns $250 for every
$1,000 he sells.
J Ms. James earns $2,500 if she sells
$2,500 worth of merchandise.
45. BICYCLING Angel rides her bike 25 miles in 2_ hours. How long will it
1
2
take her to ride 60 miles? (Lesson 9-4)
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. (Lesson 9-3)
46. M(4, 3), N(-2, 1) 47. S(-5, 4), T(-7, 1) 48. X(-9, 5), Y(-2, 5)
49. MEASUREMENT The function y = 0.39x approximates the number of

centimeters y in x inches. Make a function table. Then graph
the function. (Lesson 9-2)
50. MEASUREMENT When filled to capacity, a cylindrical silo can hold 8,042
cubic feet of grain. The circumference C of the silo is approximately 50.3
feet. Find the height h of the silo to the nearest foot. (Lesson 7-5)
53. -_p - 7 = -3 54. 4 - _x = 20

1 1
51. 3a - 12 = -3 52. -2 = -n + 4
3 5
Lesson 9-5 Slope-Intercept Form 495

Extend Graphing Calculator Lab
9-5 Modeling Linear Behavior
Many situations in the real world exhibit linear behavior or behavior in
Main IDEA which equal changes in one quantity produce approximately equal
Use technology to changes in another quantity. In this activity, you will examine a situation
investigate situations to
determine if they display
using a data collection device and a graphing calculator to determine if
linear behavior. this situation displays linear behavior.
Standard 7AF1.5
Represent
quantitative
1 Connect a motion detector to your calculator. Start the data
in the situation represented collection program by pressing APPS (CBL/CBR) ENTER ,
by the graph. and then select RANGER, Applications, Meters, Dist Match.
Standard 7MR3.3 Develop
generalizations of the results
obtained and the strategies Place the detector on a desk or table so that it can read the
used and apply them to new
problem situations.
motion of a walker.
Mark the floor at a distance of 1 and 6 meters from the

detector. Have a partner stand at the 1-meter mark.
When you press the

button to begin
collecting data, have
your partner begin to
walk away from the
detector at a slow
but steady pace.
Stop collecting data

when your partner
passes the 6-meter
mark.
Press ENTER to display

a graph of the data. The x-values represent equal
intervals of time in seconds. The y-values represent
the distances from the detector in meters.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Describe the DISTANCE graph of the collected data. Does the
relationship between time and distance appear to be linear? Explain.
2. Use the TRACE feature on your calculator to find the y-intercept on
the graph. Interpret its meaning.
496 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions Other Calculator Keystrokes at ca.gr7math.com

Horizons Companies
3. Press STAT 1 and record the time data from List L1 List L2
L1 and the distance data from L2 in a table like
the one shown. Then use these data to calculate
_ for several pairs of
the rate of change distance
time
points. What do you notice?
4. Does your answer to Exercise 3 support your
conclusion about the graph in Exercise 1? Explain.
5. MAKE A PREDICTION Predict how your graph and answers to Exercise
3 would change if the person in the activity were to
a. move at a steady but quick pace away from the detector.
b. move at a steady but slow pace toward the detector.
6. COLLECT THE DATA Repeat the activity and answer Questions 1
through 3 again for each of the situations described in Exercise 5.
7. MAKE A CONJECTURE How could you change the situation to be one
that does not display linear behavior?
8. COLLECT THE DATA Repeat the activity and answer Questions 1
through 3 again for the situation you described in Exercise 7.
Families of graphs are graphs that are related in some manner. In this
activity, you will study families of linear graphs.
2 Clear any existing equations from

Window
the Y= list by pressing CLEAR .
Pressing ZOOM 6
changes the viewing
Enter each of the following
window for a graph equations: y = -2x + 4,
to be [-10, 10] y = -2x + 1, and y = -2x – 3.
scl:1 by [-10, 10]
scl:1
Press ZOOM 6 to graph the equations.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

9. Compare the three equations and their graphs.
10. MAKE A CONJECTURE Consider equations of the form y = ax + b,
where the value of a is constant but the value of b varies. What
do you think is true for the graphs of these equations?
11. Use your calculator to graph y = 2x + 3, y = -x + 3, and
y = -3x + 3. Compare the three equations and their graphs.
12. MAKE A CONJECTURE Consider equations of the form y = ax + b,
where the value of a varies but the value of b remains constant. What
do you think is true for the graphs of these equations?
Extend 9-5 Graphing Calculator Lab: Modeling Linear Behavior 497

9- 6 Writing Systems of Equations
and Inequalities
Main IDEA
Write systems of equations Two Internet sites sell the same product for the same price, but their
and inequalities.
shipping charges differ as shown in the table.
Standard 7AF1.1
Use variables and
Internet Base Charge
appropriate Site Charge per Pound
A $3.00 $1.00
inequality, or a system of B $1.00 $2.00
equations or inequalities
that represents a verbal
description (e.g. three less The shipping charges can be represented by the following equations
than a number, half as large and tables where x represents the number of pounds, and y
as area A).
represents the shipping charge.
Internet Site A Internet Site B
y=x+3 y = 2x + 1
NEW Vocabulary
x y=x+3 y (x, y) x y = 2x + 1 y (x, y)
system of equations
0 0+3 3 (0, 3) 0 2(0) + 1 1 (0, 1)
system of inequalities
1 1+3 4 (1, 4) 1 2(1) + 1 3 (1, 3)
2 2+3 5 (2, 5) 2 2(2) + 1 5 (2, 5)
3 3+3 6 (3, 6) 3 2(3) + 1 7 (3, 7)
For Questions 1–3, refer to the tables above.

1. For what number of pounds are the shipping charges the same?
2. For what number of pounds are the shipping charges for Internet
Site A less than the ones for Internet Site B?
3. For what number of pounds are the shipping charges for Internet
Site A greater than Internet Site B?
For Questions 4 and 5, refer to the graphs 5
y
of the equations at the right. 4
3 2x 1
4. At what point do the two lines intersect? 2
x 3
1
54321 O 1 2 3 4 5x
1
5. What does this ordered pair represent? 2
3
4
5
Together, the equations y = x + 3 and y = 2x + 1 are called a system of

equations. There are two equations and two different unknowns, x and y.
The solution of a system of equations is an ordered pair that satisfies
each equation.

Writing Systems of Equations
System of Equations 1 MOVIES Seven adults and children went to the movies. The number
When writing the of adults was one more than the number of children. Write a system
system, it is important
to keep like variables
of equations that represents the number of adults and children.
lined up in relation to Let a = the number of adults, and let c = the number of children.
each other.
number of number of total number
adults plus children equals of people.
a + c = 7
number of number of
adults equals children plus one.
a = c + 1
So, the system of equations is a + c = 7 and a = c + 1.
a. MONEY Jerry has a total of five nickels and dimes in his pocket. The
value of the coins is 35 cents. Write a system of equations that
represents the number of coins Jerry has.
A system of inequalities is similar to a system of equations except that

it contains the symbol <, ≤, >, or ≥.
Writing Systems of Inequalities

2 ADVERTISING Jeremy wants to advertise in the classified section
of two newspapers. He wants to spend less than $35 per
newspaper. Newspaper A charges a fee of $5 per day, plus $2.25 per
line. Newspaper B charges a fee of $4 per day plus $3.50 per line.
Write a system of inequalities to represent what Jeremy will spend
for advertising.
Let x = the number of lines used, and let y = the number of days the
ad runs.
Cost per line times cost per day times is less
number of lines plus number of days than $35.
2.25x + 5y < 35
3.50x + 4y < 35
So, the system of inequalities is.
2.25x + 5y < 35
3.50x + 4y < 35.
b. The number of dimes and quarters is more than 15, but the value of
the coins when added together is less than $5. Write a system of
inequalities that represents the number of coins. (Hint: Remember
that the value of a dime is $0.10 and the value of a quarter is $0.25.)
Lesson 9-6 Writing Systems of Equations and Inequalities 499

Example 1 1. AGE The sum of Sally’s age plus twice Jerry’s age is 48. The difference of
(p. 499) Sally’s age minus Jerry’s age is 3. Write a system of equations that
represents their ages.
2. BASKETBALL In 2006, Vince Carter and Jason Kidd cost the New Jersey Nets
a total of approximately $33 million. If Jason Kidd makes $3 million dollars
more than Vince Carter, write a system of equations that represents their
salaries.
Example 2 3. CELL PHONES Shantel is considering two rate plans that a cell phone
(p. 499) company offers. Plan A offers a standard basic charge plus $0.15 per minute
used. Plan B offers the same basic charge plus $15 with unlimited minutes.
She needs to spend less than $39 per month. Write a system of inequalities
to represent the plans.
4. LANDSCAPING A homeowner is going to
Coverage
seed a new lawn and cover it with straw. Units
(sq. ft)
The lawn is 3,500 square feet. He can only Seed (S) 1 bag 2,000
fit a total of 4 bags of seed or bales of straw Straw (R) 1 bale 436
in his vehicle at a time. Write a system of
inequalities to represent the situation.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write a system of equations that represents each situation.

For See 5. PETS A pet store currently has a total of 45 cats and dogs. There are 7 more
Exercises Examples cats than dogs.
5–7 1 6. PARKS The city park has ordered a total of 22 maple and oak trees to be
8–10 2 planted. The total cost for the trees is $620, with maples costing $25 each
and oaks costing $32 each.
7. TRACK There are 63 athletes on the high school track teams. There are 7
more girls than boys on the team.
Write a system of inequalities that represents each situation.

8. ELECTRONICS A store is ordering two types of stereos. They want to make a
total profit of more than $4,800. Model A stereo sells for a profit of $35, and
Model B stereo sells for a profit of $75. The store plans on selling at least
110 stereos.
9. SCHOOL SUPPLIES The teacher tries to keep at least 50 pens and pencils in
%842!02!#4)#% the classroom for students. He likes there to be at least ten more pencils
See page 701, 716. than pens.
10. APPLIANCES A delivery truck can fit no more than 20 washers and dryers at
Self-Check Quiz at a time. Washers weigh 175 pounds and dryers weigh 155 pounds. The
ca.gr7math.com
truck’s maximum capacity is 3,300 pounds.

H.O.T. Problems 11. CHALLENGE The solution of a system of y
5
inequalities is the set of all ordered pairs 4
that satisfies both inequalities. 3
2
a. Write a system of inequalities for 1
the graph at the right. 1 O
5543221 1 2 3 4 5x
1
b. List three solutions of the system. 2
3
12. */ -!4( Write a real-world
(*/
83 *5*/( 4
55
problem that could be represented by a
system of equations or inequalities.
Explain how the system would be helpful
in the situation.
13. Claire baked 36 cookies. There are 14. Which inequality represents the
8 more chocolate chip cookies than statement “A number n decreased by
peanut butter. Which system can be 11 is greater than or equal to 53”?
used to find the number of each type F 11 - n ≤ 53
of cookie?
G 11 - n ≥ 53
A c + p = 36 C c+p=8
H n - 11 ≥ 53
p=c+8 p = c + 36
J n - 11 ≤ 53
B c + p = 36 D c+p=8
c=p+8 c = p + 36
READING For Exercises 15–17, use the following information. (Lesson 9-5)
Eric has read 30 pages of a novel. He plans to read 50 pages every evening until he is
finished. The equation y = 30 + 50x can be used to represent the number of pages y
Eric has read after x days.
16. Use the graph to find the number of pages Eric will have read after 6 days.
17. What do the slope and y-intercept represent?
18. TRAVEL One and a half hours after leaving its main station, a commuter train has
traveled 202.5 miles. At this rate, how far will the train travel after 5 hours? (Lesson 9-4)
For the given value, state whether each inequality is true or false. (Lesson 8-6)
19. 18 - n > 4, n = 11 20. 13 + x < 21, x = 8 21. 34 ≤ 5p, p = 7 22. _

a
≥ 3, a = -12
-4
23. PREREQUISITE SKILL A display of video game boxes is stacked in the shape of a pyramid.
There are 5 boxes in the top row, 7 boxes in the second row, 9 boxes in the third row,
and so on. The display contains 10 rows of boxes. How many boxes are in the display?
Use the look for a pattern strategy. (Lesson 2-8)
Lesson 9-6 Writing Systems of Equations and Inequalities 501

9- 7 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by using a graph.
explain mathematical reasoning. Standard 7SDAP1.2 Represent two numerical variables on a scatterplot and informally
describe how the data points are distributed and any apparent relationship that exists between the two variables (e.g.,
between time spent on homework and grade level).
e-MAIL: USE A GRAPH

YOUR MISSION: Use a graph to solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: Are the highest-rated bikes the most

expensive?
JULIA: I am planning to buy a mountain
▲
bike. I found a graph with the ratings and
the prices of 8 different bikes.
EXPLORE You want to know whether the

-OUNTAIN"IKES
highest-rated bikes are the
most expensive.

0RICE

2ATING
PLAN Study the graph.

SOLVE The graph shows that the highest-rated bike is not the most expensive bike. Also,
the prices of the two bikes with the second-highest rating vary considerably.
CHECK Look at the graph. The dot farthest to the right is not the highest on the graph.
1. Explain why the bike represented by (48, 300) might be the best bike to buy.
2. Find a graph in a newspaper or magazine, or on the Internet. Write a

sentence explaining the information contained in the graph.

For Exercises 3 and 4, solve by using a graph. EDUCATION For Exercises 6 and 7, use the
3. STATISTICS Teenagers were asked which they table below.
spent more time using: their computer, their
Students per Computer in U.S. Public Schools
video game system, or both equally. The
Year Students Year Students
graph shows the results of the survey. How
1991 20 1996 10
many teenagers were surveyed?
1992 18 1997 7.8
-OST4IME3PENT 1993 16 1998 6.1
ON%LECTRONIC%NTERTAINMENT 1994 14 1999 5.7
70
60
1995 10.5 2000 5.4
Number of
Teenagers
50
40
30 Source: National Center for Education Statistics
20
10
0 6. Make a graph of the data.
Computer Video Both
Games Equally 7. Describe how the number of students per
Type of Entertainment
computer changed from 1991 to 2000.
4. STATISTICS A zoologist studied extinction 8. ALGEBRA Cost of

times in years of birds on an island. Make a The blue line
Money (dollars)
120 production
graph of the data. Does the bird with the shows the cost
80
greatest average number of nests have the of producing Amount from
greatest extinction time? T-shirts. The 40 sales
green line
Average Number Extinction 0
Bird
of Nests Time (yr)
shows the amount 4 8 12 16
of money received Number of T-shirts
Cuckoo 1.4 2.5
from the sale of the T-shirts. How many
Magpie 4.5 10.0
shirts must be sold to make a profit?
Swallow 3.8 2.6
Robin 3.3 4.0
Stonechat 3.6 2.4
Blackbird 4.7 3.3
Tree Sparrow 2.2 1.9 For Exercises 9 and 10, select the appropriate
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 5–8. Some selection(s) and solve the problem.
strategies are shown below. 9. COLLEGE Caton’s big brother has a full
scholarship for tuition, books, and room
G STRATEGIES and board for four years of college. The
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan. total scholarship is $87,500. Room and
rn. board cost $9,500 per year. His books cost
• Use a graph.
about $750 per year. What is the cost of his
yearly tuition?
5. MONEY Ming is towing a boat on the back 10. STATISTICS The results of a survey showed
of his minivan. Normally he gets 26 miles that 34% of eighth graders wanted to take
per gallon, but pulling the boat decreases an extra language class. The school’s policy
his fuel consumption by 10 miles per gallon. says that there must be at least 32 students
If gasoline costs $2.75 per gallon, about how interested in the class. If 105 eighth graders
much more does a 520-mile trip cost to pull were surveyed, is this enough students for
the boat? an extra language class?
Lesson 9-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Use a Graph 503

9-8 Scatter Plots
Main IDEA
Construct and interpret Measure a partner’s height in inches.
scatter plots. Then ask your partner to stand with his
or her arms extended parallel to the
Standard 7SDAP1.2
Represent two floor. Measure the distance from the
numerical variables end of the longest finger on one hand
on a scatterplot and
informally describe how the
to the longest finger on the other hand.
data points are distributed Write these measures as the ordered
and any apparent pair (height, arm span) on the board.
relationship that exists
between the two variables 1. Graph each of the ordered pairs
(e.g., between time spent on
homework and grade level).
listed on the board.
2. Examine the graph. Do you think there is a relationship between
height and arm span? Explain.
NEW Vocabulary A scatter plot is a graph that shows the relationship, if any relationship
exists, between two sets of data. In this type of graph, two sets of data
scatter plot
line of fit are graphed as ordered pairs on a coordinate plane. Scatter plots often
show a pattern, trend, or relationship between the variables.
#/.#%043UMMARY Types of Relationships
Positive Relationship Negative Relationship No Relationship

y y y
O x O x O x
As x increases, As x increases, No obvious pattern

y increases. y decreases.
Identify a Relationship
1 Explain whether the scatter plot of the
Distance Traveled (mi)

data for the hours traveled in a car and
the distance traveled shows a positive,
negative, or no relationship.
As the number of hours you travel

increases, the distance traveled increases.
Therefore, the scatter plot shows a Hours Traveled (h)
positive relationship.

Laura Sifferlin
2 Explain whether the scatter plot
Weight at Birth
10
of the data for the month of birth 8
6
and birth weight show a positive,
4
negative, or no relationship. 2
0
Birth weight does not depend y y il y e y t r r r r
ar ar rch pr a un Jul gus be obe be be
nu ru a A M J m m
Au ptem Oct ve ece
on the month of birth. Ja Feb M
No D
Se
Therefore, the scatter plot Month
shows no relationship.
y
60
Temperature (˚F)
a. Explain whether the scatter plot of the
data for time and temperature shows a 40
positive, negative, or no relationship. 20
0 10 20 30 x
Time (min)
A line of fit is a line that is very close to most of the data points.
Real-World Link
The Great Lakes
(Superior, Michigan, Line of Fit
Huron, Erie, and
Ontario) and their
connecting waterways LAKES The water temperatures at various depths in a lake are given.
form the largest inland
water transportation Water Depth 0 10 20 25 30 35 40 50
system in the world. Temperature (°F) 75 72 71 64 61 58 53 53
Source: The World Book
3 Make a scatter plot using 80
the data. Then draw a line
Temperature (°F)
that best seems to represent 70

(25, 64)
the data. 60 (35, 58)
Graph each of the data points. 50
Draw a line that fits the data. 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
4 Write an equation for this line of fit. Water Depth (feet)
Estimation Drawing The line passes through points at (25, 64) and (35, 58). Use these
a line of fit using the points to find the slope, or rate of change, of the line.
method in this lesson
y -y
is an estimation.
Therefore, it is
m=_2
x -x
1
Definition of slope
2 1
possible to draw
different lines to m=_
58 - 64
(x 1, y 1) = (25, 64), (x 2, y 2) = (35, 58)
approximate the 35 - 25
same data. _
m = -6 or -_3 _
The slope is - 3 , and the y-intercept is 79.
10 5 5
The y-intercept is 79 because the line of fit crosses the y-axis at about
the point (0, 79).
y = mx + b Slope-intercept form
_
y = - 3 x + 79
5
The equation for the line of fit is y = -_
3
x + 79.
5
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 9-8 Scatter Plots 505

Phil Schermeister/CORBIS
5 Use the equation to predict the temperature at a depth of 55 feet.
y = -_
3
x + 79 Equation for the line of fit
5
y = -_
3
(55) + 79 or 46 The temperature will be about 46°F.
5
EDUCATION The approximate numbers of high school graduates in

Texas over a 10-year period are shown in the table.
Graduating Number of Graduating Number of
Class Graduates Class Graduates
1994 163,000 1999 203,000
1995 169,000 2000 213,000
1996 172,000 2001 215,000
1997 182,000 2002 225,000
1998 197,000 2003 238,000
Source: Texas Education Agency
b. Make a scatter plot of the data. Then draw a line that represents
the data.
c. Write an equation for a line of fit.
d. Use the equation to predict the number of graduates for the
graduating class of 2015.
Examples 1, 2 Explain whether the scatter plot of the data for each of the following shows a
(pp. 504–505) positive, negative, or no relationship.
1. y 2. y
Fuel Remaining (gal)
Units Produced
60 12
40 8
20 4
0 10 20 30 40 x 0 100 200 300 x

Time (hr) Distance Traveled (mi)
Examples 3–5 EDUCATION For Exercises Enrollment in U.S. Public and Private Schools (millions)
(pp. 505–506) 3–5, use the table. Year Students Year Students Year Students
3. Draw a scatter plot for 1900 15.5 1940 25.4 1980 41.7
the data and draw a 1910 17.8 1950 25.1 1990 40.5
line of fit. 1920 21.6 1960 35.2 2000 46.9
4. Write an equation for 1930 25.7 1970 45.6
the line of fit.
5. Estimate the enrollment in public and private schools in 2010.
506 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Explain whether the scatter plot of the data for each of the following shows
a positive, negative, or no relationship.
For See
Exercises Examples 6. y 7. y
Keyboard Speed (wpm)

6–9 1, 2 40 40
Mileage (mpg)
10–15 3–5
30 30
20 20
10 10
2 4 6 8 x 2 4 6 8 x
0 0
Experience (weeks) Engine Size (L)
8. y 9.
100-Meter Dash Speed (s)
12 90
Test Score
11.6 80
11.2 70
10.8 60
x 10 20 30 40
0 7 8 9 10 0
Shoe Size Study Time (minutes)
FOOD For Exercises 10–12, Nutritional Information of

use the table at the right. Commercial Muffins
10. Draw a scatter plot for the Muffin Fat

Calories
(brand) (grams)
data. Then draw a line of fit.
A 2 250
11. Write an equation for the
B 3 300
line of fit.
C 4 260
12. Use your equation to D 14 410
estimate the number of fat E 15 390
grams in a muffin with
F 10 300
350 Calories.
G 18 430
H 23 480
I 20 490
LIFE EXPECTANCY For Exercises 13–15, use the following table.

Year Born 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1999 2000
Life Expectancy 47.3 50.0 54.1 59.7 62.9 68.2 69.7 70.8 73.7 75.4 76.7 77.1
13. Draw a scatter plot for the data. Then draw a line that seems to best fit
the data.
14. Write an equation for your line of fit.
15. Use the equation to predict the life expectancy for a person born in 2020.
Lesson 9-8 Scatter Plots 507

CORBIS
Explain whether a scatter plot of the data for each of the following would
show a positive, negative, or no relationship.
16. length of a side of a square and perimeter of the square
17. grade in school and number of pets
18. length of time for a shower and amount of water used
19. outside temperature and amount of heating bill
BASEBALL For Exercises 20–22, Home Runs

use the table at the right. Player
Runs Batted In
20. Make a scatter plot of the data A. Jones 51 128
to show the relationship A. Rodriguez 48 130
between home runs and runs D. Ortiz 47 148
batted in. D. Lee 46 107
21. Explain whether you can draw M. Ramirez 45 144
a line of fit to approximate M. Teixeira 43 144
the data. A. Pujols 41 117
22. Could you predict the number of A. Dunn 40 101
runs batted in for a player if you P. Konerko 40 100
are given the number of home R. Sexton 39 121
runs hit by that player? Explain. Source: mlb.com
23. SCHOOL Determine the relationship a scatter plot of the data might show.
Explain.
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
%842!02!#4)#% Quiz Score 91 91 84 85 90 87 86 97 97
See pages 701, 716.
Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data and make a scatter plot with a line of fit. Use your
ca.gr7math.com
graph to make predictions about unlisted data.
H.O.T. Problems 25. OPEN ENDED Give an example of data that y
could be represented by the scatter plot at

the right.
26. NUMBER SENSE Suppose a scatter plot shows

that as the values of x decrease, the values
of y decrease. Does the scatter plot show
a positive, negative, or no relationship?
O x

sometimes, or never true. Justify your answer.
A scatter plot that shows a positive relationship
suggests that the relationship is proportional.
28. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why a scatter plot of skateboard sales and
(*/
swimsuit sales for each month of the year might show a positive
relationship. Does this mean that one factor caused the other? Explain.

29. A car owner tracked the value of a car 30. The scatter plot shows the cost of fruit
using a scatter plot. Franco bought from a produce stand
,IFETIME6ALUEOF#AR in relation to the weight of the fruit.
#OSTOF&RUIT

THOUSANDSOFDOLLARS

6ALUE

#OST

!GEYEARS &RUITLB
Which description best represents the Based on the information in the graph,
relationship of the car’s value? which statement is a valid conclusion?
A negative trend F As Franco bought more pieces of
fruit, the cost of the fruit increased.
B no trend
G As Franco bought fewer pieces of
C positive trend
fruit, the cost of the fruit decreased.
D cannot be determined
H As Franco bought fewer pounds of
fruit, the number of pieces of fruit
decreased.
J As Franco bought more pounds of
fruit, the cost of the fruit increased.
CITIES For Exercises 31–33, use the table. (Lesson 9-7) Largest U.S. Cities
31. Make a graph of the data. City 2000 1950

New York, NY 8,010,000 7,890,000
32. Describe how the population of Detroit, Michigan,
Los Angeles, CA 3,690,000 1,970,000
changed from 1950 to 2000.
Chicago, IL 2,900,000 3,620,000
33. Which city had the greatest percent increase
Houston, TX 1,950,000 600,000
from 1950 to 2000?
Philadelphia, PA 1,520,000 2,070,000
34. SPORTS There are a total of 36 baseballs and Phoenix, AZ 1,320,000 110,000
softballs in a bin. There are 5 more softballs San Diego, CA 1,220,000 330,000
than baseballs. Write a system of equations Dallas, TX 1,190,000 430,000
that represents the situation. (Lesson 9-6) San Antonio, TX 1,150,000 410,000
Detroit, MI 950,000 1,850,000
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 8-5) Source: U.S. Census Bureau
35. 2x + 16 = 6x 36. 4a - 9 = 7a + 6
37. 5y - 1 = 3y + 11 38. n + 0.8 = -n + 1
Lesson 9-8 Scatter Plots 509

9-8 Scatter Plots
A graphing calculator is useful for creating and analyzing scatter plots
Main IDEA of large sets of data.
Create scatter plots and
calculate lines of fit using
technology.
Standard 7SDAP1.2
Represent two
numerical variables
on a scatter plot and
1 LEISURE The tables give the weekly number of hours spent
informally describe how the watching television and weekly number of hours spent exercising
data points are distributed for each person in a survey. Make a scatter plot of the data.
and any apparent
relationship that exists
between the two variables Weekly Television (h) 17 20 11 10 15 38 5 25
(e.g., between time spent on 5 4.5 7.5 8 6.5 1 7.5 3
Weekly Exercise (h)
homework and grade level).
Weekly Television (h) 25 32 5 17 40 28 20 30
charts, graphs, tables, Weekly Exercise (h) 2.5 3.5 6 7 0.5 5 4 1.5
reasoning.
Clear the existing data by pressing STAT ENTER
CLEAR ENTER .
Next enter the data. Input the number of weekly hours

spent watching television in L1 and press ENTER . Then
enter the weekly hours spent exercising in L2.
Turn on the statistical plot by

pressing 2nd [STAT PLOT]
ENTER ENTER Select the
scatter plot and confirm L1
as the Xlist, L2 as the Ylist,
and the square as the mark.
Graph the data by pressing

ZOOM 9. Use the Trace
feature and the left and right
arrow keys to move from one
point to another.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Describe how the data are related. Explain your reasoning.
510 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions Other Calculator Keystrokes at ca.gr7math.com

2. WEATHER Use a graphing calculator to make a scatter plot of the
following weather data. Store the data in L3 and L4 and use Plot 2 to
create the graph. Then determine whether the data have a positive,
negative, or no relationship. Explain your reasoning.
Average Monthly
77 42 45 55 57 63 76 65
Temperature (°F)
Average Monthly
6.0 4.8 7 3.2 6.8 4.8 5.7 7.2
Rainfall (in.)
Average Monthly
67 73 51 81 84 86 64 43
Temperature (°F)
Average Monthly
2.6 5.5 5.9 6.3 7.9 4.2 6.3 4.5
Rainfall (in.)
2 LEISURE Find and graph a line of fit for the data in Activity 1.
Access the CALC menu by pressing STAT .
Select 4 to find a line of fit in

the form y = ax + b. Press 2nd
[L1] , 2nd [L2] ENTER to find
a line of fit for the data in lists
L1 and L2.
Graph the line of fit in Y1 by

pressing and then VARS
5 to access the Statistics… menu.
Use the and ENTER keys to
select EQ and then press 1 to
select RegEQ, the line of fit
equation. Finally, press '2!0( .
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

3. MAKE A PREDICTION Use the TRACE feature to predict the average
number of hours of exercise someone who watches 35 hours of
television would get.
4. COLLECT THE DATA Collect a set of data that can be represented in
a scatter plot. Enter the data in a graphing calculator. Determine
whether the data have a positive, negative, or no relationship. Then
use the calculator to find a line of fit and to make a prediction.
Extend 9-8 Graphing Calculator Lab: Scatter Plots 511

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Study Guide
9 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
constant of variation rise (p. 477)
Be sure the following (p. 483)
-INEAR run (p. 477)
Key Concepts are noted 'UNCTIONS
in your Foldable. direct variation (p. 483) scatter plot (p. 504)
domain (p. 466) slope (p. 477)
function (p. 465) slope-intercept form (p. 491)
Key Concepts function table (p. 466) system of equations
linear function (p. 472) (p. 498)
Functions (Lessons 9-1 and 9-2)
• A function is a relationship in which one value is line of fit (p. 505) y-intercept (p. 491)
dependent upon another. range (p. 466)
• Functions can be represented by words,
equations, tables, ordered pairs, and graphs.
Slope (Lesson 9-3)

• The slope m of a line passing through points
(x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2) is the ratio of the difference in
Vocabulary Check
the y-coordinates to the corresponding difference Choose the correct term or number to
in the x-coordinates. complete each sentence.
Direct Variation (Lesson 9-4) 1. The (domain, range) is the set of input
• A direct variation is a relationship in which the values of a function.
ratio of y to x is a constant, k.
2. The range is the set of (input, output)
Slope-Intercept Form (Lesson 9-5) values of a function.
• An equation written in slope-intercept form is 3. A relationship where one thing depends
written as y = mx + b. on another is called a (function, slope).
• When an equation is written in slope-intercept 4. A (scatter plot, function table) is a graph
form, m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. that shows the relationship between two
sets of data.
Systems of Equations (Lesson 9-6)
• Two equations together are called a system of 5. The (x-intercept, y-intercept) has the
equations. coordinates (0, b).
Scatter Plots (Lesson 9-8)

6. The slope formula is _ (y - y
_
2
x2 - x1 , y2 - y1 .
1 x2 - x1
)
• In a positive relationship, x increases and y 7. A line that is very close to most of the data
increases. points in a scatter plot is called a (line of
• In a negative relationship, x increases and y fit, y-intercept).
decreases. 8. The (rise, run) is the vertical change
• In a no relationship, no obvious pattern exists between two points on a line.
between x and y.
9. A(n) (dependent, independent) variable is
the variable for the output of a function.
512 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

9-1 Functions (pp. 465–469)
Find each function value. Example 1 Complete the function table

10. f(3) if f(x) = 3x + 1 for f(x) = 2x - 1. Then state the domain
and range of the function.
11. f(-11) if f(x) = -2x
12. f(2) if f(x) = _x - 4
1 x 2x - 1 f(x)
2
-2 2(-2) - 1 -5
13. FITNESS Wilson’s Fitness Club charges 0 2(0) - 1 -1
$20 for a membership fee plus $28 a 1 2(1) - 1 1
month. Write a function to represent 5 2(5) - 1 9
the cost c for n months. How much
would it cost if you belonged to the Domain: {-2, 0, 1, 5}
club for 9 months? Range: {-5, -1, 1, 9}
14. Complete the function table for f(x) =
3x + 2. Then state the domain and the
range of the function.
x 3x + 2 y
-2
0
1
5
9-2 Representing Linear Functions (pp. 471–476)
Graph each function. Example 2 Graph y = 3 - x.

15. y = -2x + 1 x 3-x y (x, y)
y
16. y = _x - 2
1
2 -1 3 - (-1) 4 (-1, 4)
0 3-0 3 (0, 3) y 3 x
17. MEASUREMENT The function
y = 4x represents the perimeter y 2 3-2 1 (2, 1)
O x
of a square with sides x units long. 3 3-3 0 (3, 0)
Graph the function.
18. CANDY A regular fruit smoothie x costs
$1.50, and a large fruit smoothie y costs
$3. Graph the function 1.5x + 3y = 12
to determine how many of each type of
fruit smoothie Lisa can buy with $12.

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9-3 Slope (pp. 477–482)
Find the slope of each line that passes Example 3 Find the slope of the
through each pair of points. line that passes through A(-3, 2) and
19. A(-2, 3), B(-1, 5) B(5, -1).
y -y
20. G(6, 2), H(1, 5) m=_2
x -x
1
Definition of slope
2 1
21. Q(2, 1), R(3, -5)
m=_
-1 - 2 (x 1, y 1) = (-3, 2),
5 - (-3) (x 2, y 2) = (5, -1)
22. SLIDES Find the slope of a slide that
_
m = -3 or -_ 3
Simplify.
descends 8 feet for every horizontal 8 8
change of 14 feet.
14 ft
8 ft
23. ANIMALS A lizard is crawling up a hill

that rises 5 feet for every horizontal
change of 30 feet. Find the slope of the
hill.
9-4 Direct Variation (pp. 483–488)
24. TIME It takes Gabriella 4 hours to knit Example 4 Mrs. Dimas paid $6.48 for
6 scarves. Assuming that the number 8 apples. The next weekend, she paid
of scarves made varies directly as the $9.72 for 12 apples. What is the cost of
time spent knitting, how many scarves each apple?
will she make in 6 hours?
or _ _ or _
_
$6.48 $0.81 $9.72 $0.81
8 apples 1 apple 12 apples 1 apple
25. MONEY Josiah spent $15.60 on 3 comic
books. The next time, he spent $10.40 So, each apple costs $0.81.
on 2 comic books. What is the cost for
each comic book?
26. FRUIT The cost of peaches varies
directly with the number of pounds
bought. If 3 pounds of peaches cost
$4.50, find the cost of 5.5 pounds.

see page 716.
9-5 Slope-Intercept Form (pp. 491–495)
State the slope and y-intercept for the Example 5 State the slope and
graph of each equation. y-intercept of the graph of y = - 1 x + 3. _
2
y = -_
28. y = -_x + 6
1
27. y = 2x + 5 1
5 x+3 Write the equation.
2
29. y - 4x = 7 30. 3x + y = -2
y = mx + b
31. MONEY Malik had $100 in his savings The slope of the graph is -_
1
, and the
account. He plans to add $25 each 2
y-intercept is 3.
week. The equation for the amount of
money y Malik has in his savings
account is y = 100 + 25x, where x is the
number of weeks. Graph the equation.
32. BIRDS The altitude in feet y of an
albatross that is slowly landing can be
given by y = 400 - 100x, where x
represents the time in minutes. State
the slope and y-intercept of the graph
of the equation and describe what they
represent.
9-6 Writing Systems of Equations and Inequalities (pp. 498–501)
33. FOOD Twenty-five teenagers were Example 6 There are seven more red
surveyed. There were six more who fruit pops in a bag than orange ones.
preferred pizza than preferred steak. There are 53 fruit pops in the bag. Write
Write a system of equations that a system of equations to represent the
represents this situation. number of fruit pops.
34. CELL PHONES Sheryl is considering two Let r = number of red fruit pops and
different cell phone plans. The first g = number of orange fruit pops.
plan costs $19 per month plus $0.10 per r + g = 53 There is a total of 53 fruit pops.
minute. The second plan costs $0.15
r=g+7 There are 7 more red fruit pops
per minute with no monthly base fee.
than orange.
Write a system of equations that
represents the total cost of these two
plans.
35. RATES A video rental store offers two
plans. Plan 1 charges a basic fee plus
$1.25 per day. Plan 2 charges twice the
basic fee and $0.50 per day. If a
customer wants to spend less than
$7.50, write a system of inequalities
representing each situation.

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9-7 PSI: Use a Graph (pp. 502–503)
36. BASKETBALL The graph shows the Example 7 The graph shows the
number of points scored in the first heights of maple trees. Find the average
seven basketball games. What is the height of the trees. Round to the nearest
average number of points scored so tenth.
far this season?
4REES
"ASKETBALL

(EIGHTFEET
.UMBEROF0OINTS

-APLE4REES
'AME
Add the heights: 21 + 24 + 26 + 18 + 29
+ 30 + 23 + 28 or 199
Divide: _
199
or 24.9
8
So, the average height is 24.9 feet.
9-8 Scatter Plots (pp. 504–509)
Determine whether a scatter plot of the Example 8

data for the following might show a Determine 10
Birth Weight
9
(pounds)
positive, negative, or no relationship. whether the 8

37. day of the week and temperature graph at the 7
6
right shows
38. child’s age and grade level in school 5
a positive, 0
39. temperature outside and amount of negative, or no 10 20 30
clothing relationship. Day of the Month Born
40. ATTENDANCE Use the table to draw a Since there is no

scatter plot and a line of fit for the data. obvious pattern, there is no relationship.
Volleyball
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Game
Number of
28 30 37 35 36 39 40
Students

APTER
CH
Practice Test
9
Find each function value. 15. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which is the
1. f(3) if f(x) = -2x + 6 graph of y = -3x?
F y H y
2. f(0) if f(x) = 3x - 1
3. f(-2) if f(x) = _ + 5
x
2
O O x O O x
4. JOBS The amount Jerri earns working is
directly proportional to the time she works.
If she earns $187.50 after working 25 hours,
how much will she earn working 30 hours? G y J y
5. RAIN By 6 P.M., 3 inches of rain had fallen.

For the next 3 hours, 0.5 inch of rain fell per
O x O x
hour. How many inches fell by 9 P.M.?

7. y = _x - 1
1
6. y = -2x + 5
3
Find the slope of the line that passes through SALES For Exercises 16 and 17, use the table.
each pair of points.
New Customers
8. A(-2, 5), B(-2, 1) 9. E(2, -1), F(5, -3)
Month Customers Month Customers
10. STANDARDS PRACTICE Rico planted Jan 542 Jul 631

18 flowers in 30 minutes. At the same Feb 601 Aug 620
rate, how many flowers would he plant in Mar 589 Sep 723
55 minutes? Apr 610 Oct 754
A 30 B 33 C 36 D 38 May 648 Nov 885
June 670 Dec 1,027
CHILD CARE For Exercises 11–13, use the
following information. 16. Make a graph of the data.
The cost per child at a day care center is $35 a 17. Describe how the number of new customers
day plus a registration fee of $50. The cost c for changed from January to December.
d days of child care is c = 35d + 50.
11. Graph the equation to find the cost for
5 days. TRAVEL For Exercises 18–20, use the table.
12. What do the slope and y-intercept represent? Distance (mi) 50 100 150 200 250
Gas (gal) 2 6 8 15 18
13. Is the cost proportional to the number of
days? Explain. 18. Draw a scatter plot for the data and draw a
line of fit.
14. MONEY Robert has 26 coins that are all
nickels and dimes. The value of the coins is 19. Write an equation for the line of fit.
$1.85. Write a system of equations that 20. Use your equation to estimate the amount of
represents this situation. gas needed to travel 375 miles.

APTER
CH

Read each question. Then fill in the 4 Which statement is true about the slope of
correct answer on the answer document ?
line RT
provided by your teacher or on a sheet y
of paper. 5
4
1 A pattern of equations is shown below. R 3
2
Which statement best describes this pattern 1
of equations?
54321 O 1 2 3 4 5x
1
80% of 62.5 is 50 2
40% of 125 is 50 3 S
4 T
20% of 250 is 50 5
10% of 500 is 50
F The slope is the same between any two
A When the percent is halved and the other
points.
number is doubled, the answer is 50.
G The slope between point R and point S
B When the percent is halved and the other
is greater than the slope between point S
number is halved, the answer is 50.
and point T.
C When the percent is increased by 2 and
H The slope between point R and point T
the other number remains the same, the
is greater than the slope between point S
answer is 50.
and point T.
D When the percent remains the same and
J The slope is positive.
the other number is increased by 2, the
answer is 50.
5 The graph of the line y = -2x + 1 is shown
below. Which table of ordered pairs contains
2 The area of a square is 20 square inches. only points on this line?
Which best represents the length of a side of y
the square?
F 4.5 inches
O x
G 5 inches
H 10 inches
J 11 inches
A x -2 -1 0
y 5 3 -1
3 Beth’s monthly charge for Internet access
c can be found using the equation B x -2 -1 0
c = 12 + 2.50h, where h represents the y 3 1 -1
number of hours of usage during a month. C x -1 0 1
What is the total charge for a month in
y -3 -1 1
which Beth used the Internet for 9 hours?
A $39.95 C $27.00 D x -1 0 1
B $34.50 D $22.50 y 3 1 -1
518 Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
For practice by objective,
see pages CA1-CA39.
6 A truck used 6.3 gallons of gasoline to travel 8 The slope of the line shown below is _
4
.
5
107 miles. How many gallons of gasoline
y
would it need to travel an additional
250 miles?
F 8.4 gal H 18.9 gal n
G 14.7 gal J 21.0 gal 15
x
0
Question 6 When working with units What is the value of n?

of measurement, remember to write
the units to ensure that the numbers F 4
are compared correctly.
G 8
7 Which of the following conclusions about H 12

the number of rebounds per game and the J 16
height of a player is best supported by the
scatter plot below?
Pre-AP
Number of Rebounds (per game)
12 Record your answers on a sheet of paper.

11
Show your work.
10
9 9 Study the data in the table.
8
7
Number of Scoops
6 Date
5
Customers Sold
5‘8” 5‘10” 6‘ 6‘2” 6‘4” June 1 75 100

Height June 2 125 230
June 3 350 460
A The number of rebounds increases as the June 4 275 370
player’s height decreases.
June 5 175 300
B The number of rebounds is unchanged as June 6 225 345
the player’s height increases. June 7 210 325
C The number of rebounds increases as the
player’s height increases. a. What type of display would be most
appropriate for this data?
D There is no relationship between the
number of rebounds and the player’s b. Graph the data.
height. c. Describe the relationship of the data.
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Go to Lesson... 2-8 3-2 9-1 9-3 9-5 9-4 9-8 9-3 9-8
For Help with Standard... MR2.4 NS2.4 MR2.5 AF3.3 AF3.3 AF4.2 SDAP1.2 AF3.3 SDAP1.2
Chapter 9 California Standards Practice 519

Algebra: Nonlinear
10 Functions and Polynomials
• Standard 7AF2.0 Interpret

and evaluate expressions
involving integer powers
and simple roots.
• Standard 7NS2.0 Use
exponents, powers, and
roots and use exponents in
Key Vocabulary
cube root (p. 554)
nonlinear function (p. 522)
quadratic function (p. 528)
Real-World Link
Fountains Many real-world situations, such as this fountain
at Paramount’s Great America theme park in Santa Clara
California, cannot be modeled by linear functions. These
can be modeled using nonlinear functions.
Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials Make this Foldable to help you organize your
notes. Begin with eight sheets of grid paper.
1 Cut off one section of 2 Cut off two sections
the grid paper along both from the second sheet,
the long and short edges. three sections from the
third sheet, and so on
to the 8th sheet.
3 Stack the sheets from 4 Label each of the right

narrowest to widest. tabs with a lesson number.

520 Chapter 10 Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials

Richard Cummins/SuperStock
Option 2
Option 1
Graph each equation. (Lesson 11-2) Example 1

1. y = x – 4 Graph y = x + 1.
2. y = 2x First, make a table of values. Then, graph
the ordered pairs and connect the points.
3. y = x + 2
y
x y (x, y)
4. MEASUREMENT The equation
0 1 (0, 1)
y = 2.54x describes about how yx1
many centimeters y are in 1 2 (1, 2)
x inches. Graph the function. 2 3 (2, 3) O x
(Lessons 11-2) 3 4 (3, 4)
Write each expression using a Example 2

positive exponent. (Lesson 2-9) Write n -3 using a positive exponent.
-9 -4
5. a 6. 6 n -3 = _
1
3
definition of negative exponent
-5 -2 n
7. x 8. 5
Write each expression using Example 3

exponents. (Lesson 2-9) Write 5 · 4 · 5 · 4 · 5 using exponents.
9. 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 5 is multiplied by itself 3 times and 4 is
10. 3 · 7 · 7 · 3 · 7 multiplied by itself 2 times.
So, 5 · 4 · 5 · 4 · 5 = 5 3 · 4 2.
11. FUND-RAISER The students at
Hampton Middle School raised
8 · 8 · 2 · 8 · 2 dollars to help
build a new community center.
How much money did they
raise? (Lesson 2-9)

10-1 Linear and
Nonlinear Functions
Main IDEA
Determine whether a ROCKETRY The tables Ascent Descent
function is linear or show the flight data
nonlinear. Time Height Time Height
for a model rocket (s) (m) (s) (m)
Preparation for launch. The first table 0 0 7 140
AF1.5 Represent gives the rocket’s 1 38 8 130
quantitative
relationships graphically and
height at each second 2 74 9 120
interpret the meaning of a of its ascent, or
3 106 10 110
specific part of a graph in the upward flight. The
situation represented by the 4 128 11 100
graph. second table gives its
5 138 12 90
height as it descends
back to Earth using 6 142 13 80
NEW Vocabulary a parachute.
nonlinear function
1. During its ascent, did the rocket travel the same distance each
second? Justify your answer.
2. During its descent, did the rocket travel the same distance each
second? Justify your answer.
3. Graph the ordered pairs (time, height) for the rocket’s ascent and
descent on separate axes. Connect the points with a straight line or
smooth curve. Then compare the graphs.
REVIEW Vocabulary In Lesson 9-2, you learned that linear functions have graphs that
constant rate of change are straight lines. These graphs represent constant rates of change.
occurs when the rate of Nonlinear functions are functions that do not have constant rates of
change between any two
data points is proportional.
change. Therefore, their graphs are not straight lines.
(Lesson 4-10)
Identify Functions Using Tables
Determine whether each table represents a linear or nonlinear
function. Explain.
1 x y 2 x y
2 50 1 1
+2 -15 +3 +15
4 35 4 16
+2 -15 +3 +33
6 20 7 49
+2 -15 +3 +51
8 5 10 100
As x increases by 2, y decreases As x increases by 3, y increases

by 15 each time. The rate of by a greater amount each time.
change is constant, so this The rate of change is not
function is linear. constant, so this function is
nonlinear.

Doug Martin
Determine whether each table represents
a linear or nonlinear function. Explain.
a. b.
x 0 5 10 15 x 0 2 4 6
y 20 16 12 8 y 0 2 8 18
Identify Functions Using Graphs

Determine whether each graph represents a linear or nonlinear
function. Explain.
y y
3 4
x
y2 1
y 0.5x 2
O x O x
The graph is a curve, not a This graph is also a curve.

straight line. So, it represents So, it represents a nonlinear
a nonlinear function. function.
Determine whether each graph represents

a linear or nonlinear function. Explain.
c. y d. y e. y
O x O x O x
Recall that the equation for a linear function can be written in the form
y = mx + b, where m represents the constant rate of change.
Identifying Linear
Equations Always
examine an equation Identify Functions Using Equations
after it has been
solved for y to see
that the power
Determine whether each equation represents a linear or nonlinear
of x is 1 or 0. Then function. Explain.
check to see that x
does not appear in 5 y=x+4 6 y = 6x _
the denominator.
Since the equation can be The equation cannot be written
written as y = 1x + 4, this in the form y = mx + b. So, this
function is linear. function is nonlinear.
h. y = _
x
f. y = 2x 3 + 1 g. y = 3x
5
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 10-1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions 523
7 BASKETBALL Use the table to determine whether Round(s)
Teams
the number of teams is a linear function of the of play
number of rounds of play. 1 32
Examine the differences between the number of 2 16
teams for each round. 3 8
16 - 32 = -16 8 - 16 = -8 4 4
4 - 8 = -4 2 - 4 = -2 5 2
While there is a pattern in the differences, they are

not the same. Therefore, this function is nonlinear.
Check Graph the data to verify the 32
y
ordered pairs do not lie on
Real-World Link a straight line. 24
Teams
The NCAA women’s
basketball tournament 16
begins with 64 teams
and consists of 8
6 rounds of play.
0 2 4 6 8 x
Rounds of Play
i. TICKETS Tickets to the school dance Number of

cost $5 per student. Are the ticket sales 1 2 3
Tickets Sold
a linear function of the number of Ticket Sales $5 $10 $15
tickets sold? Explain.
Determine whether each table, graph, or equation represents a linear or

nonlinear function. Explain.
Examples 1–6 1. 2.
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 3 6 9
(pp. 522–523)
y 1 3 6 10 y -3 9 21 33
3. y 4. y
O x
O x
5. y = _
x
6. y = 2x 2
3
Example 7 7. MEASUREMENT The table shows the measures Length (in.) 1 4 8 10
(p. 524) of the sides of several rectangles. Are the Width (in.) 64 16 8 6.4
widths of the rectangles a linear function
of the lengths? Explain.

Elise Amendola/AP/Wide World Photos
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Determine whether each table, graph, or equation or represents a linear or
nonlinear function. Explain.
For See
Exercises Examples 8. x 3 6 9 12 9. x 1 2 3 4
8–13 1, 2
y 12 10 8 6 y 1 4 9 16
14–19 3, 4
20–25 5, 6 10. 11.
x 5 10 15 20 x 1 3 5 7
26–29 7
y 13 28 43 58 y -2 -18 -50 -98
12. 2 4 6 8 13. 4 8 12 16
x x
y 10 12 16 24 y 3 0 -3 -6
14. y 15. y 16. y
x
O O x
O x
17. y 18. y 19. y
O x O x O x
20. y = x 3 - 1 21. y = 4x 2 + 9 22. y = 0.6x
23. y = _ 24. y = _ 25. y = _

3x 4 8
2 x x +5
26. TRAVEL The Guzman family drove from Sacramento to Yreka. Use the table
to determine whether the distance driven is a linear function of the hours
traveled. Explain.
Time (h) 1 2 3 4
Distance (mi) 65 130 195 260
27. BUILDINGS The table shows the Height

height of several buildings in Building Stories
(ft)
Chicago, Illinois. Use the table Harris Bank III 35 510
to determine whether the height One Financial Place 40 515
of the building is a linear function Kluczynski Federal Building 45 545
of the number of stories. Explain.
Mid Continental Plaza 50 582
North Harbor Tower 55 556
Lesson 10-1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions 525

MEASUREMENT For Exercises 28 and 29, use the following information.
Recall that the circumference of a circle is equal to pi times its diameter and
that the area of a circle is equal to pi times the square of its radius.
28. Is the circumference of a circle a linear or nonlinear function of its
diameter? Explain your reasoning.
29. Is the area of a circle a linear or nonlinear function of its radius? Explain
your reasoning.
For Exercises 30–34, determine whether each equation or table represents a
linear or nonlinear function. Explain.
30. y - x = 1 31. xy = -9 32. y = 2 x
33. 0.5 1 1.5 2 34. -4 0 4 8
x x
y 15 8 1 -6 y 2 1 -1 -4
35. FOOTBALL The graphic shows :fcc\^\9fnc>Xd\j

the decrease in the average 8m\iX^\8kk\e[XeZ\

attendance at college bowl
games from 1983 to 2003.

Would you describe the decline
as linear or nonlinear? Explain.
6ISITORS

36. MEASUREMENT Make a graph
showing the area of a square
as a function of its perimeter.

Explain whether the function

is linear.
9EAR
Source: USA Today
%842!02!#4)#% 37. GRAPHING Water is poured at a constant rate

into the vase at the right. Draw a graph of
See pages 702, 717.
the water level as a function of time. Is the
water level a linear or nonlinear function
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com of time? Explain.
H.O.T. Problems 38. CHALLENGE True or false? All graphs

of straight lines are linear functions. Explain your reasoning or provide a
counterexample.
39. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the function that is not linear. Explain
your reasoning.
y = 2x y = x2 y -2 = x x-y=2
40. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a nonlinear function using a table of

values.
41. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Describe two methods for determining whether a
(*/
function is linear given its equation.

42. Which equation describes the data in 43. Which equation represents a nonlinear
the table? function?
x -7 -5 -3 0 4 F y = 3x + 1
y 50 26 10 1 17 G y=_
x
3
H 2xy = 10
A 5x + 1 = y C x2 + 1 = y J y = 3(x - 5)
B xy = 68 D -2x 2 + 8 = y
STATISTICS Determine whether a scatter plot of the data for the following
might show a positive, negative, or no relationship. (Lesson 9-8)
44. grade on a test and amount of time spent studying
45. age and number of siblings
46. number of Calories burned and length of time exercising
47. LANGUAGES The graph shows the top five

,ANGUAGES3POKENBY.ATIVE3PEAKERS
languages spoken by at least 100 million

native speakers worldwide. What conclusions
.ATIVE3PEAKERSMILLIONS

can you make about the number of Mandarin
native speakers and the number of English

native speakers? (Lesson 9-7)


(Lesson 8-4)
I
SH
IC
N
ISH
ND
ARI
AB
GLI
AN
(I
ND
!R
48. 1 - 3c = 9c + 7 49. 7k + 12 = 8 - 9k %N
3P
-A
50. 13.4w + 17 = 5w - 4 51. 8.1a + 2.3 = 5.1a - 3.1 ,ANGUAGES

52. 4.1x - 23 = -3.9x - 1 53. 3.2n + 3 = -4.8n - 29 Source: The World Almanac For Kids
54. PARKS A circular fountain in a park has a

diameter of 8 feet. The park director wants to build a fountain that has an
area four times that of the current fountain. What will be the diameter of
the new fountain? (Lesson 7-1)
55. MEASUREMENT The cylindrical air duct of a large furnace has a diameter
of 30 inches and a height of 120 feet. If it takes 15 minutes for the contents
of the duct to be expelled into the air, what is the volume of the
substances being expelled each hour? (Lesson 7-5)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each equation. (Lesson 9-2)
59. y = _x + 1
1
56. y = 2x 57. y = x + 3 58. y = 3x - 2
3
Lesson 10-1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions 527

10-2 Graphing Quadratic Functions
Main IDEA
Graph quadratic functions. You know that the area A of a square s s2 (s, A)
is equal to the length of a side 0 0 (0, 0)
Standard 7AF1.5 s squared, A = s 2.
Represent 1 1 (1, 1)
quantitative
Copy and complete the table. 2
and interpret the meaning 3
of a specific part of a graph Graph the ordered pairs from 4
in the situation represented the table. Connect them with
by the graph. 5
Standard 7AF3.1 Graph a smooth curve.
6
functions of the form
y = nx 2 and y = nx 3 and 1. Is the relationship between the side length and
use in solving problems.
the area of a square linear or nonlinear? Explain.
2. Describe the shape of the graph.
NEW Vocabulary
quadratic function A quadratic function, like A = s 2, is a function in which the greatest
power of the variable is 2. Its graph is U-shaped, opening upward or
downward. The graph opens upward if the coefficient of the variable
that is squared is positive, downward if it is negative.
Graph Quadratic Functions

Quadratic Fuctions
The graph of a 1 Graph y = x 2.
quadratic function is
called a parabola.
To graph a quadratic function, make a table of values, plot the
ordered pairs, and connect the points with a smooth curve.
y
x x2 y (x, y)
-2 (-2) 2 = 4 4 (-2, 4)
y x2
2
-1 (-1) = 1 1 (-1, 1)
0 (0) 2 = 0 0 (0, 0)
2
1 (1) = 1 1 (1, 1) x
O
2 (2) 2 = 4 4 (2, 4)
2 Graph y = -2x 2.
y
x -2x 2 y (x, y) 4
-2 -2(-2) 2 = -8 -8 (-2, -8) O
2 ⫺8 ⫺4 4 8x
-1 -2(-1) = -2 -2 (-1, -2)
⫺4
0 -2(0) 2 = 0 0 (0, 0)
1 -2(1) 2 = -2 -2 (1, -2) ⫺8
2 y 2x 2
2 -2(2) = -8 -8 (2, -8)
⫺12
528 Chapter 10 Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
READING 3 Graph y = x 2 + 2.
in the Content Area y
x x2 + 2 y (x, y)
For more strategies in
reading this lesson, visit -2 (-2) 2 + 2 = 6 6 (-2, 6)
ca.gr7math.com. -1 2
(-1) + 2 = 3 3 (-1, 3)
2
0 (0) + 2 = 2 2 (0, 2) y x2 2
2
1 (1) + 2 = 3 3 (1, 3)
2
2 (2) + 2 = 6 6 (2, 6) O x
4 Graph y = -x 2 + 4.
y
x -x 2 + 4 y (x, y)
-2 -(-2) 2 + 4 = 0 0 (-2, 0) y x2 4
-1 -(-1) 2 + 4 = 3 3 (-1, 3)
2
0 -(0) + 4 = 4 4 (0, 4) O x
2
1 -(1) + 4 = 3 3 (1, 3)
2 -(2) 2 + 4 = 0 0 (2, 0)

a. y = 6x 2 b. y = x 2 - 2 c. y = -2x 2 - 1
5 MONUMENTS The function h = 0.66d 2 represents the distance d in

miles you can see from a height of h feet. Graph this function. Then
use your graph and the information at the left to estimate how far
you could see from the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Distance cannot be negative, so use only positive values of d.
d h = 0.66d 2 (d, h) h
2 1,000
0 0.66(0) = 0 (0, 0)
2
10 0.66(10) = 66 (10, 66) 800
Height (ft)
Real-World Link 2
20 0.66(20) = 264 (20, 264)
The Eiffel Tower in 600
2
Paris, France, opened 25 0.66(25) = 412.5 (25, 412.5)
in 1889 as part of the 400
30 0.66(30) 2 = 594 (30, 594)
World Exposition. It is
about 986 feet tall. 35 0.66(35) 2 = 808.5 (35, 808.5) 200
Source: structurae.de 2
40 0.66(40) = 1,056 (40, 1,056)
0 10 20 30 40 d
Distance (mi)
At a height of 986 feet, you could see approximately 39 miles.
d. TOWERS The outdoor observation deck of the Space Needle in

Seattle, Washington, is 520 feet above ground level. Estimate how
far you could see from the observation deck.
Lesson 10-2 Graphing Quadratic Functions 529

Lance Nelson/CORBIS
Examples 1–4 Graph each function.
(pp. 528–529)
1. y = 3x 2 2. y = -5x 2 3. y = -4x 2
4. y = -x 2 + 1 5. y = x 2 - 3 6. y = -x 2 + 2
Example 5 7. CARS The function d = 0.006s 2 represents the braking distance d in meters
(p. 529) of a car traveling at a speed s in kilometers per second. Graph this function.
Then use your graph to estimate the speed of the car if its braking distance
is 12 meters.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Graph each function.

For See 8. y = 4x 2 9. y = 5x 2 10. y = -3x 2
Exercises Examples 11. y = -6x 2 12. y = x 2 + 6 13. y = x 2 - 4
8–11 1, 2
14. y = -x 2 + 2 15. y = -x 2 - 5 16. y = 2x 2 - 1
12–19 3, 4
20, 21 5 17. y = 2x 2 + 3 18. y = -4x 2 - 1 19. y = -3x 2 + 2
20. RACING The function d = _at 2 represents the distance d that a race car will
1
2
travel over an amount of time t given the rate of acceleration a. Suppose a
car is accelerating at a rate of 5 feet per second every second. Graph this
function. Then use your graph to find the time it would take the car to
travel 125 feet.
21. WATERFALLS The function d = -16t 2 + 182 models the distance d in feet a
drop of water falls t seconds after it begins its descent from the top of the
182-foot high American Falls in New York. Graph this function. Then use
your graph to estimate the time it will take the drop of water to reach the
river at the base of the falls.

22. y = 0.5x 2 + 1 23. y = 1.5x 2 24. y = 4.5x 2 - 6
25. y = _x 2 - 2 26. y = _x 2 27. y = -_x 2 + 1
1 1 1
3 2 4
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 28 and 29, write a function for each of the
following. Then graph the function in the first quadrant.
28. The surface area of a cube is a function of the edge length a. Use your
%842!02!#4)#% graph to estimate the edge length of a cube with a surface area of
See pages 702, 717. 54 square centimeters.
29. The volume V of a rectangular prism with a square base and a fixed height
Self-Check Quiz at of 5 inches is a function of the base edge length s. Use your graph to
ca.gr7math.com
estimate the base edge length of a prism whose volume is 180 cubic inches.

H.O.T. Problems CHALLENGE The graphs of quadratic functions may have exactly one highest
point, called a maximum, or exactly one lowest point, called a minimum. Graph
each quadratic equation. Determine whether each graph has a maximum or a
minimum. If so, give the coordinates of each point.
30. y = 2x 2 + 1 31. y = -x 2 + 5 32. y = x 2 - 3
33. OPEN ENDED Write and graph a quadratic function that opens upward and
has its minimum at (0, -3.5).
34. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a quadratic function of the form y = ax 2 + c and
(*/
explain how to graph it.
35. Which graph represents the function y = -0.5x 2 - 2?

y y y y
A B C D
O x
O x O x
O x
Determine whether each equation represents a linear or nonlinear function. (Lesson 10-1)
3
36. y = x - 5 37. y = 3x + 2 38. x + y = -6 39. y = -2x 2
STATISTICS For Exercises 40–42, use the information Whooping Cranes

at the right. (Lesson 9-8) Year Population
40. Draw a scatter plot of the data and draw a line of fit. 2000 172
41. Does the scatter plot show a positive, negative, or no 2001 171
relationship? 2002 181
42. Use your graph to estimate the population of the 2003 194
whooping crane at the refuge in 2005. 2004 197
43. SAVINGS Anna’s parents put $750 into a college savings account. After
6 years, the investment had earned $540. Write an equation that you
could use to find the simple interest rate. Then find the simple interest
rate. (Lesson 5-9)
44. PREREQUISITE SKILL A section of a theater is arranged so that each row has
the same number of seats. You are seated in the 5th row from the front
and the 3rd row from the back. If your seat is 6th from the left and 2nd
from the right, how many seats are in this section of the theater? Use the
draw a diagram strategy. (Lesson 4-4)
Lesson 10-2 Graphing Quadratic Functions 531

MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by making a model.
explain mathematical reasoning. Standard 7AF1.1 Use variables and appropriate operations to write an expression, an
equation, an inequality, or a system of equations or inequalities that represents a verbal description (e.g. three less than a
number, half as large as area A.
e-Mail: MAKE A MODEL

YOUR MISSION: Make a model to solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: Determine if there are enough

tables to make a 10-by-10 square arrangement.
▲
Tonya: We have 35 square tables. We need to
arrange them into a square that is open in
the middle and has 10 tables on each side.
EXPLORE You know Tonya has 35 square tables.

PLAN Start by making models of a 4-by-4 square and of a 5-by-5 square.
Then look for a pattern.
SOLVE
{LÞ{ ÓÊ}ÀÕ«ÃÊvÊ{Ê>` xLÞx ÓÊ}ÀÕ«ÃÊvÊxÊ>`Ê

ÃµÕ>Ài ÓÊ}ÀÕ«ÃÊvÊÓ ÃµÕ>Ài ÓÊ}ÀÕ«ÃÊvÊÎ
For a 10-by-10 square, Tonya needs 2 · 10 + 2 · 8 or 36 tables. She has 35 tables,

so she needs one more.
CHECK You can estimate that Tonya needs 4 × 10 or 40 tables. But each of the corner
tables is counted twice. So, she needs 40 - 4 or 36 tables.
1. Draw a diagram showing another way the students could have

grouped the tiles to solve this problem. Use a 4-by-4 square.
2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that can be solved by making a
(*/
model. Describe the model. Then solve the problem.

Laura Sifferlin
For Exercises 3–5, solve by making a model. 8. PETS Mrs. Harper owns both cats and
3. STICKERS In how many different ways can canaries. Altogether, her pets have thirty
three rectangular stickers be torn from a heads and eighty legs. How many cats does
sheet of 3 × 3 stickers so that all three she have?
stickers are still attached? Draw each
arrangement. GEOMETRY For Exercises 9
and 10, use the figure at
4. MEASUREMENT A 10-inch by 12-inch piece of the right.
cardboard has a 2-inch square cut out of 9. How many cubes
each corner. Then the sides are folded up would it take to build
and taped together to make an open box. this tower?
Find the volume of the box. 10. How many cubes would it take to build a
similar tower that is 12 cubes high?
5. GEOMETRY A computer game
requires players to stack arrangements
11. CARS Yesterday you noted that the mileage
of five squares arranged to form a
on the family car read 60,094.8 miles. Today
single shape. One arrangement is
it reads 60,099.1 miles. Was the car driven
shown at the right. How many
about 4 or 40 miles?
different arrangements are there if touching
squares must border on a full side?
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–11.

Some strategies are shown below.
For Exercises 12 and 13, select the appropriate
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN selections(s) and solve the problem.
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Drawa diagram. 12. SCIENCE The light in the circuit will turn on
• Guess and Ch
eck. if one or more switches are closed. How
• Make a mode
l. many combinations of open and closed
switches will result in the light being on?
6. CAMP The camp counselor lists 21 chores on a

separate pieces of paper and places them in b
a basket. The counselor takes one piece of c
paper, and each camper takes one as the
basket is passed around the circle. There is d
one piece of paper left when the basket e
returns to the counselor. How many people
could be in the circle if the basket goes
around the circle more than once?
7. PARKING Parking space numbers consist of 13. HOBBIES Lorena says to Angela, “If you
3 digits. They are typed on a slip of paper give me one of your baseball cards, I will
and given to students at orientation. Tara have twice as many baseball cards as you
accidentally read her number upside-down. have.” Angela answers, “If you give me
The number she read was 795 more than her one of your cards, we will have the same
actual parking space number. What is Tara’s number of cards.” How many cards does
parking space number? each girl have?
Lesson 10-3 Problem-Solving Investigation: Make a Model 533

10-4 Graphing Cubic Functions
Main IDEA
Graph cubic functions. MEASUREMENT You can find the area A of a
square by squaring the length of a side s. This s
Standard 7AF3.1 relationship can be represented in different ways.
Graph functions of s
the form y = nx 2 and
y = nx 3 and use in solving Words and Equation Table Graph
problems.
Standard 7AF3.2 Plot the length of a s s2 (s, A) A
values from the volumes of Area equals side squared. 2
three-dimensional shapes 0 0 =0 (0, 0)
A s2
Area
for various values of the 2
1 1 =1 (1, 1)
edge lengths (e.g., cubes A = s2 2 22 = 4 (2, 4)
with varying edge lengths or
a triangle prism with a fixed
height and an equilateral s
triangle base of varying O
Side
lengths).
1. The volume V of a cube is found by cubing the length
of a side s. Write a formula to represent the s
volume of a cube as a function of side length. s s
2. Graph the volume as a function of side length.
(Hint: Use values of s such as 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and so on.)
3. Would it be reasonable to use negative numbers for x-values in this
situation? Explain.
You can graph cubic functions such as the formula for the volume of a
cube by making a table of values.
Graph a Cubic Function

1 Graph y = x 3.
y
x y = x3 (x, y)
-1.5 (-1.5) 3 ≈ -3.4 (-1.5, -3.4)
3
-1 (-1) = -1 (-1, -1)
3
0 (0) = 0 (0, 0) O x
1 (1) 3 = 1 (1, 1)
Graphing 1.5 (1.5) 3 ≈ 3.4 (1.5, 3.4)
It is often helpful to
substitute decimal
values of x in order
to graph points that
are closer together.
a. y = x 3 - 1 b. y = -4x 3 c. y = x 3 + 4

2 PACKAGING A packaging company wants to manufacture a
cardboard box with a square base of side length x inches and a
height of (x – 3) inches as shown.
(x 3) in.
Real-World Link
x in.
Packaging is the x in.
nation’s third largest
industry, with over
$130 billion in sales
each year. Write the function for the volume V of the box. Graph the function.
Source: San Jose State
University
Then estimate the dimensions of the box that would give a volume
of approximately 8 cubic inches.
V = lwh Volume of a rectangular prism
V = x · x · (x – 3) Replace l with x, w with x, and h with (x – 3).
V = x 2(x – 3) x · x = x2
V = x 3 – 3x 2 Distributive Property and Commutative Property
The function for the volume V of the box is V = x 3 – 3x 2. Make a table

of values to graph this function. You do not need to include negative
values of x since the side length of the box cannot be negative.
x V = x 3 – 3x 2 (x, V)
3 2
20
0 (0) – 3(0) = 0 (0, 0) 18
0.5 (0.5) 3 – 3(0.5) 2 ≈ –0.6 (0.5, –0.6) 16
14
1 (1) 3 – 3(1) 2 = –2 (1, –2) y x 3 3x 2
12
1.5 (1.5) 3 – 3(1.5) 2 ≈ –3.4 (1.5, –3.4) 10
8
3 2
2 (2) – 3(2) = –4 (2, –4) 6
2.5 3
(2.5) – 3(2.5) ≈ –3.1 2
(2.5, –3.1) 4
2
3 2
3 (3) – 3(3) = 0 (3, 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.5 (3.5) 3 – 3(3.5) 2 ≈ 6.1 (3.5, 6.1) 2
4
4 (4) 3 – 3(4) 2 = 16 (4, 16)
Analyze the Graph
Notice that the graph
is below the x-axis for Looking at the graph, we see that the volume of the box is
values of x < 3. This approximately 8 cubic inches when x is about 3.6 inches.
means that the
“volume” of the box is The dimensions of the box when the volume is about 8 cubic inches
negative for x < 3. To are 3.6 inches, 3.6 inches, and 3.6 – 3 or 0.6 inch.
have a box with a
positive height and a
positive volume, x must
be greater than 3.
d. PACKAGING A packaging company wants to manufacture a
cardboard box with a square base of side length x feet and a height
of (x – 2) feet. Write the function for the volume V of the box.
Graph the function. Then estimate the dimensions of the box that
would give a volume of about 1 cubic foot.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 10-4 Graphing Cubic Functions 535

Getty Images
Example 1 Graph each function.
(p. 534)
1. y = -x 3 2. y = 0.5x 3 3. y = x 3 – 2 4. y = 2x 3 + 1
Example 2 5. MEASUREMENT A rectangular prism with a square base of side length x

(p. 535) centimeters has a height of (x + 1) centimeters. Write the function for the
volume V of the prism. Graph the function. Then estimate the dimensions
of the box that would give a volume of approximately 9 cubic centimeters.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Graph each function.

For See 6. y = -2x 3 7. y = -3x 3 8. y = 0.2x 3 9. y = 0.1x 3
Exercises Examples 10. y = x 3 + 1 11. y = 2x 3 + 1 12. y = x 3 – 3 13. y = 2x 3 – 2
6–17 1
14. y = _ x 3 15. y = _ x 3 + 2
1 1
16. y = -x 3 – 2 17. y = -x 3 + 1
18, 19 2 4 3
18. MEASUREMENT Jorge built a scale model of the Great
Pyramid. The base of the model is a square with
side length s and the model’s height is (s – 1) feet.
Write the function for the volume V of the model.
Graph this function. Then estimate the length of
one side of the square base of the model if the
model’s volume is approximately 8 cubic feet.
%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 703, 717. 19. MEASUREMENT The formula for the volume V of a tennis ball is given by
the equation V = _
4 3
πr where r represents the radius of the ball. Graph
3
Self-Check Quiz at this function. Use 3.14 for π. Then estimate the length of the radius if the
ca.gr7math.com
volume of the tennis ball is approximately 11 cubic inches.
Graph each pair of equations on the same coordinate plane. Describe their
similarities and differences.
20. y = x 3 21. y = x 3 22. y = 0.5x 3 23. y = 2x 3
3 3 3
y = 3x y=x –3 y = 2x y = -2x 3
FARMING For Exercises 24 and 25, use the following

information.
A grain silo consists of a cylindrical main section and a
hemispherical roof. The cylindrical main section has a
radius of r units and a height h equivalent to the radius.
The volume V of a cylinder is given by the equation V = πr 2h.
24. Write the function for the volume V of the cylindrical main r
section of the grain silo in terms of its radius r.
25. Graph this function. Use 3.14 for π. Then estimate the radius
and height in meters of the cylindrical main section of the
grain silo if the volume is approximately 15.5 cubic meters.

H.O.T. Problems 26. OPEN ENDED Write the equation of a cubic function whose graph in the first
quadrant shows faster growth than the function y = x 3.
CHALLENGE The zeros of a cubic function are the x-coordinates of the points at
which the function crosses the x-axis. Find the zeros of each function below.
27. y = x 3 28. y = x 3 + 1
29. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( The volume V of a cube with side length s is given by
(*/
the equation V = s 3. Explain why negative values are not necessary when
creating a table or a graph of this function.
30. Which equation could represent the 31. Which equation could represent the
graph shown below? graph shown below?
y y
O x O x
A y = x3 F y = x3 – 2
B y = -x 3 G y = x3 + 2
C y = 2x 3 H y = -2x 3
D y = -2x 3 J y = 2x 3 + 1
32. MANUFACTURING A company packages six small books for a children’s collection in a
decorated 4-inch cube. They are shipped to bookstores in cartons. Twenty cubes fit in a
carton with no extra space. What are the dimensions of the carton? Use the make a model
strategy. (Lesson 10-3)
33. y = -2x 2 34. y = x 2 + 3 35. y = -3x 2 + 1 36. y = 4x 2 + 3
Estimate each square root to the nearest whole number. (Lesson 3-2)
37. √
54 38. - √
126 39. √
8.67 40. - √
19.85
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each expression using exponents. (Lesson 2-9)
41. 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 42. 5 · 4 · 5 · 5 · 4 43. 7 · (7 · 7) 44. (2 · 2) · (2 · 2 · 2)
Lesson 10-4 Graphing Cubic Functions 537

10-4 Families of Nonlinear Functions
Families of nonlinear functions share a common characteristic based on
Main IDEA a parent function. The parent function of a family of quadratic functions
Use a graphing calculator is y = x 2. You can use a graphing calculator to investigate families of
to graph families of
nonlinear functions.
quadratic functions.
Standard 7AF3.1
Graph functions of
the form y = nx 2 and
y = nx 3 and use in solving
problems.
Standard 7MR3.3 Develop Graph y = x 2, y = x 2 + 5, and y = x 2 - 3 on the same screen.
generalizations of the results
obtained and the strategies Clear any existing equations from the Y= list by pressing
used and apply them to new CLEAR
problem situations. .
Enter each equation. Press

X,T,␪,n ENTER ,
X,T,␪,n 5 ENTER , and
X,T,␪,n 3 ENTER .
Graph the equations in the

standard viewing window.
Press ZOOM 6.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Compare and contrast the three equations you graphed.
2. Describe how the graphs of the three equations are related.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE How does changing the value of c in the
equation y = x 2 + c affect the graph?
4. Use a graphing calculator to graph y = 0.5x 2, y = x 2, and y = 2x 2.
5. Compare and contrast the three equations you graphed in Exercise 4.
6. Describe how the graphs of the three equations are related.
7. MAKE A CONJECTURE How does changing the value of a in the
equation y = ax 2 affect the graph?
8. Use a graphing calculator to graph y = 0.5x 3, y = x 3, and y = 2x 3.
9. Compare and contrast the three equations you graphed in Exercise 8
to the equations you graphed in Exercise 4.
538 Chapter 10 Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials Other Calculator Keystrokes at ca.gr7math.com
10-5 Multiplying Monomials
Main IDEA
Multiply monomials. SCIENCE The pH of a solution describes its acidity. Neutral water has
a pH of 7. Lemon juice has a pH of 2. Each one-unit decrease in the
Standard pH means that the solution is 10 times more acidic. So, a pH of 8 is
7NS2.3 Multiply,
divide, and simplify 10 times more acidic than a pH of 9.
rational numbers by using
exponent rules. Times More Acidic Written Using
Standard 7AF2.1 Interpret
pH
Than a pH of 9 Powers
powers as repeated 8 10 10 1
multiplication and negative 7 10 × 10 = 100 10 1 × 10 1 = 10 2
repeated division or 6 10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000 10 1 × 10 2 = 10 3
multiplication by the 5 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000 10 1 × 10 3 = 10 4
Simplify and evaluate 4 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 100,000 10 1 × 10 4 = 10 5
expressions that include
exponents. 1. Examine the exponents of the factors and the exponents of the
Standard 7AF2.2 Multiply products in the last column. What do you observe?
and divide monomials;
extend the process of taking
powers and extracting roots
to monomials when the latter A monomial is a number, a variable, or a product of a number and one
results in a monomial with an or more variables. Exponents are used to show repeated multiplication.
integer exponent.
You can use this fact to find a rule for multiplying monomials.
2 factors 4 factors
NEW Vocabulary
monomial 3 2 · 3 4 = (3 · 3) · (3 · 3 · 3 · 3) or 3 6
6 factors
Notice that the sum of the original exponents is the exponent in the final
product. This relationship is stated in the following rule.
+%9#/.#%04 Product of Powers
Words To multiply powers with the same base, add their exponents.
4 3 4+3 7
2 ·2 =2 or 2 a · an = am + n
m
Multiply Powers
1 Find 5 2 · 5. Express using exponents.
Common Error 52 · 5 = 52 · 51 5 = 51 Check 5 2 · 5 = (5 · 5) · 5
When multiplying
powers, do not = 52 + 1 The common base is 5. =5·5·5
multiply the bases.
4 5 · 4 2 = 4 7, not 16 7. = 53 Add the exponents. = 53
Lesson 10-5 Multiplying Monomials 539

CORBIS
2 Find -3x 2(4x 5). Express using exponents.
-3x 2(4x 5) = (-3 · 4)(x 2 · x 5) Commutative and Associative Properties
2+5
= (-12)(x ) The common base is x.
7
= -12x Add the exponents.
Multiply. Express using exponents.

2 9
a. 9 3 · 9 2 b. (_35 ) (_35 ) c. -2m(-8m 5)
3 The population of Groveton is 6 5. The population of Putnam is 6 3

times as great. How many people are in Putnam?
Real-World Link
A census is taken every
To find out the number of people, multiply 6 5 by 6 3.
ten years by the U.S. 6 5 · 6 3 = 6 5+3 or 6 8 Product of Powers
Census Bureau to
determine population. The population of Putnam is 6 8 or 1,679,616 people.
The government uses
the data from the
census to make many
decisions.
Source: census.gov
d. RIVERS The Guadalupe River is 2 8 miles long. The Amazon River is
almost 2 4 times as long. Find the length of the Amazon River.
In Lesson 2-9, you learned to evaluate negative exponents. Remember

that any nonzero number to the negative n power is the multiplicative
inverse of that number to the n th power. The Product of Powers rule can
be used to multiply powers with negative exponents.
Multiply Negative Powers

4 Find x 4 · x -2. Express using exponents.
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
x 4 · x -2 = x 4 + (-2) The common x 4 · x -2

base is x.
2 =x·x·x·x·_
1 _ 1 -2 _
1
x · x x = x2
=x Add the
exponents. = x2 Simplify.
Simplify. Express using positive exponents.

e. 3 8 · 3 -2 f. n 9 · n -4 g. 5 -1 · 5 -2
540 Chapter 10 Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
Prisma/SuperStock
Examples 1–4 Simplify. Express using exponents.
(pp. 539–540)
1. 4 5 · 4 3 2. n 2 · n 9 3. -2a(3a 4)
4. 5 2x 2y 4 · 5 3xy 3 5. r 7 · r -3 6. 6m · 4m 2
Example 3 7. AGE Angelina is 2 3 years old. Her grandfather is 2 3 times her age. How old
(p. 540) is her grandfather?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Simplify. Express using exponents.

For See 8. 6 8 · 6 5 9. 2 9 · 2 10. n · n 7
Exercises Examples
8–25 1, 2, 4 11. b 13 · b 12. 2g · 7g 6 13. (3x 8)(5x)
26–28 3
14. -4a 5(6a 5) 15. (8w 4)(-w 7) 16. (-p)(-9p 2)
17. -5y 3(-8y 6) 18. 4m -2n 5(3m 4n -2) 19. (-7a 4bc 3)(5ab 4c 2)
20. x 6 · x -3 21. y -1 · y 4 22. z -2 · z -3
3
23. m 2n -1 · m -3n 3 24. 3f -4 · 5f 2 25. -3ab · 4a -3b
26. INSECTS The number of ants in a nest was 5 3. After the eggs hatched, the
number of ants increased 5 2 times. How many ants are there after the eggs
hatch?
27. COMPUTERS The processing speed of a certain computer is 10 11 instructions

per second. Another computer has a processing speed that is 10 3 times as
fast. How many instructions per second can the faster computer process?
28. LIFE SCIENCE A cell culture contains 2 6 cells. By the end of the day, there
are 2 10 times as many cells in the culture. How many cells are there in the
culture by the end of the day?
Simplify. Express using exponents.
29. xy 2(x 3y) 30. 2 6 · 2 · 2 3 31. 4a 2b 3(7ab 2)

%842!02!#4)#%
4 3 -5 13 4 -7 6
See pages 703, 717.
32. (_23 ) (_23 ) 33. (_78 ) (_78 ) 34. (_25 ) (_25 ) (_25 )
Self-Check Quiz at -4 3 -2 -2 -3
ca.gr7math.com 35. (_14 ) (_14 ) 36. (_25 ) (_25 ) 37. (_)
2
7 (_72 )
Lesson 10-5 Multiplying Monomials 541
H.O.T. Problems 38. CHALLENGE What is twice 2 30? Write using exponents.
39. OPEN ENDED Write a multiplication expression whose product is 4 15.
40. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Determine whether the following statement is true or
(*/
false. Explain your reasoning or give a counterexample.
If you change the order in which you multiply two monomials,
the product will be different.
41. Which expression is equivalent to 42. Which expression describes the area in
8x 2y · 8yz 2? square feet of the rectangle below?
2 2 2
A 64x y z F 11x 10
B 64x 2 yz 2 G 30x 10 2
5x ft
C 16x 2 y 2z 2 H 11x 16 8
6x ft
D 384x 2 y 2z 2 J 30x 16
Graph each function. (Lessons 10-2 and 10-4)
43. y = -x 3 44. y = 0.5x 3 45. y = x 3 - 2

46. y = 5x 2 47. y = x 2 + 5 48. y = x 2 – 4
49. BIOLOGY The table shows how long it took for the Time
46 53 57 60
first 400 bacteria cells to grow in a petri dish. Is the (min)
growth of the bacteria a linear function of time? Number
100 200 300 400
Explain. (Lesson 10-1) of cells
Express each number in scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)

50. The flow rate of some Antarctic glaciers is 0.00031 mile per hour.
51. A human blinks about 6.25 million times a year.
53. 1_ + p = -6_ _
3 1 c
52. k - 4.1 = -9.38 54. = 0.845
4 2 10
Find each sum or difference. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-6)
55. _7 - _
3
56. -_ + _
1 5
57. 9_ + _
2 1
58. -2_ - 1_
3 1
8 10 5 12 3 6 4 8
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each expression using exponents. (Lesson 2-9)
59. 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 60. 5 · 4 · 4 · 5 · 4 61. 8 · (8 · 8) 62. (5 · 5 · 5) · (5 · 5)

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
Determine whether each equation or table 11. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which graph
represents a linear or nonlinear function. shows y = x 2 + 1? (Lesson 10-2)
Explain. (Lesson 10-1) A y C y
1. 3y = x
2. y = 5x 3 + 2
3. x 1 3 5 7
O x
y -5 -6 -7 -8
O x
4. x -1 0 1 2
B y D y
y 1 0 1 4
O x O x
5. LONG DISTANCE The graph shows the

amount of data transferred as a function of
time. Is this a linear or nonlinear function?
Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 10-1) 12. MEASUREMENT Brenda has a photograph
that is 10 inches by 13 inches. She decides
$ATA4RANSFER
to frame it, using a frame that is 2_
1
inches
4
wide on each side. Find the total area of the
framed photograph. Use the make a model
'IGABYTES



3
13. y = -2x

14. y = 3x 3
4IMEMIN
15. y = 2x 3
16. y = 0.1x 3
6. y = 2x 2 Simplify. Express using exponents. (Lesson 10-4)

2 4 7
7. y = -x + 3 17. 10 · 10
2
8. y = 4x - 1 18. 3 -3 · 3 5 · 3 2
9. y = -3x 2 + 1 19. 2 3a 7 · 2a -3
20. (3 2xy 4z 2)(3 5x 3y -2z 3)
10. AMUSEMENT PARK RIDES Your height h feet
above the ground t seconds after being
21. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which
released at the top of a free-fall ride is given
expression below has the same value
by the function h = -16t 2 + 200. Graph this
as 5m 2? (Lesson 10-5)
function. After about how many seconds
will the ride be 60 feet above the F 5m H 5·5·m·m
ground? (Lesson 10-2) G 5·m·m J 5·m·m·m
10-6 Dividing Monomials
Division Written Using

Main IDEA Sentence Powers of 2
Divide monomials. NUMBER SENSE Refer to the table shown 4÷2=2 22 ÷ 21 = 21
that relates division sentences using 8÷2=4 23 ÷ 21 = 22
Standard the numbers 2, 4, 8, and 16, and the
7NS2.3 Multiply, 8÷4=2 23 ÷ 22 = 21
divide, and simplify same sentences written using powers
16 ÷ 2 = 8 24 ÷ 21 = 23
rational numbers by using of 2.
exponent rules. 16 ÷ 4 = 4 24 ÷ 22 = 22
Standard 7AF2.1 Interpret 1. Examine the exponents of the divisors 16 ÷ 8 = 2 24 ÷ 23 = 21
powers as repeated
and dividends. Compare them to the
multiplication and negative exponents of the quotients. What do you notice?
repeated division or 2. MAKE A CONJECTURE Write the quotient of 2 5 and 2 2 using
multiplication by the powers of 2.
Simplify and evaluate
expressions that include As you know, exponents are used to show repeated multiplication. You
exponents.
Standard 7AF2.2 Multiply
can use this fact to find a rule for dividing powers with the same base.
and divide monomials;
extend the process of taking 7 factors
powers and extracting roots Notice that the difference of the
to monomials when the latter 57
_
results in a monomial with an original exponents is the exponent = __
5·5·5·5·5·5·5
or 5 3
54 5·5·5·5
integer exponent. in the final quotient. This relationship
is stated in the following rule. 4 factors
+%9#/.#%04 Quotient of Powers
Words To divide powers with the same base, subtract their exponents.
37
_ am
_
= 3 7 – 3 or 3 4 = a m – n, where a ≠ 0
33 an
Divide Powers
48 n9
1 _2
2 _4
4 n
48
_ n9
_
Common Error = 48 – 2 The common base is 4. = n9 – 4 The common base is n.
42 n4
When dividing =4 6
Simplify. =n 5
Simplify.
powers, do not divide
48
the bases. _2 = 4 6,
6
4
not 1 .
57
_ x 10
_ 12w 5
_
a. b. c.
54 x3 2w

The Quotient of Powers rule can also be used to divide powers with
negative exponents. It is customary to write final answers using positive
exponents.
Look Back
To review adding
Use Negative Exponents
and subtracting
integers, see Lessons Simplify. Express using positive exponents.
1-4 and 1-5.
69
3 _
-3
6
69
_ = 6 9 – (-3) Quotient of Powers
6 -3
= 6 9 + 3 or 6 12 Simplify.
w -1
4 _ -4
w
w -1
_ = w -1 – (-4) Quotient of Powers
w -4
= w -1 + 4 or w 3 Simplify.

11 -8
_ _
b -4 6h 5
_
d. e. f.
11 2 b -7 3h -5
22 · 45 · 52
5 _5 4 2
=
2 ·4 ·5
A 2 B 1 C _
1
D 0
2
Remember that the

Quotient of Powers
Read the Item
Rule allows you to You are asked to divide one monomial by another.
52
simplify _2 .
5
52
_ Solve the Item
= 5 2 - 2 = 5 0 = 1.
52
22 · 45 · 52
_
25 · 44 · 52
= _ ( )( )( )
22 _
25
52
45 _
44 52
Group by common base.
= 2 -3 · 4 1 · 5 0 Subtract the exponents.
=_
1
3
·4·1 2 -3 = _3
1
2 2
=_
4
or _
1
Simplify.
8 2
The answer is C.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 10-6 Dividing Monomials 545

(6) × (6) _1 4 _1 -12
g. Simplify
__ .
(_1 )
-3
6
5
F _
1
(6) G _
1
H 64 J 65
6
6 SOUND The loudness of a conversation is 10 6 times as intense as the

loudness of a pin dropping, while the loudness of a jet engine is
Real-World Link 10 12 times as intense. How many times more intense is the loudness
The decibel measure of a jet engine than the loudness of a conversation?
of the loudness of a
sound is the exponent To find how many times more intense, divide 10 12 by 10 6.
of its relative intensity
multiplied by 10. A jet 10 12
_
engine has a loudness = 10 12 – 6 or 10 6 Quotient of Powers
of 120 decibels. 10 6
The loudness of a jet engine is 10 6 or 1,000,000 times as intense as the
loudness of a conversation.
h. SOUND The loudness of a vacuum cleaner is 10 4 times as intense as

the loudness of a mosquito buzzing, while the loudness of a jack
hammer is 10 9 times as intense. How many times more intense is
the loudness of a jack hammer than that of a vacuum cleaner?
Examples 1–4 Simplify. Express using positive exponents.

(pp. 544-545) 8
76
_ 29
_ y
_ _
z
1. 2. 3. 4.
7 2 13
y 5
z2
1
9c 7
_ 24k 9
_ 15 -6
_ 35p
_
5. 6. 7. 8.
3c 2 6k 6 15 2 5p -4
22 · 33 · 44
Example 5 9. Simplify _
3 5
.
(p. 545) 2·3 ·4
2
A 22 B 2 C _
1
D _
1
(2)
2
Example 6 10. ASTRONOMY Venus is approximately 10 8 kilometers from the Sun. Saturn is
(p. 546) more than 10 9 kilometers from the Sun. About how many times farther
away from the Sun is Saturn than Venus?

Mug Shots/Corbis
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Simplify. Express using positive exponents.
8 15
_ 29
_ 43
_ 13 2
_
For See 11. 12. 13. 14.
Exercises Examples 84 2 47 13 5
11–26 1–4 18
_
h7 g
_ x8
_ _
n
27–30 5 15. 16. 17. 18.
h6 g 6
x 11 n8
31–34 6
36d 10
_ 16t 4
_ 20m 7
_ 75r 6
_
19. 20. 21. 22.
6d 5 8t 5m 5 25r 5
-6
22 -9
_ 3 -1
_ 42w -6
_ 12y
_
23. 24. 25. 26.
22 4 3 -5 7w -2 2y -10
2
_1 × _1 -6
x 6y 14
_ 63 · 66 · 64 (__
5) (5) 3x 4
27. 28. _ = 29. 30. _
x 4y 9 62 · 63 · 64 2
3 4x -2
(_15 )
31. POPULATION The continent of North America contains approximately 10 7
square miles of land. If the population doubles, there will be about 10 9
people on the continent. At that point, on average, how many people will
occupy each square mile of land?
32. FOOD An apple is 10 3 times as acidic as milk, while a lemon is

10 4 times as acidic. How many times more acidic is a lemon than
an apple?
33. ANIMALS A common flea 2 -4 inch long can jump about 2 3 inches high.
About how many times its body size can a flea jump?
34. MEDICINE The mass of a molecule of penicillin is 10 -18 kilograms

and the mass of a molecule of insulin is 10 -23 kilograms. How
many times greater is a molecule of penicillin than a molecule of
insulin?
Find each missing exponent.

-1
17
_ _
k6 5
_ p
_
35. = 17 8 36. = k2 37. = 53 38. = p 10
17 4 k 5 -9 p
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 39 and 40, use Richter Scale

Earthquake
the information below and in the table. Magnitude
For each increase of one on the Richter scale, San Francisco, 1906 8.3
an earthquake’s vibrations, or seismic waves, Adana, Turkey, 1998 6.3
are 10 times greater. Source: usgs.gov
%842!02!#4)#%
39. How many times greater are the seismic waves of an earthquake with a
See pages 703, 717.
magnitude of 6 than an aftershock with a magnitude of 3?
Self-Check Quiz at 40. How many times greater were the seismic waves of the 1906 San Francisco
ca.gr7math.com
earthquake than the 1998 Adana earthquake?
Lesson 10-6 Dividing Monomials 547

3 100
H.O.T. Problems 41. NUMBER SENSE Is _
99
greater than, less than, or equal to 3? Explain your
3
reasoning.
42. OPEN ENDED Write a division expression with a quotient of 4 15.
43. CHALLENGE What is half of 2 30? Write using exponents.
44. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why the Quotient of Powers Rule cannot
(*/
5
be used to simplify the expression _
x
2
.
y
45. Which expression below is equivalent 47. One meter is 10 3 times longer than one
8
to _
9m
? millimeter. One kilometer is 10 6 times
2
3m longer than one millimeter. How many
A 6m 4 C 3m 4 times longer is one kilometer than one
meter?
B 6m 6 D 3m 6
A 10 9
46. The area of a rectangle is 2 6 square B 10 6
feet. If the length is 2 3 feet, find the
C 10 3
width of the rectangle.
D 10
F 2 feet H 2 3 feet
G 2 2 feet J 2 9 feet
Simplify. Express using positive exponents. (Lesson 10-5)

-5
4
48. 6 · 6 7 3
49. 18 · 18 50. (-3x 11)(-6x 3) 51. (-9a 4)(2a -7)
53. y = _ x 3
3 1
52. y = x + 2 54. y = -2x 3 55. y = -0.1x 3
3
State the slope and the y-intercept for the graph of each equation. (Lesson 9-5)
56. y = x – 3 57. y=_

2
x+7 58. 3x + 4y = 12 59. x + 2y = 10
3
60. COIN COLLECTING Jada has 156 coins in her collection. This is 12 more than 8 times the
number of nickels in the collection. How many nickels does Jada have in her
collection? (Lesson 8-3)
61. 5n · 3n 4 62. (-x)(-8x 3) 63. (-5b 7)(-2b 4) 64. (-4w)(6w -2)

10-7 Powers of Monomials
Main IDEA
Find powers of MEASUREMENT Suppose the side
monomials. length of a cube is 2 2 centimeters.
Standard 7AF2.2 1. Write a multiplication expression
Multiply and divide for the volume of the cube. 2 2 cm
monomials; extend
the process of taking 2. Simplify the expression. Write as a single power of 2.
powers and extracting roots
to monomials when the 3. Using 2 2 as the base, write the multiplication expression
latter results in a monomial 2 2 · 2 2 · 2 2 using an exponent.
with an integer exponent.
3
4. Explain why (2 2) = 2 6.
You can use the rule for finding the product of powers to discover the
rule for finding the power of a power.
5 factors
(6 4) 5 = (6 4) (6 4) (6 4) (6 4) (6 4)
= 64 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 Apply the rule for the product of powers.
= 6 20
Notice that the product of the original exponents, 4 and 5, is the final
power 20. This relationship is stated in the following rule.
+%9#/.#%04 Power of a Power
Words To find the power of a power, multiply the exponents.

2 3 2·3 6
(5 ) = 5 or 5 (a ) = a m · n
m n
Find the Power of a Power

1 Simplify (8 4) 3. 2 Simplify (k 7) 5.
Common Error
When finding the (8 4) 3 = 8 4 · 3 Power of a Power (k 7) 5 = k 7 · 5 Power of a Power
power of a power,
12
do not add the =8 Simplify. = k 35 Simplify.
exponents.
(8 4) 3 = 8 12, not 8 7.
a. (2 5) 2 b. (w 4) 6 c. [(3 2) 3] 2
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 10-7 Powers of Monomials 549

Extend the power of a power rule to find the power of a product.
5 factors
(3a 4) 5 = (3a 4) (3a 4) (3a 4) (3a 4) (3a 4) Associative and

4 4 4 4 4 Commutative Properties
=3·3·3·3·3·a ·a ·a ·a ·a of Multiplication
= 3 5 · (a 4) 5 Write using powers.
Apply the rule for power of
= 243 · a 20 or 243a 20 a power.
This example suggests the following rule.
+%9#/.#%04 Power of a Product
Words To find the power of a product, find the power of each factor
and multiply.
2 3 3 2 3
(6x ) = (6) • (x ) or 216x 6
(ab) m = a mb m
Power of a Product
3 Simplify (4p 3) 4. 4 Simplify (-2m 7n 6) 5.
(4p 3) 4 = 4 4 · p 3 · 4 (-2m 7n 6) 5 = (-2) 5m 7 · 5n 6 · 5
Alternative Method = 256p 12 Simplify. = -32m 35n 30 Simplify.
(4p 3) 4 can also be
expressed as
(4p 3)(4p 3)(4p 3)(4p 3) Simplify.
or (4 · 4 · 4 · 4)
(p · p · p)(p · p · p) 4
d. (8b 9) 2 e. (6x 5y 11) f. (-5w 2z 8) 3
(p · p · p)(p · p · p)
which is 256p 12.
5 GEOMETRY Express the area of the square

as a monomial.
A = s2 Area of a square
4 2
A = (7a b) Replace s with 7a 4b.
7a 4b
A = 7 2(a 4) 2(b 1) 2 Power of a Product
A = 49a 8b 2 Simplify.
The area of the square is 49a 8b 2 square units.
g. GEOMETRY Find the volume of a cube with sides of length 8x 3y 5.

Express as a monomial.

Examples 1–4 Simplify.
(pp. 549-550) 5
1. (3 2) 2. (h 6) 4 3. [(2 3) 2] 3
3 12
Example 5 4. (7w 7) 5. (5g 8k ) 4 6. (-6r 5s 9) 2
(p. 550)
7. MEASUREMENT Express the volume of the cube
at the right as a monomial. 3c 3d 2
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Simplify.

For See 8. (4 2) 3 9. (2 2) 7 10. (5 3) 3 11. (3 4) 2
Exercises Examples 12. (d 7) 6 13. (m 8) 5 14. (h 4) 9 15. (z 11) 5
8–27 1–4
16. [(3 2) 2] 2 17. [(4 3) 2] 2 18. [(5 2) 2] 2 19. [(2 3) 3] 2
28–31 3
20. (5j 6) 4 21. (8v 9) 5 22. (11c 4) 3 23. (14y) 4
24. (6a 2b 6) 3 25. (2m 5n 11) 6 26. (-3w 3z 8) 5 27. (-5r 4s 12) 4
GEOMETRY Express the area of each square below as a monomial.

28. 29.
8g 3h
12d 6e 7
GEOMETRY Express the volume of each cube below as a monomial.

30. 31.
5r 2s 3
7m 6n 9
Simplify.
34. (_w 5z ) 2
1 3
32. (0.5k 5) 2 33. (0.3p 7) 3
4
35. (_
3 -6 9 2
a b ) 36. (3x -2 4 6 2
) (5x ) 37. (-2v 7) 3(-4v -2) 4
5
38. PHYSICS A ball is dropped from the top of a building. The expression 4.9x 2
gives the distance in meters the ball has fallen after x seconds. Write and
simplify an expression that gives the distance in meters the ball has fallen
after x 2 seconds. Then write and simplify an expression that gives the
%842!02!#4)#% distance the ball has fallen after x 3 seconds.
See pages 703, 717. 39. BACTERIA A certain culture of bacteria doubles in population every hour. At
1 P.M., there are 5 cells. The expression 5(2 x)gives the number of bacteria
Self-Check Quiz at that are present x hours after 1 P.M. Simplify the expressions [5(2 x)] 2 and
ca.gr7math.com
[5(2 x)] 3 and describe what they each represent.
Lesson 10-7 Powers of Monomials 551

MEASUREMENT For Exercises 40-42, use the Side Area of Volume of
table that gives the area and volume of Length Square Cube
a square and cube, respectively, with side (units) (units 2) (units 3)
lengths shown. x x2 x3
40. Copy and complete the table. 2x
41. Describe how the area and volume are 3x
each affected if the side length is doubled. x2
Then describe how they are each affected x3
if the side length is tripled.
42. Describe how the area and volume are each affected if the side length is
squared. Describe how they are each affected if the side length is cubed.
H.O.T. Problems 43. OPEN ENDED A googol is 10 100. Use the Power of a Power rule to write three
different expressions that are equivalent to a googol where each expression
uses exponents.
CHALLENGE Solve each equation for x.

44. (7 x) 3 = 7 15 45. (-2m 3n 4) x = -8m 9n 12
46. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare and contrast how you would correctly
(*/
simplify the expressions (2a 3)(4a 6) and (2a 3) 6.
47. Which expression is equivalent to 49. Which of the following has the same
(10 4) 8? value as 64m 6?
A 10 2 C 10 12 A the area in square units of a square
B 10 4
D 10 32 whose side length is 8m 2
B the expression (32m 3) 2
48. Which expression has the same value
C the expression (8m 3) 2
as 81h 8k 6?
D the volume in cubic units of a cube
F (9h 6k 4) 2 H (6h 5k 3) 3
whose side length is 4m 3
G (9h 4k 3) 2 J (3h 2k) 6

10 3
_
15 7 y
_ 18m 9
_ 24g
_
50. 51. 52. 53.
15 4 y2 6m 4 3g 8
54. MEASUREMENT Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 9xy 2 and a width of 4x 2y.
(Lesson 10-5)
Find each square root. (Lesson 3-1)
55. √
49 56. √
121 57. √
225 58. √
400

10-8 Roots of Monomials
Main IDEA
Find roots of monomials. NUMBER THEORY The square root of a number is a number whose
square is that number. Some perfect squares can be factored into the
Standard 7AF2.2 product of two other perfect squares.
Multiply and divide
monomials; extend 1. Find two factors of 100 that are also perfect squares.
the process of taking powers
and extracting roots to 2. Find the square roots of 4 and 25. Then find their product.
monomials when the latter
results in a monomial with 3. How does the product relate to 100?
an integer exponent.
4. Repeat Questions 1–3 using 144.
NEW Vocabulary The pattern you discovered about the factors of a perfect square is true
cube root for any number.
+%9#/.#%04 Product Property of Square Roots

REVIEW Vocabulary
Words For any numbers a and b, where a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0, the square
square root: a number
whose square is that root of the product ab is equal to the product of each square
number (Lesson 3-1) root.
√
9 · 16 = √
9 · √
16 √
ab = √a · √
b
= 3 · 4 or 12
The square root of a monomial is a monomial whose square is that

monomial. You can use the product property of square roots to find
the square roots of monomials.
Since x represents an unknown value,
√
x 2 = √x
· x = ⎪x⎥ absolute value is used to indicate the
positive value of x.
Absolute value is not necessary since the

√
x 4 = √
x2 · x2 = x2 value of x 2 will never be negative.
Simplify Square Roots

1 Simplify √
4y 2 . 2 Simplify √
36q 6 .
Absolute Value
Use absolute value to √
4y 2 = √4 · √y2 √ 36 · √
36q 6 = √ q6
indicate the positive
value of y and q 3. = √
2 · 2 · √
y·y 6 · 6 · √
= √ q3 · q3
= 2⎪y⎥ = 6 ⎪q 3 ⎥
Simplify.
a. √
v2 b. √
c 6d 8 c. √
121x 4z 10
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 10-8 Roots of Monomials 553

READING Math The process of simplifying expressions involving square roots can be
Cube Root Symbol The
extended to cube roots. The cube root of a monomial is a monomial
cube root of a is shown by whose cube is that monomial.
3
the symbol √ a.
3
3
√
3
8 = √
2·2·2=2 √
a3 = √
3
·a·a=a
a
+%9#/.#%04 Product Property of Cube Roots
Words For any numbers a and b, the cube root of the product ab is
equal to the product of each cube root.
3 3 3 3 3
√ 8 · √
216 = √ 27 = √
√ab 3
a · √b

= 2 · 3 or 6
Simplify Cube Roots

3
3 Simplify √
c3.
3
√
c3 = c (c) 3 = c 3
3
4 Simplify √
64g 6 .
3
√ 64 · √
64g 6 = √
3
g6
3
Product Property of Cube Roots
3
= √
4·4·4·
3
√
g2 · g2 · g2
= 4 · g 2 or 4g 2 Simplify.
Absolute Value
Because a cube root Simplify.
can be negative,
3 3
absolute value is not d. √
s3 e. √3
27y 3 f. √
216k 12
necessary when
simplifying cube
roots.
5 GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of the square whose area
is 81y 2z 6 square units in simplified form.
A = s 2 Area of a square
81y 2z 6 = s 2 Replace A with 81y 2z 6.
√
81y 2z 6 = s Definition of square root.
81 · √y2 · √z6 = s Product Property of Square Roots.
√
9⎪yz 3⎥ = s Simplify. Add absolute value.
The length of one side of the square is 9⎪yz 3⎥ units.
g. GEOMETRY Find the length of one side of a cube whose volume

is 125a 15 cubic units.

Examples 1–2 Simplify.
(p. 553)
1. √
d2 2. √
25a 2 3. √
49x 6y 2 4. √
121h 8k 10
3 3
Example 3–4 5. √
m3 6.
3
√
8p 3 7. √
125r 6s 9 8. √
3
64 x 12y 3
(p. 554)
Example 5 9. GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of the square whose area is
(p. 554) 256u 2v 6 square units as a monomial.
10. GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of a cube whose volume is
27b 3c 12 cubic units as a monomial.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Simplify.

For See
2
11. √n 12. √
y4 13. √
g 8k 14 14. √
64a 2
Exercises Examples
11–18 1–2 15. √
36z 12 16. √
144k 4m 6 17. √
9p 8q 4 18. √
225x 4y 6
14–26 3 3 3 3 3
27–34 5 19. √h3 20. √
v3 21. √
27b 3 22. √
64k 3
3 3 3
23. √
125d 9e 3 24. √
3
8q 9r 18 25. √
343m 3n 21 26. √
216x 12w 15
GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of each square whose area is given
as a monomial.
27. 28. 29. 30.
A 36m 6n 8
A 121a 2b 2 A 400x 2y 10 A 49p 4q 6
GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of each cube whose volume is
given as a monomial.
31. 32. 33. 34.
V 27g 24h 3 V 125k 9m 18
V 64w 3z 3
V 343c 6d 12
Simplify.
%842!02!#4)#%
35. √
0.25x 2 36.
3
√
0.008p 9 37. √_
3
8 3 6
27
w x
See pages 704, 717. √a

Simplify each expression if √_ab = _.

√b
Self-Check Quiz at 2
ca.gr7math.com 38. √_
x
16
39.
√_

81
m 4
40. √_

121
h k8 6
Lesson 10-8 Roots of Monomials 555

H.O.T. Problems 41. OPEN ENDED Write a monomial and its square root.
CHALLENGE Solve each equation for x.

3
42. 25a x = 5 ⎪a 3⎥
√ 43. √
64a 3b x = 4ab 7 44. √
81a 4b x = 9a 2 ⎪b 5⎥
45. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why absolute value is necessary when
(*/
simplifying the expression y 2 and not necessary when simplifying √
√ y4.
46. Which expression is equivalent 48. Which of the following has the same
3
to 2
√144g ?
value as √27 m 3n 6 ?
A 12g C 12g 2 A the length of the side of a square
B 12⎪g⎥ D 12⎪g 2
⎥ whose area is 27m 3n 6
B the expression 9mn 3
47. Which expression has the same value
C the expression 3mn 2
as √
400h 2k 4 ?
D the length of the side of a cube
F 20hk 2 H 20h 2k 4 whose volume is 3mn 2
G 20 ⎪h⎥ k 2 J 200 ⎪h⎥ k 2
Simplify. (Lesson 10-7)
49. (6 3) 5 50. (n 7) 2 51. (2a 3b 2) 4 52. (-4p 11q) 3

4 3
_
95
_
k 15 24y
_ 45g
_
53. 54. 55. 56.
93 k6 4y 2 3g 7
57. RETAIL Find the discount to the nearest cent for a flat-screen television that costs $999
and is on sale at 15% off. (Lesson 5-8)
Math and Economics

Getting Down to Business It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and
data you have gathered about the cost of materials and the feedback from your peers to
prepare a video or brochure. Be sure to include a scatter plot with your project.

APTER
CH
Study Guide
10 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
cube root (p. 554)
Key Concepts are noted monomial (p. 539)
in your Foldable. nonlinear function (p. 522)

quadratic function (p. 528)

Key Concepts
Functions (Lessons 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3) Vocabulary Check
• Linear functions have constant rates of change. State whether each sentence is true or false.
• Nonlinear functions do not have constant rates of If false, replace the underlined word or
change. number to make a true sentence.
• Quadratic functions are functions in which the
greatest power of the variable is 2. 1. The expression y = x 2 - 3x is an example
of a monomial.
• Cubic functions are functions in which the
greatest power of the variable is 3. 2. A nonlinear function has a constant rate of
change.
Monomials (Lessons 10-5 through 10-8)
3. A quadratic function is a function whose
• To multiply powers with the same base, add their
exponents. greatest power is 2.
• To divide powers with the same base, subtract 4. The product of 3x and x 2 + 3x will have 3
their exponents. terms.
• To find the power of a power, multiply the 5. A quadratic function is a nonlinear
exponents. function.
• To find the power of a product, find the power of 6. The graph of a linear function is a curve.
each factor and multiply. 7. To divide powers with the same base,
subtract the exponents.
8. The Quotient of Powers states when
dividing powers with the same base,
subtract their exponents.
9. The graph of a cubic function is a straight
line.

APTER
CH
10-1 Linear and Nonlinear Functions (pp. 522–527)
Determine whether each equation or Example 1 Determine x y

table represents a linear or nonlinear whether the table -2 -3
function. Explain. represents a linear or -1 -1
10. y - 4x = 1 11. y = x 2 + 3 nonlinear function.
0 1
As x increases by 1, 1 3
12. Time (h) 2 3 4 5 y increases by 2. The rate
Number of Pages 98 147 199 248 of change is constant, so this
function is linear.
10-2 Graphing Quadratic Functions (pp. 528–531)
Graph each function. Example 2 Graph y = -x 2 - 1.

13. -4x 2 14. y = x 2 + 4 Make a table of values. Then plot and
15. y = -2x + 12
16. y = 3x - 1 2 connect the ordered pairs with a smooth
curve.
17. SCIENCE A ball is dropped from the y
x y = -x 2 - 1 (x, y)
top of a 36-foot tall building. The O x
-2 -(-2) 2 - 1 (-2, -5)
quadratic equation d = -16t 2 + 36
-1 -(-1) 2 - 1 (-1, -2)
models the distance d in feet the ball
is from the ground at time t seconds. 0 -(0) 2 - 1 (0, -1)
2
Graph the function. Then use your 1 -(1) - 1 (1, -2) y x 2 1
2
graph to find how long it takes for the 2 -(2) - 1 (2, -5)
ball to reach the ground.
10-3 PSI: Make a Model (pp. 532-533)
Solve the problem by using the make a Example 3

model strategy. DISPLAYS Cans of oil are displayed in the
18. MEASUREMENT Sydney has a postcard shape of a pyramid. The top layer has 2
that measures 5 inches by 3 inches. She cans in it. One more can is added to each
decides to frame it, using a frame that layer, and there are 4 layers in the
pyramid. How many cans are there in
is 1_
3
inches wide. What is the
4 the display?
perimeter of the framed postcard?
19. MAGAZINES A book store arranges it
best-seller magazines in the front
window. In how many different ways
can five best-seller magazines be
arranged in a row?
So, based on the model there are 14 cans.

see page 717.
10-4 Graphing Cubic Functions (pp. 534-537)
Graph each function. Example 4 Graph y = -x 3.

20. y = 2x 3 – 4 21. y = 0.25x 3 - 2 x y = -x 3 (x, y)
y
22. y = 2x 3 + 4 23. y = 0.25x 3 + 2 -2 -(-2) 3 (-2, 8)

3 y x 3
24. MEASUREMENT A rectangular prism -1 -(-1) (-1, 1)
with a square base of side length x 0 -(0) 3 (0, 0) x
inches has a height of (x - 1) inches. 1 -(1) 3 (1, -1)
Write the function for the volume V of 2 -(2) 3 (2, -8)
the prism. Graph the function. Then
estimate the dimensions of the box that
would give a volume of approximately
18 cubic inches.
10-5 Multiplying Monomials (pp. 539-542)
Simplify. Express using exponents. Example 5 Find 4 · 4 3. Express using

25. 4 · 4 5 26. x 6 · x 2 exponents.
_3 -4 2 4 · 43 = 41 · 43 4 = 41
27. -9y 2(-4y 9) 28. (7) (7) · _
3
= 41 + 3 The common base is 4.
29. LIFE SCIENCE The number of bacteria =4 4
Add the exponents.
after t cycles of reproduction is 2 t. Example 6 Find 3a 3 · 4a 7.
Suppose a bacteria reproduces every 30
minutes. If there are 1,000 bacteria in a 3a 3 · 4a 7 = (3 · 4)a 3 + 7 Commutative and
Associative Properties
dish now, how many will there be in 1
10
hour? = 12a
10-6 Dividing Monomials (pp. 544-548)
Simplify. Express using exponents. Example 7

59 n5
30. _ 31. _
n Simplify_
68
. Express using exponents.
52 3
6
3 -1 68
_
_
21c11 (_47 ) × (_47 )
__ 63
= 68 - 3 The common base is 6.
32. 33. =6 5
Simplify.
-7c 8 _4
7 Example 8
34. MEASUREMENT The area of the family -8
room is 3 4 square feet. The area of the Simplify _
s
-4
. Express using exponents.
s
kitchen is 4 3 square feet. What is the s -8
difference in area between the two =_ = s -8 - (-4) Quotient of
s –4
rooms? Powers
= s -8 + 4 or _
1
4
Simplify.
s

APTER
CH
10-7 Powers of Monomials (pp. 549-552)
Simplify. Example 9
2 3
35. (9 ) 36. (d 6f 3) 4 Simplify (7 3) 5.
37. (5y 5) 4 38. (6z 4x 3) 5 (7 3) 5 = 7 3 · 5 Power of a Power
39. (_n -1) 2
3 = 7 15 Simplify.
40. [(p 2) 3] 2
4
41. (5 -1) 2 42. (-3k 2) 2(4k -3) 2 Example 10
43. GEOMETRY Find the volume of a cube Simplify (2x 2y 3) 3.
with sides of length 5s 2t 4 as a (2x 2y 3) 3 = 2 3 · x 2 · 3 y 3 · 3 Power of a Product
monomial. = 8x 6y 9 Simplify.
44. GEOMETRY Find the area of a square
with sides of length 6a 3b 5 as a
monomial.
10-8 Roots of Monomials (pp. 553-556)
Simplify. Example 11
45. √
a2 46. √
49n 4 Simplify √
16f 8g 6 .
47. √
36x 2y 6 48. √
81q 14
√
16f 8g 6 = √ f 8 · √
16 · √ g 6 Product
Property of
3 Square Roots
49.
3
√
p6 50. √
8m 18
= 4 · f 4 · ⎪g 3⎥ or 4f 4 ⎪g 3⎥ Use absolute
3 3
51. √
64c 6d 21 52. √
125r 9s 15 value to
indicate the
53. GEOMETRY Express the length of one positive value
side of the square whose area is 64b 16 of g 3.
square units as a monomial. Example 12
3
54. GEOMETRY Express the length of one Simplify √x9.
side of a cube whose volume is 3
√
x9 = x3 (x 3) 3 = x 9
216a 9c 3 cubic units as a monomial.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
10
Determine whether each graph, equation, or 12. CRAFTS Martina is making cube-shaped gift
table represents a linear or nonlinear function. boxes from decorative cardboard. Each side
Explain. of the cube is to be 6 inches long, and there
1. y 2. 2x = y is a _
1
-inch overlap on each side. How much
2
cardboard does Martina need to make each
box?
O x

3. 13. 15 3 15 5 14. -5m 6(-9m 8)
x -3 -1 1 3
y 2 10 18 26 3 15
_ -40w 8
_
15. 16.
37 8w
4. y = _x 2
1
2 Simplify.
2
17. √m
5. y = -2x 2 + 3
6. BUSINESS The function p = 60 + 2d 2 models 18. √

144a 2b 6
the profit made by a manufacturer of digital
audio players. Graph this function. Then use
19. √
3
64x 3y 15
your graph to estimate the profit earned
after making 20 players.
20. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which
(12x 4)(4x 3)
7. STANDARDS PRACTICE Simplify the expression is equivalent to _ ?
algebraic expression (3x 3y 2)(7x 3y). 5
8x
F 12x 7 H 6x 4
A 21x 9y 2
G 12x 2 J 6x 2
B 21x 6y 2
C 21x 6y 3 21. MEASUREMENT Find the
D 21x 6y 6 area of the rectangle at 4s 2t 2
the right.
3st 3
3
8. y = x + 4
9. y = x 3 - 4
Simplify.
22. [(x 2) 4] 3
10. y = _x 3
1
3
23. (-2b 3) 2(4b 2) 2
11. MEASUREMENT A neighborhood group
24. (3 -3) 2
would like Jacob to fertilize their lawns. The
average area of each lawn is 6 4 square feet.
If there are 6 2 lawns in this neighborhood, 25. GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of
how many total square feet of lawn does a square with an area of 121x 4y 10 square
Jacob need to fertilize? units in simplified form.

APTER
CH

Read each question. Then fill in the 3 The equation c = 0.8t represents c, the cost
correct answer on the answer of t tickets on a ferry. Which table contains
document provided by your teacher or values that satisfy this equation?
on a sheet of paper.
A Cost of Ferry Tickets
1 A car used 4.2 gallons of gasoline to travel t 1 2 3 4
126 miles. How many gallons of gasoline c $0.80 $1.00 $1.20 $1.40
would it need to travel 195 miles?
B Cost of Ferry Tickets
A 2.7
t 1 2 3 4
B 5.0 c $0.80 $1.60 $2.40 $3.20
C 6.5
C Cost of Ferry Tickets
D 7.6
t 1 2 3 4
c $0.75 $1.50 $2.25 $3.00
2 The scatter plot below shows the cost of
computer repairs in relation to the number D Cost of Ferry Tickets
of hours the repair takes. Based on the t 1 2 3 4
information in the scatter plot, which c $1.80 $2.60 $3.40 $4.20
statement is a valid conclusion?
Cost of
Computer Repairs 4 Shanelle purchased a new computer for
y
55 $1,099 and a computer desk for $699
50 including tax. She plans to pay the total
45
40 amount in 24 equal monthly payments.
35 What is a reasonable amount for each
Total Cost ($)
30
25
monthly payment?
20 F $50
15
10 G $75
5
H $150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Number of Hours J $1,800
F As the length of time increases, the cost

of the repair increases.
G As the length of time increases, the cost Question 4 You can often use
of the repair stays the same. estimation to eliminate incorrect
answers. In this question, Shanelle’s
H As the length of time decreases, the cost total spent can be estimated by adding
$1,100 and $700, then dividing by 24.
of the repair increases. The sum of $1,100 and $700 is $1,800
J As the length of time increases, the cost before dividing by 24, so choice J can
be eliminated.
of the repair decreases.

More California
Standards Practice
5 Which of the following is the graph of 8 The area of a rectangle is 30m 11 square feet.
If the length of the rectangle is 6m 4 feet,
y=_2 x 2?
3 what is the width of the rectangle?
A y C y F 5m 7 ft H 36m 15 ft
G 24m 7 ft J 180m 15 ft
O x O x 9 Which expression is equivalent to 5 4 × 5 6?
A 5 10 C 25 10
B 5 24 D 25 24
B y D y
O x
Pre-AP
O x Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Show your work.
10 An electronics store is having a sale on
6 Simplify the expression shown below.
certain models of televisions. Mr. Castillo
(3m 3n 2)(6m 4n) would like to buy a television that is on sale.
F 18m 12n 2 H 18 m 7n 3 This television normally costs $679.
G 18 m 7n 2 J 18 m 7n 6
Last Year’s Models
7 What is the height h of the gutter in the 40% off

figure below? Television
Wednesday Sale!
Only
Take an additional
10% off
a. What price, not including tax, will Mr.
20 ft Castillo pay if he buys the television on
h
Saturday?
b. What price, not including tax, will Mr.
12 ft
Castillo pay if he buys the television on
Wednesday?
A 10 ft C 16 ft c. How much money will Mr. Castillo save
B 14 ft D 18 ft if he buys the television on Saturday?
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Go to Lesson... 4-3 9-8 9-1 5-5 10-2 10-4 10-4 10-5 10-5 5-8
For Help with Standard... AF4.2 PS1.2 MR2.5 MR3.1 AF3.1 AF2.2 MG3.3 NS2.3 NS2.3 NS1.7
California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 10 California Standards Practice 563

Statistics, Data Analysis, and
Probability
Focus
Use statistical procedures
and probability to describe
data and make predictions.
CHAPTER 11
Statistics
Collect, organize, and
represent data sets that have one or
more variables and identify relationships
among variables within a data set by
hand and through the use of an
electronic spreadsheet.
CHAPTER 12
Probability
Determine theoretical and
experimental probabilities and use these
to make predictions about events.
564
Lawrence Lawry/Getty Images
Math and Science
It’s all in the Genes Mirror, mirror on the wall... why do I look like
my parents at all? You’ve been selected to join a team of genetic
researchers to answer this very question. You’ll research basic
genetic lingo and learn how to use a Punnett square. Then you’ll
gather information about the genetic traits of your classmates.
You’ll also make predictions based on an analysis of your findings.
So grab your lab coat and your probability and statistics tool kits to
begin this adventure.
Unit 5 Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability 565

Lawrence Lawry/Getty Images
11 Statistics
• Standard 7SDAP1.0
Collect, organize, and
represent data sets that
have one or more variables
and identify relationships
among variables within a
data set by hand and through
the use of an electronic
spreadsheet.
Key Vocabulary
circle graph (p. 576)
histogram (p. 570)
measures of central
tendency (p. 585)
measures of variation (p. 593)
Real-World Link
Population Statistics and statistical displays are
frequently used to describe the populations of a
country, state, or city.
Statistics Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with five pieces of
1_
8 ” × 11” paper.
2
1 Place 5 sheets of paper 2 Roll up bottom edges.
_3 inch apart. All tabs should be the
4 same size.
3 Crease and staple along 4 Label the tabs with the

the fold. topics from the chapter. 11-1 Make
a Table
rams
11-2 Histog
Graphs
Label the last tab Vocabulary. 11-3 Circle
11-4 Measures
of Central Tend
en
n
s of Variatio
11-5 Measure s
-Whisker Plot
11-6 Box-and f Plots
Stem -and -Lea
11-7 y
Appropriate Displa
11-8 Choose an
Vocabu lary
566 Chapter 11 Statistics

Robert Brenner/PhotoEdit
Option 2
Option 1
Graph each set of points on a Example 1

number line. (Lesson 1-3) Graph the set {2, 4, 5, 9} on a number line.
1. {7, 8, 10, 15, 16}
2. {15, 20, 21, 25, 30}
Add or subtract. (Lessons 1-4 and 1-5) Example 2

3. -4 + (-8) 4. -5 + 2 Find 6 + (-4).
5. 7 + (-3) 6. 1 - (-5) 6 + (-4) = 2 6 and -4 have opposite signs.
Subtract the absolute values,
7. GOLF Gary’s golf scores relative 6 and 4. The difference, 2, has
to par on two holes were 3 and the sign of the number with the
-2. Find his total score relative to larger absolute value, 6.
par for the two holes. (Lesson 1-4)
Order each set of rational numbers Example 3

from least to greatest. (Lesson 2-2) Order 6.08, 0.68, and 8.60 from least to
8. 0.23, 2.03, 0.32 greatest.
9. 5.4, 5.64, 5.46, 5.6 Line up the decimal points.
6.08 Compare the digits in each
10. 0.01, 1.01, 0.10, 1.10
0.68 place value position.
11. LUNCH Horace’s lunch cost $3.71, 8.60
Susan’s cost $3.17, and Paul’s cost
The order from least to greatest is 0.68, 6.08,
$3.07. Write these costs in order
and 8.60.
from least to greatest. (Lesson 2-2)
Solve each problem. (Lesson 5-7) Example 4 What is 72% of 360?

12. Find 52% of 360. 72% of 360 = 0.72 × 360 Use the percent
equation.
13. What is 36% of 360?
= 259.2 Multiply.
14. Find 14% of 360.

MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by making a table.
explain mathematical reasoning. Standard 7SDAP1.1 Know various forms of display for data sets, including stem-and-leaf plot
or box-and-whisker plot; use the forms to display a single set of data or to compare two sets of data.
e-Mail: MAKE A TABLE

YOUR MISSION: Make a table to solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: How many acids, bases, and neutral

substances were tested in science class?
DARREN: In science class, I learned that
▲
substances with pH values less than 7 are
acids, those with pH values greater than
7 are bases, and substances with pH values
equal to 7 are neutral. I tested several
solutions and listed the pH values.
EXPLORE You have a list of the pH values. You need to know how many substances have a
pH value of less than 7, greater than 7, and equal to 7.
PLAN Make a table to show the frequency, or number, of pH values in each interval.
7 8 4 3 pH number Tally Frequency
8 7 9 7 Less than 7 9
5 2 3 7
Equal to 7 4
4 6 8 5
Greater than 7 7
9 9 8 6
SOLVE He tested 9 acids, 7 bases, and 4 neutral substances.

CHECK He tested 9 + 4 + 7, or 20, substances. There are 20 values listed, so the table
seems reasonable.
1. Tell an advantage and disadvantage of listing the values in a table.

2. Describe two types of information you have seen recorded in a table.
3. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that can be answered using a table.
(*/
Then solve the problem by making a table.

Laura Sifferlin
Solve Exercises 4 and 5. Use the make a table 7. MAGAZINES The first magazine in the United
strategy. States was published in 1845. If 12 issues
4. LUNCH The list shows lunch prices of were published each year, including 1845,
various items at a local diner. Organize the how many issues would be published
data in a table using intervals $2.00–$2.99, through 2010?
$3.00–3.99, $4.00–$4.99, and so on. What is
the most common interval of lunch prices? 8. SPORTS In a recent survey of 120 students,
50 said they play basketball and 60 said they
$2.50 $3.00 $3.75 $4.25 $4.25
play soccer. Of those, 20 play both sports.
$4.50 $4.75 $4.75 $5.00 $5.00 How many students do not play either
$5.00 $5.00 $5.50 $5.50 $5.75 basketball or soccer?
$5.80 $6.00 $6.00 $6.00 $6.50
$6.75 $7.00 $8.50 $10.00 $10.00 9. PHOTOGRAPHY How many ways are there
to arrange five French club members for a
5. CARS Dexter’s brother wants to buy a used yearbook photo if the president and vice
car. The list shows the model year of the president must be seated in front with the
cars listed in the classified ads. Which year other three members behind them?
is listed most frequently?
1998 2000 1999 1999 2001 2001
2002 1998 2000 2000 1997 2001
1998 1999 2001 2001 1999 2000
2000 1997 1999 1998 2002 1997 For Exercises 10 and 11, select the appropriate
2000 1999 2000 2001 1999 1999 operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
10. GEOGRAPHY Name three countries that
have a combined area of forests that is
about equal to the area of forest in Russia.
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
,ARGEST!REASOF&OREST
• Use logical re
asoning.
r problem.
!REAINMILLIONSMI
• Solve a simple

• Make a table.

6. FORESTS About what percent of the tree

diameters below are from 4 to 9.9 inches?

!
IA
SIA
DA
Sample Tree Diameters from

IL
IN
3
SS
AZ
NA
NE
#H
5
2U
"R
#A
DO
Cumberland National Forest

)N
Diameter (in.) Tally Frequency #OUNTRIES
Source: Top Ten Things

2.0–3.9 6
4.0–5.9 30
11. BASKETBALL The average salary of an NBA
6.0–7.9 28 player is $4.5 million per season. The
8.0–9.9 24 average salary of a WNBA player is $43,000
10.0–11.9 19 per season. About what percent of the
average NBA player’s salary is the average
12.0–13.9 4
WNBA player’s salary?
Lesson 11-1 Problem-Solving Investigation: Make a Table 569

11-2 Histograms
Main IDEA
Display and interpret data BASKETBALL Kylie researched Price Interval ($) Tally Frequency
in a histogram. the average ticket prices to
20.00–29.99 1
NBA basketball games for
Standard 7SDAP1.1
30 teams. The frequency 30.00–39.99 11
Know various forms
of display for data table shows the results. 40.00–49.99 10
sets, including stem-and-leaf
plot or box-and-whisker plot; 1. What do you notice 50.00–59.99 5
use the forms to display a
single set of data or to
about the price intervals 60.00–69.99 1
compare two sets of data. in the table?
70.00–79.99 2
2. How many tickets were
at least $20.00 but less
than $50.00?
NEW Vocabulary Data from a frequency table can be displayed as a histogram. A

histogram is a type of bar graph used to display numerical data
histogram
that have been organized into equal intervals.
Construct a Histogram
REVIEW Vocabulary 1 FOOD Choose intervals and Calories of
bar graph: a graphic make a frequency table of Soup-in-a-Cup
form using bars to make the data shown. Then 380 225 110 176 218
comparisons of statistics
(page 662)
construct a histogram to 241 280 160 155 180
represent the data. 195 166 178 207 240
239 144 212 235 221
The least value in the data Calories Tally Frequency

is 110 and the greatest is 100–149 2
380. An interval size of
150–199 7
50 Calories would yield
the frequency table at 200–249 9
the right. 250–299 1
To construct a histogram, 300–349 0

READING
follow these steps. 350–399 1
in the Content Area
this lesson, visit Step 1 Draw and label a horizontal and vertical axis.
ca.gr7math.com. Include a title.

Step 2 Show the intervals from the frequency table on the
horizontal axis.
Gaps Intervals with Step 3 For each Calorie interval, draw a bar whose height is given
a frequency of 0 by its frequency.
have a bar height of
0. This is referred to There is Because all of
as a gap. Calories of Soup-in-a-Cup
no space 10 the intervals
Number of Soups
between bars. 8 are equal, all
6 of the bars
4 have the
2
same width.
0
14 –
19 –
24 –
29 –
34 –
39 –
0
0
9
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
Calories
a. SCHOOL The list at the right Test Scores

gives a set of test scores. Choose 94 85 73 93 75 77 89 80
intervals, make a frequency table,
89 83 79 81 87 85 90 83
and construct a histogram to
88 86 83 91 93 93 92 90
represent the data.
91 88 96 97 98 82 90 100
Analyze and Interpret Data

2 HISTORY How many !GEOF0RESIDENTS
presidents were younger AT&IRST)NAUGURATION

than 50 years old when
.UMBEROF0RESIDENTS

they were first inaugurated?

Two presidents were
40–44 years old, and six
presidents were 45–49 years
old. Therefore, 2 + 6 or
8 presidents were younger

than 50 when they were

n
n
n
n
n
n

first inaugurated. !GEYR

3 HISTORY How old was the
oldest president at his first inauguration?
This cannot be determined from the data as presented in this graph.
The histogram only tells us that the oldest president was either 65, 66,
67, 68, or 69 years old.
b. How many presidents were 60 years old or older when they were
first inaugurated?
c. Based on the data above, at what age is a president most likely to
be first inaugurated?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-2 Histograms 571

Example 1 1. WEATHER The list gives the State Record High Temperatures (°F)
(p. 570–571) record high temperatures in 112 100 128 120 134 118 106 110 109 112
degrees Fahrenheit for each
100 118 117 116 118 121 114 114 105 109
state in the United States.
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 125 106 110
Choose intervals and make
122 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
a frequency table. Then
construct a histogram to 120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 115
represent the data. Source: National Climatic Data Center
Examples 2, 3 AUTO RACING For Exercises 2–4, Winning Speeds at Indianapolis 500 *
(p. 571) use the histogram at the right. 32
28
2. How many races had winning
24
Number of Years
average speeds that were at least 20
150 miles per hour? 16
12
3. At which range of speeds is a car
8
finishing in first place most likely
4
to be? Explain your reasoning. 0
4. What is the fastest winning speed
99
74
24
9
4
14
17
19
–
–1
50
75
5–
0–
5–
0
recorded at the Indianapolis 500?
10
12
15
17
Speed (miles per hour)
Source: indy500.com * through 2005
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 For each problem, choose intervals and make a frequency table. Then
construct a histogram to represent the data.
For See
Exercises Examples 5. Calories of Frozen Fruit Bars 6. Average Speed (mph), Selected Animals
5, 6 1
25 35 200 280 80 80 90 70 61 50 50 50 45 8
7–14 2, 3
40 45 50 50 60 90 70 43 42 40 40 40 35 0.17
40 100 120 45 60 350 35 32 32 30 30 30 1.17
30 25 20 9 18 12 200
Source: World Almanac for Kids, 2005
BASKETBALL For Exercises

."!#OURT3EATING
7–10, use the histogram.
.UMBEROF#OURTS

7. How many courts have

fewer than 19,000 seats?
8. How many courts have
18,000–19,999 seats?

9. How likely is it that any
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

given NBA court will seat

more than 21,000 people? .UMBEROF3EATS
10. Which court has the Source: The World Almanac

fewest seats?

LIBRARIES For Exercises 11–14,
.UMBEROF0UBLIC,IBRARIESIN%ACH3TATE
use the histogram at the right. 20
Number of States
16
11. How many states have at least 12
600 public libraries? 8
4
12. Which state has the fewest 0
public libraries?
9
19
39
59
79
99
9
,1
0–
0–
0–
0–
0–
1
0–
20
40
60
80
13. How many public libraries does
00
1,
Number of Public Libraries
a typical U.S. state have? Explain
your reasoning. Source: Public Libraries Survey
14. How many states have between

400 and 800 public libraries?
Real-World Link FOOTBALL For Exercises 15–18, use the histograms shown.
There are 16,486
public libraries in the 3CORESOF7INNING4EAMSTHROUGH
United States. The
state with the most
public libraries is New /RANGE"OWL #OTTON"OWL

York (1,088) followed

by California (1,074),
.UMBEROF3CORES
.UMBEROF3CORES
and then Texas (848).
Source: World
Almanac 2005

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

7INNING4EAM3CORE 7INNING4EAM3CORE
15. Which bowl had the highest winning team score?
16. Determine which bowl game has had a winning team score of 30–39
points more often.
17. Determine which bowl game has had a winning team score of at least
40 points more often.
18. What was the lowest winning team score in each bowl game?
19. COLLECT THE DATA Conduct a survey of your classmates to determine the
number of hours each person spends on the Internet during a typical week.
Then choose intervals, make a frequency table, and construct a histogram
to represent the data.
20. RESEARCH Use the Internet or other resource to find the populations of each
county, census division, or parish in your state. Make a histogram using
your data. How does your county, census division, or parish compare with
%842!02!#4)#%
others in your state?
See pages 704, 718.
21. OPEN ENDED Construct a histogram that has a vertical line of symmetry
Self-Check Quiz at and two gaps. Then construct a histogram that has a vertical line of
ca.gr7math.com
symmetry and one gap.
Lesson 11-2 Histograms 573

Rafael Macia/Photo Researchers
H.O.T. Problems 22. CHALLENGE Describe how the histogram
at the right would change if larger intervals,
Frequency
such as 0–9 and 10–19, were used. Describe
how it would change if smaller intervals,

such as 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and so on, were used.

n n n n
23. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Describe when a
(*/ Age (yr)
histogram might be more useful than a table
with individual data. Then describe when a table with individual data
might be more useful than a histogram.
24. Which statement can be concluded 25. A group of mothers reported when
from the histogram? their children got their first tooth.
7INNING3CORESATTHE #HILDS!GEAT&IRST4OOTH
&IRST3UPER"OWLS
.UMBEROF#HILDREN

.UMBEROF3UPER"OWLS

n n n n n

!GEMONTHS

n n n n n
7INNING3CORES What fraction of the number of

children reported got their first tooth
A The lowest winning score was 10. when they were six months old or
B The highest winning score was 59. older?
C Most of the winning teams scored F _
9
H _
4
20 5
between 10 and 29 points. _
G 7 J _
1
20 5
D Most of the winning teams scored
between 20 and 39 points.
26. THEME PARKS The list gives the annual attendance 14.0 12.7 8.6 7.9 7.3 6.9
in millions of persons for various theme parks in the 6.1 5.3 5.2 4.6 4.3 4.3
United States. Use the make a table strategy to organize 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2
the data into intervals. (Lesson 11-1)
3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5
27. GEOMETRY Express the length of one side of a cube whose Source: World Almanac, 2005
volume is 64x 3 cubic units as a monomial. (Lesson 10-8)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each problem. (Lessons 5-3 and 5-7)

28. Find 26% of 360. 29. What is 53% of 360? 30. Find 73% of 360.

11-2 Histograms
You can make a histogram using a graphing calculator.
Main IDEA
Use a graphing calculator
to make histograms.
Standard 7SDAP1.1 Mr. Yamaguchi’s second period class has listed the distance each
Know various forms
of display for data
student lives from the school. Make a histogram.
plot or box-and-whisker plot; Distance from School (miles)
single set of data or to 4 2 6 1 10 3 19 5 20 1 1 9
compare two sets of data. 22 15 2 4 12 8 1 4 16 3 6 7
words, numbers, symbols, Clear any existing data in list L1 by pressing
diagrams, and models, to STAT ENTER CLEAR ENTER .
reasoning. Then enter the data in L1. Input each number
and press ENTER .
Turn on the statistical plot by pressing 2nd

[STAT PLOT] ENTER ENTER .
Select the histogram and L1 as the Xlist by
pressing ENTER 2nd L1 ENTER .
Press WINDOW . To set the

viewing window to be
[0, 25] scl: 5 by [0, 12] scl: 1,
press WINDOW 0 ENTER 2.5
ENTER 5 ENTER 0 ENTER 12
ENTER 1 ENTER '2!0( .
Press '2!0( to create the histogram.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Press 42!#% . Find the frequency of each interval using the right
arrow key.
2. Explain why the x-values for this data set were chosen as 0 to 25.
3. COLLECT THE DATA Use the graphing calculator to make a histogram of

your classmates’ heights in inches.
Other Keystrokes at ca.gr7math.com Extend 11-2 Graphing Calculator Lab: Histograms 575
11-3 Circle Graphs
Construct and interpret MOVIES The graphic 9\_Xm`fij8d\i`ZXej=è[Dfjk

circle graphs. shows the results of 8eefpè^XkXDfm`\K_\Xk\i
a recent survey of
Standard 7SDAP1.1 3OMEONETALKINGONACELL
Know various forms 1,100 U.S. movie-goers.
PHONEDURINGAMOVIE
of display for data
sets, including stem-and-leaf 1. What percent of !CELLPHONERINGING
plot or box-and-whisker plot; U.S. movie-goers DURINGAMOVIE
found a ringing cell 3OMEONETALKINGTOTHEIR
single set of data or to SEATMATEDURINGAMOVIE
compare two sets of data. phone the most 3OMEONEWHOSAVESSEATS
annoying behavior INACROWDEDTHEATER
at a movie theater? 3OMEONELOUDLYEATING
POPCORNORSOMEOTHER
2. What percent of U.S. SNACKDURINGAMOVIE
movie-goers were
NEW Vocabulary annoyed with some
Source: Braun Research
kind of noise
circle graph
disturbance?
3. Which behavior was reported as the most annoying?
4. Are all the behaviors surveyed accounted for in the graphic?
Explain.
A circle graph can be used to compare parts of a data set to the whole
set of data. The entire circle represents the whole set, so the percents in a
circle graph add up to 100.
Construct a Circle Graph from Percents

1 MOVIES Construct a circle graph using the information above.
Step 1 There are 360° in a circle. So, multiply each percent written
as a decimal by 360° to find the number of degrees for each
section of the graph.
Talking on a cell phone: 73% of 360° = 0.73 · 360° ≈ 263°
Ringing cell phone: 10% of 360° = 0.10 · 360° or 36°
Talking to seatmate: 10% of 360° = 0.10 · 360° or 36°
Saving seats: 4% of 360° = 0.04 · 360° ≈ 14°
Eating loudly: 3% of 360° = 0.03 · 360° ≈ 11°

Step 2 Use a compass ÃÌÊÞ}ÊÛiÊ/i>ÌiÀÊ i>ÛÀÊ
to draw a circle ->Û}ÊÃi>ÌÃ >Ì}
and a radius. {¯ Õ`Þ
/>}ÊÌ Î¯
Then use a ÊÃi>Ì>Ìi
protractor to £ä¯
draw an 11° angle.
This section />}ÊÊ>
,}} ViÊ«i
represents ViÊ«i ÇÎ¯
someone eating £ä¯
loudly. From the
new radius, draw
the next angle. Repeat for each of the remaining angles.
Label each section. Then give the graph a title.
Global Wireless Subscribers

Country Percentage Share
a. CELL PHONES The table gives
China 19.3
the percentage share of the
U.S.A. 9.9
top five wireless-subscribing
countries in the world. Russia 5.6
Construct a circle graph Japan 4.6
to represent the data. Brazil 4.1
Other 56.5
Source: Computer Industry Almanac
When percents are not known, you must first determine what part of the
whole each item represents.
Construct a Circle Graph from Data

2 HISTORY Construct a Ages of the Signers of the
circle graph of the Declaration of Independence
data in the histogram 20
at the right. 18
16
Number of Signers
Step 1 Find the total 14
number of signers 12
10
of the Declaration 8
Real-World Link
of Independence. 6
Ben Franklin was the
4
oldest signer of the 3 + 17 + 19 + 2
Declaration of
Independence. He was
10 + 6 + 1 = 56 0
20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79
70 years old.
Source: The World Step 2 Find the ratio Ages of Signers
Almanac that compares Source: The World Almanac
the number in
each age group to the total number of signers. Round to
the nearest hundredth.
20 to 29: 3 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.05 50 to 59: 10 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.18
30 to 39: 17 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.30 60 to 69: 6 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.11
40 to 49: 19 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.34 70 to 79: 1 ÷ 56 ≈ 0.02
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-3 Circle Graphs 577

“Benjamin Franklin”, 1789. Charles Wilson Peale. Oil on canvas. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia/Francis G.
Step 3 Use these ratios to find the number of degrees of each
section. Round to the nearest degree if necessary.
20 to 29: 0.05 · 360 = 18
30 to 39: 0.30 · 360 = 108
40 to 49: 0.34 · 360 = 122.4 or about 122
50 to 59: 0.18 · 360 = 64.8 or about 65
60 to 69: 0.11 · 360 = 39.6 or about 40
70 to 79: 0.02 · 360 = 7.2 or about 7
Step 4 Use a compass and a Ages of the Signers of the

protractor to draw a circle Declaration of Independence
and the appropriate sections.
Label each section and give
30–39 40–49
the graph a title. Write the 30% 34%
ratios as percents.
20–29
5%
70–79
2% 50–59
60–69 18%
11%
b. BIRTHPLACES The table Foreign-Born Residents

gives the region of birth of the United States
and number of people Region of Birth Number of People
living in the United Europe 4,915,557
States who were born Asia 8,226,254
in a different country. Africa 881,300
Construct a circle graph
Oceania 168,046
of the data.
Latin America 16,086,974
North America 829,442
Analyze and Interpret Data

3 SCHOOL Use the circle graph -VÊ ÀiÌÊvÊ*iÀÃÃÊ
at the right to describe the ÎÊ9i>ÀÃÊÀÊ"ìÀÊ Ài`ÊÊ-V
makeup of the school ÕÀÃiÀÞÊ-V
enrollment of persons 3 years ÀÊ*ÀiÃV
È°x¯ ìÀ}>ÀÌi
or older who are enrolled
i}iÊÀ x°{¯
in school in the United States. À>`Õ>Ìi
Real-World Link -V
In the academic year More persons were enrolled in ÓÓ°n¯ iiÌ>ÀÞ
2003–2004, 57% of elementary school than in any -V
all degrees awarded }Ê-V À>ìÃÊ£qn®
by 4-year institutions other category. More than _
3 À>ìÃÊq£Ó® {Î°¯
4 Ó£°{¯
and 62% of all degrees
awarded by 2-year of the total enrolled are in a Source: U.S. Census Bureau
institutions were preK-12 program. The number
awarded to women. of persons enrolled in high school and the number of persons
Source: National Center
for Education Statistics enrolled in college or graduate school are about the same.

Peter Griffith/Masterfile
c. PETS Use the circle graph ÜÊÕVÊ`Ê9ÕÊ*>ÞÊÀÊ9ÕÀÊ*iÌ¶
at the right to describe ÀiÊÌ>
the makeup of the dollar fxää
n¯
amount Americans pay
for their pets. fÓä£qfxää fä
Óä¯ Î¯
f£ä£qfÓää
£Ó¯
fx£qf£ää f£qfxä
¯ £Ó¯
Source: American Animal Hospital Association
Examples 1, 2 Construct a circle graph for each set of data.

(p. 576– 578)
1. 2.
Frequency of Exercise .UMBEROF3CHOOL$AYS
Several Times a Day -ISSED$UETO&LU
32%
or Once a Day
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS

Several Times a Week 33%
Several Times a Month

15%
or Once a Month

A Few Times a Year
19%
or Never

Not Sure 1%
n n n n n
Source: FOX News .UMBEROF$AYS-ISSED
Source: pbskids.org
Example 3 3. ACTIVITIES Use the circle graph 4. POPULATION Use the circle graph
(p. 578)
to describe the activities teens say to describe the population of North
they are willing to give up. Carolina by age.
VÌÛÌÞÊ/ii>}iÀÃÊÀiÊÃÌ Percent of North Carolina

7}ÊÌÊÛiÊ1« Population by Age
ÃÌi}ÊÌ 85 years
ÕÃV or older
n¯ 1.4%
65–84 years
1Ã}ÊÌiÊ 10.7%

«ÕÌiÀ
Óx¯
,i>`}
Î¯ 0–24 years
7>ÌV} 34.5%
/6
Ón¯ 45–64 years
23.8%
25–44 years
29.6%
Source: National Education Association Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Lesson 11-3 Circle Graphs 579

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Construct a circle graph for each set of data.
For See 5. 6.
Major Influences for Teens Types of Flowers and Plants
Exercises Examples on Music Choices Purchased for
5–8 1 Radio 43% Mother’s Day
9–12 2 Garden Plants 37%
Friends 30%
13–16 3 Cut Flowers 36%
Television 16%
Parents 7% Flowering Plants 18%
Concerts 3% Green Plants 9%
Magazines 1% Source: California Cut Flower
Commission
Source: USA WEEKEND
7. 8.
(OW/LD$O9OU7ISH9OU7ERE
!VERAGE.UMBEROF(OURSOF3LEEP

.UMBEROF0ERSONS
.UMBEROF4EACHERS

n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

!GEYEARS

(OURSOF3LEEP

Describe the data in each circle graph.

9. How Many Cats Do 10. /Þ«iÊvÊÕiÊ1Ãi`ÊÌÊi>ÌÊiÃ
Cat Owners Own?
5 cats
or more "ÌiÀ *«i`Ê>Ã
11% £¯ xä¯
4 cats
6% 7`
1 cat Ó¯
3 cats 41%
15% iVÌÀVÌÞ
ÌÌi`Ê>Ã ÎÓ¯
È¯
2 cats
27% ÕiÊ"
¯
Source: American Animal Hospital Association Source: U.S. Census Bureau
11. DfjkGfglcXiD\Xk 12. EldY\if]8cXidjJ\k

G`qqXKfggè^j
iiv "ÌiÀ
£Ç¯ È¯
3ETATLEAST $ONOTSET
TWOALARMS ANALARM
Real-World Link
Americans eat about
100 acres of pizza
daily, which averages
to about 350 slices 3ETONE
per second. *À ALARM
Source: thepizzajoint. ÇÇ¯
com Source: The National Pork Board Source: serta.com
3OURCE SERTACOM

John E. Kelly/Stone/Getty Images
13. EARTH SCIENCE Use the circle graph iiÌÃÊÊ >ÀÌ½ÃÊ
ÀÕÃÌ
at the right to determine the percent of ÕÕ
aluminum in Earth’s crust. Then find X ¯
the measure in degrees of the angle of the "ÌiÀ
aluminum section of the circle graph. £Ó°È¯
À "ÝÞ}i
14. COLLECT THE DATA Conduct a survey of x°ä¯ {È°È¯
your classmates to determine the number
of hours they watch TV in a particular -V
ÓÇ°Ç¯
week. Construct a histogram of the data. Source: Texas A&M University
Real-World Link
Then construct a circle graph of the data.
The Eastern
Hemisphere includes 15. TOURISM Use the information at the *>ViÊvÊ"À}ÊvÀÊÀi}Ê
Asia, Africa, Europe, left and the circle graph at the right 6ÃÌÀÃÊÌÊÌiÊ1°-°
and Oceania while
the Western to determine the percent of foreign
Hemisphere includes visitors to the United States from ÕÀ«i
North and South ÀÌ ÓÈ¯
America.
the Eastern Hemisphere. Then find
iÀV>
Source: geography. the number of visitors from the x£¯ Ã>
about.com £È¯
Eastern Hemisphere if there was
-ÕÌ
a total of 50 million foreign visitors iÀV>
vÀV>
to the United States. £¯ "Vi>>
{¯
Ó¯
Source: Office of Travel and Tourism Industries
BASKETBALL For Exercises 16–18, use the table Favorite NBA Team
at the right.
Los Angeles Lakers 12%
16. Construct a circle graph of the data. Chicago Bulls 6.3%
%842!02!#4)#% 17. Conduct a survey of your classmates to Philadelphia 76ers 3.7%
See pages 705, 718. determine their favorite NBA team, if any. New York Knicks 3.3%
Then construct a circle graph of the data. Boston Celtics 2.1%
Self-Check Quiz at 18. Describe any similarities and differences None 56%
ca.gr7math.com.
between the two circle graphs you made. Other 16.6%
Source: ESPN
H.O.T. Problems 19. NUMBER SENSE What percent of the circle
graph at the right is represented by Section A?
B
by Section B? by Section C?
A
C
20. OPEN ENDED Construct a circle graph with
five categories showing how you spend
24 hours in a typical weekday.
Most Popular Newspaper
21. REASONING Explain why a circle graph Section Read by Teens
could not be made of the data in the table Comics 56%
at the right. Entertainment 51%
Sports 45%
22. */ -!4( Write a word problem
(*/
83 *5*/( Advertising 42%
about a real-world situation in which you Local News 35%
could construct a circle graph to solve the Classifieds 28%
problem. Explain why the circle graph Source: Newspaper Association
would be helpful. of America
Lesson 11-3 Circle Graphs 581

NASA
23. Ms. Horace surveyed the students in the Type of Program Number of Students
8th grade about their favorite type of Comedy 120
television program. The table shows Drama 180
the results of the survey. Which circle Reality 240
graph best represents the data in the table? Action 60
A Favorite Type C Favorite Type

of TV Program of TV Program
Comedy
20%
Reality Comedy Reality

40% 30% 50% Drama
10%
Action
Action 20%
Drama
20% 10%
B Favorite Type D Favorite Type

of TV Program of TV Program
Comedy
20%
Reality Reality Comedy
40% 40% 30%
Drama
30% Drama
20%
Action Action
10% 10%
24. FOOD The numbers of Calories for several different single-serving frozen
pizzas are listed below. Construct a histogram of the data. (Lesson 11-2)
200, 270, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 350,

360, 380, 380, 390, 390, 420, 440, 450
25. Find the length of a side of a square with an area of 36x 2y 6. (Lesson 10-8)
26. SKYDIVING The distance d a skydiver falls in t seconds is given by the
function d = 16t 2. Graph this function and estimate how far a skydiver
will fall in 5.5 seconds. (Lesson 10-2)
Find the volume of each prism or cylinder. Round to the nearest tenth, if
27. rectangular prism: length 4 cm, width 8 cm, height 2 cm
28. cylinder: diameter 1.6 in., height 5 in.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression.

__
57 + 25 + 32 +46 14(107) + 342 + 10(13)
__ __
500 - 125 + 205 - 20
29. 30. 31.
4 3 8

11-3 Line, Bar, and Circle Graphs
A computer spreadsheet is useful to construct line, bar, and circle graphs.
Main IDEA
Use technology to create
line, bar, and circle graphs.
Standard 7SDAP1.1 1 The table gives the

Know various forms Year ’69–’70 ’79–’80 ’89–’90 ’99–’00
of display for data number of Bachelor’s Degrees
sets, including stem-and-leaf 341.2 455.5 559.6 707.5
degrees awarded to (in thousands)
plot or box-and-whisker plot;
use the forms to display a women by U.S. colleges Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity
single set of data or to and universities.
compare two sets of data.
To construct a line graph of the data, follow these steps.
Set up a spreadsheet, with the years in column A and the
explain mathematical number of degrees in column B.
reasoning.
Highlight the data in column B, from B2 through B5. This

tells the spreadsheet to read the data in column B.
Click on the Chart Wizard icon, choose the line graph, and
click Next.
To set the x-axis, choose the Series tab and press the icon
next to the Category (X) axis labels.
On the spreadsheet, select the data in column A, from

A2 through A5. Press the icon on the bottom of the
Chart Wizard box to automatically paste the data.
Click Next and enter the chart title and labels for the x- and
y-axes. Click Next again and then Finish.
"ACHELORS$EGREESXLS
! " # $ % & ' (
9EAR .UMBEROF$EGREESTHOUSANDS Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded to Women
800
(thousands)
Number of
600

Degrees
400
200
0
’69-’70 ’79-’80 ’89-’90 ’99-’00
Year

3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
Extend 11-3 Spreadsheet Lab: Line, Bar, and Circle Graphs 583
2 To make a bar graph, highlight the data in B2 through B5.
Click on the Chart Wizard and choose the vertical bar

graph.
Complete steps 3–5 from Activity 1.
"ACHELORS$EGREESXLS
! " # $ % & ' (
9EAR .UMBEROF$EGREESTHOUSANDS
"ACHELORS$EGREES!WARDEDTO7OMEN

THOUSANDS

.UMBEROF
$EGREES

@ @ @ @
9EAR

3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
3 To make a circle graph, highlight the data in A2 through B5.
Click on the Chart Wizard and choose Pie.
Click Next to enter the chart title. Then click Next and Finish.
Bachelor’s Degrees.xls
A B C D E F G H
1 Year Number of Degrees (thousands) Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded to Women
2 ’69-’70 341.2
3 ’79-’80 455.5 ‘69-’70
4 ’89-’90 559.6 ‘79-’80
5 ’99-’00 707.5 ‘89-’90
6 ‘99-’00
7
8
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. MAKE A CONJECTURE Use one of the graphs to predict the approximate
number of bachelor’s degrees that would be awarded to women from
U.S. colleges and universities in the year 2019–2020. Which graph(s)
did you use to make this conjecture? Justify your selection(s).
2. COLLECT THE DATA Collect some data that can be displayed in a line,
bar, and circle graph. Use a spreadsheet to construct each graph.

11-4 Measures of Central
Tendency and Range
Main IDEA
Find the mean, median, VACATION DAYS Use the table to Average Number of Vacation Days
mode, and range of a set answer each question. Per Year for Selected Countries
of data.
Country Vacation Days
1. What is the average number of
Standard 7SDAP1.3 days for these nine countries? Brazil 34
Understand Canada 26
the meaning of, and 2. Order the numbers from least
be able to compute, the France 37
to greatest. What is the middle
minimum, the lower quartile, Germany 35
the median, the upper number in your list?
quartile, and the maximum Italy 42
of a data set. 3. What number(s) appear more
Japan 25
than once?
Korea 25
4. Which numbers from Questions
United Kingdom 28
1–3 might be representative of
United States 13
the data? Explain.
Source: World Tourism Organization
NEW Vocabulary
Measures of central tendency are numbers that describe the center of a
measures of central tendency set of data. The most common measures are mean, median, and mode.
mean
The range is also used to describe a set of data.
median
mode
range
#/.#%043UMMARY Measures of Central Tendency and Range
Measure Description
mean sum of the data divided by the number of items in the set
median middle number of the data ordered from least to greatest,
or the mean of the middle two numbers
mode number or numbers that occur most often
range difference between the greatest number (maximum) and least
number (minimum) in a set of data
Find Measures of Central Tendency

and Range
1 The ages, in years, of the people seated at a table are 22, 18, 24, 32,
24, 18. Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the set of data.
Mean ___
22 + 18 + 24 + 32 + 24 + 18
=_
138
or 23 years old
6 6
Median 18, 18, 22, 24, 24, 32 Arrange in order from least to
greatest.
_
22 + 24
= 23 years old
2
Lesson 11-4 Measures of Central Tendency and Range 585

Mode The data set has two modes, 18 and 24 years old.
Range 32 – 18 or 14 years
a. The prices of parking at several lots are listed below. Find the
mean, median, mode, and range. Round to the nearest cent.
$3, $2.50, $6, $5.50, $3, $4.25
Sometimes one or two measures of central tendency or the range are

more representative of the data than the other measure(s).
Real-World Link
Although no one
actually resides on
Antarctica, about 2 GEOGRAPHY Select the appropriate Population of Continents
1,000 scientists live
at scientific stations measure of central tendency or range Population
during the summer. to describe the data in the table. Continent
(millions)
Some even stay Justify your reasoning.
through the winter, North America 509
when the temperature Find the mean, median, South America 369
can drop as low
as -94°F. mode, and range of the data. Europe 729
Source: World Book Mean Asia 3,862
509 + 369 + 729 + 3,862 + 875 + 32 + 0 Africa 875

____
7 Australia and Oceania 32
6,376
= _ ≈ 910.9 Antarctica 0
7 Source: The World Almanac for Kids
The mean is about 910.9 million.
Median Arrange the numbers from least to greatest.
0, 32, 369, 509, 729, 875, 3,862
The median is the middle number or 509 million.
Mode Since each number only occurs once, there is no mode.
Range 3,862 - 0 or 3,862 million
Since the only continent with a population greater than the mean is
Asia, the mean is not the appropriate measure of central tendency.
Since there is no mode, the median is the appropriate measure of
central tendency. The range tells us that the spread of the data is
3,862 million.
Computer Hard Drive

Model (gigabytes)
b. COMPUTERS Select the appropriate
L100 40
measure of central tendency or
range to describe the data in the L150 80
table. Justify your reasoning. NX250 40
NX300 120
PC150 40
PC250 40
586 Chapter 11 Statistics Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Galen Rowell/CORBIS
Different circumstances determine which measure of central tendency
or range is most appropriate to describe a set of data.
#/.#%043UMMARY Using Mean, Median, and Mode

Range The range of Measure Most Useful When...
a data set gives the
spread, or how far mean the data have no extreme values
the values are spread
out. Use the range median the data have extreme values
when you want to
describe the spread. there are no big gaps in the middle of the data
mode the data have many identical numbers
3 Spencer has an average of 90 on 12 quizzes. If his teacher drops

Spencer’s lowest score, a 75, which equation can be used to find a,
Spencer’s new average score?
90(12) - 75
A a=_
90 - 75
C a=_
11 12
90(12) - 75 90(75 - 12)
B a=_ D a=_
11 14
Read the Item

You need to find the average quiz score after one grade is removed.
Solve the Item

Spencer’s average before dropping lowest score:
sum of 12 quiz scores
average score 90 = _
90 × 12
number of quizzes
Total Score Each test 12
score is not known.
But the sum of the Spencer’s average after dropping lowest score:
12 scores must equal
90 × 12. (90 × 12) - 75 sum of 12 quiz scores less 75
new average score a = __ number of quizzes less 1
11
The correct answer choice is B because the sum of the scores is

reduced by 75 and the number of scores is reduced by one.
c. Darci has been putting money in her savings account for 30 weeks.
Her weekly savings together with gift money she deposited totals
$507. If Darci received a total of $75 in gifts, which equation can be
used to find s, the average weekly amount that Darci saves?
(507 + 75)
F s=_ H s = 507 - _
75
30 30
(507 - 75)
G s = 507 + _75
J s=_
30 30

Find the mean, median, mode, and range of each set of data. Round to the
Example 1 1. the number of minutes spent 2. the number of miles several
(p. 585–586) on cell phone calls in one day employees commute to work
19, 21, 18, 17, 18, 22, 46 10, 3, 17, 1, 8, 6, 12, 15
Example 2 3. FOOTBALL Select the appropriate measure Touchdown Passes Completed

(p. 586) of central tendency or range to describe in the 2005 NFL Season
the data in the table. Justify your reasoning. Donovan McNabb 16
Carson Palmer 32
Example 3 4. STANDARDS PRACTICE Brianna studied a Eli Manning 24
(p. 587) total of 9 hours over the past 6 days. How
Brett Favre 20
many hours should she study on the 7th day
Marc Bulger 14
so that she can average 1.5 hours per day?
Drew Bledsoe 23
A 1 hour C 2 hours
Source: National Football League
B 1.5 hours D 2.5 hours
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the mean, median, mode, and range of each set of data. Round to the
For See
Exercises Examples 5. the number of points scored 6. the ages, in years, of the
5–8 1 each by five basketball players Henderson family children
9, 10 2 9, 8, 15, 8, 20 23, 16, 5, 6, 14
11 3
7. the prices, in dollars, of several 8. the number of channels for
pairs of running shoes various cable television plans
78, 80, 75, 73, 84, 81, 84, 79 36, 38, 33, 34, 32, 30, 34, 35
For Exercises 9 and 10, select the appropriate measure of central tendency or
range to describe the data in each table. Justify your reasoning.
9. Fastest Roller Coasters 10. Known Moons of Planets
Speed Planet Number of Moons
Coaster
(mph) Mercury 0
Dodonpa 107 Venus 0
Kingda Ka 128 Earth 1
Millennium Force 93 Mars 2
Phantom’s Revenge 82 Jupiter 63
Steel Dragon 2000 95 Saturn 34
Superman: The Escape 100 Uranus 27
Top Thrill Dragster 120 Neptune 13
Tower of Terror 100
Source: NASA

11. FIELD TRIP If Gregory earns an 85% average on five tests in Spanish, he
can attend the class trip to the Hispanic Cultural Museum. His current
test scores are 94%, 82%, 78%, and 80%. Find the minimum test score
Gregory needs to earn on the fifth test in order to attend the class trip.
BIRDS For Exercises 12–14, use the table at the right.

12. Find the mean, median, mode, Number of Days of Incubation
and range of the incubation Periods for Pet Birds
periods of all the birds. Australian King Parrot 20
13. Select the appropriate measure Glossy Cockatoo 30
of central tendency or range to Major Mitchell’s Cockatoo 26
describe the data. Justify your Princess Parrot 21
reasoning. Red-Tailed Cockatoo 30
Real-World Link 14. Using the measures of central Red-Winged Parrot 21
The incubation period tendency and the range of the Regent Parrot 21
for a bird is the time
from when the egg is parrots and of the cockatoos, Superb Parrot 20
laid until it is hatched. determine which species, parrot White-Tailed Cockatoo 29
In the case of Major
Mitchell’s Cockatoo,
or cockatoo, seems to have the Yellow-Tailed Cockatoo 29
the male incubates greater incubation period. Source: birds2grow.com
the young during the Justify your reasoning.
day and the female
during the night.
Source: The 15. BASEBALL The table gives the seating
Honolulu Zoo
Seating Capacity
capacity of several baseball parks. of Baseball Parks
Describe how the mean, median, mode, Comerica Park 40,120
and range are each affected if the data Tropicana Field 41,315
for Yankee Stadium is not included. Jacobs Field 43,405
Yankee Stadium 57,546
16. RUNNING Natalie runs 4 miles on
%842!02!#4)#%
Kauffman Stadium 40,793
Mondays, 3.5 miles on Wednesdays, US Cellular Field 40,615
See pages 705, 718. and 4.5 miles on Fridays. Describe Source: ballparksofbaseball.com
how the mean, median, mode,
Self-Check Quiz at and range would each be affected if Natalie chooses to add a 3.5-mile jog
ca.gr7math.com
on Sundays.
H.O.T. Problems 17. OPEN ENDED Construct a set of data that has a mode of 4 and a median of 3.
18. FIND THE ERROR Toby and Erica are finding the median of 93, 90, 94, 99, 92,
93, and 100. Who is correct? Explain.
93, 90, 94, 99 , 92, 93, 100

The median is 99.
90, 92, 93, 93 , 94, 99, 100

The median is 93.
Toby Erica

(t)Paul Evans/Auscape/Minden Pictures, (bl)Ryan McVay/Getty Images, (br)BananaStock/First Light
19. REASONING Determine whether the following statement is sometimes,
always, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
All measures of central tendency must be members of the set of data.
20. CHALLENGE Give a counterexample to show that the following statement

is false.
The median is always representative of the data.
21. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that asks for the measures of central
(*/
tendency. Use data from a newspaper or magazine. Tell which measure is
most representative of the data.
22. The speeds, in miles per hour, of 23. Just before Isaac mowed the last lawn
several cars on a busy street were in his neighborhood, he had earned
clocked as 42, 38, 44, 35, 50, and 38. $145. He earned $25 mowing the last
Which measure of data would make lawn, making his average earnings
the speeds appear the fastest? per lawn $21.25. To find the total
A mode number of lawns he mowed, first find
the sum of $145 and $25, and then—
B median
F add the sum to $21.25.
C mean
G subtract $21.25 from $145.
D range
H multiply the sum by $21.25.
J divide the sum by $21.25.
24. TENNIS Of Americans who play tennis, 63% play at public parks, 26%
play at private clubs, 6% play at apartment or condo complexes, and 5%
play elsewhere. Make a circle graph of the data. (Lesson 11-3)
HEIGHTS For Exercises 25 and 26, use the histogram at 3TUDENT(EIGHTS

the right. (Lesson 11-2)
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS

25. How many students are at least 60 inches tall?

26. How many students are between 54 and 71 inches
tall?

27. SPEED If a car travels an average of 58 miles per

hour, how far will it travel in 3.5 hours? (Lesson 4-3)

(EIGHTIN
PREREQUISITE SKILL Order each set of rational numbers from least

to greatest. (Lesson 2-2)
28. 3.1, 3.25, 3.2, 2.9, 2.89 29. 91.3, 93.1, 94.7, 93.11, 93 30. 17.4, 16.8, 16.79, 15.01, 15.1

11-4 Mean, Median, and Mode
You can use a spreadsheet to find the mean, median, and mode of data.
Main IDEA
Use a spreadsheet to find
mean, median, and mode.
FOOTBALL The following is a list of the top ten salaries of
Standard 7SDAP1.3 quarterbacks in the NFL in a recent year. Make a spreadsheet
Understand the
meaning of, and be for the data.
able to compute, the
minimum, the lower quartile, Top Ten Salaries of Quarterbacks in the NFL
the median, the upper $8,851,198 $6,942,399 $6,020,000 $5,552,250 $4,414,285
quartile, and the maximum of
a data set. $8,485,333 $6,931,191 $5,859,691 $5,483,986 $4,260,000
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a Source: NFL Players Association
charts, graphs, tables, -EAN-EDIANAND-ODEXLS
explain mathematical ! " # $
reasoning. $!4! -%!. -%$)!. -/$%
Use .!
= AVERAGE (A2:A11)
to find the mean.

Use
= MEDIAN (A2:A11)
to find the median.

Spreadsheet Use
Notation If the = MODE (A2:A11)

spreadsheet returns to find the mode.

#N/A for the mode, 3HEET 3HEET 3HEET
this means that the
data set has no
mode.
EXERCISES
For Exercises 1–3, use the following tables.
Top Ten Salaries of Top Ten Salaries of
Running Backs in the NFL Defensive Ends in the NFL
$8,455,125 $4,400,000 $8,750,000 $4,535,500
$5,000,000 $4,300,000 $5,249,411 $4,445,833
$4,962,703 $4,066,666 $5,050,000 $4,259,166
$4,800,000 $3,334,718 $4,843,666 $4,163,674
$4,783,600 $2,928,571 $4,600,000 $3,850,000
1. Use spreadsheets to find the mean, median, and mode of the top ten
salaries for each position.
2. Compare the highest salary for the three positions.
3. Compare the mean and median of the three positions.
Extend 11-4 Spreadsheet Lab: Mean, Median, and Mode 591

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
1. TEMPERATURE Organize the data below in a 6. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which statement

frequency table using intervals 60–69, 70–79, cannot be determined from the graph?
80–89, and 90–99. What is the most common (Lesson 11-3)
interval of monthly high temperatures?
Nevada’s Budget
(Lesson 11-1)
Average Monthly High Temperatures (°F) Utilities

for Tucson, Arizona 20%
Clothes
66 82 99 70 90 99 20% Rent
97 66 94 85 74 74 30%
Other
10% Food
2. FOOD Choose intervals and make a 20%
frequency table of the data below. Then

construct a histogram to represent the A Nevada budgets half her money for rent
data. (Lesson 11-2) and food.
Grams of Sugar per Serving B Nevada budgets the same amount of
in Selected Adult Cereals money for clothes as for food.
3 0 5 0 6 9 2 6 3 C Nevada budgets more money for food
5 3 7 5 4 3 5 2 11 and clothes than rent.
6 2 0 6 0 5 0 3 10
D Nevada does not spend any money on
JOBS For Exercises 3–5, use the histogram going to the movies.
below which shows the age, in years, at which
several people surveyed started their first Find the mean, median, mode, and range of
job. (Lesson 11-2) each set of data. Round to the nearest tenth if
!GEAT&IRST*OB
7. sales tax, as a percent, for several states

4.5, 6, 5.75, 5, 6.25, 5.5

.UMBEROF0ERSONS
8. length, in seconds, of several commercials

35, 41, 17, 22, 25, 33, 17

9. STANDARDS PRACTICE The list gives the

scores on a recent history test. Which

measure of data would make the scores

!GE9EARS appear highest? (Lesson 11-4)
3. How many people surveyed started their History Test Scores

first job after their 20th birthday but before 77 82 65 92 77 87 100 83 77 78
their 30th birthday? 45 73 67 87 82 59 75 77 68 85
4. Based on this histogram, at what age is a 82 75 87 52 87 79 85 82 87
person most likely to start their first job?
5. Construct a circle graph for this set of F mode H median
data. (Lesson 11-3) G mean J range

11-5 Measures of Variation
Main IDEA
Find the measures of ONLINE TIME The average number Average Number of Hours
variation of a set of data. of hours that teens in various cities Teens Spend Online Each Week
spend online is given in the table. City Hours Online
Standard 7SDAP1.3
Understand the 1. Find the median of the data. Pittsburgh 15.8
meaning of, and be New York 14.9
able to compute, the 2. Organize the data into five groups
minimum, the lower Cleveland 14.9
quartile, the median, the
of equal size. How many data
San Diego 14.4
upper quartile, and the values are in each group?
maximum of a data set. Miami 14.2
3. What fraction of the entire data is
Hartford 13.4
in each group? what percent?
Los Angeles 13.3
4. What fraction of the data is below
Detroit 13.1
the median? above the median?
Philadelphia 12.9
NEW Vocabulary 5. Find the range of the data. Milwaukee 12.9
measures of variation 6. What does the range tell you about Source: Digital Marketing Services
quartiles the data of the average number of
lower quartile hours teens spend online each week?
upper quartile
interquartile range
outlier
Measures of variation are used to describe the distribution of the data.
In Lesson 11-4, you used the range to describe how “spread out” the
data are. The range is one measure of variation. Quartiles are values
Vocabulary Link that divide a set of data into four equal parts. Recall that the median
Quart separates a set of data in two equal parts.
Everyday Use one fourth
of a gallon
Quartile lower half median upper half
Math Use a value dividing
a set of data into four equal
parts 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.4 14.2 14.4 14.9 14.9 15.8
The median of the lower The median of the upper

half of a set of data is the half of a set of data is the
lower quartile or LQ. upper quartile or UQ.
So, one half of the data lie between the lower quartile and the upper
quartile. Another measure of variation is the interquartile range.
+%9#/.#%04 Interquartile Range
The interquartile range is the range of the middle half of the data. It is the
difference between the upper quartile and the lower quartile.
Lesson 11-5 Measures of Variation 593

Matt Meadows
Find Measures of Variation
1 FOOD Find the measures of variation Calories in a
for the data in the table. Serving of Juice
Range 180 - 35 or 145 Calories Juice Calories
Median, Upper Quartile, and Lower Quartile Apple 120

Carrot 80
Order the numbers from least to greatest.
Grape 170
lower quartile median upper quartile
Grapefruit 100
Orange 120
35 80 100 110 120 120 170 180 Pineapple 110
_
80 + 100
= 90 _ = 115 _ = 145
110 + 120 120 + 170 Prune 180
2 2 2
Tomato 35
The median is 115, the lower quartile is 90, and
Source: Center for Science
the upper quartile is 145. in the Public Interest
Interquartile Range upper quartile - lower quartile
Interpreting = 145 - 90 or 55
Interquartile Range
A small interquartile
range means that the DVD Prices in Dollars at Various Stores
data in the middle 14.95 19.99 24.99 17.99
of the set are close a. ENTERTAINMENT Determine
together. A large the measures of variation for 14.99 14.95 23.49 15.89
interquartile range 15.99 21.95 17.99 15.99
means that the
the data in the table.
data in the middle
are spread out.
Data that are more than 1.5 times the value of the interquartile range
beyond either quartile are called outliers. An outlier is a data value that
is either much larger or much smaller than the median.
Find Outliers
2 FOOD Find any outliers Annual Chocolate Sales
for the data in the table. Sales
Country
Find the interquartile range. (billion dollars)
6.5 - 2.1 = 4.4 United States 16.6
Multiply the interquartile upper United Kingdom 6.5

quartile Germany 5.1
range by 1.5.
4.4 × 1.5 = 6.6 median Russia 4.9
Japan 3.2
Now subtract 6.6 from the
lower quartile and add 6.6 lower France 2.1
quartile Brazil 2.0
to the upper quartile.
2.1 - 6.6 = -4.5 Source: Euromonitor
6.5 + 6.6 = 13.1
The only outlier is 16.6 because it is greater than 13.1.
Tallest Buildings (ft), Houston, Texas

b. BUILDINGS Find any outliers 1,002 972 901 780 748 762
for the data in the table. 725 714 691 685 741 732

Use Measures of Variation to Describe Data
3 SLEEP Use the measures of variation to Number of Hours of Sleep
describe the data in the table at the right. for Selected Animals
Find the measures of variation. Brown Bat 19.9
Giant Armadillo 18.1
The range is 19.9 - 1.9, or 18. Infant Human 16.0
The median is 11.25. Cat 12.1
The upper quartile is 17.05. Bottle-nosed Dolphin 10.4
The lower quartile is 4.55. Gray Seal 6.2

Horse 2.9
The interquartile range is 17.05 - 4.55,
Giraffe 1.9
or 12.5.
Source: Neuroscience for Kids
Real-World Link
The brain of a dolphin The spread of the data is 18 hours. The median is 11.25 hours.
appears to sleep one One-fourth of the animals got at or below 4.55 hours of sleep and
hemisphere at a time.
Source: Neuroscience for one-fourth of the animals got at or above 17.05 hours of sleep.
Kids The number of hours of sleep for half of the animals was in the
interval 4.55-17.05.
c. CYCLING Use the measures of Number of Tour de France Wins

variation to describe the data France 36
in the table at the right. Belgium 18
Italy 9
Spain 8
United States 8
Source: World Almanac for Kids 2005
LANGUAGE For Exercises 1–5, use the data in the U.S. Non-English Language
table on the right. Spoken at Home
Speakers
Example 1 1. Determine the range of the data. Language
(millions)
(p. 594)
2. Find the median and the upper and lower Spanish 28.1
quartiles. Chinese 2.0
3. What is the interquartile range of the data? French 1.6
Example 2 4. Identify any outliers. German 1.4
(p. 594) Tagalog 1.2
Example 3 5. Use the measures of variation to describe the Vietnamese 1.0
(p. 595) data in the table. Italian 1.0
Korean 0.9
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-5 Measures of Variation 595

SBI/NASA/Getty Images
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 SYRUP For Exercises 6–9, use the data in Annual Production of
the table at the right. Maple Syrup (gallons)
For See
Exercises Examples 6. What is the range of the data? Vermont 430,000
6, 7, 10, 1 Maine 265,000
7. Find the median, the upper and lower
11, 14, 15, New York 210,000
18, 19 quartiles, and the interquartile range of
the data. Wisconsin 76,000
8, 12, 2
16, 20 Michigan 59,000
8. Identify any outliers.
9, 13, 3 Source: World Almanac for Kids 2005
17, 21 9. Use the measures of variation to describe
EXERCISE For Exercises 10–13, use the Calories Burned per

data in the table at the right. Minute of Exercise
10. What is the range of the data? Jogging (6 mph) 8

Jumping Rope 7
11. Find the median, upper and lower
quartiles, and the interquartile range Basketball 7
of the data. Soccer 6
Bicycling (9.4 mph) 5
Downhill Skiing 5
13. Use the measures of variation to describe
Walking (4 mph) 4
SPACE For Exercises 14–17, use the data in Number of U.S. Shuttle
the table at the right. Launches 1981–2005
14. What is the range of the data? 1981–1985 23
1986–1990 15
15. Find the median, upper and lower quartiles,
and the interquartile range for the data. 1991–1995 28
Real-World Link 1996–2000 28
Crustaceans, 2001–2005 13
insects, and spiders 17. Use the measures of variation to describe the
are all arthropods. Source: NASA
There are about data in the table.
750,000 species of
insects alone. ANIMALS For Exercises 18–21, use the data
Source: World Almanac Number of Species in the
for Kids 2005 in the table at the right. Animal Kingdom
18. What is the range of the data? Arthropods 1,100,000

Fish 24,500
19. Find the median, upper and lower quartiles,
Birds 9,000
and the interquartile range for the data.
Mammals 9,000
Reptiles 8,000
21. Use the measures of variation to describe the Amphibians 5,000
data in the table.
22. GOLF Brandon’s golf scores relative to par at the end of the County Golf
Tournament were -1, -2, 4, -6, 3, -1, and -3. Find the measures of
variation of his scores. Then describe what the measures of variation tell
you about the data.

Masterfile
WEATHER For Exercises 23–27, use Average Temperatures (°F)
the table at the right. Month San Francisco Philadelphia
23. Which city has a greater range January 49 30
of temperatures? February 52 33
24. Find the measures of variation March 53 42
for each city. April 56 52
25. Compare the medians and the May 58 63
interquartile ranges of the June 62 72
average temperatures. July 63 77
26. Select the appropriate measure August 64 76
of central tendency or range to September 65 68
describe the average temperatures October 61 56
for each city. Justify your response. November 55 46
27. Describe the average temperatures December 49 36
of San Francisco and Philadelphia, Source: The World Almanac
using both the measures of central
tendency and variation.
EARTHQUAKES For Exercises 28–30, .BHOJUVEFPG&BSUIRVBLFTJOUIF

use the line plot. $FOUSBM64GPS4FQUFNCFS
28. Find the range, median, upper and ×

×
Real-World Link lower quartiles, and the interquartile ×
×
The Verrazano range for the data. ×
Narrows Bridge in × × ×
New York City is 29. Identify any outliers. × ×× × × ×× × ×
the longest bridge
30. Use the measures of variation to 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
in the United States.
Each of its two towers describe the data in the plot. Source: U.S. Geological Survey
weighs 27,000 tons.
Source: Metropolitan
Transit Authority BRIDGES For Exercises 31–33, use 10 Longest Suspension Bridges in the World
the table at the right. Bridge Country Length (ft)
31. Find the length of the Golden Akashi Kaikyo Japan y
Gate Bridge if the median is Great Belt Link Denmark 5,328
4,000 feet. Humber River England 4,626
32. Find the length of the Akashi Verrazano Narrows United States 4,260
Kaikyo Bridge if the range is Golden Gate United States x
2,566 feet. Mackinac Straits United States 3,800
33. The 11th longest suspension Minami Bian-Seto Japan 3,668
bridge in the world is the Second Bosphorous Turkey 3,576
Tagus River Bridge in Portugal, First Bosphorous Turkey 3,524
with a length of 3,323 feet. George Washington United States 3,500
Describe how the measures Source: Structural Steel Designer’s Handbook
of variation are affected if this
%842!02!#4)#%
data value is included.
See pages 705, 718.
ca.gr7math.com
would determine measures of central tendency and measures of variation.
Lesson 11-5 Measures of Variation 597

James Porto/Getty Images
H.O.T. Problems 35. OPEN ENDED Create a list of data with at least eight numbers that has an
interquartile range of 20 and one outlier.
36. CHALLENGE Create two different sets of data that have the same range but
different interquartile ranges. Then create two different sets of data that
have the same median and same quartiles, but different ranges.
37. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why the interquartile range is not affected by
(*/
very high or low values in the data.
38. Which of the following statements 39. High temperatures (°F) of twelve cities
is never true concerning the measures on March 20 were 40, 72, 74, 35, 58, 64,
of variation of a set of data? 40, 67, 40, 75, 68, and 51. Which of the
A Half the data lie within the following statements is not supported
interquartile range. by these data?
B Three-fourths of the data lie above F Half of the temperatures were
the lower quartile. below 61°F and half were
above 61°F.
C The median, the lower quartile, and
the upper quartile separate the data G The spread of the data is 40°F.
into three equal parts. H The temperature 35°F is an outlier.
D 50% of the data lie below the J About one-fourth of the
median. temperatures were at or above 70°F.
40. HEIGHTS The heights, in inches, of the Allen family are 72, 68, 48, 71, and
67. Find the mean, median, mode, and range. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary. (Lesson 11-4)
41. NATIONAL PARKS Wyoming has 3,159 square miles of Yellowstone

National Park while Montana has 264 square miles and Idaho has
49 square miles. Construct a circle graph to show what part of
Yellowstone National Park is in each state. (Lesson 11-3)
MEASUREMENT Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 7-2)
42. 43. M M

FT
M M
M
FT
M
PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each set of points on a number line. (Lesson 1-3)
44. {3, 5, 8, 9, 10} 45. {13, 15, 20, 27, 31} 46. {9, 13, 16, 17, 21} 47. {3, 9, 10, 15, 19}

11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots
Main IDEA
Display and interpret data WILDFIRES The table gives the Significant Wildfires
in a box-and-whisker plot. number of acres burned in wildfires in the United States
for various years. Number of
Standard 7SDAP1.1 Year
Acres Burned
Know various forms 1. What is the least value in the data?
of display for data 1871 3,780,000
sets, including stem-and-leaf 2. What is the lower quartile of the
plot or box-and-whisker
1825 3,000,000
data?
plot; use the forms to 1910 3,000,000
display a single set of data 3. What is the median of the data?
or to compare two sets
1988 1,585,000
of data. 4. What is the upper quartile of the 1881 1,000,000
data? 1987 640,000
5. What is the greatest value in the 1903 637,000
NEW Vocabulary
data? 2002 462,000
box-and-whisker plot
Source: National Interagency Fire Center
6. Name any outliers.
A box-and-whisker plot uses a number line to show the distribution

of a set of data. The box is drawn around the quartile values, and the
whiskers extend from each quartile to the extreme data points that are
not outliers.
Construct a Box-and-Whisker Plot

1 WILDFIRES Use the data in the table above to construct a box-and-
Animation ca.gr7math.com whisker plot.
Step 1 Draw a number line that includes the least and greatest
number in the data.
Step 2 Mark the extremes, the median, and the upper and lower
quartile above the number line.
Step 3 Draw the box and the whiskers.
minimum lower median upper maximum

value quartile quartile value
500,000 1,500,000 2,500,000 3,500,000

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000
Lesson 11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots 599

Construct a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data.
a. Prices, in dollars, of admission to a hockey game:
42, 38, 42, 45, 43, 65, 55, 50, 34, 36, 40, 35
b. Low temperatures for various cities:
52, 58, 67, 63, 47, 44, 52, 28, 49, 65, 52, 59
Box-and-whisker plots separate data into four parts. Although the parts
usually differ in length, each part contains one-fourth of the data.
1 1
of the of the 1 of the 1 of the
4 4 4 4
data data data data
A long whisker or box indicates that the data have a greater range. A
Real-World Career
short whisker or box indicates the data have a lesser range. An asterisk
How Does a Dietician
Use Math? (*) indicates an outlier and is not connected to be part of a whisker.
Dieticians keep track of
Calories, fat, salt, and
nutrients in food. They
use this information to Interpret Data
help people maintain
an appropriate diet.
2 DIET What does the length of the box-and-whisker plot tell you
about the data?
>ÀiÃÊÊ>ÃÌ`Ê->`ÜViÃ

The median line seems to divide the box into two approximately equal
parts, so data between the lower and upper quartiles are similarly
spread out. The whisker at the right is longer than the other parts of
the plot, so the data above the upper quartile are more spread out.
c. WORK Compare data between the median and the upper quartile
and the data between the median and the lower quartile.
ÛiÀ>}iÊ>ÞÊ
ÕÌiÊ/iÊÕÌiÃ®
ÌÊ7ÀÊvÀÊ-iiVÌi`Ê1°-°Ê-Ì>ÌiÃ


Geoff Butler
Compare Data
3 OLYMPICS Refer to the double box-and-whisker plot below.
Were about half the men and women in the same age group? Justify
your reasoning.
Ages of the U.S.A. 2006 Olympic Hockey Players
Men
Women
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
Source: USA Today
The lower quartile of the mens’ ages is 25 years and the upper
quartile is 34 years, so half of the men were 25 to 34 years old.
The median age of the women was 24.5 years, and the oldest age
was 34. So, half the women were 24.5 to 34 years old.
So, about half the men and women were in the same age group.
d. OLYMPICS Describe the ages of the women compared to the ages of

the men in the double box-and-whisker plot above.
Example 1 Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data.

(p. 599)
1. Hours per month volunteering 2. Points earned on a test:
at the community center: 100, 70, 70, 90, 50, 90, 50, 90,
38, 43, 36, 37, 32, 37, 29, 51 100, 50, 90, 100, 90, 50, 25, 80
Example 2 FOOD For Exercises 3 and 4, use the following box-and-whisker plot.
(p. 600)

>ÀiÃÊÊÕvvÃ

3. What is the interquartile range of the data?

4. Three-fourths of the muffins have at least how many Calories?
Example 3 5. BASEBALL Refer to the Major League Baseball Team Wins, 2005
(p. 601) box-and-whisker plot. American
League
In which league did
more than half of the National
League
teams win more games
than the other league? 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Justify your reasoning. Source: mlb.com
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots 601

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Construct a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data.
For See 6. Ages of persons in line for a jazz 7. Number of miles between rest
Exercises Examples concert: stops on a highway:
6–9 1 49, 45, 55, 32, 28, 53, 26, 38, 35, 77, 85, 72, 76, 95, 90, 73, 82, 82,
10–13, 15 2 35, 51 80, 73
14, 16–18 3 8. Speed, in miles per hour, of 9. Prices, in dollars, of plane
commercial airliners: tickets from Detroit to Atlanta:
540, 460, 520, 350, 500, 480, 225, 245, 220, 270, 350, 280, 230,
475, 525, 450, 515 240, 225, 270
HISTORY For Exercises 10 and *«Õ>ÌÊvÊ/ÀÌiiÊ"À}>Ê

-Ì>ÌiÃ]Ê£ÇäÊÌÕÃ>`Ã®
11, use the box-and-whisker
plot at the right.
10. Approximately what percent
of the states had populations
greater than 100,000?
11. How does the length of the whisker after the upper quartile
represent the data?
ZOOS For Exercises 12 and 13, use the following box-and-whisker plot.
Ài>ÃÊ>VÀiÃ®ÊvÊÌiÊ/iÊ>À}iÃÌÊ<ÃÊÊÌiÊ1Ìi`Ê-Ì>ÌiÃÊ
Real-World Link
The first official
count of the U.S.
population was
conducted in 1790 Source: The Sacramento Bee
by federal marshals
on horseback. It 12. How many outliers are in the data?
took 18 months to
question and record 13. Describe the distribution of the data. What can you say about the areas of
the answers of the the major zoos in the U.S.?
3.9 million U.S.
inhabitants in
notebooks or on GAS MILEAGE For Exercises 14–18, use the box-and-whisker plot below.
bits of paper.
}Ü>ÞÊ>ÃÊi>}iÊiÃÊ«iÀÊ}>®ÊvÀÊÓääÈÊìÃ
Source: Population
Resource Center 3PORT5TILITY
6EHICLES356
3MALL#ARS

Source: fueleconomy.gov
14. Which set of data has a greater range?

15. How many outliers are in the data?
16. What percent of the SUVs get at least 28 miles per gallon?
17. What percent of the small cars get at least 30 miles per gallon?
18. In general, do SUVs get more or less gas mileage than small cars? Justify
your reasoning.

Angelo Hornak/CORBIS
PARKS For Exercises 19 and 20, State and National Parkland of Selected States
use the table at the right. Total Acres per
State
19. Construct a box-and- 10 Square Miles of Land
whisker plot for the set of California 616.6

data. Then determine in Florida 611.2
which interval the data are Arizona 412.8
the most spread out. Michigan 176.6
20. Describe how the box-and- North Carolina 172.8
whisker plot would change Minnesota 79.5
Real-World Link
Florida, the “Sunshine if the data for California and Texas 72.7
State,” actually ranks Florida were not included. Ohio 58.3
sixth in the average
number of sunny Georgia 25.1
days per year. In fact, Source: Indiana Chamber
Florida has more
partly cloudy days
than anywhere else
in the United States.
WEATHER For Exercises 21–23, use the box-and-whisker plot below.
Source:
washingtontimes.com ÛiÀ>}iÊ ÕLiÀÊvÊ-ÕÞÊ>ÞÃÊ*iÀÊ9i>ÀÊ
vÀÊ-iiVÌi`Ê1°-°Ê
ÌiÃ
3OUTHEASTERNAND
3OUTH#ENTRAL#ITIES
.ORTHEASTERNAND
-IDWESTERN#ITIES

21. What percent of the data for the Southeastern and South Central cities is
above the lower quartile for the Northeastern and Midwestern cities?
22. Boston, Massachusetts, has an average number of 98 sunny days a year.
%842!02!#4)#% If this city is added to the data for the Northeastern and Midwestern cities,
See pages 705, 718. describe how the box-and-whisker plots would change.
23. Write one or two sentences comparing the average number of sunny days
Self-Check Quiz at of Southeastern and South Central U.S. cities versus Northeastern and
ca.gr7math.com
Midwestern U.S. cities.
H.O.T. Problems 24. OPEN ENDED Write a set of data

that could be represented by the
box-and-whisker plot at the right. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
25. FIND THE ERROR Chapa and Joseph are making a box-and-whisker plot for
the following set of data. Who is correct? Explain.
22, 23, 27, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47, 64
Chapa Joseph
20 30 40 50 60 70
Lesson 11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots 603

Alberto Biscaro/Masterfile
26. REASONING The lower quartile, median, and upper quartile of a data set
are x, y, and 70, respectively. If a box-and-whisker plot were to be made
from this data, give possible values for x and y according to each of the
following conditions.
a. The median separates the box into two equal parts.
b. The box between the median and the upper quartile is twice as long
as the box between the median and the lower quartile.
27. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain the advantage of using a box-and-whisker

(*/
plot to display data.
28. Which box-and-whisker plot 29. Which of the following statements is

represents the data set 18, 22, 31, 25, not true concerning the box-and-
30, 19, 26, 24, and 35? whisker plot below?
A

B F The value 69 is an outlier.

G Half of the data is above 55.

H _
1
of the data is in the interval
C 4
58-69.
J There are more data values in the
interval 42-51 than there are in the
D interval 55-58.

Find the range, median, upper and lower quartiles, interquartile range,
and any outliers for each set of data. (Lesson 11-5)
30. 73, 52, 31, 54, 46, 28, 47, 49, 58
31. 87, 63, 84, 94, 89, 74, 50, 85, 91, 78, 99, 81, 77, 86, 65, 81, 74
32. LIFE SCIENCE Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the plant
heights 22, 4, 1, 12, 5, 22, 5, 25, 25, 19, 23, 24, 11, 16, 3, and 22 inches.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Make a line plot for each set of data. (Page 662)
33. 2, 5, 9, 8, 2, 6, 2, 5, 8, 10 34. 14, 12, 9, 7, 12, 10, 14, 7, 8, 12

11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots
You can create a box-and-whisker plot using a graphing calculator.
Main IDEA
Use a graphing calculator
to make box-and-whisker
plots.
Standard 7SDAP1.1 Made a box-and-whisker plot of Miss Romero’s Math Test Scores
Know various forms the data at the right. It shows the 78 94 85 92 72 56 89 92
of display for data
grades on Miss Romero’s last 90 84 98 82 75 100 94 87
plot or box-and-whisker plot; math test.
92 85 94 70 78 95 70 80
single set of data or to
compare two sets of data. Clear list L1 by pressing
STAT ENTER CLEAR ENTER . Then enter the
words, numbers, symbols, data into L1. Input each number and press ENTER .
diagrams, and models, to Press 2nd [STAT PLOT] ENTER to choose the first plot.
reasoning. Highlight On, the modified box-and-whisker plot for the
type, L1 for the Xlist, and 1 as the frequency.
Press WINDOW and choose an appropriate range for the x

values. The window 50 to 110 with a scale of 4 includes all
of this data.
Press '2!0( . Press 42!#% and the arrow keys to

determine the five key data points of you graph.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What are the values of the five key data points of the graph?
What do they represent?
2. What percent of the test scores are below 78?
3. What percent of the test scores are above the median? What percent
of the test scores are below the median?
4. What percent of the scores are between 56 and 86?
5. Suppose you earned a grade of 80. Describe what percent of students
scored higher and what percent scored lower than you.
Other Calculator Keystrokes at ca.gr7math.com Extend 11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots 605

11-7 Stem-and Leaf Plots
Main IDEA
Display data in stem-and- An elector is a voter that represents his or her state in a presidential
leaf plots. Interpret data in election. The number of electors for each state, including the
stem-and-leaf plots.
District of Columbia, is shown in the table below.
Standard 7SDAP1.1 Number of Electors
Know various forms
of display for data AL: 9 CT: 7 ID: 4 LA: 9 MS: 6 NJ: 15 OK: 7 TN: 11 WV: 5
sets, including stem-and- AK: 3 DE: 3 IL: 21 ME: 4 MO: 11 NM: 5 OR: 7 TX: 34 WI: 10
leaf plot or box-and-whisker AZ: 10 DC: 3 IN: 11 MD: 10 MT: 3 NY: 31 PA: 21 UT: 5 WY: 3
plot; use the forms to AR: 6 FL: 27 IA: 7 MA: 12 NE: 5 NC: 15 RI: 4 VT: 3
display a single set of data CA: 55 GA: 15 KS: 6 MI: 17 NV: 5 ND: 3 SC: 8 VA: 13
or to compare two sets of CO: 9 HI: 4 KY: 8 MN: 10 NH: 4 OH: 20 SD: 3 WA: 11
data.
Write each number on a self-stick note. Then group the numbers:

0-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59.
1. Is there an equal number of electors in each group? Explain.
2. Name an advantage of displaying the data in groups.
NEW Vocabulary In a stem-and-leaf plot, numerical data are listed in ascending or

stem-and-leaf plot descending order. The digits in the greatest place value of the data is used
stems for the stems. The digits in the next greatest place value forms the leaves.
leaves
back-to-back
stem-and-leaf plot
Draw a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
1 OLYMPICS The table shows the total Beach Volleyball Scores
points scored in the first beach Country Men Women
volleyball match played by each Greece 52 47
team in the 2004 Olympics. Display United States 61 42
the data for the men’s teams in a Brazil 42 42
stem-and-leaf plot. Canada 44 42
South Africa 60 17
Step 1 Find the least and the Cuba 50 54
greatest number. Then Germany 55 52
identify the greatest place Australia 42 42
value digit in each number. Switzerland 49 29
Norway 46 37
• The least number, 42, has Source: athens2004.com
4 in the tens place.
• The greatest number, 61, has 6 in the tens place.
Step 2 Draw a vertical line and write the stems Stem Leaf
from 4 to 6 to the left of the line. 4
5
6

Step 3 Write the leaves to the right of the Stem Leaf
the corresponding stem on the other 4 2 4 2 9 6
side of the line. For example, for 42, 5 2 0 5
write 2 to the right of 4. 6 1 0
Step 4 Rearrange the leaves so they are Beach Volleyball Scores

ordered from least to greatest. Stem Leaf
Repeat a leaf as often as it 4 2 2 4 6 9
5 0 2 5
occurs. Then include a key to
6 0 1
explain how to interpret the data. 5 |2 52 points
a. Display the data for the women’s teams in a stem-and-leaf plot.
Interpret Data
2 PRESIDENTS The stem-and-leaf plot lists the ages of the U.S.
Presidents at the time of their first inauguration.
Age at Inauguration
Stem Leaf
4 23667899
Real-World Link 5 0011112244444555566677778
The first President was 6 0111244689 5 |0 50 years
George Washington. He Source: The World Almanac
was 57 years old at the
time of his inauguration. Based on the data, what inferences can be made about the ages of
He served as President the U.S. Presidents at their first inauguration?
from 1789 to 1797 and
earned $25,000 per • Most of the data occur in the 50–59 interval.
year.
Source: infoplease.com • The youngest age is 42. The oldest age is 69. The range is 27.
• The median age is 55.
Refer to the stem-and-leaf plot in Example 1.

b. In which interval(s) do most of the scores occur?
c. What is the range of the data?
d. What is the median score?
Two sets of data can be compared using a back-to-back stem-and-

leaf plot. The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot below shows the scores
of two basketball teams for the games in one season.
Points Scored
The leaves for The leaves for the
Falcons Stem Cardinals
one set of data other set of data
are on one side 76554222 6 42 are on the other
of the stem. 88854 7 022579 side of the stem.
100 8 1346899
1 |8 81 points 8 |6 86 points
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-7 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 607

CORBIS
Compare Data
3 WEATHER The average monthly Average Monthly Temperatures
temperatures for Helena, Montana, and Seattle, WA Stem Helena, MT
Seattle, Washington, are shown. Which city 2 016
3 24
has more varied temperatures? Explain.
76421 4 35
The data for Helena are spread out, while 640 5 35
the data for Seattle are clustered. So, 6511 6 279
1 |6 61° 4 |5 45°
Helena has the more varied temperatures.
Use the test score data below.

e. Which class had higher test scores? 3rd Period Stem 7th Period
Explain. 88322 7 3
763100 8 12566899
f. Which class had more varied test
32110 9 022333356
scores? Explain. 8 |7 78% 7 |3 73%
Example 1 Display each set of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.

(pp. 606–607)
1. Average Life Span
Animal Years Animal Years Animal Years
Asian Elephant 40 African Elephant 35 Lion 15
Horse 20 Red Fox 7 Chipmunk 6
Moose 12 Cow 15 Hippopotamus 41
2. Summer Paralympic Games Participating Countries

Year ‘60 ‘64 ‘68 ‘72 ‘76 ‘80 ‘84 ‘88 ‘92 ‘96 ‘00 ‘04
Countries 23 22 29 44 42 42 42 61 82 103 128 136
Source: paralympic.org
Example 2 SCHOOL For Exercises 3–5, use the test score data Test Scores
(p. 607) shown at the right. Stem Leaf
5 09
3. Find the lowest and highest scores. 6 4578
4. What is the median score? 7 044556788
8 233578
5. Write a statement that describes the data. 9 01559
5 |9 59%
Example 3 FOOD For Exercises 6 and 7, use the food data Fat (g) of Various Burgers
(p. 608) and Chicken Sandwiches
shown in the back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot.
Chicken Burgers
6. What is the greatest number of fat grams in 8 0
each sandwich? 985533 1 059
0 2 06
7. In general, which type of sandwich has a lower
3 036
amount of fat? Explain. 8 |0 8 g 2 |6 26 g

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Display each set of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.
8. State Representatives 9. 2005–2006 Big 12
For See
Exercises Examples Largest States Women’s Softball
8–10 1 State Number University Wins
11–15 2 California 53 Baylor 38
16–19 3 Florida 25 Iowa State 23
Illinois 19 Kansas 36
Michigan 15 Missouri 26
New York 29 Nebraska 44
Ohio 18 Oklahoma 40
Pennsylvania 19 Oklahoma State 21
Texas 32 Texas 55
Source: www.house.gov Texas A&M 34
Texas Tech 19
Source: big12sports.com
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 10–15, National League Single Season

use the table shown. Home Run Leaders, 1994–2005
Year Player Home Runs
10. What is the mean number of home
1994 Matt Williams 43
runs hit by a single season home 1995 Dante Bichette 40
run leader? 1996 Andres Galarraga 47
11. Display the number of home runs 1997 Larry Walker 49
in a stem-and-leaf plot 1998 Mark McGwire 70
1999 Mark McGwire 65
12. What is the most home runs hit 2000 Sammy Sosa 50
between 1994 and 2005? 2001 Barry Bonds 73
13. How many of the season leaders hit 2002 Sammy Sosa 49
fewer than 50 home runs? 2003 Jim Thome 47
2004 Adrian Beltre 48
14. What is the median number of home 2005 Andruw Jones 51
runs hit by a single season home Source: mlb.com
run leader?
Real-World Link
15. Write a sentence that describes
The Louisiana Tech
women’s basketball the data.
team has the best-
winning percentage
in Division I. Over a ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 16–19, NCAA Women’s Basketball Statistics
31-year period, the Overall Games Won, 2005–2006
team has 873 wins
use the information shown in the
Big Ten Conference Stem Big East Conference
and 149 losses. back to-back stem-and-leaf plot.
Source: ncaa.org 66 0 689
16. What is the greatest number of games 998631 1 057899
won by a Big Ten Conference team? 963 2 122277
3 2
%842!02!#4)#% 17. What is the least number of games 0 |1 10 2 |5 25
won by a Big East Conference team? Source: espn.com
See pages 706, 718.
18. How many teams are in the Big
Self-Check Quiz at East Conference?
ca.gr7math.com
19. Compare the median number of games won by each conference.
Lesson 11-7 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 609

CORBIS
H.O.T. Problems 20. COLLECT THE DATA Display the foot lengths, in inches, of the students in your
class in a stem-and-leaf plot. Then write a few sentences that analyze the data.
21. CHALLENGE Create a stem-and-leaf plot of at least 10 pieces of data in which
the maximum value is 70, the range is 50, and the median is 25.
22. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( The data about the ages of U.S. Presidents on their
(*/
inauguration are displayed in a histogram on page 571 and in a stem-and-
leaf plot on page 607. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using
each display.
23. The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot shows the amount of protein in certain foods.
Amount of Protein (g)

Dairy Products Stem Legumes, Nuts, Seeds
98877622 0 569
0 1 458
6 2
3 9
6 |2 26 grams 3 |9 39 grams
Which of the following is a true statement?

A The median amount of protein in C The average amount of protein in
dairy products is 9 grams. legumes, nuts, and seeds is more than
the average amount in dairy products.
B The difference between the greatest
and least amount of protein in dairy D The greatest amount of protein in
products is 28 grams. legumes, nuts, and seeds is 93 grams.
Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data. (Lesson 11-6)

24. 22, 25, 36, 42, 33, 76, 45, 53, 44, 36, 37, 29 25. 61, 67, 76, 72, 56, 53, 61, 24, 58, 74, 61, 68
Major U.S. Rivers

RIVERS For Exercises 26–28, use the table at the right. (Lesson 11-5)
River Length (mi)
26. Determine the measures of variation for the data.
Arkansas 1,459
27. Find any outliers of the data.
Colorado 1,450
28. Use the measures of variation to describe the data. Columbia 1,243
Mississippi 2,348
Ohio 981
Rio Grande 1,900
PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the mean and median for each set of data. (Lesson 11-4)
29. 75, 66, 67, 85, 86, 74, 74, 62, 72
30. 20, 28, 21, 16, 16, 15, 20, 21, 56, 17, 16, 18

11-8 Select an Appropriate Display
Main IDEA
Select an appropriate SCHOOL The following are five different ways a teacher can display
display for a set of data. the scores on a test.
Standard 7SDAP1.1 Ý>`7ÃiÀ ÃÌ}À>
Know various forms
of display for data
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS
sets, including stem-and-
leaf plot or box-and-whisker
plot; use the forms to
display a single set of
data or to compare two sets

of data. -Ìi>ì>vÊ*Ì

3TEM ,EAF

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1. Which display(s) shows the interval of scores for half the class?
2. Which display(s) allow you to find the score for a specific student?
As you decide what type of display to use, ask the following questions.
• What type of information is this?
• What do I want my graph or display to show?
Select an Appropriate Display

1 SCHEDULES Select an appropriate display to show the parts of a day
taken up by many activities. Justify your reasoning.
Since the display will show the parts of a whole, a circle graph would
be an appropriate display to represent this data.
Select an appropriate display.

a. the population of the United States arranged by age intervals
b. the spread of the average top speeds of 100 selected cars
Lesson 11-8 Select an Appropriate Display 611

Construct an Appropriate Display
2 CELLULAR PHONES Select an appropriate type of display for the data
below to predict the number of subscribers in 2010. Justify your
reasoning. Then construct the display.
Cellular Phone Subscribers
Subscribers Subscribers Subscribers
Year Year Year
(millions) (millions) (millions)
1995 91 1998 319 2001 900
1996 145 1999 471 2002 1,155
1997 214 2000 650 2003 1,329
Source: International Telecommunication Union
These data deal with changes Cellular Phones

over a period of time. A
1,400
line graph would be an
1,200
Real-World Link appropriate display to show
Subscribers (millions)
0
1,000
Cell phones are the change over time. 800
sophisticated radios.
A cell phone carrier 600
usually gets 832 radio 400
frequencies to use 200
across a city.
0
Source: howstuffworks. ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03
com
Year
Ocean Areas
c. OCEANS The table lists the areas in
Ocean Area (sq. mi)
square miles of five oceans. Select
an appropriate type of display Arctic 5,427,000
to compare the areas of the oceans. Atlantic 29,637,900
Then construct the display. Indian 26,469,900
Pacific 60,060,700
Southern 7,848,300
Source: www.infoplease.com
#/.#%043UMMARY Statistical Displays

Look Back
Look Back Type of Display Best used to
You can
You can review
review
bar graphs
bar graphs on on Bar Graph show the number of items in specific categories.
p. 662,
p. xxx, line
line graphs
graphs
on p.
on p. 662
xxx, and Box-and-Whisker Plot show measures of variation for a set of data.
Venn diagrams
Venn diagrams inin
Lesson 3-3.
Lesson 3-3. Circle Graph compare parts of the data to the whole.
Histogram show frequency of data divided into equal intervals.
Line Graph show change over a period of time.
Line Plot show how many times each number occurs in
the data.
Stem-and-Leaf Plot list all individual numerical data in condensed form.
Venn Diagram show how elements among sets of data are related.

Ryan McVay/Getty Images
Example 1 Select an appropriate display for each situation. Justify your reasoning.
(p. 611)
1. the parts of a landfill used for various types of trash
2. plant height measurements made every 2 days in a science fair report
Example 2 3. FOOD Select an appropriate Grams of Carbohydrates in a Serving of Various Vegetables

(p. 612) type of display for the data. 3 8 10 4 7 6 1 5 19 6 1 2
Justify your reasoning.
3 12 23 34 17 3 10 28 7 28 11
Then construct the display.
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Select an appropriate display for each situation. Justify your reasoning.
For See 4. points scored by individual members of a basketball team compared to the
Exercises Examples team total
4–9 1 5. numbers of Americans who speak Spanish, French, and/or German
10–13 2
6. the profits of a company every year for the last ten years
7. the populations of the states arranged by intervals
8. the number of students who wish to order each size of T-shirt
9. the price of an average computer for the last twenty years
Select an appropriate display for each situation. Justify your reasoning.

Then construct the display.
10. Americans Studying in 11. Average Height of Females
Selected Countries Age (years) Height (inches)
Country Number 10 56.4
United Kingdom 31,706 11 59.6
Italy 18,936 12 61.4
Spain 18,865 13 62.6
France 13,080 14 63.7
Australia 10,691 15 63.8
Source: www.IIENetwork.org Source: National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey
12. ANIMALS Refer to the table Federally Endangered Animals, U.S.

at the right. Construct an Number of
appropriate display of the data. Type
Species
Mammals 68
13. MUSIC A survey asked teens what
Fish 74
they liked most about a song. Of
Reptiles and Amphibians 26
those who responded, 59 said the
music only, 41 said the lyrics only, Birds 77
18 said they liked both equally, and Invertebrates 153
5 said they did not like either. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Construct an appropriate display of this data.
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 11-8 Select an Appropriate Display 613

MUSIC For Exercises 14 and 15, refer to the displays below. Select which
display is most appropriate to answer each question. Justify your reasoning.
Then answer the question.
TH'RADE-USIC0REFERENCE
TH'RADE-USIC
0REFERENCE

ÕÌÀÞ ,V

3TUDENTS

,>«

#OUNTRY 2AP 2OCK
-USIC4YPE
14. How many students like only country music?

15. How many students like rock music?
16. COLLECT THE DATA Conduct a survey of your classmates about sports using
data that can be presented in a Venn diagram. Then draw the Venn
diagram.
SCHOOL For Exercises 17 and 18, use the plot below. Construct another type
of display appropriate to represent this data to answer each of the following
questions. Then answer the question.
/iÊÌÊ/>iÃÊÌÊ7>ÊÌÊ-VÊ®
& - &
& & - & -
& & - - & & - -
- & & - & & - - - - & -

- MALE & FEMALE
17. Compare the median times to walk to school for males and females.
%842!02!#4)#%
18. What fraction of students are male and spend less than 15 minutes walking
to school?
See pages 706, 718.
Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data, select an appropriate display for the data, and
ca.gr7math.com
construct the display.
H.O.T. Problems 20. OPEN ENDED Give an example of data that could be represented using a
line graph.
CHALLENGE For Exercises 21–23, state whether the following statements are
always, sometimes, or never true. Justify your response.
21. A circle graph can be used to display data from a histogram.
22. A line graph can be used to display data from a Venn diagram.
23. A box-and-whisker plot can be used to display data from a line plot.
24. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare and contrast bar graphs and histograms.
(*/
Explain when it is appropriate to use a histogram rather than a bar graph.

25. Roger polled 24 classmates to find out the average number of hours
each spends online each week. Which of the following displays would
be most appropriate to show the individual student responses?
A ÕLiÀÊvÊÕÀÃÊ-«iÌÊ C ÕLiÀÊvÊÕÀÃÊ-«iÌÊ
"iÊ >VÊ7ii "iÊ >VÊ7ii
äq{
£xq£ n°Î¯
Óx¯
xq
£È°Ç¯
£äq£{
xä¯
B Number of Hours Spent D ÕLiÀÊvÊÕÀÃÊ-«iÌ

Online Each Week "iÊ >VÊ7ii
Stem Leaf
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS
0 0 3 5 7 8 8
1 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 8 8 9

1 | 2 means 12

n
n
n
n
.UMBEROF(OURS
26. Display the data set {$12, $15, $18, $21, $14, $37, $27, $9} in a stem-and-
leaf plot. (Lesson 11-7)
Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data. (Lesson 11-6)
27. 42, 38, 42, 45, 43, 80, 55, 50, 34, 36, 40, 35 28. 52, 58, 67, 63, 47, 44, 52, 15, 49, 65, 52, 59
POPULATION For Exercises 29–31, use the table at the right. Ancestral Origins of
(Lesson 11-5) America (millions)
29. Determine the measures of variation for the data. German 42.8
30. Find any outliers of the data. Irish 30.5
31. Use the measures of variation to describe the data. African American 24.9
English 24.5
32. CRAFTS It takes Carolyn two hours to complete a cross-stitch American 20.2
pattern. Carolyn can spend no more than fourteen hours Mexican 18.4
cross-stitching. Write an inequality that represents this Other 120.7
situation and use it to determine whether Carolyn can Source: U.S. Census Bureau
complete 8 cross-stitch patterns. (Lesson 8-6)
ALGEBRA Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. (Lesson 8-1)
33. 8(y + 6) 34. -5(a - 10) 35. (9 + k)(-2) 36. (n - 3)5
Lesson 11-8 Select an Appropriate Display 615

APTER
CH
Study Guide
11 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Key Vocabulary
box-and-whisker plot measures of variation
Be sure the following (p. 599) (p. 593)
Key Concepts are noted
circle graph (p. 576) median (p. 585)
in your Foldable.
histogram (p. 570) mode (p. 585)
interquartile range (p. 593) outlier (p. 594)
lower quartile (p. 593) quartiles (p. 593)
Key Concepts mean (p. 585) range (p. 585)
Displays (Lessons 11-2, 11-3, and 11-6 to 11-8)
measures of central stem-and-leaf plot (p. 606)
• Bar graphs show the number of items in specific tendency (p. 585) upper quartile (p. 593)
categories.
• Box-and-whisker plots use a number line to show
the distribution of a set of data.
• Circle graphs compare parts of the data to the
whole. Vocabulary Check
• Histograms show the frequency of data that has State whether each sentence is true or false.
been organized into equal intervals. If false, replace the underlined word or
• Line graphs show change over a period of time. number to make a true sentence.
• Line plots show how many times each number
occurs in the data. 1. A histogram is a bar graph that shows the
• Stem-and-leaf plots list all individual numerical frequency of data in intervals.

data in a condensed form. 2. A variation is a piece of data that is
more than 1.5 times the value of the
Measures of Central Tendency (Lesson 11-4) interquartile range beyond the quartiles.
• The mean of a set of data is the sum of the data
divided by the number of items in a data set. 3. The range is one of the measures of central
tendency.
• The median of a set of data is the middle number
of the ordered data, or the mean of the middle 4. The mean is the sum of the data divided
two numbers. by the number of pieces of data.
• The mode or modes of a set of data is the number 5. If you want to show how the parts
or numbers that occur most often. compare to the whole, use a circle graph.
6. The mode is the middle number of a set of
Measures of Variation (Lesson 11-5)
• The range of a set of data is the difference data.
between the greatest and the least numbers 7. The range is the difference between the
in the set. greatest and the least values in a set of
• The interquartile range is the range of the middle data.
half of the data. It is the difference between the 8. The median is a data value that is quite
upper quartile and the lower quartile. separated from the rest of the data.
616 Chapter 11 Statistics Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com

11-1 PSI: Make a Table (pp. 568–569)
Solve. Use the make a table strategy. Example 1 About what percent of the
9. SPEEDS About what percent of the temperatures below are from 80°F–84°F?
speeds in the table below were from Round to the nearest percent. Use the
20–24 miles per hour? make a table strategy.
Car Speeds on Maple Avenue Pittsburgh’s Daily High Temperatures
Speeds (mph) Tally Frequency Temperature (°F) Tally Frequency
20–24 5 70–74 10
25–29 12 75–79 7
30–34 9 80–84 5
35–39 4 85–89 4
90–95 2
10. MAIL The list shows the cost to mail
letters of various weights. Organize the Find the total number of temperatures
data in a table using the intervals listed in the table.
$0.00–$0.49, $0.50–$0.99, $1.00–$1.49, 10 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 2 or 28 Add frequencies.
and $1.50–$1.99. What is the most Find the percent of 80°F–84°F.
common interval of costs?
5 ÷ 28 or 0.179 Divide.
$0.87 $0.30 $1.25 $0.68 $0.45 $1.24 0.179 × 100 or 17.9 Multiply.
$1.40 $1.10 $0.49 $0.37 $0.37 $1.00
So, 18% of the temperatures were in the
$0.35 $1.76 $0.39 $1.30 $1.99 $0.99
80°F–84°F range.
$0.43 $0.29 $0.66 $0.40 $0.98 $0.39
11-2 Histograms (pp. 570–574)
For Exercises 11–14, use the histogram at Example 2 Choose intervals and
the right. construct a histogram to represent the
11. How large is each interval? following English test scores.
12. How many students scored at least 80? 56 87 87 74 87 84 94 80 72 58
13. What was the most likely score? 87 90 68 90 70 73 74 82 64 68
14. What was the lowest score?

%NGLISH4EST3CORES
15. ANIMALS The numbers of years various
&REQUENCY
types of animals are expected to live
are listed below. Choose intervals and
construct a histogram to represent the

data.

n n n n n
1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12,
4EST3CORE
12, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 18, 20, 20, 25, 35

APTER
CH
11-3 Circle Graphs (pp. 576–582)
16. LAKES Lake Erie is 9,910 square miles, Example 3 Use the circle graph to
Lake Huron is 23,010 square miles, describe the makeup of vehicle
Lake Michigan is 22,300 square miles, production by region or country.
Lake Ontario is 7,540 square miles, and
Motor Vehicle Production
Lake Superior is 31,700 square miles.
Make a circle graph showing what
percent of the total area of the Great Other U.S.A.
26% 22%
Lakes is represented by each lake. Canada
5% Europe
30%
17. SCIENCE Use the graph to describe the Japan
makeup of Earth’s atmosphere. 17%
>ÀÌ½ÃÊÌÃ«iÀi Europe produces the greatest amount of

À} "ÌiÀ vehicles compared to other regions or
ä°¯ ä°£¯ countries, a little less than one-third. The
"ÝÞ}i United States produces about one-fourth
Óä°¯ of the vehicles. Japan produces a little less
ÌÀ}i than one-fifth of the vehicles.
Çn°£¯
11-4 Measures of Central Tendency and Range (pp. 585–590)
Find the mean, median, mode, and range Example 4 The numbers of grams of
for each set of data. Round to the nearest fat in various candy bars are listed
tenth if necessary. below. Find the mean, median, mode,
18. the height in feet of various slides and range. Round to the nearest tenth if
20, 19, 15, 15, 18, 15, 3 necessary. Then select the appropriate
19. the number of pounds of recycled
measure of central tendency or range to
newspaper describe the data. Justify your answer.
6.5, 5.6, 6.8, 10.1, 9.6 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 13, 24
mean: ___ or 11.4 g

20. FOOD DRIVE Miss Hollern’s homeroom 8 + 8 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 13 + 24
collected 18 cans on Monday, 22 cans 7
on Tuesday, 34 cans on Wednesday, median: 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 24
17 cans on Thursday, and 5 cans on mode: 9 g occurs most frequently
Friday. Select the appropriate measure
range: 24 - 8 or 16 g
of central tendency or range to describe
the data. Justify your answer. The appropriate measure of central
tendency or range to describe the data is
the median or the mode. The mean is
affected by the highest value, 24 grams.

see page 718 .
11-5 Measures of Variation (pp. 593–598)
Find the range, median, upper and lower Example 5 The numbers of hours spent
quartiles, interquartile range, and any studying for the French exam are listed
outliers for each set of data. below. Find the range, median, upper
21. the number of miles from school and lower quartiles, interquartile range,
to home: 12, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 6, 1 and any outliers for the set of data.
22. the number of hours spent listening 10, 9, 2, 9, 3, 9, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9
to music: 7, 5, 7, 3, 7, 8, 9, 8 range: 10 - 2 or 8
23. MOVIES The number of times Jean’s median: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10
friends have been to the movie theater lower quartile: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
over the last six months is 8, 9, 5, 10, 7, upper quartile: 9, 9, 9, 9, 10
6, 2, and 4. Use the measures of
variation to describe this data. interquartile range: 9 - 4 or 5
outliers: 5 × 1.5 = 7.5. Since none of the
data are less than 4 - 7.5 or
-3.5, or greater than 9 + 7.5
or 16.5, there are no outliers.
11-6 Box-and-Whisker Plots (pp. 599–604)
Construct a box-and-whisker plot for Example 6 The hours of various plane

each set of data. flights are listed below. Draw a box-and-
24. the number of miles an athlete ran: 0, 5, whisker plot for the set of data.
7, 11, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15 9, 2, 3, 9, 5, 6, 7, 9, 4, 10, 9
25. the number of hours spent grading
i}ÌÃÊvÊ*>iÊ}ÌÃÊÕÀÃ®
papers: 7, 2, 7, 8, 8, 9, 7, 5
26. PETS The numbers of pets various
students have are 3, 6, 2, 3, 1, 3, 6, 4, 5,
4, and 2. Construct a box-and-whisker
plot for the data. What do the lengths
of the parts of the plot tell you?

APTER
CH
11-7 Stem-and-Leaf Plots (pp. 606–610)
Display each set of data in a stem-and- Example 7 The costs of various cell
leaf plot. phone plans are listed below. Draw a
27. stem-and-leaf plot for the set of data.
Grade 9th 10th 11th 12th
Students 77 65 72 84 $35, $43, $57, $39, $46
Stem Leaf Write the stems from
28. Favorite 3 3 to 5 to the left of the
Green Yellow Red Blue 4
Color vertical line.
5
Number 12 17 33 25
Stem Leaf Write the leaves to the
WEATHER For Exercises 29–32, use the 3 5 9 right of the line, with the
temperature data shown below. 4 3 6 corresponding stem. Include a
Average Montly High Temperatures (˚F) 5 7
key.
for Lake Tahoe, CA 5 |7 $57
Stem Leaf
4 1 2 2 6 9
5 3
6 1 2
7 0 2 9 9
7 |9 79˚
Source: weather.com
29. In which interval(s) do most of the

temperatures occur?
30. What is the lowest average monthly
temperature? the highest?
31. What is the range of the data?
32. What is the median temperature?
11-8 Select an Appropriate Display (pp. 611–615)
33. EXPENSES Select an appropriate display Example 8 Select an appropriate display

to show the percent of income people for the number of hockey players
spend on various monthly expenses. compared to the total number of athletes.
34. POPULATIONS Is a histogram an An appropriate display would be a circle
appropriate display to represent graph because you are comparing a part
the populations of counties in to the whole.
Pennsylvania? Justify your answer.

APTER
CH
Practice Test
11
1. NUTRITION Make a table to determine the 12. STANDARDS PRACTICE Marsha has an
number of grams of carbohydrates listed average of 88 for 21 quiz grades. If her
most often. teacher drops Marsha’s lowest grade, a 70,
which equation can be used to find n,
Carbohydrates (g) in Various Cereals Marsha’s new quiz average?
15 34 44 38 24 32 22 44 A n=_
88 - 70
C n = __
88 × 15 - 70
32 15 32 15 24 33 22 32 20 21
34 24 32 24 33 44 33 32 B n = __
88 × 21 - 70
D n = __
88 × 70 - 21
20 20
13. STANDARDS PRACTICE A grocery store
EXERCISE For Exercises 2–5, use the list below.
had daily sales of $15,696, $23,400,
Hours Spent Exercising per Week
$19,080, $18,000, $23,400, $17,604, and $15,228
last week. Which data measure would make
3 0 9 1 4 2 0 3 6 14
the sales last week appear the most profitable?
4 2 5 3 7 3 0 8 3 10
F mean H mode
2. Choose intervals and construct a frequency G median J range
table of this data.
14. SCORES About what percent of the scores in
3. Construct a histogram. the display below are greater than or equal
4. How many people were surveyed? to 78?
5. How many people spend more than 8 hours

-VÀiÃÊÊ>Ê,iViÌÊ }ÞÊ/iÃÌ
per week exercising?
PICNICS For Exercises 6–11, use the list below
of the ages of the people at a picnic.
15. DVDs Select an appropriate type of display
75, 36, 25, 26, 19, 32, 35, 38, 16, 23, 22, 40, 17 to represent the average prices of DVDs
over the last 10 years. Justify your answer.
6. Find the mean, median, mode, and range.
16. SCHOOL Display the data for the number
7. Select the appropriate measure of central
tendency or range to describe the data. of students with a “B” average at Jefferson
Justify your reasoning. Elementary School by grade in a stem-and-
leaf plot.
8. Find the upper and lower quartiles and the
Grade Jackson Jefferson
interquartile range.
1st 27 13
9. Identify any outliers. 2nd 22 28
10. Construct a box-and-whisker plot. 3rd 17 36
4th 12 9
11. When one more person joined the picnic, the
5th 33 27
mean age was 30. How old was the person
6th 26 30
that joined the picnic?

APTER
CH

Read each question. Then fill in the 3 Janelle wants to buy a new television.
correct answer on the answer document She will finance the total cost of $600 by
provided by your teacher or on a sheet making 12 equal monthly payments to pay
of paper. back this amount plus interest. What other
information is needed to determine the
1 Clarence surveyed the students in his class
amount of Janelle’s monthly payment?
about their favorite cafeteria food. The table
shows the results of the survey. A The interest rate being charged
Favorite Cafeteria Food B The amount of money Janelle has in her
Food Chili Pizza Chicken Soup savings account
Votes 3 12 6 3 C The brand of the computer
Which circle graph best represents the data? D The amount of Janelle’s weekly income
A >ÛÀÌiÊ C >ÛÀÌi

>viÌiÀ>Ê`
>viÌiÀ>Ê` 4 The table shows the number of hours students
have volunteered at a community center over

Vi *ââ>
xä¯ {ä¯ several months. If the students volunteer

290 hours during the month of September,

*ââ> Óx¯
Óx¯
which measure of data will change the most?
Ó°x¯
-Õ« -Õ« Student Volunteer Hours
£Ó°x¯ £x¯
Vi
Óä¯ Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Hours 145 150 125 165 160 155
B >ÛÀÌi D >ÛÀÌi

>viÌiÀ>Ê`
>viÌiÀ>Ê` F the mean
*ââ> *ââ>
G the median
{ä¯ xä¯ H the mode
Vi -Õ«
Óx¯ Óä¯
J They will all change the same amount.
£Ó°x¯

-Õ«
£x¯ £Ó°x¯
Vi
Óx¯ 5 Marcia’s average math test score was 82.
Which of the following students has the
2 Cindy’s bowling average is 192 for
same average math test score as Marcia?
12 games. If she drops her lowest score of
174, which equation can be used to find n, A Jenny earned 492 points on 6 tests.
Cindy’s new bowling average? B Frankie earned 352 points on 4 tests.
(192 × 12) - 174
F n = ___ C Jeremiah earned 468 points on 6 tests.
11
D Julieanne earned 344 points on 4 tests.
(192 × 12) - 174
G n = ___
12
(174 × 12) - 192 6 Which is an irrational number?
H n = ___
12 F -2 H √3
(192 - 174) × 12
J n = ___ G -_
7
J √4

11 8
622 Chapter 11 Statistics California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

More California
Standards Practice
7 Before the last soccer game of the season, 10 The bar graph shows the results of a survey
Tony scored a total of 45 goals. He scored on the favorite school subject among middle
3 goals in the final game, making his season school students. Which statement best
average 2 goals per game. To find the total describes why a person reading the graph
number of games that Tony played, first might get an incorrect idea about the
find the sum of 45 and 3, and then — favorite subject of middle school students?
A add the sum to 2. &AVORITE3CHOOL3UBJECT
B subtract 3 from 145.
.UMBEROF3TUDENTS
C multiply the sum by 2.

D divide the sum by 2.

8 Rakim’s French test scores were 86, 84, 80,
75, 90, 75, and 88. Which measure of data
TH
CE
SH
SIC
would give Rakim the highest test score?
-A
IEN
GLI
-U
%N
3C
F mode
G median F The intervals on the vertical scale are not
consistent.
H mean
G The graph does not include History.
J range
H The vertical scale should show the
number of votes for each subject.
J The title of the graph is misleading.
Question 8 Review any terms that Pre-AP

you have learned before you take a
test. For example, for a test on data
and statistics, be sure that you
understand such terms as mean, Show your work.
median, and mode.
11 A pet store has 8 black dogs, 10 brown
dogs, 2 white dogs, 6 spotted dogs, and
5 multicolored dogs.
9 The cost of a pair of rollerblades is $33. If the
a. Make a graph that shows the number of
rollerblades are on sale for 35% off, what is
each type of coloring the pet store has.
the sale price of the rollerblades?
b. Make a graph that shows what part of
A $11.55
the total number of dogs is represented
B $15.45 by each type of coloring.
C $21.45 c. Describe an advantage of each type of
D $23.55 graph you drew.
NEED EXTRA HELP?
If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Go to Lesson... 11-3 11-4 1-1 11-4 11-4 3-4 11-4 11-4 5-7 11-8 11-8
For Help with Standard... SDAP1.1 SDAP1.3 MR1.1 SDAP1.3 SDAP1.3 NS1.4 SDAP1.3 SDAP1.3 SDAP1.7 SDAP1.1 SDAP1.1

Looking Ahead to Grade 8:
12 Probability
• Standard 6SDAP3.0
Determine theoretical and
experimental probabilities
and use these to make
predictions about events.
(CAHSEE)
Key Vocabulary
dependent events (p. 632)
independent events (p. 631)
outcome (p. 626)
Real-World Link
Bicycling If several bicyclists are racing toward the finish
line, you can use a tree diagram or other counting methods
to determine the possible finishing order.
Probability Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with a plain sheet of
11” × 17” paper.
1 Fold the sheet in half lengthwise. Cut along the fold. 2 Fold each half in quarters along the width.
3 Unfold each piece and tape to form one long piece. 4 Label each page with a key topic as shown. Refold to
form a booklet.
Fun ity Inde nt Expe al Sam

Treems Co amental Probabil ende retic
d pend rime pling
Even ent
Dep nts Prob ntal Theo bility
ra untin
Diag Eve
ts abilit a
Prin g y Prob
c iple
624 Chapter 12 Probability
Elizabeth Kreutz/NewSport/CORBIS
Option 2
Option 1
Write each fraction in simplest Example 1

form. (Prior Grade) _
Write 45 in simplest form.
_
48 _
35 _
21 51
1. 2. 3. ÷3
72 60 99
4. TRAVEL On a family trip to San _
45
=_
15 Divide the numerator
José, California, Dustin drove 51 17 and denominator by
4 hours out of 18 hours. Write their GCF, 3.
÷3
this portion of time spent driving
as a fraction in simplest
form. (Prior Grade)
Multiply. Write in simplest form. Example 2

(Lesson 2-3) _ _
Find 3 · 1 . Write in simplest form.
5. _ · _ _5 · _1
3 8 6. 7 6
4 9 6 2 1
_3 · _1 = _3 · _1
7. _ · _ 8. _ · _
2 2 7 4 Divide 3 and 6 by their GCF, 3.
7 6 7 6
4 7 8 6 2
=_
1·1
or _
1
7·2 14
Solve each problem. (Lesson 5-7) Example 3

9. Find 35% of 90. Find 20% of 170.
10. Find 42% of 340. p
_a = _ Use the percent proportion.
b100
10. What is 60% of 220?
_a _
= 20
Replace b with 170
11. What is 5% of 72? 170 100 and p with 20.
13. SURVEY Anna surveyed a · 100 = 170 · 20 Find the cross products.
144 students in her school. She 100a = 3,400 Multiply.
found that 82% of the students
3,400
said pizza is their favorite lunch. _
100a
=_ Divide each side by 100.
100 100
How many students surveyed
a = 34
said their favorite lunch is pizza?
(Lesson 5-7) 34 is 20% of 170.

12-1 Counting Outcomes
Main IDEA
Count outcomes by using BICYCLES Antonio wants to buy a
a tree diagram or the Dynamo bicycle.
Fundamental Counting
Principle. 1. How many different styles #HOOSEYOUR$YNAMO4ODAY
are available? colors? sizes? 3TYLES-OUNTAINOR2OAD
Reinforcement of
Standard 2. Make a list showing all of the #OLORS2ED"LACKOR'REEN
6SDAP3.1 Represent
different bicycles that are available. 3IZES INCHOR INCH
all possible outcomes for
compound events in an
organized way (e.g., tables,
grids, tree diagrams) and
express the theoretical An outcome is any one of the possible results of an action. For selecting
probability of each a specific type, color, and size of bicycle, there are 12 total outcomes. An
outcome. (CAHSEE)
event is an outcome or a collection of outcomes.
An organized list of outcomes, called a sample space, can help you
determine the total number of possible outcomes for an event. One type
NEW Vocabulary
of organized list is a tree diagram.
outcome
event
sample space
tree diagram Use a Tree Diagram
Fundamental
Counting Principle 1 BICYCLES Draw a tree diagram to determine the number of different
probability bicycles described in the real-world example above.
random
Style Color Size Outcome
26 in. Mountain, Red, 26 in.
Red
28 in. Mountain, Red, 28 in.
26 in. Mountain, Black, 26 in.
Mountain Black
28 in. Mountain, Black, 28 in.
26 in. Mountain, Green, 26 in.
Green
28 in. Mountain, Green, 28 in.
26 in. Road, Red, 26 in.
Red
28 in. Road, Red, 28 in.
26 in. Road, Black, 26 in.
Road Black
28 in. Road, Black, 28 in.
26 in. Road, Green, 26 in.
Green
28 in. Road, Green, 28 in.
There are 12 different Dynamo bicycles.
a. A dime and a penny are tossed. Draw a tree diagram to determine

the number of outcomes.

You can also find the total number of outcomes by multiplying. This
principle is known as the Fundamental Counting Principle.
+%9#/.#%04 Fundamental Counting Principle
If event M has m possible outcomes and event N has n possible outcomes,

then event M followed by event N has m · n possible outcomes.
2 COMMUNICATIONS In the United States, radio and television stations

use call letters that start with K or W. How many different station
call letters are possible when four letters are used?
There are 2 choices for the first letter and 26 for each of the others.
Use the Fundamental Counting Principle.
2 × 26 × 26 × 26 = 35,152
There are 35,152 possible call letters.
Real-World Link
In 1940, plans were
made for a new radio b. DINING A restaurant offers a choice of 3 types of pasta with 5 types
studio in San Francisco of sauce. Each pasta entrée comes with or without a meatball. How
to be suspended on
springs. The springs many different entrées are available?
were meant to absorb
the sound and Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
vibrations from the
outside so that they
could not get into Outcomes occur at random if each outcome is equally likely to occur. In
the studio. this situation, the probability of an event is the ratio of the number of
Source: San Francisco
Chronicle outcomes in that event to the total number of outcomes.
Find Probability
3 GAMES In a lottery game, you pick a 3-digit number. One of these
numbers is the winning number. What is the probability of
winning?
First, find the number of possible outcomes.
10 × 10 × 10 = 1,000
There are 1,000 possible outcomes. There is 1 winning number.
P(win) = _
1
There is 1 winning number out of 1,000.
1,000
This can also be written as a decimal, 0.001, or a percent, 0.1%.
c. Two number cubes are rolled. What is the probability that the sum
of the numbers on the cubes is 12?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 12-1 Counting Outcomes 627

Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS
Example 1 1. The spinner is spun two times. Draw a tree diagram
(p. 626) to determine the number of possible outcomes.
green yellow
Example 2 2. FOOD A pizza shop has regular, deep-dish, and

(p. 627)
red
thin crusts; 2 different cheeses; and 4 toppings. How
many different one-cheese and one-topping pizzas
can be ordered?
Example 3 3. GOVERNMENT The first three digits of a social security number are a
(p. 627) geographic code. The next two digits are determined by the year and the
state where the number is issued. The final four digits are random numbers.
What is the probability of the last four digits being the current year?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Draw a tree diagram to determine the number of possible outcomes.
For See 4. A penny, a nickel, and a dime are tossed.
Exercises Examples 5. A number cube is rolled and a penny is tossed.
4–7 1
6. A white or red ball cap comes in small, medium, large, or extra large.
8–13 2
14–15 3 7. The Sweet Treats Shoppe offers single-scoop ice cream in chocolate, vanilla,
or strawberry, and two types of cones, regular or sugar.
Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the number of possible

outcomes.
8. The day of the week is picked at random and a number cube is rolled.
9. A number cube is rolled 3 times.
10. There are 5 true-false questions on a history quiz.
11. There are 4 choices for each of 5 multiple-choice questions on a science
quiz.
12. SCHOOL Doli can take 4 different classes first period, 3 different classes
second period, and 5 different classes third period. How many different
schedules can she have?
13. VEHICLES A state’s license plates are issued with 2 letters, followed by
2 numbers and a letter. How many different license plates could the state
issue?
14. CLOTHES Felisa has a red and a white sweatshirt. Courtney has a black, a
green, a red, and a white sweatshirt. Each girl picks a sweatshirt at random
to wear to the picnic. What is the probability the girls will wear the same
color sweatshirt?

15. GAMES The winning number in a lottery game is made up of five digits
from 0 to 9 chosen at random. If the digits can repeat, what is the
probability of winning the lottery?
ELECTRONICS For Exercises 16 and 17, use the table that shows various
options for a digital music player.
16. How many different players are Storage Capacity Colors
available, based on storage capacity 256 megabytes blue purple
and color?
512 megabytes red pink
17. If an FM radio tuner is also available 1 gigabyte green silver
as an option, how many players are 2.5 gigabytes white black
available?
For Exercises 18 and 19, each spinner

at the right is spun once. Use a tree RED
GREEN BLUE
diagram to answer each question.
WHITE BLUE
18. What is the probability that at least RED YELLOW
one spinner lands lands on blue?
19. What is the probability that at least
one spinner lands on yellow?
LUNCHES For Exercises 20–24, use the following information.

Parent volunteers made lunches for an 8th-grade field trip. Each lunch had
a peanut butter and jelly or a deli-meat sandwich; a bag of potato chips or
pretzels; an apple, an orange, or a banana; and juice, water, or soda. One
of each possible lunch combinations was made.
20. How many different lunch combinations were made?
21. How many of these combinations contained an apple?
22. If the lunches are handed out randomly, what is the probability that a
%842!02!#4)#% student receives a lunch containing a banana?
See pages 706, 719. 23. What is the probability of a student receiving a lunch with potato chips
and soda?
Self-Check Quiz at 24. Suppose 4 types of meat were used for the deli-meat sandwiches. What is
ca.gr7math.com
the probability that a student receives one specific type of sandwich?
H.O.T. Problems 25. OPEN ENDED Give an example of a situation that has 15 possible outcomes.
26. NUMBER SENSE Whitney has a choice of a floral, plaid, or striped blouse to
wear with a choice of a tan, black, navy, or white skirt. Without calculating
the number of possible outcomes, how many more outfits can she make if
she buys a print blouse?
27. CHALLENGE If x coins are tossed, write an algebraic expression for the
number of possible outcomes.
28. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Describe a possible advantage for using a tree
(*/
diagram rather than the Fundamental Counting Principle.
Lesson 12-1 Counting Outcomes 629

29. A school cafeteria offers sandwiches with three types of meat and two
types of bread. Which table shows all possible sandwich combinations
available?
A Bread Meat C Bread Meat
White Ham White Ham
Wheat Turkey White Turkey
White Ham White Beef
Wheat Turkey Wheat Ham
Wheat Turkey
Wheat Beef
B Bread Meat D Bread Meat

White Ham White Ham
White Turkey White Turkey
White Beef White Beef
Wheat Ham White Bologna
Wheat Turkey Wheat Ham
Wheat Beef Wheat Turkey
Rye Ham Wheat Beef
Rye Turkey Wheat Bologna
Rye Beef
Choose an appropriate type of display for each situation. (Lesson 11-8)
30. the amount of each flavor of ice cream sold relative to the total sales
31. the number of people attending a fair for specific intervals of ages
32. STATISTICS Display the data set {$12, $15, $18, $21, $14, $37, $27, $9} in a
stem-and-leaf plot. (Lesson 11-7)
33. GRADES Mr. Francis has told his students that he will remove the lowest
exam score for each student at the end of the grading period. Seki
received grades of 43, 78, 84, 85, 88, and 90 on her exams. What will be
the difference between the mean of her original grades and the mean of
her five grades after Mr. Francis removes one grade? (Lesson 11-4)
34. What is 35% of 130? (Lesson 5-3)
PREREQUISITE SKILL Multiply. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-3)
35. _ · _ 36. _ · _
4 3 3 5
5 8 10 6
37. _ · _ 38. _ · _
7 3 2 9
12 14 3 10

12-2 Probability of
Compound Events
Main IDEA
Find the probability GAMES A game uses a number red
of independent and cube and the spinner shown.
dependent events.
Reinforcement of
1. A player rolls the number cube. 2 1 blue green
What is P(odd number)?

Standard
6SDAP3.1 Represent 2. The player spins the spinner. What is P(red)?
all possible outcomes for
compound events in an 3. What is the product of the probabilities in Exercises 1 and 2?
organized way (e.g., tables,
grids, tree diagrams) and 4. Draw a tree diagram to determine the probability that the player
express the theoretical will roll an odd number and spin red.
probability of each outcome.
(CAHSEE)
The combined action of rolling a number cube and spinning a spinner is
a compound event. In general, a compound event consists of two or
NEW Vocabulary more simple events.
compound event
The outcome of the spinner does not depend on the outcome of the
independent events
dependent events number cube. These events are independent. For independent events,
the outcome of one event does not affect the other event.
+%9#/.#%04 Probability of Independent Events
Words The probability of two independent events can be found by

Vocabulary Link multiplying the probability of the first event by the probability
Independent of the second event.
Everyday Use not under
the control of others Symbols P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B)
Math Use not relying on
another quantity or action
Probability of Independent Events
1 The two spinners are spun.
What is the probability that 7 1 8 1
both spinners will show an 6 2 7 2
even number? 6 3
5 3
P(first spinner is even) = _
3 4 5 4
7
P(second spinner is even) = _
1
2
P(both spinners are even) = _
3 _
· 1 or _
3
7 2 14
Use the above spinners to find each probability.

a. P(both show a 2) b. P(both are less than 4)
Lesson 12-2 Probability of Compound Events 631

2 A spinner and a number cube are used in a game. The spinner has an
equal chance of landing on one of five colors: red, yellow, blue, green,
Mental Math You and purple. The faces of the cube are labeled 1 through 6. What is the
may wish to simplify
individual probabilities probability of a player spinning blue and then rolling a 3 or 4?
before multiplying A _
3
B _
1
C _
1
D _
1
them. 11 4 15 30
Read the Item

You are asked to find the probability of the spinner landing on blue
and rolling a 3 or 4 on a number cube. The events are independent
because spinning the spinner does not affect the outcome of rolling
a number cube.
Solve the Item

First, find the probability of each event.
P(blue) = _
1 ___
number of ways to spin blue
5 number of possible outcomes
P(3 or 4) = _
2
or _
1 ___
number of ways to roll 3 or 4
6 3 number of possible outcomes
Then, find the probability of both events occurring.
P(blue and 3 or 4) = _
1 _
·1 P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B)
5 3
=_ 1
Multiply.
15
The probability is _
1
, which is answer C.
15
c. A game requires players to roll two fair number cubes to move the
game pieces. The faces of the cubes are labeled 1 through 6. What is
the probability of rolling a 2 or 4 on the first number cube and then
rolling a 5 on the second?
F _
1
G _
1
H _
1
J _
1
3 2 12 18
If the outcome of one event affects the outcome of another event, the
events are called dependent events.
Vocabulary Link
Dependent +%9#/.#%04 Probability of Dependent Events
Everyday Use under the
control of others Words If two events, A and B, are dependent, then the probability of
Math Use relying on both events occurring is the product of the probability of A and
another quantity or action
the probability of B after A occurs.
Symbols P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B following A)

Probability of Dependent Events
3 There are 2 white, 8 red, and 5 blue marbles
BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com in a bag. Once a marble is selected, it is not
replaced. Find the probability that two red
marbles are chosen.
Since the first marble is not replaced, the first
event affects the second event. These are
dependent events.
P(first marble is red) = _
8 number of red marbles
15 total number of marbles
number of red marbles after

P(second marble is red) = _
7 one red marble is removed
14 total number of marbles after
one red marble is removed
4 1
P(two red marbles) = _
8 _
· 7 or _
4
15 14 15
7
1
Refer to the situation above. Find each probability.

d. P(two blue marbles)
e. P(a white marble and then a blue marble)
f. P(a red marble and then a white marble)
g. P(two white marbles)
Example 1 A penny is tossed and a number cube is rolled. Find each probability.
(p. 631)
1. P(tails and 3) 2. P(heads and odd)
Example 2 3. STANDARDS PRACTICE A spinner and a number cube are used in a

(p. 632) game. The spinner has an equal chance of landing on 1 of 3 colors:
red, yellow, and blue. The faces of the cube are labeled 1 through 6. What is
the probability of a player spinning red and then rolling an even number?
A _
2
B _
1
C _
1
D _
1
5 3 6 12
Example 3 A card is drawn from the cards shown and

(p. 633) not replaced. Then, a second card is drawn.
Find each probability.
4. P(two even numbers)
5. P(a number less than 4 and then a
number greater than 4)
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 12-2 Probability of Compound Events 633

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 A number cube is rolled, and the spinner at the right
is spun. Find each probability. B
For See
Exercises Examples 6. P(1 and A) 7. P(3 and B) A B
6–11 1 8. P(even and C) 9. P(odd and B) C B
12, 13 2
10. P(greater than 2 and A) 11. P(less than 3 and B)
14–19 3
12. LAUNDRY A laundry basket contains 18 blue socks and 24 black socks. What
is the probability of randomly picking 2 black socks from the basket?
13. GAMES Beth is playing a board game that requires rolling two number
cubes to move a game piece. She needs to roll a sum of 6 on her next turn
and then a sum of 10 to land on the next two bonus spaces. What is the
probability that Beth will roll a sum of 6 and then a sum of 10 on her next
two turns?
A jar contains 3 yellow, 5 red, 4 blue, and 8 green candies. After a candy is
selected, it is not replaced. Find each probability.
14. P(two red candies) 15. P(two blue candies)
16. P(a yellow candy and then 17. P(a green candy and then a
a blue candy) red candy)
18. P(two candies that are not green) 19. P(two candies that are neither blue
nor green)
20. MARKETING A discount supermarket has found that 60% of their customers
spend more than $75 each visit. What is the probability that the next two
customers will each spend more than $75?
SCHOOL For Exercises 21 and 22, use the Clearview Middle School
information below and in the table. Favorite Subject
At Clearview Middle School, 56% of the Art 16%
students are girls and 44% are boys. Language Arts 13%
21. If two students are chosen at random, Math 28%
what is the probability that the first Music 7%
student is a girl and that the second Science 21%
student’s favorite subject is science? Social Studies 15%
22. What is the probability that of two randomly
selected students, one is a boy and the other
is a student whose favorite subject is not art or math?
23. MOVIES You and a friend plan to see 2 movies over the weekend. You
can choose from 6 comedy, 2 drama, 4 romance, 1 science fiction, or
3 action movies. You write the movie titles on pieces of paper and place
them in a bag, and you each randomly select a movie. What is the
probability that neither of you selects a comedy? Is this a dependent or
independent event? Explain.

%842!02!#4)#% 24. MONEY Donoma had 8 dimes and 6 pennies in her pocket. If she took
out 1 coin and then a second coin without replacing the first, what is the
See pages 707, 719.
probability that both coins were dimes? Is this a dependent or independent
event? Explain.
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com
POPULATION For Exercises 25 and 26, Lewburg County Population
use the information in the table. Demographic Fraction of the
Assume that age is not dependent on the Group Population
region. Under age 18 _3
10
25. A resident of Lewburg County is picked
18 to 64 years old _3
at random. What is the probability that 5
the person is under 18 years old or 18 to 65 years or older _1
10
64 years old and from an urban area?
Rural Area _4
26. What is the probability that the person 5
is less than 18 years old or 65 years or Urban Area _1
5
older and from a rural area?
27. CONTESTS A car dealer is giving away a new car to one of 10

contestants. Each contestant randomly selects a key from 10 keys,
with only 1 winning key. What is the probability that none of the first
three contestants selects the winning key?
28. DOMINOES A standard set of dominoes contains 28 tiles, with each tile
having two sides of dots from 0 to 6. Of these tiles, 7 have the same number
of dots on each side. If four players each randomly choose a tile, what is
the probability that each chooses a tile with the same number of dots on
each side?
Real-World Link
The game of 29. WEATHER A weather forecaster states that there is an 80% chance of rain on
dominoes is believed Monday and a 30% chance of rain on Tuesday. What is the probability of it
to have originated in
12th century China. raining on Monday and Tuesday? Assume these are independent events.
would find a compound probability.
H.O.T. Problems 31. OPEN ENDED There are 9 marbles representing 3 different colors. Write a
problem where 2 marbles are selected at random without replacement and
the probability is _
1
.
6
32. FIND THE ERROR The spinner at the right is spun twice.
Evita and Tia are finding the probability that both
spins will result in an odd number. Who is correct?
Explain.

_3 · _3 = _
9 _3 · _2 = _
6
5 5 25 5 4 10
Evita Tia
Lesson 12-2 Probability of Compound Events 635

David Muir/Masterfile
33. CHALLENGE Determine whether the following statement is true or false.
If the statement is false, provide a counterexample.
If two events are independent, then the probability of both events is less than 1.
34. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare and contrast independent events and
(*/
dependent events.
35. Mr. Fernandez is holding four straws 36. The spinners below are each spun
of different lengths. He has asked four once.
students to each randomly pick a
straw to see who goes first in a game. 2%$ 2%$
John picks first, gets the second
longest straw, and keeps it. What is the 7()4% ",5%
probability that Jeremy will get the
longest straw if he picks second?
A _
1
C _
1 What is the probability of spinning
4 3 2 and white?
B _
1
D _
1
2 5 F _
1
H _
2
16 5
G _
1
J _3
4 5
37. SPORTS The Silvercreek Ski Resort has 4 ski lifts up the mountain and
11 trails down the mountain. How many different ways can a skier take a
ski lift up the mountain and then ski down? (Lesson 12-1)
38. RADIO LISTENING Choose an Adult Audience of Oldies Radio

appropriate display for the Age 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 or older
data at the right. Then make
Percent of
a display. Justify your 10% 14% 29% 33% 14%
Audience
reasoning. (Lesson 11-8) Source: Interep Research Division
MEASUREMENT Find the volume of each solid described. Round to the

nearest tenth if necessary. (Lessons 7-5 and 7-6)
39. rectangular pyramid: length, 14 m; width, 12 m; height 7 m
40. cone: diameter, 22 cm; height, 24 cm
PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each fraction in simplest form.

41. _
52
42. _
33
43. _
49
44. _
24
120 90 70 88

12-3 Experimental and
Theoretical Probability
Find experimental and Draw one marble from a bag containing 10 different-colored marbles.
theoretical probabilities Record its color, and replace it in the bag. Repeat 50 times.
and use them to make
1. Find the ratio ___ for each color.
predictions. number of times color was drawn
total number of draws
Reinforcement of 2. Is it possible to have a certain color marble in the bag and
Standard
6SDAP3.3 Represent
never draw that color?
probabilities as ratios, 3. Open the bag and count the marbles. Find the ratio
proportions, decimals
between 0 and 1, and ___
number of each color marble
for each color of marble.
percentages between 0 total number of marbles
and 100 and verify that the 4. Are the ratios in Exercises 1 and 3 the same? Explain.
probabilities computed are
reasonable; know that if P is
the probability of an event,
1 - P is the probability of an In the Mini Lab above, you determined a probability by conducting an
event not occurring. (CAHSEE) experiment. Probabilities that are based on the outcomes obtained by
conducting an experiment are called experimental probabilities.
Probabilities based on known characteristics or facts are called
NEW Vocabulary
theoretical probabilities. For example, you can compute the theoretical
experimental probability probability of picking a certain color marble from a bag. Theoretical
theoretical probability
probability tells you what should happen in an experiment.
Theoretical and Experimental Probability

1 What is the theoretical probability of rolling a double 6 using two
number cubes?
The theoretical probability is _
1 _
· 1 or _
1
.
6 6 36
2 The graph shows the results of
2ESULTSOF2OLLING
an experiment in which two 4WO.UMBER#UBES

Experimental number cubes were rolled.
.UMBEROF2OLLS
Probability According to the experimental

Experimental
probabilities usually probability, is a sum of 12 likely

vary depending on to occur?
the number of trials

performed or when Only 1 of the 58 sums is 12. So, 3UM
the experiment is the experimental probability of
repeated.
rolling a sum of 12 is _
1
. It is not likely that a sum of 12 will occur.
58
a. Refer to the graph above. According to the experimental

probability, which sum is most likely to occur?
Lesson 12-3 Experimental and Theoretical Probability 637

3 MARKETING Two hundred teenagers Number Who
Item
were asked whether they purchased Purchased the Item
certain items in the past year. What candle 110
is the experimental probability that photo frame 95
a teenager bought a photo frame in
the last year?
There were 200 teenagers surveyed and 95 purchased a photo frame
in the last year. The experimental probability is _
95
or _
19
.
200 40
Real-World Career
How Does a Marketing
Manager Use Math? b. What is the experimental probability that a teenager bought a
A marketing manager
uses information candle in the last year?
from surveys and
experimental Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
probability to help
make decisions about You can use past performance to predict future events.
changes in products
and advertising.
Use Probability to Predict

4 FARMING Over the last 10 years, the probability that soybean seeds
planted by Ms. Diaz produced soybeans is _
10
.
13
Is this probability experimental or theoretical? Explain.
This is an experimental probability since it is based on what
happened in the past.
If Ms. Diaz wants to have 10,000 soybean-bearing plants, how

many seeds should she plant?
This problem can be solved using a proportion.
_ 10,000
=_
10 out of 13 seeds should 10 10,000 out of x seeds
produce soybeans. 13 x should produce soybeans.
Mental Math
For every 10 Solve the proportion.
soybean-bearing
_ 10,000
plants, Ms. Diaz 10
=_ Write the proportion.
must plant 3 extra 13 x
seeds. Think: 10 · x = 13 · 10,000 Find the cross products.
10,000 ÷ 10 = 1,000
Ms. Diaz must plant 10x = 130,000 Multiply.
3 × 1,000 or 3,000
_ 130,000
extra seeds. She 10x
=_ Divide each side by 10.
must plant a total of 10 10
10,000 + 3,000 or
13,000 seeds.
x = 13,000 Ms. Diaz should plant 13,000 seeds.
c. SURVEYS In a recent survey of 150 people, 18 responded that they

were left-handed. If an additional 2,500 people are surveyed, how
many would be expected to be left-handed?
638 Chapter 12 Probability Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

LWA-Dann Tardif/CORBIS
Example 1 For Exercises 1–3, use the table that Result Frequency Result Frequency
(p. 637) shows the results of tossing three HHH 6 TTT 3
coins, one at a time, 50 times.
HHT 5 TTH 6
1. What is the theoretical HTH 10 THT 5
probability of tossing HTT 5 THH 10
exactly two heads?
Example 2 2. Find the experimental probability of tossing exactly two heads.
(p. 637)
3. How likely is it that a toss will have two heads? Explain.
For Exercises 4 and 5, use the table at the right Cars Passing the School
showing the results of a survey of cars that Color Number of Cars
passed the school. white 35
Example 3 4. What is the probability that the next car will red 23
(p. 638) be white? green 12
Example 4 5. Out of the next 180 cars, how many would other 20
(p. 638) you expect to be white?
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 SCHOOL For Exercises 6 and 7, use the following information.
For See In keyboarding class, 4 out of the 60 words Cleveland typed contained an error.
Exercises Examples 6. What is the probability that his next word will have an error?
6, 9 1, 2
7. In a 1,000-word essay, how many errors would you expect Cleveland
8, 11 3
to make?
7, 10 4
8. BASKETBALL In practice, Crystal made 80 out of 100 free throws. What is the
experimental probability that she will make a free throw?
FOOD For Exercises 9 and 10, use the results of Favorite Fruit
a survey of 150 people shown at the right. Fruit Number
9. What is the probability that a person’s apples 55
favorite fruit was bananas? bananas 40
10. Out of 450 people, how many would you oranges 35
expect to state that bananas are their grapes 15
favorite fruit? other 5
11. SCHOOL In the last 40 school days, Esteban’s bus has been late 8 times.
What is the experimental probability that the bus will be late tomorrow?
12. SPORTS In a survey of 90 students at Genoa Middle School, 42 liked to

watch basketball and 24 liked to watch soccer. If there are 300 students in
the middle school, how many would you expect to like to watch soccer?

For Exercises 13–15, use the table that shows Number on
the results of spinning an equally divided Frequency
Spinner
8-section spinner. 1 8
13. Compare the theoretical and experimental 2 5
probabilities of the spinner landing on 5. 3 9
14. Based on the experimental probability, how 4 4
many times would you expect the spinner 5 10
to land on 3 if the spinner is spun 200 times? 6 6
15. Jarred predicts that the spinner will land on 7 5
4 or 8 on the next spin. Is this a reasonable 8 3
prediction? Explain.
BASEBALL For Exercises 16 and 17, 2ESULT &REQUENCY

use the table which shows the
3INGLE
batting results of a baseball
player for a season. $OUBLE
16. Based on the results, how likely 4RIPLE

is it that the player would be out (OME2UN
after his next turn batting?
7ALK
17. The next time the player is at bat,
/UT
how likely is it for him to hit a
single or a double?
FOOD For Exercises 18 and 19, use the following information.

The manager of a school cafeteria asked selected
Menu Item Students
students to pick their favorite menu item. The
Hot Dog 22
results of the survey are shown in the table.
Hamburger 19
18. If the cafeteria serves 350 lunches, and
Pizza 30
students can choose only one lunch, how
%842!02!#4)#% many hamburgers could the manager
Taco 16
Chicken Strips 13
See pages 707, 719. expect to sell?
19. Is the next student more likely to buy a
Self-Check Quiz at hot dog or a hamburger, or is the student
ca.gr7math.com
more likely to buy pizza? Explain.
H.O.T. Problems 20. OPEN ENDED Two hundred fifty people are surveyed about their favorite
color. Make a table of possible results if the experimental probability that
the favorite color is blue is 40%.
21. CHALLENGE An inspector found that 15 out of 250 cars had a loose front
door and that 10 out of 500 cars had headlight problems. What is the
probability that a car has both a loose door and a headlight problem?
22. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Explain why you would not expect the theoretical
(*/
probability of an event and the experimental probability of the same event
to always be the same.

23. Two number cubes are rolled and the 24. Shannon spun the spinner shown and
difference is recorded. The graph recorded her results.
shows the results of several rolls.
Number
$IFFERENCEOF2OLLING on Frequency
4WO.UMBER#UBES Spinner

1 20

.UMBEROF2OLLS

2 10

3 2

4 40

5 8
$IFFERENCE
Based on past results, what is the What is the experimental probability

probability that the difference is 2? of landing on the number five?
A _
7
C _
1 F 10% H 30%
20 20
B _
11
D _1 G 20% J 40%
50 25
A jar contains 3 red marbles, 4 green marbles, and 5 blue marbles.

Once a marble is selected, it is not replaced. Find each probability. (Lesson 12-2)
25. 2 green marbles 26. a blue marble and then a red marble
27. SCHOOL At the school cafeteria, students can choose from 4 entreés and 3 beverages.
How many different lunches of one entreé and one beverage can be purchased at the
cafeteria? (Lesson 12-1)
28. STATISTICS Find the range, median, upper and lower quartiles, interquartile range, and
any outliers of the set of data. (Lesson 11-5)
115, 117, 111, 121, 110, 127, 116, 126, 105,

115, 100, 103, 122, 130, 101, 100, 108, 130
ALGEBRA Write an inequality for each sentence. (Lesson 8-6)
29. HEALTH Your heart beats over 100,000 times a day.

30. BIRDS A peregrine falcon can spot a pigeon up to 8 kilometers away.
31. PREREQUISITE SKILL Lawanda was assigned some math exercises for
homework. She answered half of them in study period. After school, she
answered 7 more exercises. If she still has 11 exercises to complete, how
many exercises were assigned? Use the work backward strategy. (Lesson 1-8)

Extend Probability Lab
12-3 Fair Games
Mathematically speaking, a two-player game is fair if each player has
Main IDEA an equally-likely chance of winning. In this lab, you will analyze two
Use experimental and simple games and determine whether each game is fair.
theoretical probabilities
to decide whether a
game is fair.
Reinforcement of
Standard 6SDAP3.2 1 In a counter-toss game, players toss three
Use data to estimate two-color counters. The winner of each
the probability of future
events (e.g., batting averages
game is determined by how many counters
or number of accidents per land with either the red or yellow side
mile driven). facing up. Play this game with a partner.
Standard 7MR2.6 Express
the solution clearly and
logically by using the
Player 1 tosses the counters. If 2 or 3 chips land red-side
appropriate mathematical up, Player 1 wins. If 2 or 3 chips land yellow-side up,
notation and terms and clear Player 2 wins. Record the results in a table like the one
language; support solutions
with evidence in both verbal shown below. Place a check in the winner’s column for
and symbolic work. each game.
Game Player 1 Player 2
1
2
Player 2 then tosses the counters and the results are

recorded.
Continue alternating the tosses until each player has

tossed the counters 10 times.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Make an organized list of all the possible outcomes resulting from
one toss of the 3 counters. Explain your method.
2. Calculate the theoretical probability of each player winning. Write
each probability as a fraction and as a percent.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Based on the theoretical probabilities of each
player winning, is this a fair game? Explain your reasoning.
4. Calculate the experimental probability of each player winning. Write
each probability as a fraction and as a percent.
5. Compare the probabilities in Exercises 2 and 4.
6. GRAPH THE DATA Make a graph of the experimental probabilities of
Player 1 winning for 5, 10, 15, and 20 games. Graph the ordered pairs
(games played, Player 1 wins) using a blue pencil, pen, or marker.
Describe how the points appear on your graph.

7. Add to the graph you created in Exercise 6 the theoretical
probabilities of Player 1 winning for 5, 10, 15, and 20 games. Graph
the ordered pairs (games played, Player 1 wins) using a red pencil,
pen, or marker. Connect these red points and describe how they
appear on your graph.
8. As the number of games played increases, how does the experimental
probability compare to the theoretical probability?
9. MAKE A PREDICTION Predict the number of times Player 1 would win
if the game were played 100 times.
2 In a number-cube game, players

roll two number cubes. Play this
game with a partner.
Player 1 rolls the number cubes. Player 1 wins if the total
of the numbers rolled is 5 or if a 5 is shown on one or
both number cubes. Otherwise, Player 2 wins. Record
the results in a table like the one shown below.
Game Player 1 Player 2
1
2
Player 2 then rolls the number cubes and the results are
recorded.
Continue alternating the rolls until each player has rolled

the number cubes 10 times.
ANALYZE THE RESULTS

10. Make an organized list of all the possible outcomes resulting from
one roll. Explain your method.
11. Calculate the theoretical probability of each player winning and
the experimental probability of each player winning. Write each
probability as a fraction and as a percent. Then compare these
probabilities.
12. MAKE A CONJECTURE Based on the theoretical and experimental
probabilities of each player winning, is this a fair game? Explain your
reasoning.
13. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( If the game is fair, explain how you could
(*/
change the game so that it is not fair. If the game is not fair,
explain how you could change the game to make it fair. Explain.
Extend 12-3 Probability Lab: Fair Games 643

MAIN IDEA: Solve problems by acting it out.
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, and models,
to explain mathematical reasoning. Reinforcement of Standard 6SDAP3.2 Use data to estimate the probability of future
events (e.g., batting averages or number of accidents per mile driven).
e-Mail: ACT IT OUT

YOUR MISSION: Act it out to solve the problem.
THE PROBLEM: Is tossing a coin a good way to

answer a true–false quiz?
Bonita: I wonder if tossing a coin would

be a good way to answer a 5–question true–
false quiz.
EXPLORE You know there are five true-false questions on the quiz. You can carry out an
experiment to test if tossing a coin would be a good way to answer the
questions and get a good grade.
PLAN Toss a coin 5 times. If the coin shows tails, the answer is T. If the coin shows
heads, the answer is F. Do three trials.
SOLVE Suppose the correct answers Number
are T, F, F, T, F. Let’s circle Answers T F F T F
Correct
them in each trial.
Trial 1 T T F F T 2
Trial 2 F F T T F 3
Trial 3 T F T F T 2
Since the experiment produced 2–3 correct answers on a 5-question quiz, it

shows that tossing a coin to answer a true-false quiz is not the way to get a
good grade.
CHECK Check by doing several more trials.
1. Explain an advantage of using the act it out strategy to solve a problem.

2. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Write a problem that could be solved by acting it out.
(*/
Then use the strategy to solve the problem. Explain your reasoning.

Brent Turner
For Exercises 3–5, solve using the act it out 8. MONEY Carmen received money for a
strategy. birthday gift. She loaned $5 to her sister
3. COINS Nina wants to buy a granola bar from Emily and spent half of the remaining
a vending machine. The granola bar costs money. The next day she received $10 from
$0.45. If Nina uses exact change, in how her uncle. After spending $9 at the movies,
many different ways can she use nickels, she still had $11 left. How much money did
dimes, and quarters? she receive for her birthday?
9. UNIFORMS Nick has to wear a uniform

4. FITNESS The length of a basketball court is
to school. He can wear either navy blue,
84 feet long. Hector runs 20 feet forward
black, or khaki pants with a green, white,
and then 8 feet back. How many more times
or yellow shirt. How many uniform
will he have to do this until he reaches the
combinations can Nick wear?
end of the basketball court?
10. STATISTICS The graphic shows the number of
5. PHOTOGRAPHS Omar is taking a picture of types of outdoor grills sold. How does the
the French Club’s five officers. The club number of charcoal grills compare to the
secretary will always stand on the left and number of gas grills?
the treasurer will always stand on the right.
How many different ways can he arrange
the officers in a single row for the picture? Charcoal
Millions of
Grills Sold
strategies are shown below. Electric
Gas
7.9 4.3 0.16
G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan. Source: Barbecue Industry Association
• Work backward
.
rn.
• Logical reasoning.
• Act it out. For Exercises 11–13, select the appropriate
6. MEASUREMENT Mrs. Lopez is designing her 11. SHOPPING Rita is shopping for fishing
garden in the shape of a rectangle. The equipment. She has $135 and has already
perimeter of her garden is 2_
1
times greater selected items that total $98.50. If the sales
4
than the perimeter of the rectangle shown. tax is 8%, will she have enough money to
Find the perimeter of Mrs. Lopez’s garden. purchase a fishing net that costs $23?
12. TIME At 2:00 P.M., Cody began writing the

final draft of a report. At 3:30 P.M., he had
FT written 5 pages. If he works at the same
pace, when should he complete 8 pages?
FT
13. MEASUREMENT The length of a rectangle is
8 inches longer than its width. What are the
7. ALGEBRA Complete the pattern. length and width of the rectangle if the area
100, 98, 94, , 80, . is 84 square inches?
Lesson 12-4 Problem-Solving Investigation: Act It Out 645

APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
1. BREAKFAST Draw a tree diagram to 10. STANDARDS PRACTICE A bag contains

determine the number of one-bread and 4 red, 20 blue, and 6 green marbles.
one-beverage outcomes using the breakfast Seth picks one at random and keeps it. Then
choices listed below. (Lesson 12-1) Amy picks a marble. What is the probability
that they each select a red marble?
(Lesson 12-2)
"REAKFAST#HOICES
TOAST MUFFIN BAGEL F _
1
H _
2
150 145
COFFEE MILK JUICE
G _
1
J _
1
15 870
11. FOOD Two hundred twenty-five high school

2. FASHION Reina has three necklaces, three
freshman were asked to name their favorite
pairs of earrings, and two bracelets. How
hot lunch. One hundred thirty-five students
many combinations of the three types of
named tacos as their favorite. If an
jewelry are possible? (Lesson 12-1)
additional 80 freshman are asked, how
many would be expected to choose
tacos? (Lesson 12-3)
3. STANDARDS PRACTICE Roman has ten
cards numbered 1 to 10. What is the
probability of picking two even-numbered MUSIC A survey asked Number
Format
cards one after the other, if the first card 500 teenagers what Purchased
picked is replaced? (Lesson 12-2) formats of music they CD 380
had purchased in the Download 415
A _
1
C _
1
past two months. Use
5 4
the table at the right to answer
B _
2
D _
3
Exercises 12 and 13. (Lesson 12-3)
9 8
12. What is the experimental probability that
a teenager purchased a CD in the past
A box contains 3 purple, 2 yellow, 4 pink, two months?
3 orange, and 2 blue markers. Once a marker
13. What is the experimental probability that a
is selected, it is not replaced. Find each
teenager purchased a music download in
probability. (Lesson 12-2)
the past two months?
4. P(two purple markers)
14. A coin is tossed three times, and it landed
5. P(two orange markers) heads up all three times. What is the
theoretical probability that the next toss will
6. P(a pink marker then an orange marker) land tails up? (Lesson 12-3)
7. P(two markers that are not blue)
15. BOOKS Jackie has two math books and two
8. P(two markers that are neither yellow
English books that she wants to place on a
nor pink)
shelf. Use the act it out strategy to determine
9. P(two markers that are neither purple how many different ways she can organize
nor pink) the books. (Lesson 12-4)

12-5 Using Sampling
to Predict
Main IDEA
Predict the actions of a ENTERTAINMENT The manager of a
larger group by using a television station wants to conduct a
sample.
survey to determine what type of What Type of Sports
sports people like to watch. Do You Like to Watch?
Reinforcement of
Standard Baseball
6SDAP2.5 Identify 1. Suppose she decides to survey a
Basketball
claims based on statistical group of people at a basketball
data and, in simple cases, Football
evaluate the validity of the
game. Do you think the results
Lacrosse
claims. (CAHSEE) would represent all of the people
in the viewing area? Explain. Soccer
2. Suppose she decides to survey students at your middle school.

NEW Vocabulary
Do you think the results would represent all of the people in the
sample viewing area? Explain.
population
unbiased sample 3. Suppose she decides to call every 100th household in the telephone
simple random sample book. Do you think the results would represent all of the people in
stratified random sample the viewing area? Explain.
systematic random sample
biased sample
convenience sample The manager of the radio station cannot survey everyone in the
voluntary response sample listening area. A smaller group called a sample must be chosen. A
sample is used to represent a larger group called a population.
To get valid results, a sample must be chosen very carefully. An
unbiased sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population. Three ways to pick an unbiased sample are listed below.
#/.#%043UMMARY Unbiased Samples

Type Description Example
Simple Each item or person in the Each student’s name is
Random population is as likely to be written on a piece of paper.
Sample chosen as any other. The names are placed in a
bowl, and names are picked
without looking.
Stratified The population is divided into Students are picked at
Random similar, non-overlapping random from each grade level
Sample groups. A simple random at a school.
sample is then selected from
READING each group.
in the Content Area
Systematic The items or people are Every 20th person is chosen
For strategies in reading Random selected according to a specific from an alphabetical list of all
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com. Sample time or item interval. students attending a school.
Lesson 12-5 Using Sampling to Predict 647

Royalty-Free/CORBIS
In a biased sample, one or more parts of the population are favored
Vocabulary Link over others. Two ways to pick a biased sample are listed below.
Bias
Everyday Use a tendency
or prejudice. #/.#%043UMMARY Biased Samples
Math Use error introduced
by selecting or encouraging Type Description Example
a specific outcome.
Convenience A convenience sample To represent all the
Sample consists of members of a students attending a
population that are easily school, the principal
accessed. surveys the students
in one math class.
Voluntary A voluntary response Students at a school
Response sample involves only those who wish to express their
Sample who want to participate in opinions complete an
the sampling. online survey.
Determine Validity of Conclusions

Determine whether each conclusion is valid. Justify your answer.
1 To determine what videos their customers like, every tenth person
to walk into the video store is surveyed. Out of 150 customers, 70
stated that they prefer comedies. The manager concludes that about
half of all customers prefer comedies.
The conclusion is valid. Since the population is the customers of
the video store, the sample is a systematic random sample. It is an
unbiased sample.
2 To determine what people like to do in their leisure time, the

customers of a video store are surveyed. Of these, 85% said that
they like to watch movies, so the store manager concludes that
most people like to watch movies in their leisure time.
The conclusion is not valid. The customers of a video store probably
like to watch videos in their leisure time. This is a biased sample. The
sample is a convenience sample since all of the people surveyed are
in one specific location.
Determine whether each conclusion is valid. Justify your answer.

a. A radio station asks its listeners to call one of two numbers to
indicate their preference for two candidates for mayor in an
upcoming election. Seventy-two percent of the listeners who
responded preferred candidate A, so the radio station announced
that candidate A would win the election.
b. To award prizes at a sold-out hockey game, four seat numbers are
picked from a barrel containing individual papers representing
each seat number. Tyler concludes that he has as good a chance as
everyone else to win a prize.

A valid sampling method uses unbiased samples. If a sampling method is
valid, you can use the results to make predictions.
Using Sampling to Predict

3 SCHOOL The school bookstore sells Color Number
sweatshirts in 4 different colors; red, black, red 25
Misleading
Probabilities white, and gold. The students who run the
black 10
Probabilities based store survey 50 students at random. The
on biased samples white 13
can be misleading. colors they prefer are indicated at the right.
gold 2
If the students If 450 sweatshirts are to be ordered to sell
surveyed were all in the store, how many should be white?
boys, the probabilities
generated by the First, determine whether the sample method is valid. The sample is a
survey would not
be valid, since both simple random sample since students were randomly selected. Thus,
girls and boys the sample method is valid.
purchase sweatshirts
at the store. _
13
or 26% of the students prefer white sweatshirts. So, find 26% of 450.
50
0.26 × 450 = 117 About 117 sweatshirts should be white.
c. RECREATION A swimming instructor at a community pool

asked her students if they would be interested in an advanced
swimming course, and 60% stated that they would. If there are
870 pool members, how many people can the instructor expect
to take the course?
Examples 1, 2 Determine whether each conclusion is valid. Justify your answer.

(p. 648)
1. To determine how much money the average family in the United States
spends to cool their home, a survey of 100 households from Alaska are
picked at random. Of the households, 85 said that they spend less than $75
a month on cooling. The researcher concluded that the average household
in the United States spends less than $75 on cooling per month.
2. To determine the benefits that employees consider most important, one

person from each department of the company is chosen at random.
Medical insurance was listed as the most important benefit by 67% of
the employees. The company managers conclude that medical insurance
should be provided to all employees.
Example 3 3. ELECTIONS Three students are running for class Candidate Number
(p. 649) president. Jonathan randomly surveyed some Luke 7
of his classmates and recorded the results at the Della 12
right. If there are 180 students in the class, how
Ryan 6
many do you think will vote for Della?
Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 12-5 Using Sampling to Predict 649

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Determine whether each conclusion is valid. Justify your answer.
For See 4. To evaluate the quality of their product, a manufacturer of cell phones
Exercises Examples pulls every 50th phone off the assembly line to check for defects. Out of 200
4–9 1, 2 phones tested, 4 are defective. The manager concludes that about 2% of the
10, 11 3 cell phones produced will be defective.
5. To determine whether the students will attend a spring music concert at the
school, Rico surveys his friends in the chorale. All of his friends plan to
attend, so Rico assumes that all the students at his school will also attend.
6. To determine the most popular television stars, a magazine asks its readers
to complete a questionnaire and send it back to the magazine. The majority
of those who replied liked one actor the most, so the magazine decides to
write more articles about that actor.
7. To determine what people in California Do You Support
think about a proposed law, 2 people from Proposed Law?
each county in the state are surveyed at Yes 30%
random. Of those surveyed, 42% said that No 42%
they do not support the proposal. The Not sure 28%
legislature concludes that the law should
not be passed.
8. Two students need to be chosen to represent the 28 students in a science
class. The teacher decides to use a computer program to randomly pick
2 numbers from 1 to 28. The students whose names are next to those
numbers in his grade book will represent the class.
9. To determine if the oranges in 20 crates are fresh, the produce manager at a
grocery store takes 5 oranges from the top of the first crate off the delivery
truck. None of the oranges are bad, so the manager concludes that all of the
oranges are fresh.
10. COMMUNICATION The Student Council advisor Method Number

asked every tenth student in the lunch line Announcement 5
how they preferred to be contacted with Newsletter 12
school news. The results are shown in the
E-mail 16
table. If there are 680 students at the school,
Telephone 3
how many can be expected to prefer e-mail?
Real-World Link 11. SALES A random survey of shoppers at a grocery store shows that
63% of teens prefer 19 prefer whole milk, 44 prefer low-fat milk, and 27 prefer skim milk.
to use a telephone to
talk to their friends.
If 800 containers of milk are ordered, how many should be skim milk?
Source: Pew Internet &
American Life Project 12. MARKETING A grocery store is considering adding a world foods area.
They survey 500 random customers, and 350 customers agree the
world foods area is a good idea. Should the store add this area? Explain
your reasoning.
13. ACTIVITIES Brett wants to conduct a survey about who stays for
after-school activities. Describe a valid sampling method he could use.

MUSIC For Exercises 14 and 15, use the following information.
The manager of a music store
sent out 1,000 survey forms to =Xmfi`k\Dlj`ZKpg\
350
households near her store. The 340
results of the survey are shown 300
in the graph at the right.
Number of Responses
250
14. Based on this survey, if the
manager orders 2,500 CDs, 200
how many pop/rock CDs 150 135
should be ordered? 106 104
100 76
15. Based on the survey results,
the manager concludes that 50
25% of customers will buy
0
either rap/hip-hop or R&B/ Pop/ Rap/ R & B/ Country Other
urban CDs. Is this a valid Rock Hip-Hop Urban
conclusion? Explain. Type
HOMEWORK A survey is to be conducted to find out how many hours

students at a school spend on homework each weekday. Describe the sample
and explain why each sampling method might not be valid.
16. A questionnaire is handed out to all students taking a world language.
17. The students from one homeroom from each grade level are asked to keep
a log for one week.
18. Students in a randomly selected Language Arts class are asked to discuss
their study habits in an essay.
19. Randomly selected parents are sent a questionnaire and asked to return it.
COLLECT THE DATA For Exercises 20–23, conduct a survey of the students in
your math class to determine whether they prefer hamburgers or pizza.
20. What percent prefer hamburgers?
21. Use your survey to predict how many students in your school prefer
hamburgers.
22. Is your survey a good way to determine the preferences of the students in
your school? Explain.
%842!02!#4)#% 23. How could you improve your survey?
See pages 707, 719.
ca.gr7math.com
would make a prediction based on samples.
H.O.T. Problems 25. CHALLENGE How could the wording of a question or the tone of voice of the
interviewer affect a survey? Give at least two examples.
26. 83 *5*/( */ -!4( Compare taking a survey and finding an experimental
(*/
probability.
Lesson 12-5 Using Sampling to Predict 651

27. Maci surveyed all the members of her 28. Ms. Hernandez determined that 60%
softball team about their favorite sport. of the students in her classes brought
an umbrella to school when the
Sport Number of Members
weather forecast predicted rain. If
Softball 12
Basketball 5
she has a total of 150 students, which
Soccer 3 statement does not represent
Volleyball 8 Ms. Hernandez’s data?
F On days when rain is forecast, less
From these results, Maci concluded than _
2
of her students bring an
that softball was the favorite sport 5
umbrella to school.
among all her classmates. Which is
the best explanation for why her G On days when rain is forecast, 90
conclusion might not be valid? of her students bring an umbrella
to school.
A The softball team meets only on
weekdays. H On days when rain is forecast,
B She should have asked only people more than _
1
of her students bring
2
who do not play sports. an umbrella to school.
C The survey should have been done J On days when rain is forecast, 60
daily for a week. of her students do not bring an
umbrella to school.
D The sample was not representative
of all of her classmates.
29. PIZZA A pizza parlor has thin crust and thick crust, 2 different cheeses,
and 4 toppings. Use the act it out strategy to determine how many
different one-cheese and one-topping pizzas can be ordered. (Lesson 12-4)
30. MANUFACTURING An inspector finds that 3 out of the 250 DVD players he
checks are defective. What is the experimental probability that a DVD
player is defective? (Lesson 12-3)
31. CAR RENTAL You can rent a car for either $35 a day plus $0.40 per mile or
for $20 a day plus $0.55 per mile. Write and solve an equation to find the
number of miles that result in the same cost for one day. (Lesson 8-4)
Math and Science

It’s all in the Genes It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data you
have gathered about genetics and the traits of your classmates to prepare a Web page or
poster. Be sure to include a chart displaying your data with your project.

APTER
CH
Study Guide
12 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Review from ca.g7math.com.
Key Vocabulary
Be sure the following Key Concepts are noted in biased sample (p. 648) random (p. 627)
your Foldable. compound events (p. 631) sample (p. 647)
Fun
Treems Co amental Probabil
d ity Inde
pend
ende
Even ent Dep nts
nt Expe
rime retic
al Sam
pling convenience sample sample space (p. 626)
ra untin Prob ntal Theo bility
Diag Eve
ts abilit a
Prin g y Prob (p. 648)
c iple simple random sample
dependent events (p. 632) (p. 647)
event (p. 626) stratified random sample
Key Concepts experimental probability (p. 647)
Counting Outcomes (Lesson 12-1) (p. 637) systematic random

• If event M can occur in m ways and is followed Fundamental Counting sample (p. 647)
by event N that can occur in n ways, then the Principle (p. 627) theoretical probability
event M followed by the event N can occur in (p. 637)
independent events
m · n ways.
(p. 631) tree diagram (p. 626)
Probability (Lessons 12-2 and 12-3) outcome (p. 626) unbiased sample (p. 647)
• The probability of two independent events can be population (p. 647) voluntary response
found by multiplying the probability of the first sample (p. 648)
probability (p. 627)
event by the probability of the second event.
• If two events, A and B, are dependent, then the
probability of both events occurring is the product
of the probability of A and the probability of B
after A occurs. Vocabulary Check
Choose the correct term to complete each
Statistics (Lesson 12-5) sentence.
• An unbiased sample is representative of an entire
population. 1. A list of all possible outcomes is called the
• A biased sample favors one or more parts of a (sample space, event).
population over others.
2. The (population, probability) of an event
is the ratio of a specific outcome to the
total number of outcomes.
3. A (combination, compound event)
consists of two or more simple events.
4. For (independent, dependent) events, the
outcome of one does not affect the other.
5. (Theoretical, Experimental) probability is
based on known characteristics or facts.
6. A (simple random sample, convenience
sample) is a biased sample.
Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com. Chapter 12 Study Guide and Review 653

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12-1 Counting Outcomes (pp. 626–630)
For Exercises 7–9, use the following Example 1 A car manufacturer makes
informaton. 8 different models in 12 different colors.
A penny is tossed and a 4-sided number They also offer manual or automatic
pyramid with sides labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 transmission. How many choices does
is rolled. a customer have?
7. Draw a tree diagram to show the number number number total
of × of × of = number
possible outcomes. models colors transmissions of cars
8. Find the probability of getting a head
and a 3. 8 × 12 × 2 = 192
9. Find the probability of getting a tail The customer has 192 choices.
and an odd number.
10. FOOD A restaurant offers 15 main

menu items, 5 salads, and 8 desserts.
How many meals of a main menu
item, a salad, and a dessert are there?
12-2 Probability of Compound Events (pp. 631–636)
A number cube is rolled and a penny Example 2 A bag of marbles contains 7

is tossed. Find each probability. white and 3 blue marbles. Once selected,
11. P(2 and heads) the marble is not replaced. What is the
probability of choosing 2 blue marbles?
12. P(even and heads)
P(first marble is blue) = _
3
13. P(1 or 2 and tails) 10
P(second marble is blue) = _
2
14. P(odd and tails) 9
P(two blue marbles) = _
3 _
·2
15. TIES Mr. Dominguez has 4 black ties, 10 9
3 gray ties, 2 maroon ties, and 1 brown =_
6
or _
1
90 15
tie. If he selects two ties without
looking, what is the probability that he
will pick two black ties?

see page 719.
12-3 Experimental and Theoretical Probability (pp. 637–641)
A spinner has four equal-sized sections. Example 3 A nickel and a dime are
Each section is a different color. In the tossed. What is theoretical probability of
last 30 spins, the pointer landed on red tossing two tails?
5 times, blue 10 times, green 8 times, and The theoretical probability is _
1 _
· 1 or _
1
.
yellow 7 times. Find each experimental 2 2 4
probability.
Example 4 In an experiment, the same
16. P(red)
two coins are tossed 50 times. Ten of
17. P(green) those times, tails were both showing.
18. P(red or blue) Find the experimental probability of
tossing two tails.
19. Compare the theoretical and
experimental probabilities of the Since tails were showing 10 out of the
spinner landing on red. 50 tries, the experimental probability is
_
10
or _
1
.
50 5
SPELLING For Exercises 20 and 21, use the
Example 5 Compare the theoretical
On a spelling test, Angie misspells 2 out of
and experimental probabilities of
the first 10 words.
tossing two tails.
20. What is the probability that she will
misspell the next spelling word? The theoretical probability _
1
is greater
4
than the experimental probability _
1
.
21. If the spelling test has 25 words on it, 5
how many words would you expect
Angie to misspell?
For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following

information.
A group of three coins are each tossed 20
times. The results are shown in the table.
Outcome Frequency
0 heads, 3 tails 2
1 head, 2 tails 8
2 heads, 1 tail 6
3 heads, 0 tails 4
22. What is the experimental probability

that there will be one head and two
tails?
23. What is the experimental probability
that there will be three heads and zero
tails?

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12-4 PSI: Act it Out (pp. 644–645)
Solve. Use the act it out strategy. Example 6 The Spirit Club is making
24. READING In English class, each student a banner using three sheets of paper.
must select 4 short stories from a list of How many different banners can they
5 short stories to read. How many make using their school colors of black,
different combinations of short stories orange, and white?
could a student read? Use three index cards labeled black,
_1
25. CARPENTRY Jaime has 14 feet of orange, and white to model the different
4
lumber. She uses 2_
7 banners.
feet for a
8 There are six different combinations they
bookshelf. Does Jaime have enough can make.
lumber for four more identical shelves?
Explain.
12-5 Using Sampling to Predict (pp. 647–652)
CONCERTS For Exercises 26 and 27, use the Example 7 In a survey, 25 out of 40
following information. students in the school cafeteria preferred
A radio station is taking a survey to chocolate milk rather than white milk.
determine how many people would attend How much chocolate milk should the
a music festival. school order for 400 students each day?
26. Describe the sample if the station asks 25 out of 40 or 62.5% of the students
listeners to call in a response to the prefer chocolate milk.
survey.
Find 62.5% of 400.
27. Suppose 12 out of 80 people surveyed
0.625 × 400 = 250
said they would attend the festival.
How many out of 800 people would be The school should order about 250 cartons
expected to attend the festival? of chocolate milk.

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Practice Test
12
1. FOOD Students at West Middle School 11. SHOES A tennis shoe comes in men’s and
can purchase a box lunch to take on their women’s sizes; cross training, walking, and
field trip. They choose one item from each running styles; and blue, black, or white.
category. How many lunches can be ordered? What is the number of possible outcomes?
Categories for Box Lunches
5 types of sandwiches 12. SOFTBALL Miranda had the opportunity to
3 types of fresh fruits

bat 15 times during the tournament. Of
those at-bats, she made an out 6 times, hit a
2 types of cookies
single 5 times, a double three times, and a
home run once. What is the experimental
2. STANDARDS PRACTICE Ms. Hawthorne probability that Miranda hit a double?
randomly selects 2 students from
6 volunteers to be on the school activities
13. VOLUNTEERING Student Council surveyed
committee. If Roberto and Joel volunteer,
four homerooms to find out how many
what is the probability that they will both
hours students volunteer each year. The
be selected?
results are shown in the table. If there are
A _
1
C _
1
864 students at the school, how many can be
3 30
expected to volunteer 21–40 hours?
B _1
D _1
15 60
Number of Hours Number of Students
0–10 38
A jar contains 4 blue, 7 red, 6 yellow, 8 green,
and 3 white tiles. Once a tile is selected, it is 11–20 26
not replaced. Find each probability. 21–40 10
40 or more 6
3. P(2 blue)
4. P(red, then white)
5. P(white, then green) 14. STANDARDS PRACTICE The Centerville
6. P(two tiles that are neither yellow nor red) School Board wants to know if it has
community support to build a new school.
How should they conduct a valid survey?
Two coins are tossed 20 times. No tails were
tossed 4 times, one tail was tossed 11 times, F Ask parents at a school open house.
and 2 tails were tossed 5 times. G Ask people at the Senior Center.
H Call every 50th number in the phone
7. What is the experimental probability of
book.
no tails?
J Ask people to call with their opinions.
8. What is the experimental probability of
one tail?
15. BASEBALL To determine the favorite sport, a
9. Draw a tree diagram to show the outcomes random survey is administered at a baseball
of tossing two coins. game. Of those surveyed, 72% responded
10. Compare the experimental probability with that baseball is their favorite sport. It is
the theoretical probability of getting no tails concluded that baseball is the favorite sport
when two coins are tossed. of most people. Is this conclusion valid?

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Read each question. Then fill in the 3 Of the 32 students surveyed in J.T.’s
correct answer on the answer document homeroom, 14 recycle at home. How many
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of students would you expect to recycle at home
paper. if a total of 880 students were surveyed?
1 The table below shows all of the possible A 495 C 281
outcomes of a 3-panel light switch being B 385 D 123
turned on or off.
1st switch 2nd switch 3rd switch
4 A car tire travels about 100 inches in 1 full
ON ON ON rotation. What is the radius of the tire, to the
ON ON OFF nearest inch?
ON OFF ON F 32 inches H 24 inches
ON OFF OFF
G 28 inches J 16 inches
OFF ON ON
OFF ON OFF
OFF OFF ON
5 What is the volume of a rectangular prism
OFF OFF OFF with a length of 7 centimeters, a width of 14
centimeters, and a height of 10 centimeters?
Which of the following statements must A 31 cm 3 C 980 cm 3
be true if an outcome is chosen at random? B 108 cm 3 D 1,000 cm 3
A The probability that all of the switches
will be on is the same as the probability 6 An ice cream store surveyed 100 of its
that all of the switches will be off. customers about their favorite flavor. The
B The probability that one light switch is results are shown in the table. If the store
on is higher than the probability that uses only these data to order ice cream, what
two light switches are on. conclusion can be drawn from the data?
Favorite Flavor
C The probability that exactly two switches
Flavor Frequency
have the same outcome is _
1
. Chocolate Chip 40
2
D The probability of having at least one light Vanilla 15
switch on is higher than the probability of Cookie Dough 20
Chocolate 15
having at least one light switch off.
Other 10
2 A drawer contained two blue, three black,
and four white socks. Michael removed one F More than half of each order should
blue sock from the drawer and did not put be chocolate chip and cookie dough
the sock back in the drawer. He then ice cream.
randomly removed another sock from the G Half of the order should be vanilla and
drawer. What is the probability that the chocolate ice cream.
second sock Michael removed was blue? H Only chocolate, cookie dough, and
F _
1
H _
1 vanilla ice cream should be ordered.
18 8
J About one third of the order should be
G _
1 _
J 1
9 4 vanilla and chocolate chip ice cream.
658 Chapter 12 Probability California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com.

More California
Standards Practice
7 The probability that Maryanne gets a hit in 11 A sporting goods company ships
softball is _
3
. How many hits would you basketballs in cube-shaped boxes. Which of
5 the following is closest to the surface area of
expect her to get in her next 60 at-bats? the box?
A 50 C 30
B 36 D 24
IN
8 The net below forms a cylinder when

folded. What is the surface area of the
cylinder? IN IN
IN A 85 in 2 C 475 in 2
B 320 in 2 D 510 in 2
IN
Pre-AP
Show your work.
12 Tiffany has a bag of 10 yellow, 10 red, and
F 6.3 in 2 H 21.3 in 2 10 green marbles. Tiffany picks two marbles
2 2 at random and gives them to her sister.
G 18.8 in J 42.6 in
a. What is the probability of choosing
2 yellow marbles?
b. From the marbles left, what is the
9 If three coins are tossed, what is the
probability of choosing a green marble
probability that they all show tails?
next?
A 6.25% C 25%
B 12.5% D 50%
Question 12 Extended-response
questions often involve several parts.
When one part of the question involves
the answer to a previous part of the
question, make sure to check your
10 What is the solution of the inequality
answer to the first part before moving
4n – 8 ≤ 40? on. Also, remember to show all of your
work. You may be able to get partial
F n≤8 H n≥8 credit for your answers, even if they are
not entirely correct.
G n ≤ 12 J n ≥ 12
NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Go to Lesson... 12-2 12-2 12-5 7-1 7-5 12-5 12-3 7-7 12-2 8-8 7-7 12-2
For Help with Standard... 6SDAP3.1 6SDAP3.5 6SDAP2.5 MG2.1 MG2.1 6SDAP2.5 6SDAP3.2 MG3.5 6SDAP3.1 AF4.1 MG2.1 6SDAP3.1

Built-In Workbooks
Prerequisite Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Extra Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Mixed Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Reference
English-Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
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Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Mathematics Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover
660
Eclipse Studios
A Student Handbook is the additional skill and reference material found at
the end of books. The Student Handbook can help answer these questions.
What If I Forget What I Learned Last Year? What If I Forget a Vocabulary Word?
Use the Prerequisite Skills section to refresh The English-Spanish Glossary provides a list
your memory about things you have learned in of important, or difficult, words used
other math classes. throughout the textbook. It provides a
1 Displaying Data in Graphs definition in English and Spanish as well as the
2 Prime Factorization page number(s) where the word can be found.
3 Greastest Common Factor
4 Simplifying Fractions What If I Need to Check a Homework
5 Least Common Multiple Answer?
6 Plotting Points on a Coordinate Plane The answers to the odd-numbered problems are
7 Measuring and Drawing Angles included in Selected Answers. Check your
8 Classifying Angles answers to make sure you understand how to
9 Triangles solve all of the assigned problems.
10 Classifying Quadrilaterals
11 Probability of Simple Events
12 Perimeter and Area of Rectangles What If I Need to Find Something Quickly?
13 Area of Parallelograms, Triangles, and The Index alphabetically lists the subjects
Trapezoids covered throughout the entire textbook and the
pages on which each subject can be found.
What If I Need More Practice?
The Extra Practice section provides additional What If I Forget a Formula?
problems for each lesson so you have ample Inside the back cover of your math book is a
opportunity to practice new skills. Mathematics Chart that lists formulas and
symbols that are used in the book.
What If I Have Trouble with Word
Problems?
The Mixed Problem Solving pages provide
additional word problems that use the skills in
each chapter.
Student Handbook 661

Reinforcement of Standard 6NS2.3
Displaying Data in Graphs Analyze data displays . . .
Prerequisite Skills
Statistics involves collecting, analyzing, and presenting information, called data.

Graphs display data to help readers make sense of the information.
• Bar graphs are used to compare the • Double bar graphs compare two
frequency of data. The bar graph sets of data. The double bar graph
below compares the average below shows the percent of men
number of vacation days given by and women 65 and older who held
countries to their workers. jobs in various years.
Vacation Time Older Workers
45 35
40 30
Number of People
35 25
Average Number of
30 20
Days (Per Year)
Men
25 15 Women
20 10
15 5
10 0
5
60 70 80 90 00
0 19 19 19 19 20
e
da
an
Sta ted
ly
Year
nc
tes
Ita
na
Jap
i
Fra
Un
Ca

• Line graphs usually show how • Double line graphs, like double bar
values change over time. The line graphs, show two sets of data. The
graph below shows the number double line graph below compares
of people per square mile in the the amount of money spent by both
U.S. from 1800 through 2000. domestic and foreign U.S. travelers.
U.S. Population Density Tourism in U.S.
90 500
80 450
People per Square Mile
Billions of Dollars Spent
70 400 Domestic
60 79.6 350 travelers
50 300
40 21.5 250
200
Foreign
30
20
6.1 150 travelers
10 100
0 50
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 0
Year ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01
Year
• Stem-and-leaf plots are used to condense a set of data where the greatest place
value of the data is used for the stems and the next greatest place value forms the
leaves. Each data value can be seen in this type of graph.
The stem-and-leaf plot below contains this list of mathematics test scores:
95 76 64 88 93 68 99 96 74 75 92 80 76 85 91 70 62 81
The least number has 6 in the tens place. Stem Leaf
6 248
The greatest number has 9 in the tens place.
7 04566
The stems are 6, 7, 8, and 9. 8 0158
The leaves are ordered from least to greatest. 9 1 2 3 5 6 9 6 | 2 = 62
662 Prerequisite Skills

Choose a Display
Prerequisite Skills
Shonny is writing a research paper about the Olympics for her
social studies class. She wants to include a graph that shows how
the times in the 400-meter run have changed over time. Should she
use a line graph, bar graph, or stem-and-leaf plot?
Since the data would show how the times have changed over a period
of time, she should choose a line graph.
Exercises
For Exercises 1–4, determine whether a bar graph, double bar graph,
line graph, double line graph, or stem-and-leaf plot is the best way to
display each of the following sets of data. Explain your reasoning.
1. how the income of households has changed from 1950 through 2000
2. the income of an average household in six different countries
3. the prices for a loaf of bread in twenty different supermarkets
4. the number of boys and the number of girls participating in six
different school sports
For Exercises 5–9, refer to the bar graph, double bar graph, line graph,
double line graph, and stem-and-leaf plot on page 662.
5. Write several sentences to describe the data shown in the graph
titled “Vacation Time.” Include a comparison of the days worked for
Canada and the U.S.
titled “Older Workers.” What other type or types of graphs could
you use to display this data? Explain your reasoning.
titled “Tourism in U.S.” What other type or types of graphs could
you use to display this data? Explain your reasoning.
titled “U.S. Population Density.” What other type or types of graphs
could you use to display this data? Explain your reasoning.
9. Write several sentences to describe the data shown in the stem-and-
leaf plot of mathematics test scores. What is an advantage of
showing the scores in this type of graph?
For Exercises 10–12, use the stem-and-leaf plot that shows the number
of stories in the tallest buildings in Dallas, Texas.
10. How many buildings does the stem-and-leaf plot Stem Leaf
represent? 2 7 9 9
3 0 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 6 6 7
11. How many stories are there for the shortest building 4 0 2 2 5 9
in the stem-and-leaf plot? the tallest building? 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 6 8
12. What is the median number of stories for 6 0
these buildings? the mean number? 7 2 2 | 7 = 27
Prerequisite Skills 663

Prime Factorization Reinforcement of
Standard
Prerequisite Skills
When a whole number greater than 1 has exactly two factors, 1 and itself, 5NS1.4 Write prime
it is called a prime number. When a whole number greater than 1 has factors of all numbers
through 50 as the product
more than two factors, it is called a composite number. The numbers 0 of their prime factors by
and 1 are neither prime nor composite. Notice that 0 has an endless using exponents to show
number of factors and 1 has only one factor, itself. multiples of a factor (e.g.,
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 23× 3).
Identify Numbers as Prime or Composite

Determine whether each number is prime, composite, or neither.
1 33 2 59
The numbers 1, 3, and 11 divide The only numbers that divide evenly
into 33 evenly. So, 33 is composite. into 59 are 1 and 59. So, 59 is prime.
When a number is expressed as a product of factors that are all prime,

the expression is called the prime factorization of the number. A factor
tree is useful in finding the prime factorization of a number.
Write Prime Factorization

3 Use a factor tree to write the prime factorization of 60.
You can begin a factor tree for 60 in several ways.
60 60 60
2 · 30 3 · 20 6 · 10
2 · 5 · 6 3 · 4 · 5
2 · 5 · 2 · 3 3 · 2 · 2 · 5 2 · 3 · 2 · 5
Notice that the bottom row of “branches” in every factor tree is
the same except for the order in which the factors are written. So,
60 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 or 2 2 · 3 · 5.
Every number has a unique set of prime factors. This property

of numbers is called the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
Exercises
Determine whether each number is prime, composite, or neither.
1. 45 2. 23 3. 1 4. 13
5. 27 6. 96 7. 37 8. 0
9. 177 10. 233 11. 507 12. 511
Write the prime factorization of each number.

13. 20 14. 49 15. 225 16. 32
17. 25 18. 36 19. 51 20. 75
21. 80 22. 117 23. 72 24. 4,900

Reinforcement Greatest Common Factor
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard The greatest of the factors common to two or more numbers is called the
6NS2.4 Determine the greatest common factor (GCF) of the numbers. One way to find the GCF
least common multiple
and the greatest
is to list the factors of the numbers.
common divisor of
whole numbers . . .
Find the GCF
1 Find the greatest common factor of 36 and 60.
METHOD 1 List the factors.

factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 Common factors of
factors of 60: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60 36 and 60: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
The greatest common factor of 36 and 60 is 12.
METHOD 2 Use prime factorization.

36 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 Common prime factors of
60 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 36 and 60: 2, 2, 3
The GCF is 2 · 2 · 3 or 12.
Find the GCF

2 Find the greatest common factor of 54, 81, and 90.
Use a factor tree to find the prime factorization of each number.
54 81 90
6 · 9 9 · 9 9 · 10
2 · 3 · 3 · 3 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 3 · 3 · 2 · 5
The common prime factors of 54, 81, and 90 are 3 and 3.
The GCF of 54, 81, and 90 is 3 · 3 or 9.
Exercises
Find the GCF of each set of numbers.
1. 45, 20 2. 27, 54 3. 24, 48 4. 63, 84
5. 40, 60 6. 32, 48 7. 30, 42 8. 54, 72
9. 36, 144 10. 3, 51 11. 24, 36, 42 12. 35, 49, 84
13. DESIGN Suppose you are tiling a tabletop with 6-inch square tiles.
How many of these squares will be needed to cover a 30-inch by
24-inch table?
Two or more numbers are relatively prime if their greatest common

factor is 1. Determine whether each set of numbers is relatively prime.
14. 9, 19 15. 7, 21 16. 3, 51 17. 4, 28, 31

Simplifying Fractions Reinforcement of
Standard
Prerequisite Skills
Fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, and integers are examples of 6NS2.4 Determine
rational numbers. When a rational number is represented as a fraction, the least common multiple
and the greatest common
it is often expressed in simplest form. A fraction is in simplest form divisor of whole numbers
when the GCF of the numerator and denominator is 1. use them to solve problems
with fractions . . .
Simplify Fractions
_
1 Write 30 in simplest form.
45
METHOD 1 Divide by the GCF. METHOD 2 Use prime factorization.

30 = 2 · 3 · 5 Factor the numerator. _
30
= __
2·3·5 Write the prime factorization
45 3·3·5 of the numerator and
45 = 3 · 3 · 5 Factor the denominator. denominator.
1 1
The GCF of 30 and 45 is 3 · 5 or 15.
= __
2·3·5 Divide the numerator and
3·3·5 denominator by the
_ Divide the numerator
= __
30 30 ÷ 15 1 1 GCF, 3 · 5.
45 45 ÷ 15 and denominator by
the GCF, 15. =_
2
Simplify.
=_
2 3
3
Exercises
Write each fraction in simplest form. If the fraction is already in
simplest form, write simplest form.
1. _
8
2. _
27
3. _
60
4. _
36
5. _3
72 45 75 54 9
6. _15
7. _
36
8. _
18
9. _
14
10. _
24
25 81 54 66 54
11. _15
12. _
48
13. _24
14. _
66
15. _
72
24 72 120 88 98
16. _45
17. _
7
18. _15
19. _
15
20. _
17
100 91 100 60 51
21. _6 22. _
16
23. _6
24. _
64
25. _
30
9 40 16 68 80
26. _
2
27. _
90
28. _
75
29. _
16
30. _
133
15 120 89 96 140
31. _
99
32. _
50
33. _
90
34. _
150
35. __
10
300 1,000 6,000 400 10,000
36. Both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction are even. Can
you tell whether the fraction is in simplest form? Explain.
37. WEATHER The rainiest place on Earth is Waialeale, Hawaii. Of 365 days
per year, the average number of rainy days is 335. Write a fraction in
simplest form to represent these rainy days as a part of a year.
38. OLYMPICS In the 2000 Olympics, Brooke Bennett of the U.S. swam
the 800-meter freestyle event in about 8 minutes. Express 8 minutes
in terms of hours using a fraction in simplest form.

Reinforcement Least Common Multiple
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard A multiple of a number is the product of that number and any whole number.
6NS2.4 Determine the
least common multiple
and the greatest List Multiples
common divisor of
whole numbers . . . 1 List the first six multiples of 15.
0 · 15 = 0, 1 · 15 = 15, 2 · 15 = 30, 3 · 15 = 45, 4 · 15 = 60, 5 · 15 = 75
The first six multiples of 15 are 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75.
The least of the nonzero common multiples of two or more numbers is

called the least common multiple (LCM) of the numbers. To find the
LCM of two or more numbers, you can list the multiples of each number
until a common multiple is found, or you can use prime factorization.
Find the LCM

2 Find the LCM of 12 and 18.
METHOD 1 List the multiples. METHOD 2 Use prime factorization.

multiples of 12: 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, … 12 = 2 · 2 · 3 Write the prime
factorization of
multiples of 18: 0, 18, 36, 54, 72, … 18 = 2 · 3·3 each number.
The LCM of 12 and 18 is 36. Multiply the factors,
2·2·3·3 using the common
Remember that the LCM is a factors only once.
nonzero number.
The LCM is 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 or 36.
Exercises
List the first six multiples of each number.
1. 7 2. 11 3. 4 4. 5 5. 14
6. 25 7. 150 8. 2 9. 3 10. 6
Find the least common multiple (LCM) of each set of numbers.

11. 8, 20 12. 15, 18 13. 12, 16 14. 7, 12
15. 20, 50 16. 16, 24 17. 2, 7, 8 18. 2, 3, 5
19. 4, 8, 12 20. 7, 21, 5 21. 8, 28, 30 22. 10, 12, 14
23. 24, 12, 6 24. 45, 10, 6 25. 2, 3, 5, 7 26. 2, 15, 25, 36
27. CIVICS In the United States, a president is elected every four years.
Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two
years. Senators are elected every six years. If a voter had the
opportunity to vote for a president, a representative, and a senator
in 1996, what will be the next year the voter has a chance to make a
choice for a president, a representative, and the same Senate seat?

Reinforcement of Standard 5AF1.4
Identify and graph ordered pairs in the
Plotting Points on a Coordinate Plane four quadrants of the coordinate plane.
Prerequisite Skills
An ordered pair of numbers is used to locate any point on x-coordinate y-coordinate

a coordinate plane. The first number is called the x-coordinate. (- 4, - 3)
The second number is called the y-coordinate. ordered pair
Identify Ordered Pairs

1 Write the ordered pair that names point A. A y
Step 1 Start at the origin.

Step 2 Move left on the x-axis to find the
B
x-coordinate of point A, which is -1. O x
Step 3 Move up along the y-axis to find the
y-coordinate which is 4.
The ordered pair for point A is (-1, 4).
2 Write the ordered pair that names point B.
The x-coordinate of B is 2. Since the point lies on the x-axis,
its y-coordinate is 0.
The ordered pair for point B is (2, 0).
Graph an Ordered Pair

3 Graph and label the point C(3, -2) on a coordinate plane. y
Step 1 Start at the origin.

O x
Step 2 Since the x-coordinate is 3, move 3 units right.
Step 3 Since the y-coordinate is -2, move down 2 units. C (3, ⫺2)
Draw and label a dot.
Exercises
Name the ordered pair for the coordinates y
of each point on the coordinate plane. Z T
1. Z 2. X 3. W X
Y
4. Y 5. T 6. V W
7. U 8. S 9. Q R
O P x
10. R 11. P 12. M U V
S
Graph each point on the same coordinate plane.
Q
13. A(4, 7) 14. C(1, 0) 15. B(0, 7) M
16. E(-1, -2) 17. D(-4, -7) 18. F(-10, 3)
19. G(9, 9) 20. J(7, -8) 21. K(-6, 0)
22. H(0, -3) 23. I(4, 0) 24. M(2, 7)
25. N(8, -1) 26. L(-1, -1) 27. P(3, 3)

Reinforcement Measuring and Drawing Angles
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard Two rays that have a common endpoint form an angle. vertex
5MG2.1 Measure, The common endpoint is called the vertex, and the two B
identify, and draw
angles, perpendicular
rays that make up the angle are called the sides of the angle. side side
and parallel lines, A circle can be divided into 360 equal sections. Each section
rectangles, and A C
triangles by using is one degree. You can use a protractor to measure an angle
appropriate tools . . . in degrees and draw an angle with a given degree measure.
Measure an Angle
1 Use a protractor to measure ∠FGH. 70
80
90
100
11
0
0 80
0 10 12
F 60 11 70
60 0 1
Step 1 Place the center point of the protractor’s
0
0 12 3
5 0 5 0
3 0
1
1
0
4
4
base on vertex G. Align the straight side
4
4
0
0
1
15
30
0
30
15
0
160
so that the marker for 0°
with side GH
0
20
20
16
170
1 7 0 180
10
10
is on the ray. G H
180
0
0
Step 2 Use the scale that begins with 0° at GH
. 130˚ 80 100
90
Read where the other side of the angle, F 0
60
12
0
70
11
0 10
0 80
11
70
0
12
60 0 1
5 3
0 0
, crosses this scale.
GF 1
3 5
0
1
0
4
4
4
4
0
0
1
15
0 1 0
50
3
30
The measure of angle FGH is 130°.
0
160
20
20
16
Using symbols, m∠FGH = 130°.
170
10
170
H
10
G
180
180
0
0
Draw an Angle
2 Draw ∠X having a measure of 75°.
X
Step 1 Draw a ray. Label the endpoint X.
Step 2 Place the center point of the protractor’s 75˚
base on point X. Align the mark labeled 60
70
11
80
0 10
0
90
100
80
11
70
0
12
0 60 0 1
12
0 with the ray. 5
0
1
3
0 5
0
3
0
0
1
0
4
4
4
4
0
0
1
15
30
Step 3 Use the scale that begins with 0. Locate

0
30
15
0
160
0
20
20
16
the mark labeled 75. Then draw the other

170
1 7 0 180
10
10
X
180
side of the angle.

0
Exercises
Use a protractor to find the measure of each angle.
V
1. ∠XZY 2. ∠SZT 3. ∠SZY U
W
4. ∠UZX 5. ∠TZW 6. ∠UZV X
T
Use a protractor to draw an angle having
each measurement.
S Z Y
7. 40° 8. 70° 9. 65°
10. 110° 11. 85° 12. 90°
13. 155° 14. 140° 15. 117°

Classifying Angles Reinforcement of
Standard
Prerequisite Skills
Angles are most often classified by their measures. 5MG2.1 Measure,

identify, and draw angles,
• Acute angles have measures less than 90°. perpendicular and parallel
• Right angles have measures equal to 90°. lines, and triangles by using
appropriate tools . . .
• Obtuse angles have measures between 90° and 180°.
• Straight angles have measures equal to 180°.
Acute angle Right angle
less than 90˚

EXACTLY
Obtuse angle Straight angle
exactly 180˚
between 90˚ and 180˚
Classify Angles
Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
1 m∠1 is greater than 90°.
1 So, ∠1 is an obtuse angle.
2 ∠C = 75° ∠C is less than 90°.

So, ∠1 is an acute angle.
Exercises
Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10. ∠F = 150° 11. ∠J = 75° 12. ∠P = 89°

13. ∠C = 90° 14. ∠K = 180° 15. ∠A = 177°
16. ∠M = 45° 17. ∠B = 91° 18. ∠D = 142°

Reinforcement Triangles
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard A triangle is a figure formed by three line segments that intersect only at
6MG2.2 Use the their end points. The sum of the measures of angles of a triangle is 180°.
properties of
complementary and
supplementary angles
and the sum of the Find a Missing Angle Measurement
angles of a triangle to
solve problems 1 Find the value of x in RST.
involving an unknown
R S
x˚ 72˚
angle. m∠R + m∠S + m∠T = 180 The sum of the
measures is 180. 74˚
x + 72 + 74 = 180 Replace m∠R with x, m∠S
with 72, and m∠T with 74. T
x + 146 = 180 Simplify.
- 146 = - 146
_____________ Subtract 146 from each side.
x= 34
The value of x is 34.
All triangles have at least two acute angles and can be classified by the
measure of the third angle.
Acute Triangle Obtuse Triangle Right Triangle
70˚ 25˚
50˚ 40˚ 65˚
60˚
110˚ 30˚
THREEACUTEANGLES ONEOBTUSEANGLE ONERIGHTANGLE
Triangles can also be classified by the number of congruent sides.

• Scalene triangles have no congruent sides
• Isosceles triangles have at least two sides congruent
• Equilateral triangles have 3 congruent sides
Classify Triangles
Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides.
2 A Angles ABC has all acute angles.
71˚ Sides ABC has two congruent sides.
38˚ C
71˚
B So, ABC is an acute isosceles triangle.
Exercises
Find the value of x in each triangle. Then, classify each triangle by its
angles and by its sides.
1. 2. 3. 4.
x˚ x˚
68˚ 35˚ 60˚
35˚ x˚
38˚ x˚ 29˚ 60˚

Classifying Quadrilaterals Reinforcement of
Standard
Prerequisite Skills
A quadrilateral is a polygon that has four sides and four angles. The 5MG2.1 Measure,
concept map below shows how quadrilaterals are classified. Notice identify, and draw angles,
perpendicular and parallel
that the diagram goes from the most general type of quadrilateral to lines, . . .
most specific.
1UADRILATERAL
4RAPEZOID 0ARALLELOGRAM
QUADRILATERALWITH QUADRILATERALWITHBOTH
ONEPAIROFPARALLEL PAIRSOFOPPOSITESIDES
OPPOSITESIDES PARALLELANDCONGRUENT
2HOMBUS
PARALLELOGRAM
WITHCONGRUENT
SIDES
2ECTANGLE
PARALLELOGRAMWITH
RIGHTANGLES
3QUARE
PARALLELOGRAMWITH
CONGRUENTSIDES
ANDRIGHTANGLES
Classifying Quadrilaterals
Classify each quadrilateral using name that best describes it.
1 The quadrilateral 2 The quadrilateral is a
has one pair of parallelogram with four
parallel sides. It is congruent sides. It is
a trapezoid. a rhombus.
Exercises
Classify each quadrilateral using the best name that describes it.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Reinforcement Probability of Simple Events
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard A simple event is a specific outcome or type of outcome. Probability is
6SDAP3.3 Represent the chance that something will happen. The probability of an event is
probabilities as ratios,
proportions, decimals
a ratio that compares the number of favorable outcomes to the number
between 0 and 1, . . . of possible outcomes. The probability that an event will happen is
between 1 and 0. A probability can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal,
or a percent.
equally likely
impossible 1 1 3 certain
0 4
or 0.25 2
or 0.5 4
or 0.75 1
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

not very likely somewhat likely
Find Probabilities
1 A box contains 5 green pens, 3 blue pens, 8 black pens, and
4 red pens. A pen is picked at random. What is the probability
the pen is green?
There are 5 + 3 + 8 + 4 or 20 pens in the box.
green pens
P(green) = ____ Definition of probability
total number of pens
=_ 5
or _
1
There are 5 green pens out of 20 pens.
20 4
The probability the pen is green is _1
. The probability can also be
4
written as 0.25 or 25%.
Exercises
The spinner is used for a game. Write each probability as
a fraction, a decimal, and a percent. 2 3
1 4
1. P(5) 2. P(even) 3. P(greater than 5)
8 5
4. P(not 2) 5. P(an integer) 6. P(less than 7)
7 6
7. COINS A jar has 11 nickels, 28 dimes, 39 pennies, 22 quarters,

and 8 silver dollars. What is the probability that the first coin
picked is a silver dollar?
A beanbag is tossed on the square at the right. It lands at random

in a small square. Write each probability as a fraction, a decimal,
and a percent.
8. P(red) 9. P(blue) 10. P(white or yellow)
11. P(blue or red) 12. P(not green) 13. P(brown)
14. MONTHS What is the probability that a month picked at random

starts with the letter J?

Perimeter and Area of Rectangles Reinforcement of
Standard
Prerequisite Skills
The distance around a geometric figure is called its perimeter. The 6AF3.1 Use variables
perimeter P of a rectangle is twice the sum of the length and width in expressions describing
geometric quantities
w, or P = 2 + 2w. The measure of the surface enclosed by a figure is (e.g., P = 2w + 2x, . . .
its area. The area A of a rectangle is the product of the length and
width w, or A = w.
Find the Perimeter and Area of a Rectangle

1 Find the perimeter of the rectangle.
P = 2 + 2w Write the formula. 27 ft
P = 2(27) + 2(12) Replace with 27 and w with 12.
P = 54 + 24 Multiply. 12 ft
P = 78 Add.
The perimeter is 78 feet.
2 Find the area of the rectangle.
A = w Write the formula.
A = 27 · 12 Replace with 27 and w with 12.
A = 324 Multiply.
The area is 324 square feet.
A square is a rectangle with sides that are all the same length. The perimeter
P of a square is four times the side length s, or P = 4s. Its area A is the square
of the side length, or A = s 2.
Find the Perimeter and Area of a Square

3 Find the perimeter and area of a square with side length 6.4 meters.
P = 4s Write the formula. A = s2 Write the formula.
2
P = 4(6.4) Replace s with 6.4. A = (6.4) Replace s with 6.4.
P = 25.6 Multiply. A = 40.96 6.4 2 = 6.4 · 6.4 or 40.96
The perimeter is 25.6 meters. The area is 40.96 square meters.
Exercises
Find the perimeter and area of each figure.
1. 2. 3. 5.5 in. 4.
2m 5 yd CM
6m 6.5 in.
CM
8 yd
5. rectangle: 3 mm by 5 mm 6. rectangle: 144 mi by 25 mi

7. square: side length, 75 ft 8. square: side length, 0.75 yd
9. rectangle: 4.3 cm by 2.7 cm 10. square: side length of 625 m
11. square: side length of 87 km 12. rectangle: 875.5 mm by 245.3 mm

Reinforcement Area of Parallelograms, Triangles, and Trapezoids
of
Prerequisite Skills
Standard The areas of parallelograms, triangles, and trapezoids can be found using the formulas
6AF3.1 Use variables in found in the table below.
expressions describing
geometric quantities . . .
Shape Formula Model
Parallelogram A = bh h
Triangle A= _1 bh h
2
b
b1
Trapezoid _1
A = h( b 1 + b 2) h
2
b2
Find the Area of a Trapezoid

1 Find the area of the trapezoid. 7 yd
The height is 4 yards. The lengths
of the bases are 7 yards and 3 yards. 4 yd 1
6 2 yd
A=_
1
h(b 1 + b 2) Area of a trapezoid. 3 yd
2
A=_
1
(4)(7 + 3) Replace h with 4, b 1 with 7, and b 2 with 3.
2
A=_
1
(4)(10) or 20 Simplify.
2
The area of the trapezoid is 20 square yards.
Exercises
Find the area of each figure.
1. YD 2. 3. CM
M M
YD M CM CM CM
YD
M CM
4. 5. 6. M
KM MI
KM MI
M
M M
KM MI
M

Extra Practice
Lesson 1-1 Pages 24–28

1. Joseph is planting bushes around the perimeter of his lawn. If the
bushes must be planted 4 feet apart and Joseph’s lawn is 64 feet
wide and 124 feet long, how many bushes will Joseph need
to purchase?
2. At the bookstore, pencils cost $0.15 each and erasers cost $0.25 each.
What combination of pencils and erasers can be purchased for a
total of $0.65?
Extra Practice
3. Cheap Wheels Car Rental rents cars for $50 per day plus $0.15 per
mile. How much will it cost to rent a car for 2 days and to drive
200 miles?
4. Josie wants to fence in her yard. She needs to fence three sides and
the house will supply the fourth side. Two of the sides have a length
of 25 feet and the third side has a length of 35 feet. If the fencing
costs $10 per foot, how much will it cost Josie to fence in her yard?
Evaluate each expression if x = 5, y = 3, and z = 4.

1. 2y + 3x 2. 4z - 2y 3. 12 + 8y - x 4. 4y - z + x
2x 2
__
5. 7y + 5z - 2x 6. (xy) 2 7. xy 2 8.
3y + 1
Evaluate each expression if a = 3, b = 6, and c = 5.
11. _
bc
9. 2a + bc 10. ba 2 a 12. 3a + c -2b
2
2(ac)
_
13. (2c + b) · a 14. 15. abc 16. (3b + a)c
b
17. 2(a + b) = 2a + 2b 18. 3 × 5 = 5 × 3 19. (2 + 6) + 5 = 2 + (6 + 5)
20. 3(4 + 1) = (4 + 1)3 21. (7 × 5)2 = 7(5 × 2) 22. 8(2x + 1) = 8(2x) + 8(1)
23. 5(x + 2) = (x + 2)5 24. (3x + 2) + 0 = 3x + 2 25. 5 · 1 = 5
Replace each ● with >, <, or = to make a true sentence.

1. -3 ● 0 2. -1 ● -2 3. -5 ● -4 4. 6 ● -7
5. -13 ● -12 6. -6 ● 6 7. ⎪13⎥ ● ⎪-19⎥ 8. ⎪-6⎥ ● ⎪2⎥
9. ⎪14⎥ ● ⎪-14⎥ 10. ⎪0⎥ ● ⎪-4⎥ 11. ⎪23⎥ ● ⎪-20⎥ 12. ⎪-12⎥ ● -12

13. ⎪-1⎥ 14. ⎪3⎥ 15. ⎪160 + 32⎥
16. ⎪0⎥ 17. ⎪7 - 3⎥ 18. ⎪3⎥ + ⎪-7⎥
19. ⎪8 - 6⎥ - ⎪7 - 9⎥ 20. ⎪102⎥ - ⎪-2⎥ 21. ⎪80 + 100⎥
676 Extra Practice

Add.
1. -7 + (-7) 2. -36 + 40 3. 18 + (-32)
4. 47 + 12 5. -69 + (-32) 6. -120 + (-2)
7. -56 + (-4) 8. 14 + 16 9. -18 + 11
10. -42 + 29 11. -13 + (-11) 12. 95 + (-5)
13. -120 + 2 14. 25 + (-25) 15. -4 + 8
16. -9 + (-6) 17. 42 + (-18) 18. -33 + (-12)
19. 7 + (-13) + 6 + (-7) 20. -6 + 12 + (-20) 21. 4 + 9 + (-14)
22. -20 + 0 + (-9) + 25 23. 5 + 9 + 3 + (-17) 24. -36 + 40 + (-10)
Extra Practice
25. (-2) + 2 + (-2) + 2 26. 6 + (-4) + 9 + (-2) 27. 9 + (-7) + 2
Subtract.
1. 3 - 7 2. -5 - 4 3. -6 - 2
4. 12 - 9 5. 0 - (-14) 6. 58 - (-10)
7. -41 - 15 8. -81 - 21 9. 26 - (-14)
10. 6 - (-4) 11. 63 - 78 12. -5 - (-9)
13. 72 - (-19) 14. -51 - 47 15. -99 - 1
16. 8 - 13 17. -2 - 23 18. -20 - 0
19. 55 - 33 20. 84 - (-61) 21. -4 - (-4)
22. -2 - (-3) 23. 65 - (-2) 24. 0 - (-3)
25. 0 - 5 26. -2 - 6 27. -4 - 7
Multiply.
1. 5(-2) 2. -11(-5) 3. -5(-5)
4. -12(6) 5. 2(-2) 6. -3(2)(-4)
7. (-4)(-4) 8. 4(21) 9. -50(0)
10. 3(-13) 11. 2(2) 12. -2(-2)
13. 5(-12) 14. 2(2)(-2) 15. 6(-4)
Divide.
16. 4 ÷ (-2) 17. 16 ÷ (-8) 18. -14 ÷ (-2)
19. -18 ÷ 3 20. -25 ÷ 5 21. -56 ÷ (-8)
22. 81 ÷ 9 23. -55 ÷ 11 24. -42 ÷ (-7)
25. 18 ÷ (-3) 26. 0 ÷ (-1) 27. -32 ÷ 8
28. 81 ÷ (-9) 29. 18 ÷ (-2) 30. -21 ÷ 3
Extra Practice 677

Define a variable. Then write an equation to model each situation.

1. When the marbles were divided among the 3 players, each player
received 48 marbles.
2. The low temperature of –2°F was 20 degrees less than the high
temperature.
3. A team of 84 football players separated into equal-size groups
results in 12 players per group.
4. Jack’s time of 43 seconds was 8 seconds more than Clarissa’s time.
Define a variable. Then write an equation that could be used to solve
each problem.
Extra Practice
5. TICKETS The total cost of concert tickets is equally divided among 4

friends. If the cost of 1 ticket is $56, what was the total cost of the 4
concert tickets?
6. READING Natalie has read 163 pages in her book. If the book has a
total of 395 pages, how many more pages does Natalie have to read?
7. SCORES Simon’s score of –12 was one-fifth of Tabitha’s score. What is
Tabitha’s score?
8. BASEBALL CARDS Adam’s baseball card collection has 76 more cards
than Kerry’s baseball card collection. If Kerry has 349 baseball cards,
how many baseball cards does Adam have?
Solve using the work backward strategy.

1. VIDEO GAMES Stephanie and Alexander decided to trade video
games. Stephanie gave Alexander a fourth of her video games in
exchange for 6 video games. Then Stephanie sold 3 video games and
gave 2 video games to her brother. If Stephanie now has 16 video
games, how many video games did she start with?
2. BOWLING Alexia’s bowling scores are 166, 176, 172, 171, and 159.
What is the minimum score she can bowl in her next game to
maintain an average of at least 170?
3. STOCK A share of stock increased in value by 25%. Then it decreased
in value by $4 and then it doubled. If the stock is now worth $32,
how much was the stock worth originally?

1. g - 3 = 10 2. b + 7 = 12 3. a + 3 = 15
4. r - 3 = 4 5. t + 3 = 21 6. s + 10 = 23
7. 9 + n = 13 8. 13 + v = 31 9. -4 + b = 12
10. z - 10 = -8 11. -7 = x + 12 12. a + 6 = -9
13. c - 18 = 13 14. r - (-8) = 14 15. m + (-2) = 6
678 Extra Practice


1. 4x = 36 2. 39 = 3y 3. 4z = 16
4. _t = 6 5. 100 = 20b 6. 8 = _
w
5 8
7. 10a = 40 8. _s = 8 9. 420 = 5s
9
10. 8k = 72 11. 2m = 18 12. _
m
=5
8
13. _r = -8 14. _
w
=8 15. 18q = 36
7 7
16. 9w = 54 17. 4 = p ÷ 4 18. 14 = 2p
19. 12 = 3t 20. _
m
= 12 21. 6h = 12
4 y
22. -2a = -8 23. 0 = 6r 24. _ = -6
Extra Practice
12
25. 3m = -15 26. _
c
= 10 27. -6f = -36
-4
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

1. _2 2. 2_
3
3. -_
3
4. _5
5 11 4 7
5. _
3
6. -_
2
7. _
7
8. _1
4 3 11 2
9. _
5
10. 1 _
3
11. -2_
1
12. _8
6 5 4 9
−
13. 0.5 14. 0.8 15. 0.32 16. -0.75
− −−
17. 2.2 18. 0.38 19. -0.486 20. 20.08
− −
21. -9.36 22. 10.18 23. 1.24 24. -5.7

−− _5 ● _2
1. -5.6 ● 4.2 2. 4.256 ● 4.25 3. 0.233 ● 0.23 4.
7 5
5. _6 ● _7 6. _2 ● _2 7. _3 ● 0.375 8. -_
1
● 0.5
7 9 3 5 8 2
−−
9. 12.56 ● 12_
3
10. -0.25 ● -0.26 11. 1.31 ● 1.31 12. _3 ● _2
8 5 3
Order each set of rational numbers from least to greatest.
− − −−
13. 0.24, 0.2, 0.245, 2.24, 0.25 14. 0.3, 0.3, 0.34, 0.34, 0.33
15. _2 , _2 , _2 , _2 , _2 16.
_1 , _5 , _2 , _8 , _6
5 3 7 9 1 2 7 9 9 6
17. 0.25, 0.2, 0.02, 0.251, _
253
18. _
3 _
, 3, _
3 _
, 3, _
3 _
, 3, _
3
1,000 10 2 5 1 8 7 4
19. _3 , _2 , 0.61, 0.65, _
33
20. -_, -_, -_, -_, -_
3 2 1 3 5
5 3 50 5 3 2 4 6
21. _4 , 0.4, 0.44, _3 _
2 _ 5
22. 7.5, 7 , 6 , 6.8
9 5 3 6
23. Graph the following set of numbers on a number line.
-4.14, -4.3, -4_
1
, -4.1, -2_
7
3 8
Extra Practice 679


_
2 _
2. 4 -_ 3. -_ · _ _6 -_
1.
11 4
·3 ( 78 ) 4
7
3
5
4.
7 (
7
12 )
5. _
7 _
·1 6. _3 · _4 7. -1_ · _
1 2
8. _5 · _6
8 3 45 2 3 6 7
9. 8 -2_ _
3 _ _
(1
) 10. -3 ·
8
11.
10 _
-7) ( 12. -1_
4 _
( )
-5
4 4 9 21 8 5 6
13. 5_ · 6_ 14. -8_ · 4_ 15. 6 · 8_ 16. (_)(_)

1 2 3 2 2 3 3
4 3 4 5 3 5 5
17. -4_ -3_ ( ) 18. -8 _

() 19. 3_ -3_ ( ) 20. (-_)(-_)
1 1 3 2 1 2 2
5 3 4 3 2 5 5
21. 4_ - 1_ ( ) 22. -5(-3_) 23. 4_ · 1_ 24. -5(3_)

1 1 1 1 1 1
Extra Practice
2 3 5 3 2 3
Write the multiplicative inverse of each number.

1. 3 2. -5 3. _2 4. 2_
1
3 8
5. _
1
6. -8 7. 1_
1
8. -_
4
15 3 5
9. _2 ÷ _3 10. -_ ÷ _
4 5
11. _
7
÷_
3
12. _
5
÷_
2
3 4 9 6 12 8 18 9
_ 14. 5 ÷ -2_
_ -6 ÷ -_ -6_ ÷_
13.
1
3
÷4 1
4
1
2 ( ) 15.
4
7 ( ) 16.
3
8
1
4
17. _ ÷ _ 18. 3_ ÷ (-4) 19. 2_ ÷ 7_ 20. _ ÷ 1_
6 3 1 5 1 5 1
7 5 3 12 3 6 9
21. 8 ÷ -1_ ( ) 22. -5 ÷ _ 23. _ ÷ _ 24. 4_8 ÷ -2_
( )
4 2 3 6 2
5 7 5 7 9 3
25. BUILDING Mr. Thompson and his two children are building a tree house in their
backyard. It took them 15 days to complete the project. How long would it take
Mr. Franklin and 4 children to build a similar tree house?

_ + -_ _ +_ 3. -_ + -_ 4. -_ + _
1.
17
21
13
21 ( ) 2.
5
11
6
11
8
13
11
13 ( ) 7
12
5
12
5. _
13
-_
9
6. -1_ - _
2 7
7. _15
+_ 13
8. 2_ 1
-_ 2
28 28 9 9 16 16 3 3
9. -_ - -_ _3 + -_5 _ _ -2 - _
_
4
35
17
35 ( ) 10.
8 8( ) 11.
8
15
- 2
15
12.
4
7
3
7
13. -_ - -_
29 26
( ) 14. 2_ + 7 _
3 3
15. _-_
5 13
16. -2_ + -1_
2
(
6
)
9 9 5 5 18 18 7 7
17. -_ 3
+_ 7
18. _4
+_
9
19. _1 + 1_7 20. _5 - _7
10 10 11 11 8 8 6 6
21. 5 - 3_
5
22. -3 - 4_ 5
23. 5 + 2_
_3 6
24. -9 - -2_
_3
(
3
)
7 8 7 7 4 4
25. 4 - 1_
_
5 2
26. 2 - 8_
_5 7
27. -5 + 1_
_1 3
28. _1
6 -2 _4
9 9 12 12 4 4 5 5
680 Extra Practice


_ +_ 2. -_ + _ _2 + -_2 4. -_ - -_
1.
7
12
7
24
3
4
7
8
3.
5 7)
( ( 56 )
3
5
_ _ - -_
_ 7. -_ + -_ 8. _ + (-_)
5.
5
24
-3
8
6.
7
12
3
4
3
8 ( 45 ) 2
15
3
10
- - -_
_ _ _ _3 + _ 12. -2_ + (-1_)
9.
2
9
2
3( ) 10. - - 5
7
15 12
11.
812
7 1
4
1
3
13. 3_ - 3_
2 1
14. _ + -_
3
( )4
15. -1_ + 4_
2 3
16. -_ - 2_
1 1
5 4 4 15 3 4 8 2
17. 3_2
- 1_1
18. 5_1
+ -8_
( ) 3
19. _ - _
3 2
20. 1_ - 2_
1 5
5 3 3 7 5 3 3 6
Extra Practice

1. 434 = -31y 2. 6x = -4.2 3. _3 a = -12
4
4. -10 = _
b
5. 7.2 = _
3
c 6. r + 0.4 = 1.4
-7 4
8. 7 = _d
1
7. -2.4n = 7.2 9. n - 0.64 = -5.44
2
10. _t = 2 11. _3 = _1 x 12. _1 h = -14
3 8 2 2
13. k - 1.18 = 1.58 14. _1
4 s = -30 15. _2 f = _
8
2 3 15
16. _2 m = 22 17. _2 g = 4_5 18. 7=_
1
v
3 3 6 3
_g
19. = -6 20. z - 4 = 15_
_
5 3
21. -12 = _j
1
1.2 8 8 5
Look for a pattern. Then use the pattern to solve the problem.
1. NUMBERS Find the next two integers in the pattern 48, 36, 25, 15, 6,
, .
2. MONEY A car rental company charges a flat rate of $24.95 and $0.12
per mile. If the total cost of renting a car was $60.95, how many
miles were driven?
Number of Miles Charges Cost ($)
0 24.95 + 0(0.12) 24.95
50 24.95 + 50(0.12) 30.95
100 24.95 + 100(0.12) 36.95
150 24.95 + 150(0.12) 42.95
3. DISPLAYS A display of laundry detergent boxes are stacked in the

shape of pyramid. There are 3 boxes in the first row, 5 boxes in the
second row, 7 boxes in the next row, and so on. The display contains
8 rows of boxes. How many boxes are in the display?
Extra Practice 681

Write each expression using exponents.

1. 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 2. _3 · _3 3. 7 · 7 · 7 · 7 · 7 · 7
4 4
5. 3 · 2 · _ · _ · _ · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · _
5 5 5 5
4. 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5
6 6 6 6
6. b · b · b · b · c · c · c · c · c · c 7. 3 · 2 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 5
8. a · a · a · b · b · b · a · a · a · b 9. 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 · 6 · 6

3
10. 4 3 11. 6 2 12. (_25 ) 13. 5 2 · 6 2
14. 3 · 2 4 15. 10 4 · 3 2 16. 5 3 · 1 9 17. 2 2 · 2 4

Extra Practice
3
18. 2 · 3 2 · 4 2 19. 7 3 20. (_12 ) · 4 5
21. 3 5 · 4 2
22. 7 2 · 3 4 23. 3 -3 24. 2 -4 25. 5 -2
Write each number in standard form.

1. 4.5 × 10 3 2. 2 × 10 4 3. 1.725896 × 10 6
4. 9.61 × 10 2 5. 1 × 10 7 6. 8.256 × 10 8
7. 5.26 × 10 4 8. 3.25 × 10 2 9. 6.79 × 10 5
10. 3.1 × 10 -4 11. 2.51 × 10 -2 12. 6 × 10 -1
13. 2.15 × 10 -3 14. 3.14 × 10 -6 15. 1 × 10 -2
Write each number in scientific notation.

16. 720 17. 7,560 18. 892
19. 1,400 20. 91,256 21. 51,000
22. 0.012 23. 0.0002 24. 0.054
25. 0.231 26. 0.0000056 27. 0.000123
Find each square root.

1. √
9 2. √
81 3. - √
625
4. √
36 5. - √
169 6. √
144
7. √
961 8. √
324 9. - √
225
10. - √
4 11. √
529 12. - √
484
13. √
196 14. √
729 15. √
289
16. √
0.04 17. √
2.25 18. √
0.01
19. - √
0.09 20. √
0.49 21. √
1.69
22. -_ 23. -_ _

4
81
24.

25
9 64 81
682 Extra Practice


1. √
229 2. √
63 3. √
290 4. √
27
5. √
333 6. √
23 7. √
96 8. √
200
9. √
117 10. √
47 11. √
1.30 12. √
8.4
13. √
18.35 14. √
25.70 15. √
14.1 16. √
15.3
Use a Venn diagram to solve.

1. CLASSES The guidance counselor surveyed 42 seventh graders to
Extra Practice
find out their interest in photography or ceramics. The results
showed that 32 students liked photography, 24 favored ceramics,
and 18 were interested in both photography and ceramics. How
many students liked neither photography nor ceramics?
2. CLUBS At Harding Middle School, 28 students are in the Spanish
club, 32 students are in the art club, and 21 students are in the math
club. Of those students who are in exactly two clubs, 7 are in
Spanish and art, 5 are in math and art, and 3 are in Spanish and
math. If there are 2 students who are in all three clubs, how many
students are only in the art club?
3. PETS Miss Coughlin surveyed her students about their pets. The
results showed that 18 students owned a dog, 12 students had a cat,
and 7 students owned both a cat and a dog. If there are 29 students
in Miss Coughlin’s class, how many students do not own a cat or
a dog?
Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.

1. 6.5 2. √
25 3. √3

−− _1
4. -7.2 5. -0.61 6.
2
7. _
16
8. -102.1 9. √
29
4
Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth. Then graph the square
root on a number line.
10. - √
12 11. √
23 12. √2

13. √
10 14. - √
30 15. √5

16. √
21 17. - √
202 18. - √
10

−
20. 2_ ● 2.3
1
19. √7 ● 2.8 121 ● 11
21. √
3
−
22. 5.6 ● √30 23. 9.45 ● 9.4 ● 2.23
24. √5
6.25 ● 2_
25. √
1
26. 5_ ● √
1
30 27. 4_ ● √
2
22
2 3 3
Extra Practice 683

Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side
of each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the
1. 2. 3.
x ft
5m 4 ft
xm
x cm
6 cm
8 ft
4m
2 cm
4. a, 6 cm; b, 5 cm 5. a, 12 ft; b, 12 ft 6. a, 8 in.; b, 6 in.

Extra Practice
7. a, 20 m; c, 25 m 8. a, 9 mm; c, 14 mm 9. b, 15 m; c, 20 m
Determine whether each triangle with sides of given lengths is a right

triangle.
10. 15 m, 8 m, 17 m 11. 7 yd, 5 yd, 9 yd 12. 5 in., 12 in., 13 in.
13. 9 in., 12 in., 16 in. 14. 10 ft, 24 ft, 26 ft 15. 2 ft, 2 ft, 3 ft
Write an equation that can be used to answer each question.

Then solve. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. How far apart are the 2. How high does the 3. How long is each rafter?
boats? ladder reach?
x ft y ft
12 ft
18 ft h ft
7 mi d mi 6 ft 16 ft
3 mi 4 ft

1. A 4_, 2_
( 12 23 ) 2. B(-2.75, 3.5) 3. C(-1.5, 0.25)
4. D(3_, _) 6. F -2_, -3_

( )
1 3 1 2
5. E(2.4, -1.75)
4 4 3 5
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance between the
points. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
7. (-4, 2), (4, 17) 8. (5, -1), (11, 7) 9. (-3, 5), (2, 7)
10. (7, -9), (4, 3) 11. (5, 4), (-3, 8) 12. (-8, -4), (-3, 8)
13. (2, 7), (10, -4) 14. (9, -2), (3, 6) 15. (2, 3), (-1, 6)
16. (-5, 1), (2, -3) 17. (0, 1), (5, 2) 18. (-1, 2), (-2, 3)
684 Extra Practice

Express each ratio in simplest form.

1. 10 losses out of 50 games 2. 27 empty chairs to 9 open
3. 4 out of 12 people agree 4. 8 quarts for 1 gallon of oil
5. 2 cups water in 4 pints soda 6. 11 dimes to 5 quarters
7. 660 feet wide: 1 mile long 8. 12 players to 1 coach
9. 6 out of 8 cookies eaten 10. 60 dogs to 40 cats adopted
11. 35 points in 15 games 12. 6 feet wide: 3 yards long
Extra Practice
13. 6 pounds gained in 12 weeks 14. $800 for 40 tickets
15. $6.50 for 5 pounds 16. 6 inches of rain in 3 weeks
17. 20 preschoolers to 2 teachers 18. 10 inches of snow in 2 days
19. $500 for 50 tickets 20. $360 for 100 dinners
1. POPCORN Fun Center rents popcorn machines for $20 per hour.
In addition to the hourly charge, there is a rental fee of $32. Is the
number of hours you rent the popcorn machine proportional to
the total cost?
2. BAKING Mrs. Govin is making cakes for the school bake sale.
She needs 2 cups of sugar for every cake she makes. Is the number
of cakes Mrs. Govin makes proportional to the number of cups
of sugar?
3. MUSIC At a local music store, CDs cost $11.99 including tax. Is the
number of CDs purchased proportional to the cost of the CDs?
4. SAVINGS Jean has $280 in her savings account. Starting next week,
she will deposit $30 in her account every week. Is the amount of
money in her account proportional to the number of weeks?

1. _
x
=_
4
2. _
a
=_
24
3. _
19
=_
16
4. _5 = _
0.5
15 5 11 8 p 32 t 0.3
5. _ 5 _
= c 6. _3.6
= b_ 7. _18
=_ 8
8. _
36 _
= a
19 57 3 2.5 4.5 f 7 21
9. _9 = _
36
10. _ b
=_ 3
11. _n
= _
1
12. _7 = _
c
8 a 126 14 6 4 9 54
13. _2 = _a
14. _7 = _ c
15. _3 = _21
16. _2 = _
18
3 12 8 16 7 d 5 x
_3 = _ _ y
17.
n
18.
5
=_ b
19. _4
=_2
y 20. _ = _
16
5 21 12 5 36 8 12
_x = _
14 _2 = _ 8 y
_=_ 8 _
1 _
a
21. 22. 23. 24. =
3 21 x 24 15 60 5 3
Extra Practice 685

Use the draw a diagram strategy to solve the problem.

1. PICTURE FRAMES Mr. Francisco has 4 picture frames that he wants to
hang on the wall. In how many different ways can he hang the
picture frames on the wall?
2. PONDS Carter is filling the pond in his backyard. After 2 minutes
and 20 seconds, the pond is only _
1
full. If the pond can hold 280
7
gallons, how much longer will it take to fill the pond?
3. MARCHING BAND The marching band is in formation on the field. In
the first row, there are 10 band members. Each additional row has 6
more members in it. If there are a total of 6 rows, how many band
Extra Practice
members are there?
Determine whether each pair of polygons is similar. Explain your reasoning.

1. 5 cm 2.
2 cm
4 cm 5.1 m 4m 5m
4.6 m
10 cm
2.2 m 3m
Each pair of polygons is similar. Write and solve a proportion to find

each missing measure.
3. 4.
6 in. x cm 4 cm
2 in. 3.5 cm
5 in. x in. 7 cm
Complete.
1. 45 cm = ■ m 2. 7 ft = ■ in.
3. 4 gal = ■ qt 4. 210 sec = ■ min

5. 6 in. ≈ ■ cm 6. 1.6 cm ≈ ■ in.
7. 4 qt ≈ ■ L 8. 50 mL ≈ ■ fl oz
9. 10 oz ≈ ■ g 10. 3.5 kg ≈ ■ lb
Determine which is greater.

11. 2 gal, 7 L 12. 16 fl oz, 1 L
13. 18 g, 5 oz 14. 1.2 m, 3 ft
686 Extra Practice

Complete.
1. 420 mm2 = ■ cm2 2. 2.5 yd2 = ■ ft2
3. 3.25 ft2 = ■ in2 4. 0.5 m2 = ■ cm2
5. 2 cm3 = ■ mm3 6. 459 ft3 = ■ yd3
7. 8,640 in3 = ■ ft3 8. 0.3 m3 = ■ cm3

9. 2 m2 ≈ ■ ft2 10. 13 yd2 ≈ ■ m2
11. 12 in2 ≈ ■ cm2 12. 5.5 km2 ≈ ■ mi2
13. 4 m3 ≈ ■ yd3 14. 25 cm3 ≈ ■ in3
Extra Practice
15. 17 m3 ≈ ■ ft3 16. 115 ft3 ≈ ■ m3
Solve.
1. The distance between two cities on a map is 3.2 centimeters. If the
scale on the map is 1 centimeter = 50 kilometers, find the actual
distance between the two cities.
2. A scale model of the Empire State Building is 10 inches tall. If the
Empire State Building is 1,250 feet tall, find the scale of this model.
3. On a scale drawing of a house, the dimensions of the living room are
4 inches by 3 inches. If the scale of the drawing is 1 inch = 6 feet,
find the actual dimensions of the living room.
4. Columbus, Ohio, is approximately 70 miles from Dayton, Ohio. If a
scale on an Ohio map is 1 inch = 11 miles, about how far apart are
the cities on the map?
For Exercises 1 and 2, use the following information.

Time (P.M.) 1:00 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:15
Temperature 88°F 89°F 80°F 76°F 76°F
1. Find the rate of change between 2:00 and 2:30.

2. Find the rate of change between 3:00 and 3:15. Explain the meaning
of this rate of change.
For Exercises 3–5, use the following information.

Time (P.M.) 6:00 6:30 6:45 7:00 7:10 7:30 8:00 8:15 8:30
Number of Tickets Sold 2 32 77 137 139 140 142 142 142

5. During which time period was the greatest rate of change?
Extra Practice 687

Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities

described in each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of change.
If not, explain your reasoning.
1. Calories Burned
2. Punch Recipe
Time (min) 1 2 3 4 Soda (c) 2 4 6 8
Calories 4.3 8.6 12.9 16.3 Juice (c) 1 _1 2 _1 3 _3 5
4 2 4
Find the constant rate of change for each graph and interpret its meaning.
3. 4.
Ticket Profits Time to Paint a House
Extra Practice
80 40
y y
60 32
Profit ($)
Time (h)
40 24
20 16
x x
0 4 8 12 16 0 2 4 6 8
Number of Tickets Number of Painters
Determine whether a proportional linear relationship exists between the two

quantities shown in each of the indicated graphs. Explain your reasoning.
5. Exercise 3 6. Exercise 4
Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

1. 3 out of 5 2. _1 3. _
7
4. 39:100
4 10
5. 11 out of 25 6. 72.5:100 7. 3 out of 4 8. _1
2
Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.
9. 30% 10. 4% 11. 20% 12. 85%
13. 3% 14. 80% 15. 17% 16. 55%

1. 2% 2. 25% 3. 29% 4. 6.2%
5. 16.8% 6. 14% 7. 23.7% 8. 42%

9. 0.35 10. 14.23 11. 0.9 12. 0.13
13. 6.21 14. 0.08 15. 0.036 16. 2.34

17. _2 18. _1 19. _
2
20. _
9
5 3 25 75
688 Extra Practice

Write a percent proportion and solve each problem. Round answers to

1. 39 is 5% of what number? 2. What is 19% of 200?
3. 6 is what percent of 30? 4. 24 is what percent of 72?
5. 9 is 33_% of what number?
1
6. Find 55% of 134.
3
7. 8 is what percent of 32? 8. What is 35% of 215?
9. 62 is 50% of what number? 10. 93 is what percent of 186?
11. 90 is 36% of what number? 12. 15 is 60% of what number?
13. What is 15% of 60? 14. 15 is 20% of what number?
Extra Practice
17. 22 is 25% of what number? 18. What is 65% of 150?
Compute mentally.
1. 10% of 206 2. 1% of 19.3 3. 20% of 15
4. 87.5% of 80 5. 50% of 46 6. 12.5% of 56
7. 33_% of 93
1
8. 90% of 2,000 9. 30% of 70
3
10. 40% of 95 11. 66_
2
% of 48 12. 80% of 25
3
13. 25% of 400 14. 75% of 72 15. 37.5% of 96
16. 40% of 35 17. 60% of 85 18. 62.5% of 160
19. 90% of 205 20. 1% of 2,364 21. 20% of 85
22. 75% of 12 23. 12.5% of 800 24. 30% of 90
25. 1% of 70 26. 40% of 45 27. 62.5% of 88
Determine reasonable solutions for the following problems.

1. TIME Mario estimates that he spends 30% of his work day answering
e-mails. If he worked 8.7 hours in one day, did he answer e-mails for
2, 3, or 4 hours?
2. SEWING Norma is making scarves for the craft show. Each scarf
needs 48 inches of material. If she has 676 inches of material, about
how many scarves can she make: 14, 16, or 18?
3. POPCORN The cost of renting a popcorn machine is $134.99. If the
student council sells bags of popcorn for $0.85, should they sell 125,
140, or 150 bags of popcorn to pay for the popcorn machine?
4. TRAVEL The Hernandez family has traveled 310 miles. If this is 77%
of the trip, would the number of miles left to travel be about 70, 90,
or 240?
Extra Practice 689

Estimate.
1. 33% of 12 2. 24% of 84 3. 39% of 50
4. 19% of 135 5. 21% of 50 6. 49% of 121
Estimate each percent.

Estimate the percent of the area shaded.

13. 14. 15.
Extra Practice
Solve each problem using a percent equation.

1. Find 5% of 73. 2. What is 15% of 15?
3. Find 80% of 12. 4. What is 7.3% of 500?
5. Find 0.3% of 155. 6. What is 75% of 450?
7. Find 7.2% of 10. 8. What is 10.1% of 60?
9. 20 is what percent of 64? 10. Sixty-nine is what percent of 200?
11. Seventy is what percent of 150? 12. 26 is 30% of what number?
13. 7 is 14% of what number? 14. 35.5 is what percent of 150?
15. 17 is what percent of 25? 16. 152 is 2% of what number?
Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

State whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
1. original: 35 2. original: 550 3. original: 72
new: 29 new: 425 new: 88
Find the selling price for each item given the cost to the store and
the markup.
4. golf clubs: $250, 30% markup 5. compact disc: $17, 15% markup
5. shoes: $57, 45% markup 7. book: $26, 20% markup
Find the sale price of each item to the nearest cent if necessary.
8. piano: $4,220, 35% off 9. scissors: $14, 10% off
10. book: $29, 40% off 11. sweater: $38, 25% off
690 Extra Practice

Find the simple interest to the nearest cent if necessary.

1. $500 at 7% for 2 years 2. $2,500 at 6.5% for 36 months
3. $8,000 at 6% for 1 year 4. $1,890 at 9% for 42 months
5. $760 at 4.5% for 2_ years

1
6. $12,340 at 5% for 6 months
2
Find the total amount in each account to the nearest cent if necessary.
7. $300 at 10% for 3 years 8. $3,200 at 8% for 6 months
9. $20,000 at 14% for 20 years 10. $4,000 at 12.5% for 4 years
12. $17,000 at 15% for 9_ years

1
11. $450 at 11% for 5 years
2
Extra Practice

1. 2. 3.
48˚
x˚ x˚ 125˚ x˚
107˚
4. 5. 6.
x˚
x˚ x˚
37˚ 55˚
For Exercises 7–10, refer to the figure at the right.

m
7. Name a line that contains point E.
F G
A B
8. Name the plane that contains
C
lines and n. E Z
D
9. Name a point not contained in n
lines , m, or n.
10. What is another name for line n?
Solve each problem using logical reasoning.

1. GEOMETRY Can a polygon containing two right angles be a triangle?
Explain your reasoning. Can it be a quadrilateral? Explain.
2. HEIGHT Kristina is _ the height of Pedro, who is _ as tall as Destini.
2 3
3 4
If Destini is 4 feet tall, how tall are the others?
3. SPELLING The top 4 finishers in the spelling bee were Kina, Niko,
Gia, and Martez. Niko and the first place winner studied with Kina
for the spelling bee. Gia is not the first place winner. Who is the first
place winner?
Extra Practice 691

Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles for each polygon.
1. dodecagon (12-gon) 2. 17-gon 3. 21-gon
Find the measure of each interior angle for the regular polygons listed below.
4. 18-gon 5. 22-gon 6. octagon
Find the missing angle measurement for each shape described below.
7. quadrilateral: ∠G = 110°, ∠H = 75°, ∠I = 110°, and ∠J =
8. pentagon: ∠K = 112°, ∠L = 90°, ∠M = 123°, ∠N = 77°, and ∠O =

Extra Practice
Determine whether the polygons shown are congruent. If so, name the
corresponding parts and write a congruence statement.
1. A D 2. A B 3. 9 ft
K L
3 in. E H
D 6 in. C N 6 ft M
B C F E 6 in.
S 4 ft R
F 3 in. G P Q
6 ft
In the figure, quadrilateral ABCD is A E

congruent to quadrilateral EFGH.
Find each measure. B F 55˚
4. m∠A
7m
5. BC 35˚
C D G H
10 m
Complete parts a and b for each figure.

a. Determine whether the figure has line symmetry. If it does, trace
the figure and draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write none.
b. Determine whether the figure has rotational symmetry. Write yes
or no. If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
692 Extra Practice

Copy the figure onto graph paper. Then draw the reflection of the
image over the given line.
1. A 2.
D
H
C
F G
B
Graph the figure with the given vertices. Then graph the image of the
figure after a reflection over the given axis, and write the coordinates
of its vertices.
Extra Practice
3. triangle CAT with vertices C(2, 3), A(8, 2), and T(4, -3); x-axis
4. trapezoid TRAP with vertices T(-2, 5), R(1, 5), A(4, 2), and P(-5, 2);
y-axis
Lesson 6-7 pages 337–341
Graph the figure with the given vertices. Then graph the image of
the figure after the indicated translation, and write the coordinates
of its vertices.
1. rectangle PQRS with vertices P(-7, 6), Q(-5, 6), R(-5, 2), and
S(-7, 2) translated 9 units right and 1 unit down
2. pentagon DGLMR with vertices D(1, 3), G(2, 4), L(4, 4), M(5, 3) and
R(3, 1) translated 5 units left and 7 units down
3. triangle TRI with vertices T(2, 1), R(0, 3), and I(-1, 1) translated
2 units left and 3 units down
4. quadrilateral QUAD with vertices Q(3, 2), U(3, 0), A(6, 0) and D(6, 2),
translated 3 units left and 1 unit down
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Round to the nearest
tenth.
1. 2. 3.
20 mm 3.5 m 6 yd
4. 5. 6.
4 in. 2.4 cm
16 ft
7. 8. 9.
56 mm 22.4 m
35 in.
Extra Practice 693

Use the solve a simpler problem strategy to solve the following problems.
1. MEASUREMENT Describe a method that could be used to determine
the thickness of one sheet of paper in a textbook.
2. CARPENTRY Three carpenters can make three chairs in three days. How
many chairs can 7 carpenters working at the same rate make in 30 days?
3. CRAFTS Levon needs to cut a long straw into 25 smaller pieces. How
many cuts will he need to make?
4. TESTING A school is providing two No. 2 pencils for each of the 261
students taking a standardized test. If packages of pencils come in 12
or 25, how many of each size package should the school buy?
Extra Practice
Find the area of the shaded region. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. 2. 3. 2 in. 2 in.
3 cm 6 in.
4 in.
12 ft 8 ft 6 cm 2 in. 2 in.
4 ft
4. 5. 6.
8 in. 9 yd
CM
5 yd
CM
CM CM 8 in. 2 yd 5 yd
CM CM
CM 18 in.
CM
For Exercises 1–4, use the figure at the right. A B
1. Name all planes that are parallel to plane FGH. D

C
2. Identify a segment that is skew to BH.
3. Identify two sets of points between which a diagonal
H
can be drawn. J
4. Identify the intersection of planes FCD and ABD. F G
Identify each solid. Name the number and shapes of the faces.
Then name the number of edges and vertices.
5. 6. 7.
694 Extra Practice

1. 2. 3. 6 yd
3m 5 in.
5 in. 11 yd
3m 10 in.
3m
4. 26 cm 5. 4 in. 6.
8 cm 12 in. 7 ft
30 ft
18 in.
7. triangular prism: base of triangle, 7 yd; altitude, 18 yd; height of
prism, 5_
1
Extra Practice
yd.
3
1. 2. 3.
5 cm 12 yd 3 cm
4 cm
3 cm 7 yd
4 cm 2 cm
4. 5. 3.5 yd 6.
15 ft
4 yd 8 in.
5 in.
11 ft 3 yd
5 yd
7 in.
Find the lateral and total surface areas of each solid. Round to the
1. 2 ft 2. 3 ft 3.
2 ft 4 cm
4 ft
8 cm
2 ft
6 ft 3 cm
5 cm
4. 8 in. 5. 6 cm 6. 14 cm
5.2 cm
3 cm
6 in.
10 cm
6 cm 6 cm
7. cylinder: diameter, 25 m; height, 30 m
Extra Practice 695

Find the lateral and total surface area of each regular pyramid. Round
1. M 2. 3. IN
CM
CM
M
M
CM
CM IN
IN

CM

Extra Practice
Find the missing measure for each pair of similar solids. Round to the
1. M 2.
M YD
M
YD YD
3. IN 4. 6FT 6

IN
FT FT

3IN 3

1. 2(x + 3) 2. 3(a + 7) 3. 3(g - 6)
4. -2(a + 3) 5. -1(x - 6) 6. 4(a - 5)
Identify the terms, like terms, coefficients, and constants in each

expression.
7. 8b + 7b - 4 - 6b 8. 9 + 8z - 3 + 5z 9. 11q - 5 + 2q - 7
10. a + 1 + 2a + 8a 11. 1 - 2c - 3c + 100 12. 14j - 6 + 8j - 5

13. 3x + 2x 14. 6x - 3x 15. 2a - 5a
16. 5x - 6x 17. 8a - 3a 18. a - 4a
19. 3a + 2a - 6 20. 6x + 2x - 3 21. 5a - 3 + 2a
22. 3x + 7 - 5x 23. x - 3 + 5x 24. 6x - 3x - 2
25. a - 2a + 5 26. 6x - 2 + 7x 27. 5a - 7a + 2
28. 4a + 2 - 7a - 5 29. 3a - 2 + 5a - 7 30. 5x - 3x + 2 - 5
696 Extra Practice


1. 2x + 4 = 14 2. 5p - 10 = 0 3. 5 + 6a = 41
4. _x - 7 = 2 5. 18 = 6q - 24 6. 18 = 4m - 6
3
7. 3r - 3 = 9 8. 2x + 3 = 5 9. 0 = 4x - 28
10. 3x - 1 = 5 11. 3z + 5 = 14 12. 3x - 15 = 12
13. 9a - 8 = 73 14. 2x - 3 = 7 15. 3t + 6 = 9
16. 2y + 10 = 22 17. 15 = 2y - 5 18. 3c - 4 = 2
19. 6 + 2p = 16 20. 8 = 2 + 3x 21. 4b + 24 = 24
22. 2x + 3x - 6 = 19 23. -2x - 6 = 14 24. 3x - 9 = -18
Extra Practice
25. 2a - 3a + 1 = 15 26. 5x - 3x + 6 = -10 27. 3a - 5a + a = 11
28. 5a - 3a - 5 + 1 = -10 29. 3 = 7a - 6a + 2 30. 3y + 5y - 1 = 15
Translate each sentence into an equation. Then find each number.

1. The sum of a number and 7 is 11.
2. Seven more than the quotient of a number and -2 is 6.
3. The sum of a number and 6 is 21.
4. The difference of a number and 2 is 4.
5. Twice a number plus 5 is -3.
6. The product of a number and 3 is 18.
7. The product of a number and 4 plus 2 is 14.
8. Eight less than the quotient of a number and 3 is 5.
9. The difference of twice a number and 3 is 11.
10. The sum of 3 times a number and 7 is 25.

1. 6x + 10 = 1x 2. 2a - 5 = -3a 3. 7a - 5 = 2a
4. 3a + 7 = 10 5. 8x + 3 = 2x 6. 5x - 3 = -18
7. 3a - 1 = 2a 8. 7a - 2 = 12 9. 3x + 6 = x
10. 2x + 7 = 11 - 2x 11. 8x + 10 = 3x 12. 7a + 4 = 3a
13. 7x + 8 = 11x 14. 21x + 11 = 10x 15. 5x + 5 = 14 + 2x
16. 7b - 4 = 2b + 16 17. 2y - 3 = 5 - 2y 18. 3m = 2m + 7
19. 9t + 1 = 4t - 9 20. -2a + 3 = a - 12 21. 3x = 9x - 12
22. 2c + 3 = 3c - 4 23. s - 3 = 5 - s 24. 3w - 5 = 5w - 7
25. 4x - 7 = 11 + x 26. 5x + 2 = 10 + x 27. 3x + 2 = 2x + 5
Extra Practice 697

Solve Exercises 1–4. Use the guess and check strategy.

1. NUMBER THEORY A number squared is 529. Find the number.
2. VOLUME The volume of a right triangular prism is 216 cubic
centimeters. The legs of the triangular base are half the height of the
prism. Find the dimensions of the prism.
3. MONEY Edwin has $2.35 in quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies. He
has 31 coins. The number of pennies is twice as great as the number
of quarters, and _
5
as great as the number of nickels. He has fewer
6
dimes than any other coin. How many of each coin does he have?
4. LEGS On a farm, there are 100 total legs on people and animals. Each
Extra Practice
cow and horse has 4 legs, and each person has 2 legs. There are 4
more than ten times as many cows and horses than people. How
many cows and horses, and how many people are there?

1. A number is less than 10. 2. A number is greater than or equal to -7.
3. A number is less than -2. 4. A number is more than 5.
5. A number is less than or equal to 11. 6. A number is no more than 8.

7. x > 5 8. y > 0 9. z < -2
10. a ≥ 6 11. b ≤ 2 12. x ≥ 1
13. a ≤ 3 14. b ≥ 1 15. x < -2
16. n ≥ -3 17. t > -1 18. y ≤ -5

1. y + 3 > 7 2. c – 9 < 5 3. x + 4 ≥ 9
4. y – 3 < 15 5. t – 13 ≥ 5 6. x + 3 < 10
7. y – 6 ≥ 2 8. x – 3 ≥ -6 9. a + 3 ≤ 5
10. c – 2 ≤ 11 11. a + 15 ≥ 6 12. y + 3 ≥ 18
13. y + 16 ≥ -22 14. x – 3 ≥ 17 15. y – 6 > -17
16. y – 11 < 7 17. a + 5 ≥ 21 18. c + 3 > -16
19. x – 12 ≥ 12 20. x + 5 ≥ 5 21. y – 6 > 31
22. a – 6 > 17 23. y + 7 > 3 24. a + 13 ≥ -16
25. y – 6 > 5 26. y + 6 < -5 27. x – 17 ≥ 34
28. y + 1 ≤ 16 29. a – 14 ≥ 16 30. x + 14 ≤ 20
698 Extra Practice

Solve each inequality and check your solution. Then graph the
solution on a number line.
1. 5p ≥ 25 2. 4x < 12 3. 15 ≤ 3m
4. _ > 15 5. 8 < _
d r
6. 9g < 27
3 7
9. –4 > _
-k
7. 4p ≥ 24 8. 5p > 25
3
10. _
-z
>2 11. –3x ≤ 9 12. –5x > -35
5
13. _a
<1 14. _ ≤ -2
x
15. –2x < 16
-6 -5
16. 3p ≥ 12 17. _ ≤ -2
x
18. _y ≤ -5
-2 6
Extra Practice
19. 5p ≥ 100 20. –4x ≤ 64 21. 8x ≥ 56
22. –2t < 14 23. 18 > 3x 24. 5x > 10

1. f (_12 )if f(x) = 2x - 6 2. f(-4) if f(x) = -_x + 4
1
2
3. f(1) if f(x) = -5x + 1
4. f(6) if f(x) = _x - 5
2
5. f(0) if f(x) = 1.6x + 4 6. f(2) if f(x) = 2x - 8
3
(_12 )if f(x) = 2x - 1 9. f(6) if f(x) = _x + 4

2
7. f(-1) if f(x) = -3x + 5 8. f
3
Copy and complete each function table. Then give the domain and range.
10. f(x) = -4x 11. f(x) = x + 6 12. f(x) = 3x + 2
x -4x f(x) x x+6 f(x) x 3x + 2 f(x)

-2 -6 -3
-1 -4 -2
0 -2 -1
1 0 0
2 2 1

1. y = 6x + 2 2. y = -2x + 3 3. y = -5x
4. y = 10x - 2 5. y = -2.5x - 1.5 6. y = 7x + 3
7. y=_
x
-8 8. y = 3x + 1 9. y = 25 - 2x
4
10. y = _
x
11. y = -2x + 11 12. y = 7x - 3
6
_
x
13. y = + 5 14. y = 4 - 6x 15. y = -3.5x - 1
2
18. y = _ + 2
x
16. y = 4x + 10 17. y = 8x
3
Extra Practice 699

1. A(2, 3), B(1, 5) 2. C(-6, 1), D(2, 1) 3. E(3, 0), F(5, 0)
4. G(-1, -3), H(-2, -5) 5. I(6, 7), J(11, 1) 6. K(5, 3), L(5, -2)
7. M(10, 2), N(-3, 5) 8. O(6, 2), P(1, 7) 9. Q(5, 8), R(-3, -2)
10. S(-1, 7), T(3, 8) 11. U(4, -1), V(-5, -2) 12. W(3, -2), X(7, -1)
13. Y(0, 5), Z(2, 1) 14. A(6, 5), B(-3, -5) 15. C(2, 1), D(7, -1)
16. E(-5, 2), F(0, 2) 17. G(-3, 5), H(-2, 5) 18. I(2, 0), J(3, 5)

Extra Practice
TRAVEL Use the graph to answer 4OTAL$ISTANCE4RAVELEDPER(OUR

Exercises 1 and 2.

1. The number of miles traveled varies
directly with the number of hours
traveling has been taking place.
$ISTANCEMI

What is the rate of speed in miles
per hour?

2. Going at the rate shown, what distance
would one travel in 39 hours?

3. GAS MILEAGE Pilar’s car can travel
about 100 miles on 3 gallons of gas. 4IMEH
Assuming that the distance traveled
remains constant to the amount of gas used, how many gallons of
gas would be needed to travel 650 miles?
4. MONEY Determine whether the linear function shown is a direct
variation. If so, state the constant of variation.
Savings, x $2,154 $3,231 $4,308 $5,385
Years, y 2 3 4 5
State the slope and y-intercept for the graph of each equation.
3. y = -6x + _
1
1. y = 3x - 5 2. y = 2x - 6
2
4. y = -7x + _ 5. y = _x + 7 6. y = _x + 8
5 1 3
2 2 4
7. y = - x - _
_ 8. y = -_x - _ _
2 1 1 3 2
9. y = x + 5
3 3 8 8 3
_
2
10. y = - x - 1 11. 3x + y = 6 12. y - 4x = 7
7
Graph each equation using the slope and y-intercept.
13. y = -2x + 5 14. y = -3x + 1 15. y = -x + 1 16. y = -x + 3
20. y = _x - 1
5
17. y = x - 3 18. y = x - 5 19. y = 3x - 6
2
21. y = _x + 3
1
22. y = -2x - 2 23. y - 4x = -1 24. 2x + y = 3
2
700 Extra Practice

Write a system of equations that represents each situation.

1. BAND The school band has a total of 125 students. There are 25 more
girls than boys.
2. PIZZA Pearson Middle School ordered a total of 75 cheese and
pepperoni pizzas. The total cost of the pizzas was $445. Each cheese
pizza cost $5, and each pepperoni pizza cost $7.
Write a system of inequalities that represents each situation.

3. JERSEYS The Athletic Boosters are selling calendars and programs at
every football game to raise money for new jerseys. They need to
make at least $1,500 to pay for the jerseys. With each calendar they
Extra Practice
sell, they make a profit of $5.00 and with each program, they make a
profit of $3.00. They plan on selling at least 400 items.
4. SHOPPING Maribel is researching how much it will cost to order CDs
from different companies. Company A charges a shipping fee of
$3.95 plus an additional $1.00 for each CD ordered. Company B only
charges a shipping fee of $5.50. Both companies sell the CDs for
$10.99 each. Maribel can spend no more than $100 for the CDs.
CLUBS For Exercises 1–3, use the table Math Club Membership
that shows the Math Club membership Number of
from 2001 to 2006. Year
Students
1. Make a graph of the data. 2001 20
2. Describe how the number of Math Club 2002 21

memberships changed from 2001 to 2006. 2003 30
2004 34
3. What is a reasonable prediction for the
membership in 2007 if this membership 2005 38
trend continues? 2006 45
Explain whether a scatter plot of the data for each of the following
might show a positive, negative, or no relationship.
1. height and hair color 2. hours spent studying and test scores
3. income and month of birth 4. child’s age and height
5. age and eye color 6. number of hours worked and earnings
7. 8. 9.
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Extra Practice 701

Determine whether each graph, equation, or table represents a linear

or nonlinear function. Explain.
1. 2. 3. 0 1 2
x -1 0 1 2 x -1 0 1 2 x -1
y 2 0 2 8 y -1 0 1 8 y -3 0 3 6
4. y 5. y 6. y
O
x
O x O x
Extra Practice
8. y = _x
2
7. y = 3x 9. y = x 2 + 5
3
11. y = -_
3
10. y = 4 x x 12. xy = -3
13. y = x 3 + 2 14. y = 2 15. y = 3x + 5

1. y = x 2 - 1 2. y = 1.5x 2 + 3 3. y = x 2 - x 4. y = 2x 2
5. y = x 2 + 3 6. y = -3x 2 + 4 7. y = -x 2 + 7 8. y = 3x 2
11. y = _x 2 + 1
1
9. y = 3x 2 + 9x 10. y = -x 2 12. y = 5x 2 - 4
2
13. y = -x 2 + 3x 14. y = 2.5x 2 15. y = -2x 2 16. y = 8x 2 + 3
17. y = -x 2 + _x
1
18. y = -4x 2 + 4 19. y = 4x 2 + 3 20. y = -4x 2 + 1
2
21. y = 2x 2 + 1 22. y = x 2 - 4x 23. y = 3x 2 + 5 24. y = 0.5x 2
26. y = _x 2 - 2
3
25. y = 2x 2 - 5x 27. y = 6x 2 + 2 28. y = 5x 2 + 6x
2
For Exercises 1–2, solve by making a model.

1. GEARS The set of gears shown has
diameters of 10 inches, 12 inches, %- %0 !
"'
12 inches, and 20 inches. After how

many complete revolutions of the smaller
gear will the larger gear make one
complete revolution?
2. PACKAGING Cecil needs packing tape to ship a number of
identically-shaped packages. The packages are cubes. He needs
to tape all the way around the box, in both directions, and have
2 inches of overlap in each direction. Write an expression that can
be used to find the amount of tape needed to wrap p such packages.
702 Extra Practice


3. y = _x3
1
1. y = 2x3 - 3 2. y = -x3 + 2
2
5. y = -_x3 - 1
1
4. y = -4x3 + 3 6. y = x3 - 2
4
7. y = _x3 - 2
1
8. y = -3x3 + 1 9. y = x3 + 2
3
Extra Practice
1. 2 3 · 2 4 2. 5 6 · 5 3. t –4 · t2
4. y 5 · y 3 5. (-3x 3)(-2x 2) 6. b 12 · b
7. 3 5 · 3 8 8. (-2y3) (5y–7) 9. (6a 5)(-3a 6)
2 5
10. (-x)(-6x 3) 11. (3x 2)(2x 5) 12. (-6y )(-2y )
13. (-3a)(-2a 6) 14. 8a–3 (5a5) 15. (6x 2)(2x 11)

x 11
_ a6
_ b4
_
1. 2. 3.
x2 a3 b–5
79
_ 25
_ 11 10
_
4. 5. 6.
7 6
2 2 11
5 3
16x 3
_ 25y
_ -48y
__
7. 8. 9.
4x 2 5y 2 -8y
–5 7 5
12y
_ 39x y
__ 21a 7b 2
__
10. 2
11. 3
12.
3y 3x y 7ab 2
2
22a –4b 3
__ 15x y
_ 20a 3b 2
__
13. 14. 15.
2a 2b –2 3xy 2a 2b
Simplify.
1. (23)2 2. (43)3 3. (62)4
4. (a4)3 5. (m7)8 6. (k5)7
7. [(32)2]3 8. [(42)2]2 9. [(23)2]3
10. (6z4)5 11. (8c8)3 12. (-3a5b12)5
Extra Practice 703

Simplify.
1. √
b2 2. √
c 4d 8 3. √
m 2p 6 4. √
k4
5. √
49x 2 6. √
81w4 7. √
64y4z8 8. √
36b6c10
3 3 3
9.
3
√j3 10. √
27k 6 11. √
64d 9 12. √
8m 15
3 3
13. √
125c 6 14. √
512h 21 15. √ 3
343j 12 16.
3
√
216p 3
Extra Practice
Solve Exercises 1 and 2. Use the make a table strategy.

1. BEDTIME The list shows the times 2. PETS Ms. Smith’s class listed the
eighth graders in Mr. Garcia’s number of pets they have in their
homeroom went to sleep the previous homes as shown below. Organize
night. Organize the data in a table the list to determine what the most
using intervals 9:00–9:29, 9:30–9:59, common number of pets per
and so on. What is the most common household is for the class.
interval for students to go to sleep?
0 1 2 5 4
9:35 10:45 10:20 10:50 3 2 2 3 0
9:10 11:00 10:23 10:00 1 10 3 4 2
10:05 10:15 9:55 9:40 1 0 9 2 6
10:39 10:33 9:59 9:43 3 2 2 0 1
10:04 11:05 9:00 9:24 5 12 0 2 3
10:37 9:30 9:50 11:15
10:01 10:58
ARCHITECTURE For Exercises 1–4, use

(EIGHTSOF"UILDINGS
the histogram.
1. How many buildings are represented

.UMBEROF"UILDINGS
in the histogram?
2. Which interval represents the most

number of buildings?

3. How many buildings are taller than
70 feet?

n
n
n
n
n
n

4. What is the height of the tallest

(EIGHTFEET
building?
704 Extra Practice

Construct a circle graph for each set of data.

1. 2. 3.
Students in North Number of Siblings Household Expenses
High School 0 25% food 45%
freshmen 30% 1 45% housing 30%
sophomores 28% 2 20% utilities 15%
juniors 24% 3 5% other 10%
seniors 18% 4 2%
5+ 3%
Extra Practice
Find the mean, median, mode, and range for each set of data. Round to the
1. 2, 7, 9, 12, 5, 14, 4, 8, 3, 10 2. 58, 52, 49, 60, 61, 56, 50, 61
3. 122, 134, 129, 140, 125, 134, 137 4. 36, 41, 43, 45, 48, 52, 54, 56, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65
5. 11, 15, 21, 11, 6, 10, 11 6. 21, 20, 19, 20, 18, 21, 23, 25
7. 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3 8. 23, 35, 42, 26, 27, 29, 31, 29, 27
Find the range, median, upper and lower quartiles, interquartile

range, and any outliers for each set of data.
1. 15, 12, 21, 18, 25, 11, 17, 19, 20 2. 2, 24, 6, 13, 8, 6, 11, 4
3. 189, 149, 155, 290, 141, 152 4. 451, 501, 388, 428, 510, 480, 390
5. 22, 18, 9, 26, 14, 15, 6, 19, 28 6. 245, 218, 251, 255, 248, 241, 250
7. 46, 45, 50, 40, 49, 42, 64 8. 128, 148, 130, 142, 164, 120, 152, 202
Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each set of data.
1. 2, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 5, 6 2. 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 11, 13, 14, 12, 11, 12

3. 15, 12, 21, 18, 25, 11, 17, 19, 20 4. 2, 24, 6, 13, 8, 6, 11, 4
ZOOS For Exercises 5 and 6, use the following box-and-whisker plot.
Area (acres) of Major Zoos in the United States
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

5. How many outliers are in the data?

6. Describe the distribution of the data. What can you say about the
areas of the major zoos in the United States?
Extra Practice 705

Display each set of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.

1. 37, 44, 32, 53, 61, 59, 49, 69 2. 3, 26, 35, 8, 21, 24, 30, 39, 35, 5, 38
3. 15.7, 7.4, 0.6, 0.5, 15.3, 7.9, 7.3 4. 172, 198, 181, 182, 193, 171, 179, 186, 181
5. 55, 62, 81, 75, 71, 69, 74, 80, 67 6. 121, 142, 98, 106, 111, 125, 132, 109, 117, 126
7. 17, 54, 37, 86, 24, 69, 77, 92, 21 8. 7.3, 6.1, 8.9, 6.7, 8.2, 5.4, 9.3, 10.2, 5.9, 7.5, 8.3
For Exercises 9-11, use the stem-and-leaf plot shown Stem Leaf
at the right. 7 2 2 3 5 9
8 0 1 1 4 6 6 8 9
9. What is the greatest value? 9 3 4 8
10. In which interval do most of the 9 |4 ⫽ 94
Extra Practice
values occur?
11. What is the median value?
FITNESS For Exercises 1 and 2, use the graphs.

1. Do both graphs contain the Graph A Graph B
same information? Explain. Students Completing Students Completing
2. Which graph would you use Obstacle Course Obstacle Course
to indicate that many more
Number of Students
130 Number of Students 120

eighth graders finished the 120 100
obstacle course than sixth or 110 80
100 60
seventh graders? Explain.
90 40
20
6th 7th 8th
grade grade grade 0
6th 7th 8th
grade grade grade
Draw a tree diagram to determine the number of possible outcomes.

1. A car comes in white, black, or red with standard or automatic
transmission and with a 4-cylinder or 6-cylinder engine.
2. A customer can buy roses or carnations in red, yellow, pink,
or white.
3. A pizza can be ordered with a regular or deep dish crust and with
a choice of one topping, two toppings, or three toppings.
Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the number of

possible outcomes.
4. A woman’s shoe comes in red, white, blue, or black with a choice
of high, medium, or low heels.
5. Sugar cookies, chocolate chip, or oatmeal raisin cookies can
be ordered either with or without icing.
706 Extra Practice

Two socks are drawn from a drawer which contains one red sock,
three blue socks, two black socks, and two green socks. Once a sock is
selected, it is not replaced. Find each probability.
1. P(a black sock and then a green sock)
2. P(two blue socks)
There are three quarters, five dimes, and twelve pennies in a bag.
Once a coin is drawn from the bag, it is not replaced. If two coins are
drawn at random, find each probability.
3. P(a quarter and then a penny) 4. P(a nickel and then a dime)
Extra Practice
FOOD For Exercises 1–3, use the survey results at the right. Favorite Pizza Topping
1. What is the probability that a person’s favorite pizza Topping Number
topping is pepperoni? pepperoni 45
2. Out of 280 people, how many would you expect to sausage 25
have pepperoni as their favorite pizza topping? green pepper 15
3. What is the probability that a person’s favorite pizza mushrooms 5
topping is pepperoni or sausage? other 10
Use the act it out strategy to solve the following problems.

1. BRIDGES One-third of a bridge support is underground, another
one-sixth of it is covered by water, and 325 feet are out of the water.
What is the total height of the bridge support?
2. GAMES Cesar is playing a game with his little sister that requires
him to arrange cards face down into an array of columns and rows.
When he puts 4 cards in each row, he has 3 left over. When he puts 5
cards in each row, he has 1 left over. Give two possible numbers of
cards Cesar might have.
Determine whether the conclusions are valid. Justify your answer.

1. To award prizes at a hockey game, four tickets with individual seat
numbers printed on them are picked from a barrel. Since Jose’s
section was not selected for any of the four prizes, he assumes that
they forgot to include the entire section in the drawing.
2. To evaluate the quality of the televisions coming off the assembly
line, the manufacturer takes one every half hour and tests it. About 1
out of every 10,000 is found to have a minor mechanical problem.
The company assumes from this data that about 1 out of every
10,000 televisions they produce will be returned for mechanical
problems after being purchased.
Extra Practice 707

Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers Pages 22–81
1. PATTERNS Draw the next two figures in HISTORY For Exercises 9 and 10, use the
the pattern below. (Lesson 1-1) following information.
To be President of the United States, a person
must be at least 35 years old. (Lesson 1-7)
TEMPERATURE For Exercises 2 and 3, use the 9. If y is the year a person was born, write
following information. an expression for the earliest year that he
The formula F = _
9
C + 32 is used to convert or she could be President.
5
degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit. 10. If a person became President in 2004,
(Lesson 1-2) write an equation to find the latest year
2. Find the degrees Fahrenheit if it is 30°C
he or she could have been born.
outside.
3. A local newscaster announces that today 11. TIME Lo arrived home at 5:45 P.M. from
is his birthday. Rather than disclose his the store. At the store, she spent half
true age on air, he states that his age in an hour trying on clothes, 15 minutes
Celsius is 10. How old is he? looking at shoes, and 10 minutes waiting
in line. If it took her 35 minutes to drive
4. SPORTS In football, a penalty results in a home, what time did she arrive at the
loss of yards. Write an integer to describe store? Use the work backward strategy.
a loss of 10 yards. (Lesson 1-3) (Lesson 1-8)
BILLS For Exercises 5 and 6, use the table

below. (Lesson 1-4) 12. BANKING After you withdraw $75 from
your checking account, the balance is
Description Amount ($)
$205. Write and solve a subtraction
Beginning Balance 435
equation to find your balance before the
Gas Company -75
withdrawal. (Lesson 1-9)
Electric Company -75
Phone Company -100
Deposit 75 13. MONEY Janelle baby-sits and charges $5
Rent -200 per hour. Write and solve a multiplication
equation to find how many hours she
5. How much is in the account? needs to baby-sit in order to make
6. Kirsten owes the cable company $65. $55. (Lesson 1-10)
Does she have enough to pay this bill?
7. WEATHER For the month of August, the 14. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Work is done when a
highest temperature was 98°F. The lowest force acts on an object and the object
temperature was 54°F. What was the moves. The amount of work, measured in
range of temperatures for the foot-pounds, is equal to the amount of
month? (Lesson 1-5) force applied, measured in pounds, times
the distance, in feet, the object moved.
8. WEATHER During a thunderstorm, the Write and solve a multiplication equation
temperature dropped by 5 degrees per that could be used to find how far you
half-hour. What was the temperature have to lift a 45-pound object to produce
change after 3 hours? (Lesson 1-6) 180 foot-pounds of work. (Lesson 1-10)
708 Mixed Problem Solving

Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational Numbers Pages 82–141
1. HEALTH A newborn baby weighs GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of each

6_
3
pounds. Write this weight as a figure. (Lesson 2-5)
4
decimal. (Lesson 2-1) 11. 1 12.
ft 1 5
2 2 6 in. 1 6 in.
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 2 and 3, use the

1
figure below. (Lesson 2-1) 1 2 ft 1
3 6 in.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. ELECTIONS In the Student Council

elections, Janie won _1
in.
of the votes, and
_
2 5
2. Write the length of the pencil as a Jamal won of the votes. What fraction
3
fraction. of the votes did the only other candidate
receive? (Lesson 2-6)
3. Write the length of the pencil as a
decimal. 14. CONSTRUCTION Three pieces of wood are
4. SEWING Which is the smallest seam: 4_
3 _
, 5 1 , and 7_
3
inches long. If these
_1 inch, _1 inch, or _1 inch? (Lesson 2-2) 4 8 16
4 2 8 pieces of wood are laid end to end, what
Find the area of each rectangle. (Lesson 2-3) is their total length? (Lesson 2-6)

5. 6. FINANCES For Exercises 15 and 16, use the
1
2
in. 1 following information.
1 5 yd
Jenna makes $3.25 per hour delivering
3
4
in. newspapers. (Lesson 2-7)
2
3
yd
15. Write a multiplication equation you can
7. COOKING Giovanni is increasing his use to determine how many hours she
double chocolate chip cookie recipe to 1_ 1 must work to earn $35.75.
2
batches. If the original recipe calls for 3_
1 16. How many hours does Jenna need to
2 work to earn $35.75?
cups of flour, how much flour does he
need for 1_
1
batches? (Lesson 2-3)
2 17. SCHEDULES Buses arrive at the station
at 11:10 A.M., 11:32 A.M., 11:54 A.M., and
8. MEDICINE A baby gets 1 dropper of
12:16 P.M. If this pattern continues,
medicine for each 2_
1
pounds of body what time will the next bus arrive at
4
weight. If a baby weighs 11_
1
pounds, the station? Use the look for a pattern
4
how many droppers of medicine should strategy. (Lesson 2-8)
she get? (Lesson 2-4)
18. BIOLOGY If one cell splits in two every
9. LIBRARIES Lucas is storing a set of art _1 hour, how many cells will there be
2
books on a shelf that has 11_
1
inches of after 4_
1
hours? (Lesson 2-9)
4 2
shelf space. If each book is _
3
inch wide, 19. HAIR There are an estimated 100,000 hairs
4
how many books can be stored on the on a person’s head. Write this number in
shelf? (Lesson 2-4) scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)
10. HEIGHT Molly is 64_ inches tall. Minya is
1
4 20. LIFE SCIENCE A petri dish contains
62_
3
inches tall. How much taller is Molly 2.53 × 10 11 bacteria. Write the number of
4
than Minya? (Lesson 2-5) bacteria in standard form. (Lesson 2-10)
Mixed Problem Solving 709

Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Pages 142–185
1. GARDENING A square garden has an area 9. GEOGRAPHY In Ohio, a triangle is formed

of 576 square feet. What is the length of by the cities Cleveland, Columbus, and
each side of the garden? (Lesson 3-1) Toledo. From the distances given below,
is this triangle a right triangle? Explain
GEOMETRY The formula for the perimeter your reasoning. (Lesson 3-5)
of a square is P = 4s, where s is the length 99 mi
of the side. Find the perimeter of each Toledo
Sandusky
Cleveland
square. (Lesson 3-1) Findlay Akron
Lima Mansfield Canton

2. 3.
Area ⫽ 120 mi Marion 124 mi
Area ⫽
16 square 144 square
inches Newark
meters Upper Arlington Zanesville
Columbus
10. INTERIOR DESIGN A room is 20 feet by

SCIENCE The formula t = _ represents the
√
h 15 feet. Find the length of the diagonal
4 of the room. (Lesson 3-5)
time t in seconds that it takes an object to
fall from a height of h feet. (Lesson 3-2)
11. KITES A kite string is 25 yards long. The
4. If a ball is dropped from a height of horizontal distance between the kite and
100 feet, estimate how long it will take the person flying it is 12 yards. How high
to reach the ground. is the kite? (Lesson 3-6)

5. If a ball is dropped from a height of
12. REPAIRS Shane is painting his house. He
500 feet, estimate how long it will take
to reach the ground. has a ladder that is 10 feet long. He places
the base of the ladder 6 feet from the
6. SUMMER Mrs. Thorne surveyed her house. How far up the side of the house
students about their summer plans. The will the top of the ladder reach? (Lesson 3-6)
results showed that 42 students wanted
13. ARCHEOLOGY A dig uncovers an urn at
to go on vacation, 53 students hoped to
(1, 1) and a bracelet at (5, 3). How far
get a summer job. Of those students, 17
apart were the two items if one unit on
planned to do both. If 93 students were
the grid equals 1 mile? (Lesson 3-7)
surveyed, how many students are not
y
planning to go on vacation or get a
summer job? Use a Venn diagram.
(Lesson 3-3)
bracelet
7. WAVES The speed s in knots of a wave urn

can be estimated using the formula
O x
s = 1.34 √, where is the length of the
wave in feet. Find the estimated speed of 14. TRAVEL A unit on the grid below is
a wave of length 5 feet. (Lesson 3-4) 0.25 mile. Find the distance from point
A to point B. (Lesson 3-7)
8. GEOMETRY To approximate the radius B
of a circle, you can use the formula College Rd.
r = _

A , where A is the area of the A
3.14
Summit St.
Walnut Rd.
circle. To the nearest tenth, find the
State St.
Vine St.
radius of a circle that has an area of

Park St.
60 square feet. (Lesson 3-4)

Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity Pages 188–249
1. SHOPPING You can buy 3 tapes at The 7. MEASUREMENT A large container of

Music Shoppe for $12.99, or you can buy medicine contains 0.5 liter of the drug.
5 of the same tapes for $19.99 at Quality How many 25-milliliter doses of the drug
Sounds. Which is the better buy? Explain are in this container? (Lesson 4-6)
your reasoning. (Lesson 4-1)
8. SPEED A certain go-kart will travel up to
25 miles per hour. How fast can the go-kart
2. TRAVEL On a trip, you drive 1,565 miles travel in kilometers per hour? (Lesson 4-6)
on 100 gallons of gas. Find your car’s gas
mileage. (Lesson 4-1) 9. SHIPPING A company bases its shipping
rates on cubic feet. A box has a volume of
3,456 cubic inches. How many cubic feet
3. MUSIC A music store is having a sale on
should be charged to ship the package?
CDs. If you buy 4 CDs, you get 1 CD
(Lesson 4-7)
free. If all CDs are all priced at $9.99, is
the amount of money spent proportional
10. PAINT A painter can paint one square foot
to the number of CDs you take home?
of wall in six seconds. How many square
(Lesson 4-2)
meters can she paint in one hour?
(Lesson 4-7)
4. ELECTIONS About _ of the eighth-grade

2

3 11. ARCHITECTURE The Eiffel Tower is 986 feet
class voted for Dominic to be Student
tall. If Caroline built a scale model that is
Council president. If there are 350
6 inches tall, what is the scale of the
students in the eighth-grade class, how
model? (Lesson 4-8)
many voted for Dominic? (Lesson 4-3)
12. CARS A model is being built of a car. The
5. GIFTS Tammy wants to buy a card and a car is 12 feet long and 9 feet wide. If the
balloon for her mother’s birthday. She is length of the model is 4 inches, how wide
deciding among 5 different cards and should the model be? (Lesson 4-8)
4 different balloons. If she buys only
one card and one balloon, how many 13. WEATHER The temperature is 88°F at
different combinations can be purchased? 2 P.M. and 72°F at 3:30 P.M. What was
Use the draw a diagram strategy. (Lesson 4-4) the rate of change in temperature
between these two time periods?
(Lesson 4-9)
6. PHOTOGRAPHY Eva wants to enlarge the
picture below and frame it. The scale 14. LOANS Find the slope of the line below
factor from the original picture to the and interpret its meaning as a rate of
enlarged picture is to be 5:2. Find the change. (Lesson 4-10)
dimensions of the enlarged picture.
(Lesson 4-5) Amount Owed
6 in. y
6,000
Balance ($)
4,000
4 in. 2,000
x
0 2 4 6
Number of Payments

Chapter 5 Percent Pages 250–301
1. SCHOOL Two out of five children entering 9. FARMING A farmer receives 25% of the
kindergarten can read. Write this ratio as cost of a bag of flour. Determine the
a percent. (Lesson 5-1) amount of money a farmer receives from
a bag of flour that sells for $1.60. (Lesson 5-4)
2. ELECTIONS About 25% of the school voted
for yellow and red to be the school colors.
10. MONEY Julianne earned $272, $298, and
Write this percent as a fraction. (Lesson 5-1)
$304 on her last 3 paychecks. If she saved
3. FOOD About _ of Americans eat fast
17 28% of her earnings, would the amount
25 of money she saved be closer to $260,
food at least two times a week. Write _
17
25 $460, or $600? (Lesson 5-5)
as a percent. (Lesson 5-2)
4. MEASUREMENT What percent of the area 11. LIFE SCIENCE The table below lists the
of the rectangle is shaded? (Lesson 5-2) elements found in the human body. If
6 in. Jacinta weighs 120 pounds, estimate how
many pounds of each element are in her
4 in. body. (Lesson 5-6)
2 in.
Element Percent of Body
2 in.
Oxygen 63
Carbon 19
5. EXAMS Lexie answered 75% of the exam
Hydrogen 9
questions correctly. If she answered 30
Nitrogen 5
questions correctly, how many questions
were on the exam? (Lesson 5-3) Calcium 1.5
Phosphorus and Sulfur 1.2
COLORS For Exercises 6 Color Number Source: The New York Public Library Science
and 7, use the table Desk Reference
yellow 4
listing the number of brown 12
each color of candies 12. RETAIL A pair of shoes costs $50. If a
red 2
in a jar. (Lesson 5-3) 5.75% sales tax is added, what is the total
green 5
6. What percent of the cost of the shoes? (Lesson 5-7)
orange 1
candies are brown?
blue 1
7. What percent of the 13. DISCOUNT A watch that regularly sells for
candies are green? $35 is on sale for $26.95. Find the percent
of discount. (Lesson 5-8)
8. MOVIES The results of a survey asking
children ages 3 to 6 if they liked a recent
animated movie are shown below. 14. WEATHER The average wind speed on
Mount Washington is 35.3 miles per hour.
The highest wind speed ever recorded
there is 231 miles per hour. Find the
30% percent of change from the average wind
70% speed to the highest wind speed. (Lesson 5-8)
Liked Movie Disliked Movie

15. LOANS Cleo paid off a $2,000 loan from
her parents in 3 years. If she paid a total
If 120 children were surveyed, how many of $2,030 back to her parents, what was
said they liked the movie? (Lesson 5-4) the interest rate of her loan? (Lesson 5-9)

Chapter 6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning Pages 304–349
FURNITURE For Exercises 1–3, use the 7. GEOMETRY Use the table to find the sum
following information. of the measures of the interior angles of a
A single piece of wood is used for both the 17-gon. (Lesson 6-3)
backrest of a chair and its rear legs. The Sum of the
inside angle that the wood makes with the Polygon
Interior Angles
floor is 100°. (Lesson 6-1) Triangle 180°
Quadrilateral 360°
Pentagon 540°
Hexagon 720°
x˚
80˚
8. GEOMETRY The floor of a playhouse is
in the shape of a regular hexagon. What
y˚ 100˚
is the measure of an interior angle of the
floor?(Lesson 6-3)
1. Find the values of x and y.
9. GARDENING Two triangular gardens have
2. Classify the angle measuring x°.
congruent shapes. If 36 bricks are needed
3. Classify the angle pair measuring 100° to border the first garden, how many
and y°. bricks are needed to border the second

garden? Explain your reasoning.
4. TRANSPORTATION The angle at the (Lesson 6-4)
corner where two streets intersect is 125°.
If a bus cannot make a turn at an angle of QUILT PATTERNS For Exercises 10 and 11, use
less than 70°, can bus service be provided the diagrams below. (Lesson 6-5)
on a route that includes turning that corner a. b.
in both directions? Explain. (Lesson 6-1)
125˚ 10. Determine whether each pattern has line

symmetry. If it does, trace the pattern and
draw all lines of symmetry. If not, write
none.
11. Which pattern has rotational symmetry?
Name its angles of rotation.
ART For Exercises 12 and

5. MEASUREMENT If 45 milligrams equals
13, copy and complete the
0.045 gram and 0.045 gram equals design shown at the right
0.000045 kilogram, then how many so that each finished
milligrams are in 9.87 kilograms? Use four-paneled piece of art
logical reasoning. (Lesson 6-2) fits the given description. Upper Right
Corner
6. SALES A card store is selling cards for 12. The finished art has only a
$1.55 each. If you buy 3, you get 1 free. vertical line of symmetry. (Lesson 6-6)
How many cards did Tamara get if she 13. The finished art shows translations
spent $18.60? Use logical reasoning. of the first design to each of the other
(Lesson 6-2) 3 panels. (Lesson 6-7)

Chapter 7 Measurement: Area and Volume Pages 350–411
1. FOOD An apple pie has a diameter of 9. HATS A clown wants to fill his party hat
8 inches. If 1 slice is _
1
of the pie, what is with confetti. Use the drawing below to
6
the area of each slice? (Lesson 7-1) determine how much confetti his hat will
hold. (Lesson 7-6)
2. MONEY The diameter of a dime is about
17.9 millimeters. If the dime is rolled on
its edge, how far will it roll after one
complete rotation? (Lesson 7-1)
6 in.
3. AREA The school courtyard is 48 feet long
and 32 feet wide. The Student Council
planted a garden that covered 18.9% of 8 in.
the courtyard. About how much of the
courtyard is covered by the garden? Use
the solve a simpler problem strategy. 10. PRESENTS Viviana wants to wrap a gift
(Lesson 7-2) in a box that is 5 inches by 3 inches by
3 inches. How much wrapping paper
4. FURNITURE The top of a desk is shown
will she need? Assume that the paper
below. How much workspace does the does not overlap. (Lesson 7-7)
desktop provide? (Lesson 7-3)
50 in. 11. PAINTING A front of a government

building has four columns that are each
15 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. If the
36 in. columns are to be painted, find the total
surface area to be painted. (Hint: The tops
12 in. 12 in. and bottoms of the columns will not be
12 in. 12 in. painted.) (Lesson 7-7)
5. STORAGE Denise has a hatbox in the 12. HISTORY The Pyramid of Cestius is a
shape of a hexagonal prism. How many monument in Rome. It is a square
faces, edges, and vertices are on the pyramid with a slant height of 39.9
hatbox? (Lesson 7-4) meters and a base length of 30 meters.
What is its lateral surface area? Round
ANT FARM For Exercises 6 and 7, use the to the nearest tenth if necessary.
following information. (Lesson 7-8)
A 3-foot by 2-foot by 1.5-foot terrarium is to

13. FAMOUS BUILDINGS The front of the Rock
be filled with dirt for an ant farm. (Lesson 7-5)
and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland,
6. How much dirt will the terrarium hold? Ohio, is a square pyramid made out of
7. If each bag from the store holds 3 cubic glass. The pyramid has a slant height of
feet of dirt, how many bags will be 120 feet and a base length of 230 feet.
needed to fill the terrarium? Find the lateral area of the pyramid.
(Lesson 7-8)
8. BATTERY A size D battery is cylinder-
shaped, with a diameter of 33.3 14. PYRAMIDS A square pyramid has a slant
millimeters and a height of 61.1 height of 150 feet. Alejandro built a
millimeters. Find the battery’s volume in model of the pyramid. On the model, 3
cubic centimeters. (Hint: 1 cm 3 = 1,000 inches represents 54 feet. What is the
mm 3) (Lesson 7-5) slant height of the model? (Lesson 7-9)

Chapter 8 Algebra: More Equations and Inequalities Pages 414–461
1. SCHOOL SUPPLIES You buy two gel pens 7. MEASUREMENT Write an equation to find
for x dollars each, a spiral-bound the value of x so that each pair of polygons
notebook for $1.50, and a large eraser for has the same perimeter. Then solve.
$1. Write an expression in simplest form (Lesson 8-4)
for the total amount of money you spent
on school supplies. (Lesson 8-1) x⫹5
x x
2. ENTERTAINMENT You buy x CDs for
x⫹2 x⫹3
$15.99 each, a tape for $9.99, and a video
for $20.99. Write an expression in
8. MUSIC One music club charges $35 a
simplest form for the total amount of
month plus $5 per CD. Another club
money you spent. (Lesson 8-1)
charges $7 a month plus $9 per CD. Write
3. ZOO Four adults took a trip to the zoo.
and solve an equation to find the number
If they spent $37 for admission and $3 for of CD purchases that results in the same
parking, solve the equation 4a + 3 = 37 to monthly cost. (Lesson 8-4)
find the cost of admission per person.
(Lesson 8-2) 9. MEASUREMENT A cube has a volume of
125 cubic centimeters. The cube is inside
4. POOLS There were 820 gallons of water another cube with dimensions that are

in a 1,600-gallon pool. Water is being twice that of the smaller cube. Find the
pumped into the pool at a rate of 300 dimensions of both the smaller and
gallons per hour. Solve the equation larger cubes. Use the guess and check
300t + 820 = 1,600 to find how many strategy. (Lesson 8-5)
hours it will take to fill the pool. (Lesson 8-2)
For Exercises 10 and 11, write an inequality
5. FOOTBALL In football, a touchdown and
for each sentence. (Lesson 8-6)
extra point is worth 7 points, and a field
goal is worth 3 points. The winning team 10. AMUSEMENT PARKS Your height must be
scored 27 points. The score consisted over 48 inches tall to ride the roller
of two field goals, and the rest were coaster.
touchdowns with extra points. Write and
11. SHOPPING You can spend no more than
solve an equation to determine how many
$500 on your vacation.
touchdowns the winning team scored.
(Lesson 8-3)
12. SCHOOL Julie has math and English
6. DIVING In diving competitions where homework tonight. She has no more than
there are three judges, the sum of the 90 minutes to spend on her homework.
judges’ scores is multiplied by the dive’s Suppose Julie spends 35 minutes
degree of difficulty. A diver’s final score completing her math homework. Write
is the sum of all the scores for each dive. and solve an inequality to find how much
The degree of difficulty for Angel’s final time she can spend on her English
dive is 2.0. Her current score is 358.5, and homework. (Lesson 8-7)
the current leader’s final score is 405.5.
Write and solve an equation to determine 13. STATISTICS The Boston Marathon had
what the sum of the judges’ scores for more than 2,600,000 spectators along its
Angel’s last dive must be in order for her 26-mile route. Write and solve an
to tie the current leader for first place. inequality to find the average number of
(Lesson 8-3) spectators per mile. (Lesson 8-8)

Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear Functions Pages 462–519
MEASUREMENT For Exercises 1 and 2, use the 8. SAVINGS Chen is saving for an $850
following information. computer. He plans to save $50 each
A regular pentagon is a polygon with five month. The equation y = 850 - 50x
sides of equal length. (Lessons 9-1 and 9-2) represents the amount Chen still needs to
save. Graph the equation. What does the
1. Write and graph a function for the
slope of the graph represent? (Lesson 9-5)
perimeter P of a regular pentagon with
side length s.
9. SCHOOL CONCERT Ticket prices for the fall
2. Determine the perimeter of a regular
concert are listed on the sign.
pentagon with sides 3 units long.
Ticket Cost
WATER FLOW For Exercises 3–5, use the
following information. Student $3
An empty Olympic-sized swimming pool is Non-Student $5

being filled with water. The table below
shows the amount of water in the pool after
the indicated amount of time. (Lesson 9-3)
A total of 140 tickets were sold and
Time (h) Volume (m ) 3 $590 was collected. Write a system of
2 144 equations that represents this situation.
3 216 (Lesson 9-6)
5 360
10. TESTS The graph shows the scores on
3. Graph the information with the hours on a recent math test. What was the grade of
the horizontal axis and cubic meters of student number 24? (Lesson 9-7)
water on the vertical axis. Draw a line
through the points. 3TUDENT'RADESON-ATH4EST

4. What is the slope of the graph?
0ERCENT
5. What does the slope represent?

For Exercises 6 and 7, use the graph below.

4OTAL-ONEY%ARNED
3TUDENT.UMBERS

STATISTICS For Year Born Life Expectancy
%ARNINGS

Exercises 11 and 12, 1900 47.3

use the table. 1910 50.0

(Lesson 9-8)
1920 54.1
11. Draw the scatter 1930 59.7
plot for the data. 1940 62.9
.UMBEROF$AYS
12. Does the scatter 1950 68.2
6. The amount of money earned varies plot show a 1960 69.7
directly with the number of days positive, negative, 1970 70.8
working. What is the ratio of money or no relationship? 1980 73.7
earned to days working? (Lesson 9-4) 1990 75.4
7. Find the total amount earned after 2000 77.1
16 days. (Lesson 9-4) Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Chapter 10 Algebra: Nonlinear Functions and Polynomials Pages 520–563
1. MEASUREMENT Recall that the volume V 9. LIFE SCIENCE The number of cells in a
of a sphere is equal to four-thirds pi times petri dish starts at 2 5. By the end of the
the cube of its radius. Is the volume of a day, the number will be 2 7 times greater.
sphere a linear or nonlinear function of its How many cells will be in the dish at the
radius? Explain. (Lesson 10-1) end of the day? (Lesson 10-5)
2. PRODUCTION The 10. EARTHQUAKES The table below describes

Number of Cost
table lists the cost Items ($) different earthquake intensities.
of producing a 2 2,507
specific number of 4 2,514 Richter
Earthquake Intensity
Scale
items at the ABC 6 2,521
Production A 8 107
8 2,528
Company. Does B 4 103
this table represent a linear or nonlinear
function? Explain. (Lesson 10-1) Determine how many times more intense
Earthquake A was than Earthquake B.
(Lesson 10-6)
SCIENCE For Exercises 3–5, use the following
information.

SCIENCE For Exercises 11 and 12, use the
The quadratic equation h = -16t 2 + 200
models the height of a ball t seconds after it is
dropped from a 200-foot cliff. (Lesson 10-2) Kitchen Items pH
3. Graph the function. Lemon Juice 2
4. How high is the ball after 2 seconds? Vinegar 3
5. After about how many seconds will the Tomatoes 4
ball reach the ground? Water 7
Baking Soda 9
6. ART Leah is creating a model of her

11. The pH of a solution describes its acidity.
kitchen. The kitchen measures 18 feet
Each one-unit descrease in the pH means
by 12 feet. If she uses a scale of 2 feet =
that the solution is 10 times more acidic.
1_
1
inch, what are the dimensions of her
2 How much more acidic is vinegar than
kitchen on the model? Use the make a baking soda?
model strategy. (Lesson 10-3)
12. Cola is 10 4 times more acidic than water.

7. POPULATION The population growth of a What is the pH value of cola?
particular species of insect is given by the
function y = 2x 3, where x represents time 13. MEASUREMENT Express
elapsed in days and y represents the the volume of the cube 4a 2 b 4
population size. Graph this function. at the right as a monomial.
(Lesson 10-4) 4a 2 b 4
(Lesson 10-7) 4a 2 b 4
8. AGE Felipe’s age was 23 times Joey’s age. 14. MEASUREMENT Express the length of one
If Joey is 23 years old, how old is side of a cube whose volume is 8x6y9
Felipe? (Lesson 10-5) cubic units as a monomial. (Lesson 10-8)

Chapter 11 Statistics Pages 566–623
1. AGES The list shows ages of people at a 5. BOWLING Find the Club Member Score
movie. Organize the data in a table using mean, median, and A 118
intervals 0–10, 11–17, 18–35, 36–44 and 45 mode of the bowling
B 125
and older. What is the most common age scores for the bowling
C 115
group? (Lesson 11-1) club members listed.
D 198
Then select the
appropriate measure E 125
5 3 32 35 14 25 28 63 4 7
of central tendency F 131
18 50 45 10 9 70 30 45 8 7
to describe the data. G 127
6 36 38 3 7 10 11 29 33 5
6 80 75 10 8 28 30 6 4 39
Justify your answer. H 135
(Lesson 11-4)
40 12 8 35 10 5 3 42 11 38
14 13 12 9 11 17 45 11 18 9
POPULATION The populations of the smallest
countries in 2000 were 860, 10,838, 11,845,
18,766, 26,937, 31,693, and 32,204. (Lessons 11-5
ADVERTISING For Exercises 2 and 3, use the and 11-6)
histogram below. (Lesson 11-2)
6. Find the range and median of the data.
7. Find the upper quartile, lower quartile,
Magazine Advertising
by Industries
and interquartile range of the data.
Number of Industries
8
8. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data.
6
4
9. ARCHITECTURE The number of floors in
2
0 each of the fifteen tallest buildings in a

0– – – –
00 00 00
99 0,0 ,999 0,0 ,999 0,0 ,999 U.S. city is listed below.
9,9 1 9
1
2 9
2
3 9
3
Number of Pages 51 53 45 39 36
Source: Publisher Information 47 42 33 32 31
Bureau, Inc.
33 28 28 25 23
2. How many industries used 20,000 pages

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the
or more of magazine advertising?
data. (Lessons 11-7)
3. How many industries used less than
30,000 pages of magazine advertising? For Exercises 10 and 11, select an
appropriate type of display for each
situation. Then make a display. (Lesson 11-8)
4. AIR Use the circle graph below to 10. MUSIC A survey asked teens what they
describe the makeup of the air we liked most about a song. 59% said the
breathe. (Lesson 11-3) sound, and 41% said the lyrics.
11. Tax Returns Filed Electronically
/iÊÀÊ7iÊ Ài>Ìi
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993
"ÝÞ}i
Ó£¯ Percent 3.7% 6.6% 9.6% 11.0%
ÌÀ}i
Çn¯ Year 1994 1995 1996 1997

>ÀLÊÝì]Ê"ÌiÀÊ Percent 12.2% 10.5% 12.6% 15.8%
>ÃiÃ]7>ÌiÀÊ6>«À 1998 1999 2000 2001
£¯ Year
3OURCE4OR+IDSL!MANCFHE7 Percent 19.9% 23.3% 27.6% 30.7%
Source: The World Almanac for Kids Source: Internal Revenue Service

Chapter 12 Probability Pages 624–659
1. MONEY A dime, a penny, a nickel, and a 8. ECONOMICS Thirty-one percent of

quarter are tossed. How many different minimum-wage workers are between 16
outcomes are there? (Lesson 12-1) and 19 years old. Twenty-two percent of
the minimum-wage workers are between
2. PHONE NUMBERS How many seven-digit 20 and 24 years old. If a person who makes
phone numbers can be made using the minimum wage is selected at random,
numbers 0 through 9 if the first number what is the probability that he or she will
cannot be 0? (Lesson 12-1) be between 16 and 24 years old? (Lesson 12-2)
TELEVISION For Exercises 9 and 10, use the

3. YOGURT The Yogurt Oasis advertises that table below. (Lesson 12-3)
there are 1,512 ways to enjoy a one-
topping sundae. They offer six flavors of Number Who Selected
Television Show
as Favorite Show
frozen yogurt, six different serving sizes,
Show A 35
and several different toppings. How
Show B 25
many toppings do they offer? (Lesson 12-1)
Show C 20
Show D 10
4. MUSIC Kurt is listening to a CD that
Show E 10
contains 12 songs. If he presses the
random button on his CD player, what is

9. What is the probability a person’s
the probability that the first two songs
favorite prime-time TV show is Show A?
will be the same? (Lesson 12-2)
10. Out of 320 people, how many would you
5. BUSINESS An auto dealer finds that 70% expect to say that Show A is their favorite
of the cars coming in for service need a prime-time TV show?
tune up, and 50% need a new air filter.
11. FOOD How many different two scoop ice
What is the probability that a car brought
cream cones can be created from the list
in for service needs both a tune up and a
of flavors shown? Use the act it out
new air filter? (Lesson 12-2)
ELECTRONICS For Exercises 6 and 7, use the Ice Cream Flavors

following information. Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry
The table shows the percent of students at a Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Neopolitan
school who have various electronic devices in Peanut Butter Rocky Road Banana Split
their bedrooms. (Lesson 12-2) Raspberry Butter Pecan Mint
Electronic Device Percent CONCERTS For Exercises 12 and 13, use the
TV 60 following information.
DVD Player 15 As they leave a concert, 50 people are
Computer 20 surveyed at random. Six people say they
Game Station 75 would buy a concert T-shirt. (Lesson 12-5)
12. What percent say they would buy a
6. What is the probability that a student has T-shirt?
both a TV and a computer?
13. If 6,330 people attend the next concert,
7. What is the probability that a student has how many would you expect to buy
a TV, a DVD player, and a computer? T-shirts?

Glossary/Glosario
Cómo usar el glosario en español:
A mathematics multilingual glossary is 1. Busca el término en inglés que desees encontrar.
available at www.math.glencoe.com/multilingual_glossary. 2. El término en español, junto con la definición, se encuentran en
la columna de la derecha.
The glossary includes the following languages.
Arabic Haitian Creole Russian Vietnamese
Bengali Hmong Spanish
Cantonese Korean Tagalog
English Portuguese Urdu
English Español
A
abscissa (p. 173) The first number of an abscisa El primer número de un par ordenado.
ordered pair; the x-coordinate. La coordenada x.
absolute value (p. 36) The distance a number is valor absoluto Número de unidades en la recta
from zero on the number line. numérica que un número dista de cero.
Addition Property of Equality (p. 66) If you propiedad de adición de la igualdad Si sumas
add the same number to each side of an el mismo número a ambos lados de una
equation, the two sides remain equal. ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales.
additive inverse (p. 43) Two integers that are inverso aditivo Dos enteros que son opuestos
opposite of each other are called additive mutuos reciben el nombre de inversos aditivos.
inverses. The sum of any number and its La suma de cualquier número y su inverso
additive inverse is zero. aditivo es cero.
Additive Inverse Property (p. 43) The sum of a propiedad del inverso de la adición La suma
number and its additive inverse is zero. de un número y su inverso aditivo es cero.
algebra (p. 29) The branch of mathematics that álgebra Rama de las matemáticas que trabaja
involves expressions with variables. con expresiones con variables.
Glossary/Glosario
algebraic expression (p. 29) A combination of expresión algebraica Una combinación de

variables, numbers, and at least one operation. variables, números y por lo menos una
operación.
angle (p. 307) Two noncollinear rays that share ángulo Dos rayos no colineales que comparten
a common endpoint. un extremo común.
Associative Property (p. 31) The way in which propiedad asociativa La forma en que se
three numbers are grouped when they are added agrupan tres números al sumarlos o
or multiplied does not change their sum or multiplicarlos no altera su suma o producto.
product.
B
bar notation (p. 85) In repeating decimals, the notación de barra En decimales periódicos, la
line or bar placed over the digits that repeat. línea o barra que se coloca sobre los dígitos que
−− se repiten. Otra manera de escribir 2.6363636...
Another way to write 2.6363636… is 2.63.
−−
es 2.63.
720 Glossary/Glosario
base (p. 126) In a power, the number used base Número que se usa como factor en
as a factor. In 10 3, the base is 10. That is, un potencia. En 10 3, la base es 10. Es decir,
10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10. 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10.
base (p. 369) The bases of a prism are the two base Las bases de un prisma son las dos caras
parallel congruent faces. congruentes paralelas.
base base
base base
biased sample (p. 648) A sample drawn in muestra sesgada Muestra en que se favorece
such a way that one or more parts of the una o más partes de una población.
population are favored over others.
box-and-whisker plot (p. 599) A diagram that diagrama de caja y patillas Diagrama que
summarizes data using the median, the upper resume información usando la mediana, los
and lower quartiles, and the extreme values. A cuartiles superior e inferior y los valores
box is drawn around the quartile values and extremos. Se dibuja una caja alrededor de los
whiskers extend from each quartile to the cuartiles y se trazan patillas que los unan a los
extreme data points. valores extremos respectivos.
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
center (p. 352) The given point from which all centro Un punto dado del cual equidistan
points on a circle are the same distance. todos los puntos de un círculo.
center centro
Glossary/Glosario
circle (p. 352) The set of all points in a plane círculo Conjunto de todos los puntos en un
that are the same distance from a given point plano que equidistan de un punto dado llamado
called the center. centro.
circle círculo
center centro
circle graph (p. 576) A type of statistical graph gráfica circular Tipo de gráfica estadística que
used to compare parts of a whole. The entire se usa para comparar las partes de un todo. El
circle represents the whole. círculo completo representa el todo.
Area of Oceans Área de los océanos
Atlantic Atlántico
22.9% 22.9%
Pacific Pacífico
46.4% 46.4%
Indian Índico
20.4% 20.4%
Southern Arctic Del Sur Ártico

6.1% 4.2% 6.1% 4.2%
Glossary/Glosario 721
circumference (p. 352) The distance around circunferencia La distancia alrededor de
a circle. un círculo.
circumference circunferencia
chord (p. 352) A segment with endpoints that cuerda Segmento cuyos extremos están sobre
are on a circle. un círculo.
coefficient (p. 417) The numerical factor of a coeficiente Factor numérico de un término que
term that contains a variable. contiene una variable.
collinear (p. 306) Points that are on the same colineal Puntos que se encuentran sobre la
line. misma recta.
Commutative Property (p. 31) The order in propiedad conmutativa La forma en que se
which two numbers are added or multiplied suman o multiplican dos números no altera su
does not change their sum or product. suma o producto.
compatible numbers (p. 275) Two numbers números compatibles Dos números que son
that are easy to add, subtract, multiply, or divide fáciles de sumar, restar, multiplicar o dividir
mentally. mentalmente.
complementary angles (p. 307) Two angles ángulos complementarios Dos ángulos son
are complementary if the sum of their measures complementarios si la suma de sus medidas
is 90°. es 90°.
1 1
2 2
⬔1 and ⬔2 are complementary angles. ⬔1 y ⬔2 son complementarios.

Glossary/Glosario
complex figure (p. 363) A figure that is made figura compleja Figura compuesta de dos o
up of two or more shapes. más formas.
complex solid (p. 375) An object made up of sólido complejo Cuerpo compuesto de más de
more than one type of solid. un tipo de sólido.
compound event (p. 631) An event that evento compuesto Evento que consta de dos o
consists of two or more simple events. más eventos simples.
compound interest (p. 294) Interest paid on interés compuesto Interés que se paga por el
the initial principal and on interest earned in capital inicial y sobre el interés ganado en el
the past. pasado.
cone (p. 381) A three-dimensional figure with cono Figura tridimensional con una base
one circular base. A curved surface connects the circular. Una superficie curva conecta la base con
base and the vertex. el vértice.
congruent (p. 207) Having the same measure. congruente Que tienen la misma medida.
congruent angles (p. 306) Angles that have the ángulos congruentes Ángulos que tienen la
same measure. misma medida.
congruent polygons (p. 320) Polygons that polígonos congruentes Polígonos que tienen la
have the same size and shape. misma medida y la misma forma.
B G B G
A C F H A C F H
conjecture (p. 24) An educated guess. conjetura Suposición informada.
constant (p. 417) A term without a variable. constante Término sin variables.
constant of proportionality (p. 200) A constant constante de proporción Razón constante o

ratio or unit rate in a proportion. tasa unitaria en una proporción.
constant rate of change (p. 236) The rate of tasa constante de cambio Tasa de cambio en
change in a linear relationship. una relación lineal.
constant of variation (p. 483) A constant ratio constante de variación Razón constante en una
Glossary/Glosario
in a direct variation. relación de variación directa.
convenience sample (p. 648) A sample which muestra de conveniencia Muestra que incluye
includes members of the population that are miembros de una población fácilmente
easily accessed. accesibles.
converse (p. 164) The converse of a theorem is recíproco El recíproco de un teorema se forma
formed when the parts of the theorem are cuando se invierten las partes del teorema. El
reversed. The converse of the Pythagorean recíproco del teorema de Pitágoras puede usarse
Theorem can be used to test whether a triangle is para averiguar si un triángulo es un triángulo
a right triangle. If the sides of the triangle have rectángulo. Si las longitudes de los lados de un
lengths a, b, and c, such that c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then triángulo son a, b y c, tales que c 2 = a 2 + b 2,
the triangle is a right triangle. entonces el triángulo es un triángulo rectángulo.
coordinate (p. 35) A number associated with a coordenada Número asociado con un punto en
point on the number line. la recta numérica.
coordinate plane (p. 173) A plane in which a plano de coordenadas Plano en que una recta
horizontal number line and a vertical number numérica horizontal y una recta numérica
line intersect at their zero points. vertical se intersecan en sus puntos cero.
y y
x-axis 3 y-axis eje x 3
eje y
2 2
1 1
O O
⫺3⫺2⫺1 1 2 3x ⫺3⫺2⫺1 1 2 3x
⫺1 ⫺1
origin origen
⫺2 ⫺2
⫺3 ⫺3
corresponding parts (p. 206) Parts of partes correspondientes Partes de figuras

congruent or similar figures that match. congruentes o semejantes que coinciden.
X X
A A
Z Y Z Y
C B C B
AB y XY are corresponding sides. AB y XY son lados correspondientes.
⬔C y ⬔Z are corresponding angles. ⬔C y ⬔Z son ángulos correspondientes.
counterexample (p. 31) A statement or example contraejemplo Ejemplo o enunciado que

that shows a conjecture is false. demuestra que una conjetura es falsa.
cross products (p. 198) The products of the productos cruzados Productos que resultan de
terms on the diagonals when two ratios are la comparación de los términos de las diagonales
compared. If the cross products are equal, then de dos razones. Si los productos son iguales,
the ratios form a proportion. In the proportion las razones forman una proporción. En la
_2 = _
8
, the cross products are 2 × 12 and 3 × 8. proporción _
2
=_
8
, los productos cruzados son
3 12 3 12
2 × 12 y 3 × 8.
cube root (p. 554) A number that can be raised raíz cúbica Número que se puede elevar a la
to the third power to create another number. tercera potencia para crear otro número.
Glossary/Glosario
cylinder (p. 374) A solid whose bases are cilindro Sólido cuyas bases son círculos
congruent, parallel circles, connected with a congruentes y paralelos, conectados por un lado
curved side. curvo.
D
defining a variable (p. 58) Choosing a variable definir una variable El elegir una variable y
and a quantity for the variable to represent in an una cantidad que esté representada por la
expression or equation. variable en una expresión o en una ecuación.
dependent events (p. 632) Two or more events eventos dependientes Dos o más eventos en
in which the outcome of one event does affect que el resultado de uno de ellos afecta el
the outcome of the other event or events. resultado de los otros eventos.
diameter (p. 352) The distance across a circle diámetro La distancia a través de un círculo
through its center. pasando por el centro.
diameter diámetro
dimensional analysis (p. 98) The process of análisis dimensional Proceso que incorpora
including units of measurement when you las unidades de medida al hacer cálculos.
compute.
direct variation (p. 483) A relationship between variación directa Relación entre dos cantidades
two variable quantities with a constant ratio. variables con una razón constante.
discount (p. 286) The amount by which a descuento La cantidad de reducción del precio
regular price is reduced. normal.
Distributive Property (p. 31) To multiply a propiedad distributiva Para multiplicar una
sum by a number, multiply each addend by the suma por un número, multiplica cada sumando
number outside the parentheses. por el número fuera de los paréntesis.
Division Property of Equality (p. 70) If you propiedad de división de la igualdad Si cada
divide each side of an equation by the same lado de una ecuación se divide entre el mismo
nonzero number, the two sides remain equal. número no nulo, los dos lados permanecen
iguales.
domain (p. 466) The set of input values in a dominio Conjunto de valores de entrada de
function. una función.
E
edge (p. 368) The intersection of two faces of a arista La intersección de dos caras de una
three-dimensional figure. figura tridimensional.
Glossary/Glosario
edge arista
equation (p. 57) A mathematical sentence that ecuación Un enunciado matemático que
contains an equals sign, =. contiene un signo de igualdad (=).
equiangular (p. 317) A polygon in which all equiangular Polígono en el cual todos los
angles are congruent. ángulos son congruentes.
equilateral (p. 315) A polygon in which all equilátero Polígono en el cual todos los lados
sides are congruent. son congruentes.
equivalent expressions (p. 416) Expressions expresiones equivalentes Expresiones que

that have the same value regardless of the poseen el mismo valor, sin importar los valores
value(s) of the variable(s). de la(s) variable(s).
equivalent ratios (p. 198) Two ratios that have razones equivalentes Dos razones que tienen
the same value. el mismo valor.
evaluate (p. 29) To find the value of an evaluar Calcular el valor de una expresión
expression by replacing the variables with sustituyendo las variables por números.
numerals.
evento Un resultado posible.
event (p. 626) An outcome is a possible result.
probabilidad experimental Probabilidad de
experimental probability (p. 637) An un evento que se estima basándose en la
estimated probability based on the relative frecuencia relativa de los resultados favorables al
frequency of positive outcomes occurring during evento en cuestión, que ocurren durante un
an experiment. experimento.
exponent (p. 126) In a power, the number of exponente En una potencia, el número de
times the base is used as a factor. In 10 3, the veces que la base se usa como factor. En 10 3, el
exponent is 3. exponente es 3.
F
face (p. 368) Any surface that forms a side or a cara Cualquier superficie que forma un lado o
base of a prism. una base de un prisma.
face cara
Glossary/Glosario
function (p. 465) A relation in which each función Relación en que cada elemento de
element of the input is paired with exactly one entrada se relaciona con un único elemento de
element of the output according to a specified salida, según una regla específica.
rule.
tabla de funciones Tabla que organiza las
function table (p. 466) A table organizing the entradas, la regla y las salidas de una función.
input, rule, and output of a function.
principio fundamental de contar Método que
Fundamental Counting Principle (p. 627) Uses usa la multiplicación del número de maneras en
multiplication of the number of ways each event que cada evento puede ocurrir en un
in an experiment can occur to find the number of experimento, para calcular el número de
possible outcomes in a sample space. resultados posibles en un espacio muestral.
H
histogram (p. 570) A special kind of bar graph histograma Tipo especial de gráfica de barras
that displays the frequency of data that has been que exhibe la frecuencia de los datos que han
organized into equal intervals. The intervals sido organizados en intervalos iguales. Los
cover all possible values of data, therefore, there intervalos cubren todos los valores posibles de
are no spaces between the bars of the graph. datos, sin dejar espacios entre las barras de la
gráfica.
Points Scored Per Basketball Game Puntos anotados por partido de básquetbol
10 10
Número de
Number of
partidos
8
Games
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69
Points Puntos
hypotenuse (p. 162) The side opposite the right hipotenusa El lado opuesto al ángulo recto de
angle in a right triangle. un triángulo rectángulo.
hypotenuse hipotenusa
I
image (p. 332) The position of a figure after a imagen La posición de una figura después de
transformation. una transformación.
independent events (p. 631) Two or more eventos independientes Dos o más eventos en
events in which the outcome of one event does los cuales el resultado de un evento no afecta el
not affect the outcome of the other event(s). resultado de otro evento o eventos.
inductive reasoning (p. 314) Reasoning based razonamiento inductivo Razonamiento que se
Glossary/Glosario
on a pattern of examples or past events. basa en un patrón de ejemplos o eventos
pasados.
inequality (p. 35) A mathematical sentence that desigualdad Enunciado matemático que
contains <, >, ≠, ≤, or ≥. contiene <, >, ≠, ≤, o ≥.
integers (p. 35) The set of whole numbers and enteros El conjunto de los números enteros y
their opposites. sus opuestos.
…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
interest (p. 290) The amount of money paid or interés Cantidad que se cobra o se paga por el
earned for the use of money. uso del dinero.
interior angle (p. 316) An angle inside a ángulo interno Ángulo ubicado dentro de un
polygon. polígono.
interquartile range (p. 593) The range of the rango intercuartílico El rango de la mitad
middle half of a set of data. It is the difference central de un conjunto de datos. Es la diferencia
between the upper quartile and the lower entre el cuartil superior y el cuartil inferior.
quartile.
inverse operations (p. 66) Pairs of operations peraciones inversas Pares de operaciones que
that undo each other. Addition and subtraction se anulan mutuamente. La adición y la
are inverse operations. Multiplication and sustracción son operaciones inversas. La
division are inverse operations. multiplicación y la división son operaciones
inversas.
irrational number (p. 155) A number that números irracionales Un número que no se
cannot be expressed as _a , where a and b are puede expresar como el cociente _a , donde a y b
b b
integers and b ≠ 0. son enteros y b ≠ 0.
L
lateral surface area (p. 386) The sum of the área lateral La suma de las áreas de las caras
areas of the lateral faces of a pyramid. laterales de una pirámide.
IN PULG
IN PULG

LATERALAREA SQUAREINCHES
ÉREALATERAL PULGADASCUADRADAS
lateral face (p. 386) A triangular side of a cara lateral Un lado triangular de una
pyramid. pirámide.
Glossary/Glosario
lateral cara
face lateral
legs (p. 162) The two sides of a right triangle catetos Los dos lados de un triángulo
that form the right angle. rectángulo que forman el ángulo recto.
legs catetos
like fractions (p. 108) Fractions that have the fracciones semejantes Fracciones que tienen el
same denominator. mismo denominador.
like terms (p. 417) Terms that contain the same términos semejantes Términos que contienen
variable(s). la(s) misma(s) variable(s).
line (p. 306) A collection of points that have no recta Colección de puntos que carecen de
thickness or width. grosor o de ancho.
line of fit (p. 505) A line that is very close to recta de ajuste Recta que mejor aproxima a los
most of the data points in a scatter plot. puntos de los datos de una gráfica de dispersión.
y y
0 x 0 x
line segment (p. 311) A straight path that lies segmento de recta Trayectoria recta que yace
between two endpoints. entre dos extremos.
linear function (p. 472) A function in which the función lineal Función en la cual la gráfica de
graph of the solutions forms a line. las soluciones forma un recta.
linear relationship (p. 236) A relationship that relación lineal Relación cuya gráfica es una
has a straight-line graph. recta.
line of reflection (p. 332) The line a figure is línea de reflexión Línea a través de la cual se
flipped over in a reflection. le da vuelta a una figura en una reflexión.
line of reflection línea de reflexión
line of symmetry (p. 327) A line that divides a eje de simetría Recta que divide una figura en
figure into two halves that are reflections of each dos mitades que son reflexiones una de la otra.
other.
Glossary/Glosario
line of
symmetry eje de
simetría
line symmetry (p. 325) Figures that match

exactly when folded in half have line symmetry. simetría lineal Exhiben simetría lineal las
figuras que coinciden exactamente al doblarse
una sobre otra.
lower quartile (p. 593) The median of the
lower half of a set of data, represented by LQ. cuartil inferior La mediana de la mitad inferior
de un conjunto de datos, la cual se denota por CI.
M
markup (p. 286) The amount the price of an margen de utilidad Cantidad de aumento en el
item is increased above the price the store paid precio de un artículo por encima del precio que
for the item. paga la tienda por dicho artículo.
mean (p. 585) The sum of the numbers in a set media La suma de los números de un conjunto
of data divided by the number of items in the de datos dividida entre el número total de
data set. artículos.
measures of central tendency (p. 585) medidas de tendencia central Números o

Numbers or pieces of data that can represent the fragmentos de datos que pueden representar el
whole set of data. conjunto total de datos.
measures of variation (p. 593) Numbers used medidas de variación Números que se usan
to describe the distribution or spread of a set para describir la distribución o separación de un
of data. conjunto de datos.
median (p. 585) The middle number in a set of mediana El número central de un conjunto de
data when the data are arranged in numerical datos, una vez que los datos han sido ordenados
order. If the data set has an even number, the numéricamente. Si hay un número par de datos,
median is the mean of the two middle numbers. la mediana es el promedio de los dos datos
centrales.
mode (p. 585) The number(s) or item(s) that moda El número(s) o artículo(s) que aparece
appear most often in a set of data. con más frecuencia en un conjunto de datos.
monomial (p. 539) A number, a variable, or a monomio Un número, una variable o el

product of a number and one or more variables. producto de un número por una o más variables.
Multiplication Property of Equality (p. 71) propiedad de multiplicación de la igualdad

If you multiply each side of an equation by the Si cada lado de una ecuación se multiplica por
same number, the two sides remain equal. el mismo número, los lados permanecen iguales.
multiplicative inverse (p. 102) A number times inverso multiplicativo Un número

its multiplicative inverse is equal to 1. The multiplicado por su inverso multiplicativo es
multiplicative inverse of _
2 _
is 3 . igual a 1. El inverso multiplicativo de _
2
es _
3
.
3 2 3 2
Multiplicative Inverse Property (p. 102) The propiedad del inverso multiplicativo El
product of a number and its multiplicative producto de un número por su inverso
inverse is 1. multiplicativo es 1.
Glossary/Glosario
N
negative number (p. 35) A number that is less número negativo Número menor que cero.
than zero.
net (p. 385) A two-dimensional pattern of a red Patrón bidimensional de una figura
three-dimensional figure. tridimensional.
nonlinear function (p. 522) A function función no lineal Función que no tiene una
that does not have a constant rate of change. tasa constante de cambio. La gráfica de una
The graph of a nonlinear function is not a función no lineal no es una recta.
straight line.
y y
O O
x x
nonproportional (p. 194) A relationship in noproporcional Una relación en la que dos

which two quantities do not have a constant cantidades no tienen una razón constante.
ratio.
numerical expression (p. 29) A mathematical expresión numérica Expresión matemática que
expression that has a combination of numbers tiene una combinación de números y por lo
and at least one operation. 4 + 2 is a numerical menos una operación. 4 + 2 es una expresión
expression. numérica.
O
opposites (p. 43) Two numbers with the same opuestos Dos números con el mismo valor
absolute value but different signs. The sum of absoluto, pero distintos signos. La suma de
opposites is zero. opuestos es cero.
order of operations (p. 29) The rules to follow orden de las operaciones Reglas a seguir
when more than one operation is used in an cuando se usa más de una operación en una
expression. expresión.
1. Do all operations within grouping symbols 1. Primero ejecuta todas las operaciones dentro
Glossary/Glosario
first; start with the innermost grouping de los símbolos de agrupamiento.
symbols. 2. Evalúa todas las potencias antes que las otras
2. Evaluate all powers before other operations. operaciones.
3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right. 3. Multiplica y divide en orden de izquierda a
4. Add and subtract in order from left to right. derecha.
4. Suma y resta en orden de izquierda a derecha.
ordered pair (p. 173) A pair of numbers par ordenado Par de números que se utiliza
used to locate a point in the coordinate plane. para ubicar un punto en un plano de
The ordered pair is written in this form: coordenadas. Se escribe de la siguiente forma:
(x-coordinate, y-coordinate). (coordenada x, coordenada y).
y y
(1, 3) (1, 3)
O x O x
ordinate (p. 173) The second number of an ordenada El segundo número de un par
ordered pair; the y-coordinate. ordenado; la coordenada y.
origin (p. 173) The point of intersection of the origen Punto en que el eje x y el eje y se
x-axis and y-axis in a coordinate plane. intersecan en un plano de coordenadas.
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
O O
⫺3⫺2⫺1 1 2 3x ⫺3⫺2⫺1 1 2 3x
⫺1 ⫺1
origin origen
⫺2 ⫺2
⫺3 ⫺3
outcome (p. 626) One possible result of a resultado Uno de los resultados posibles de un
probability event. For example, 4 is an outcome evento probabilístico. Por ejemplo, 4 es un
when a number cube is rolled. resultado posible cuando se lanza un dado.
outlier (p. 594) Data that are more than 1.5 valor atípico Datos que distan de los cuartiles
times the interquartile range from the upper or respectivos más de 1.5 veces la amplitud
lower quartiles. intercuartílica.
P
parallel lines (p. 368) Lines in the same plane rectas paralelas Rectas que yacen en un mismo
that never intersect or cross. The symbol means plano y que no se intersecan. El símbolo
parallel. significa paralela a.
percent (p. 252) A ratio that compares a por ciento Razón que compara un número con
number to 100. 100.
percent equation (p. 279) An equivalent form ecuación porcentual Forma equivalente de
Glossary/Glosario
of the percent proportion in which the percent is proporción porcentual en la cual el por ciento
written as a decimal. Part = Percent · Whole se escribe como un decimal. Parte = Por ciento ·
Entero
percent of change (p. 284) A ratio that porcentaje de cambio Razón que compara el
compares the change in quantity to the original cambio en una cantidad a la cantidad original.
amount.
percent of decrease (p. 285) The percent of porcentaje de disminución El porcentaje de

change when the new amount is less than the cambio cuando la nueva cantidad es menos que
original. la cantidad original.
percent of increase (p. 285) The percent of porcentaje de aumento El porcentaje de

change when the new amount is greater than cambio cuando aumenta la nueva cantidad es
the original. mayor que la cantidad original.
percent proportion (p. 263) Compares part of proporción porcentual Compara parte de una
a quantity to the whole quantity using a percent. cantidad con la cantidad total mediante un por
part percent parte por ciento
__ = __ ciento. __ = __
whole 100 entero 100
perfect square (p. 144) A rational number cuadrados perfectos Número racional cuya
whose square root is a whole number. 25 is a raíz cuadrada es un número entero. 25 es un
perfect square because its square root is 5. cuadrado perfecto porque su raíz cuadrada es 5.
perpendicular lines (p. 311) Two lines that rectas perpendiculares Dos rectas que se
intersect to form right angles. intersecan formando ángulos rectos.
A A
C B D C B D
perspective (p. 364) A point of view. perspectiva Un punto de vista.
pi (p. 352) The ratio of the circumference of pi Razón de la circunferencia de un círculo

a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter π al diámetro del mismo. La letra griega π
represents this number. The value of pi is representa este número. El valor de pi es
always 3.1415926… . siempre 3.1415926… .
circumference circunferencia
diameter diámetro
␲⫽ c
␲⫽ c d
d
plane (p. 306) A two-dimensional flat surface plano Superficie plana bidimensional que se
that extends in all directions. extiende en todas direcciones.
point (p. 306) A location that has neither shape punto Ubicación que no tiene ni forma ni
nor size. tamaño.
Glossary/Glosario
polygon (p. 206) A simple closed figure in a polígono Figura simple y cerrada en el plano
plane formed by three or more line segments. formada por tres o más segmentos de recta.
polyhedron (p. 368) A solid with flat surfaces poliedro Sólido cuyas superficies planas son
that are polygons. polígonos.
population (p. 647) The entire group of items población El grupo total de individuos o de
or individuals from which the samples under artículos del cual se toman las muestras bajo
consideration are taken. estudio.
positive number (p. 35) Any number that is número positivo Todo número mayor que cero.
greater than zero.
powers (p. 30 and p. 126) Numbers written potencias Números que se expresan usando
using exponents. Powers represent repeated exponentes. Las potencias representan
multiplication. The power 7 3 is read seven to the multiplicación repetida. La potencia 7 3 se lee
third power, or seven cubed. siete a la tercera potencia, o siete al cubo.
principal (p. 290) The amount of money capital Cantidad de dinero que se invierte o
invested or borrowed. que se toma prestada.
prism (p. 369) A polyhedron with two parallel, prisma Poliedro con dos caras congruentes y
congruent faces called bases. paralelas llamadas bases.
probability (p. 627) The chance that some probabilidad La posibilidad de que suceda un
event will happen. It is the ratio of the number of evento. Es la razón del número de maneras en
ways a certain event can occur to the number of que puede ocurrir un evento al número total de
possible outcomes. resultados posibles.
property (p. 31) An open sentence that is true propiedad Enunciado abierto que se cumple
for any numbers. para cualquier número.
proportion (p. 198) An equation that shows proporción Ecuación que muestra que dos
that two ratios are equivalent. razones son equivalentes.
proportional (p. 194) A statement of equality of proporcional Enunciado que establece la

two ratios with a constant ratio.
Glossary/Glosario
igualdad de dos razones con una razón

constante.
pyramid (p. 369) A polyhedron with one base pirámide Poliedro cuya base tiene forma de
that is a polygon and faces that are triangles. polígono y caras en forma de triángulos.
Pythagorean Theorem (p. 162) In a right Teorema de Pitágoras En un triángulo

triangle, the square of the length of the rectángulo, el cuadrado de la longitud de la
hypotenuse c is equal to the sum of the squares hipotenusa es igual a la suma de los cuadrados
of the lengths of the legs a and b. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 de las longitudes de los catetos. c 2 = a 2 + b 2
c c
a a
b b
Q
quadrants (p. 173) The four regions into which cuadrantes Las cuatro regiones en que las dos
the two perpendicular number lines of the rectas numéricas perpendiculares dividen el
coordinate plane separate the plane. plano de coordenadas.
y-axis eje y
Quadrant II Quadrant I Cuadrante II Cuadrante I
O x-axis O eje x
Quadrant III Quadrant IV Cuadrante III Cuadrante IV
quadratic function (p. 528) A function in which función cuadrática Función en la cual la
the greatest power of the variable is 2. potencia mayor de la variable es 2.
quartiles (p. 593) Values that divide a set of cuartiles Valores que dividen un conjunto de
data into four equal parts. datos en cuatro partes iguales.
R
radical sign (p. 144) The symbol used to signo radical Símbolo que se usa para indicar
indicate a nonnegative square root, √. una raíz cuadrada no negativa, √.
radius (p. 352) The distance from the center of radio Distancia desde el centro de un círculo
a circle to any point on the circle. hasta cualquier punto del mismo.
radius radio
random (p. 627) Outcomes occur at random if azar Los resultados ocurren al azar si todos los
Glossary/Glosario
each outcome is equally likely to occur. resultados son equiprobables.
range (p. 585) The difference between the rango La diferencia entre el número mayor y el
greatest number and the least number in a número menor en un conjunto de datos.
set of data.
range (p. 466) The set of output values in a rango El conjunto de valores de salida en una
function. función.
rate (p. 191) A ratio of two measurements tasa Razón que compara dos cantidades que
having different units. tienen distintas unidades de medida.
rate of change (p. 230) A rate that describes tasa de cambio Tasa que describe cómo cambia
how one quantity changes in relation to another. una cantidad con respecto a otras.
ratio (p. 190) A comparison of two numbers by razón Comparación de dos números mediante
division. The ratio of 2 to 3 can be stated as 2 out división. La razón de 2 a 3 puede escribirse como
of 3, 2 to 3, 2:3, or _
2
. 2 de cada 3, 2 a 3, 2:3, o _
2
.
3 3
rational number (p. 84) Numbers of the form número racional Números de la forma _a ,
_a , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0. donde a y b son enteros y b ≠ 0.
b
b
ray (p. 307) A part of a line that has one rayo Parte de una recta que tiene un extremo
endpoint and extends indefinitely in one que se extiende infinitamente en una dirección.
direction.
real numbers (p. 155) The set of rational número real El conjunto de números racionales
numbers together with the set of irrational junto con el conjunto de números irracionales.
numbers.
reciprocals (p. 102) The multiplicative inverse recíproco El inverso multiplicativo de un

of a number. The product of reciprocals is 1. número. El producto de recíprocos es 1.
reflection (p. 332) A type of transformation in reflexión Tipo de transformación en que se

which a mirror image is produced by flipping a produce una imagen especular al darle vuelta de
figure over a line. campana a una figura por encima de una línea.
A y B A y B
C C
D D
D' O x D' O x
C' C'
A' B' A' B'
regular polygon (p. 317) A polygon that is polígono regular Polígono equilátero y
equilateral and equiangular. equiangular.
regular pyramid (p. 393) A pyramid whose pirámide regular Pirámide cuya base es un
base is a regular polygon. polígono regular.
repeating decimal (p. 85) A decimal whose decimal periódico Decimal cuyos dígitos se
digits repeat in groups of one or more. Examples repiten en grupos de uno o más. Por ejemplo:
are 0.181818… and 0.8333… . 0.181818… y 0.8333… .
Glossary/Glosario
rise (p. 477) The vertical change between any elevación El cambio vertical entre cualquier
two points on a line. par de puntos en una recta.
rotational symmetry (p. 328) A figure has simetría rotacional Una figura posee simetría
rotational symmetry if it can be turned less than rotacional si se puede girar menos de 360° en
360° about its center and still look like the torno a su centro sin que esto cambie su
original. apariencia con respecto a la figura original.
run (p. 477) The horizontal change between carrera El cambio horizontal entre cualquier
any two points on a line. par de puntos en una recta.
S
sample (p. 647) A randomly-selected group muestra Grupo escogido al azar o
chosen for the purpose of collecting data. aleatoriamente que se usa con el propósito de
recoger datos.
sample space (p. 626) The set of all possible espacio muestral Conjunto de todos los
outcomes of a probability experiment. resultados posibles de un experimento
probabilístico.
scale (p. 224) The ratio of a given length on a
drawing or model to its corresponding actual escala Razón de una longitud dada en un
length. dibujo o modelo a su longitud real
correspondiente.
scale drawing (p. 224) A drawing that is
similar, but either larger or smaller than the dibujo a escala Dibujo que es semejante, pero
actual object. más grande o más pequeño que el objeto real.
scale factor (p. 207) The ratio of the lengths of factor de escala La razón de las longitudes de
two corresponding sides of two similar dos lados correspondientes de dos polígonos
polygons. semejantes.

?
SCALEFACTOR
?
FACTORDEESCALA
scale model (p. 224) A replica of an original modelo a escala Una replica del objeto
object that is too large or too small to be built at original, el cual es demasiado grande o
actual size. demasiado pequeño como para construirlo de
tamaño natural.
scatter plot (p. 504) A graph that shows the diagrama de dispersión Gráfica que muestra
general relationship between two sets of data. la relación general entre dos conjuntos de datos.
Glossary/Glosario
Studying for Tests Tiempo de estudio para pruebas
100 100
Calificación (%)
Test Score (%)
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Study Time (min) Tiempo de estudio (min)
scientific notation (p. 130) A way of expressing notación científica Manera de expresar
numbers as the product of a number that is at números como el producto de un número que es
least 1 but less than 10 and a power of 10. In al menos igual a 1, pero menor que 10, por una
scientific notation, 5,500 is 5.5 × 10 3. potencia de 10. En notación científica, 5,500 es
5.5 × 10 3.
selling price (p. 286) The amount the customer precio de venta Cantidad de dinero que paga
pays for an item. un consumidor por un artículo.
similar (p. 206) Polygons that have the same semejante Los polígonos que tienen la misma
shape are called similar polygons. forma se llaman polígonos semejantes.
similar solids (p. 399) Solids that have the sólidos semejantes Sólidos que tienen la
same shape and their corresponding linear misma forma y cuyas medidas lineales
measures are proportional. correspondientes son proporcionales.
15 in. 15 pulg
10 in. 10 pulg
24 in. 24 pulg
16 in. 16 pulg
simple random sample (p. 647) A sample muestra aleatoria simple Muestra de una
where each item or person in the population is población que tiene la misma probabilidad de
as likely to be chosen as any other. escogerse que cualquier otra.
simplest form (p. 418) An algebraic expression forma reducida Expresión algebraica que
that has no like terms and no parentheses. carece de términos semejantes y de paréntesis.
simplifying the expression (p. 418) Using simplificar una expresión El uso de
properties to combine like terms. propiedades para combinar términos semejantes.
slant height (p. 393) The altitude or height of altura oblicua La longitud de la altura de cada
each lateral face of a pyramid. cara lateral de una pirámide.
slant altura
height oblicua
slope (p. 477) The rate of change between any pendiente Razón de cambio entre cualquier
Glossary/Glosario
two points on a line. The ratio of vertical change par de puntos en una recta. La razón del cambio
to horizontal change. vertical al cambio horizontal.
y y
4 4
3
3
slope 4 pendiente 4
3 3
O x O x
slope-intercept form (p. 491) An equation forma pendiente intersección Ecuación de la

written in the form y = mx + b, where m is the forma y = mx + b, donde m es la pendiente y b es
slope and b is the y-intercept. la intersección y.
solid (p. 368) A three-dimensional figure sólido Figura tridimensional formada por
formed by intersecting planes. planos que se intersecan.
solution (p. 65) The value for the variable that solución El valor de la variable de una
makes an equation true. The solution of 10 + y = ecuación que hace que se cumpla la ecuación. La
25 is 15. solución de 10 + y = 25 es 15.
solve (p. 65) Find the value of the variable that resolver Proceso de encontrar la variable que
makes the equation true. satisface una ecuación.
square root (p. 144) One of the two equal raíz cuadrada Uno de dos factores iguales
factors of a number. If a 2 = b, then a is the de un número. Si a 2 = b, la a es la raíz cuadrada
square root of b. A square root of 144 is 12 de b. Una raíz cuadrada de 144 es 12 porque
since 12 2 = 144. 12 2 = 144.
stem-and-leaf plot (p. 606) A system used to diagrama de tallo y hojas Sistema que se usa
condense a set of data where the greatest place para condensar un conjunto de datos, en donde
value of the data forms the stem and the next el mayor valor de posición de los datos forma el
greatest place value forms the leaves. tallo y el siguiente valor de posición mayor
forma las hojas.
stratified random sample (p. 647) A sampling muestra aleatoria estratificada Método de
method in which the population is divided into muestreo en que la población se divide en
similar, non-overlapping groups. A simple grupos semejantes que no se sobreponen. Luego
random sample is then selected from each group. se selecciona una muestra aleatoria simple de
cada grupo.
Subtraction Property of Equality (p. 65) If you propiedad de sustracción de la igualdad Si

subtract the same number from each side of an sustraes el mismo número de ambos lados de
equation, the two sides remain equal. una ecuación, los dos lados permanecen iguales.
supplementary angles (p. 307) Two angles ángulos suplementarios Dos ángulos son
Glossary/Glosario
are supplementary if the sum of their measures suplementarios si la suma de sus medidas
is 180°. es 180°.
1 2 1 2
⬔1 and ⬔2 are supplementary angles. ⬔1 y ⬔2 son ángulos suplementarios.
systematic random sample (p. 647) A sampling muestra aleatoria sistemática Muestra en que
method in which the items or people are selected los elementos de la muestra se escogen según un
according to a specific time or item interval. intervalo de tiempo o elemento específico.
system of equations (p. 498) A set of two or sistema de ecuaciones Sistema de ecuaciones
more equations with the same variables. con las mismas variables.
system of inequalities (p. 499) A set of two or sistema de desigualdades Conjunto de dos o
more inequalities with the same variables. más desigualdades con las mismas variables.
T
term (p. 417) A number, a variable, or a término Un número, una variable o un
product of numbers and variables. producto de números y variables.
terminating decimal (p. 85) A decimal whose decimal terminal Decimal cuyos dígitos
digits end. Every terminating decimal can be terminan. Todo decimal terminal puede
written as a fraction with a denominator of 10, escribirse como una fracción con un
100, 1,000, and so on. denominador 10, 100, 1,000, etc.
theoretical probability (p. 637) Probability probabilidad teórica Probabilidad que se basa
based on known characteristics or facts. en características o hechos conocidos.
total surface area (p. 386) The sum of the areas área de superficie total La suma del área de las
of the surfaces of a solid. superficies de un sólido.
transformation (p. 332) A mapping of a transformación Movimiento de una figura

geometric figure. geométrica.
B' B'
y y
A' C' A' C'
E' D' E' D'

B O x B O x
C C
A A
E D E D
translation (p. 337) A transformation in which traslación Transformación en que una figura se
a figure is slid horizontally, vertically, or both. desliza horizontal o verticalmente o de ambas
maneras.
y y
Glossary/Glosario
B' B'
O B A' C' x O B A' C' x
A C A C
tree diagram (p. 626) A diagram used to show diagrama de árbol Diagrama que se usa para
the total number of possible outcomes in a mostrar el número total de resultados posibles
probability experiment. en experimento probabilístico.
two-step equation (p. 422) An equation that ecuación de dos pasos Ecuación que contiene
contains two operations. dos operaciones.
U
unbiased sample (p. 647) A sample that is muestra no sesgada Muestra que se selecciona
selected so that it is representative of the entire de modo que sea representativa de la población
population. entera.
unit rate/ratio (p. 191, 214) A rate with a razón unitaria Una tasa con un denominador
denominator of 1. de 1.
unlike fractions (p. 114) Fractions whose fracciones con distinto denominador
denominators are different. Fracciones cuyos denominadores son diferentes.
upper quartile (p. 593) The median of the cuartil superior La mediana de la mitad
upper half of a set of data, represented by UQ. superior de un conjunto de números, denotada
por CS.
V
variable (p. 29) A symbol, usually a letter, used variable Un símbolo, por lo general, una letra,
to represent a number in mathematical que se usa para representar números en
expressions or sentences. expresiones o enunciados matemáticos.
Venn diagram (p. 152) A diagram that uses diagrama de Venn Diagrama que utiliza
circles to show how elements among sets of círculos para mostrar la relación entre elementos
numbers or objects are related. dentro de un conjunto de números.
vertex (p. 368) The vertex of a prism is the vértice El vértice de un prisma es el punto en
point where three or more planes intersect. que se intersecan dos o más planos del prisma.
vertex vértice
vertical angles (p. 307) Opposite angles formed ángulos opuestos por el vértice Ángulos
by the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles congruentes que se forman de la intersección de
Glossary/Glosario
are congruent. In the figure, the vertical angles dos rectas. En la figura, los ángulos opuestos por
are ∠1 and ∠3, and ∠2 and ∠4. el vértice son ∠1 y ∠3, y ∠2 y ∠4.
1 1
4 2 4 2
3 3
volume (p. 373) The number of cubic units volumen El número de unidades cúbicas que
needed to fill the space occupied by a solid. se requieren para llenar el espacio que ocupa un
sólido.
4m 3m 4m 3m
10 m 10 m
V 10 4 3 120 cubic meters V 10 4 3 120 metros cúbicos
voluntary response sample (p. 648) A sample muestra de respuesta voluntaria Muestra que
which involves only those who want to involucra sólo aquellos que quieren participar en
participate in the sampling. el muestreo.
X
x-axis (p. 173) The horizontal number line that eje x La recta numérica horizontal que ayuda a
helps to form the coordinate plane. formar el plano de coordenadas.
y y
x-axis 3 eje x 3
2 2
1 1
O O
321 1 2 3x 321 1 2 3x
1 1
2 2
3 3
x-coordinate (p. 173) The first number of an coordenada x El primer número de un par
ordered pair. ordenado.
Y
y-axis (p. 173) The vertical number line that eje y La recta numérica vertical que ayuda a
helps to form the coordinate plane. formar el plano de coordenadas.
y y
3 3
y-axis eje y
2 2
1 1
O O
321 1 2 3x 321 1 2 3x
1 1
2 2
3 3
y-coordinate (p. 173) The second number of an coordenada y El segundo número de un par
ordered pair. ordenado.
y-intercept (p. 491) The value of y where the intersección y El valor de y donde la gráfica
graph crosses the y-axis. cruza el eje y.
Glossary/Glosario
y y
y-intercept 3 intersección y 3
O x O x
Selected Answers
Pages 37–39 Lesson 1-3
Chapter 1 Algebra: Integers 1. > 3. < 5. 5 7. 1 9. 13 11. 4 13. >
15. <17. < 19. > 21. < 23. = 25. 14
Page 23 Chapter 1 Getting Ready
27. 18 29. 6 31. 15 33. 17
1. 77 3. 79.5 5. $281.50 7. 33 9. 72.63 11. 14 35. {5, 25} 10 units 10 units
13. 108 15. 1,220 17. 32 19. 0.4 21. $0.79
Pages 27–28 Lesson 1-1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

1. 34 3. about 200 5. Monday 7. about 3¢ per
acre 9. 18 37. {19, 33} 7 units 7 units
11.
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
13. 100; Sample answer: Each figure
contains 4 squares made up of 39. helium 41. -169°F
white tiles with side lengths 1
less than the figure number. The
sixth figure contains 21 green
tiles. So, it has four squares with
side lengths 5 white tiles by
5 white tiles. 5 × 5 = 25 tiles in each square and 43. Never; the absolute value of a positive number is
4 × 25 = 100 white tiles total. 15. Explore — Identify always positive. 45. Always; if b ≥ 0, then a - ⎪b⎥ =
what information is given and what you need to find. a - b which is less than or equal to a + b. If b < 0, then
Plan — Estimate the answer and then select a strategy a - ⎪b⎥ = a - (-b) = a + b. 47. The absolute value of
for solving. Solve — Carry out the plan and solve. a number is its distance from 0 on a number line. Since
Check — Compare the answer to the estimate and distance can never be negative, the absolute value of a
determine if it is reasonable. If not, make a new plan. number can never be negative.
17. G 19. 309 21. 700 49. H 51. 7 53. 3 55. 23 57. 28
Pages 32–34 Lesson 1-2 Pages 44–45 Lesson 1-4

1. 81 3. 13 5. 14 7. 72°F 9. Assoc. (×) 11. 16 1. -9 3. -15 5. -11 7. 17 9. -11 11. 22
13. 47 15. 72 17. 3 19. 23 21. 26 23. 10° C 13. -20 15. -36 17. 15 19. -7 21. 24 23. 1
25. Iden. (×) 27. Comm. (+) 29. Distributive 25. -11 27. -18 29. Rock: 25, Rap/Hip Hop: 13,
Property 31. Assoc. (×) 33. true Pop: 9, Country: 10 31. 8 + (-5); 3; The overall gain
35. false; (24 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 ≠ 24 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) is 3 yards. 33. -2 + (-9); -11; The temperature is
37. about 6,031 39. 72 ft 41. 3n 3 + 4n 11°F below zero. 35. -133 37. -2 39. -20
43. 41. Sometimes; If x and y have different signs, then
Fun World
⎪x + y⎥ ≠ ⎪x⎥ + ⎪y⎥. If x and y have the same sign,
Number of Total Number of Total then ⎪x + y⎥ = ⎪x⎥ + ⎪y⎥. ⎪-2 + 5⎥ = ⎪3⎥ or 3,
People Cost ($) People Cost ($)
⎪-2⎥ + ⎪5⎥ = 2 + 5 or 7, and 3 ≠ 7 43. B 45. >
10 370 18 666
47. < 49. 3 mi 51. 17 53. 4
11 407 19 703
12 444 20 740 Pages 46–49 Lesson 1-5
13 481 21 777 1. -5 3. -14 5. 10 7. 4 9. 1,080°F 11. 8 13. 6
14 518 22 814 15. -4 17. -20 19. -17 21. 14 23. 16 25. -1
15 555 23 851 27. 3 29. 405 m 31. -6 33. 5 35. 17 37. 281
16 592 24 888 39. 10°F 41. 52 43. 36 45. David; only the
second integer should be replaced with its opposite.
17 629 25 925
Selected Answers
47. false; 3 - 2 ≠ 2 - 3 49. D 51. $3,055,000

45. Sample answer: If the group size is 10–14 people, 53. 15 55. 37 57. 15
then Fun World would cost less. If the group size is
15–25, then Coaster City costs less. 47. true Pages 54–56 Lesson 1-6
49. false; 6 + 7 · (2 + 5) = 55 51. The everyday 1. -20 3. -21 5. 9 7. -4 9. 9 11. 5 13. -11
meaning of variable is something that is likely to 15. -1 17. -56 19. -40 21. -36 23. 24 25. 16
change or vary, and the mathematical meaning of a 27. -84 29. -35°C 31. -10 33. 5 35. -21 37. 12
variable is a placeholder for a value that can change or 39. -4 cm 41. -21 43. 1 45. -3 47. -4 49. 288
vary. 53. J 55. $4.38 57. < 59. > min or 4 h 48 min 51. -64 53. 0 55. -89
Selected Answers 743

57. 1,230 million admissions; The average change in n - 6 = -9 29. Subtract 5 from each side to get
admissions from 2002 to 2004 was -50 million ⎪x⎥ = 2. If x = -2, |-2| = 2 and if x = 2, ⎪2⎥ = 2.
admissions per year. If this average change per year 31. B 33. James will need to drive 615 miles the third
remains the same, then 2010 - 2004 or 6 years later in day. 35. x ÷ 2 = 3 37. -36 39. -60
2010 the number of admissions will be 6 · (-50) +
1,530 or 1,230 million. 59. Positive; the product of Pages 72–73 Lesson 1-10
two negative numbers is always a positive number. 1. 8 3. 6 5. -36 7. 15 = 600; 40 lawns 9. 8
61. Positive; the product of four negative numbers is 11. -2 13. -7 15. 54 17. -100 19. -72
always a positive number. 63. false; 3 - 5 = -2 21. 1,200t = 6,000; $5 23. 12f = 288; 24 25. 5,280m =
65. When multiplying -2(-3)(-4), you can work from 26,400; 5 27. -8 29. 6 31. 180 = 45d; 4 ft
left to right. First find -2 × (-3). The signs are the 33. Sample answer: it is greater than 300.
same, so the product is positive 6. Next find 6 × (-4), 35. Sample answer: Divide each side by -4. Apply the
which gives you -24 because the signs are different. Division Prop. of Equality because the inverse
67. G 69. 9 71. 22 73. -11 75. -4 77. Sample operation of multiplication is division. 37. C
answer: difference 79. Sample answer: separated 39. 8 + j = 15 41. 3p = 9 43. -175 45. -448
47. -7 49. 13 51. +45 53. -5
1. s = Corey’s score; 20 = 4s 3. d = original depth; Pages 74–78 Chapter 1 Study Guide and Review
d - 75 = -600 5. C 7. a = class average; a - 5 = 82 1. false; inverse operations 3. false; equation
9. d = number of days; _
-75
= -15 11. m = amount 5. false; counterexample 7. true 9. true 11. 44
d
of money; _
m
= 235 13. h = height; 15 = _
h 13. 36 15. 23 17. 14 cm 2 19. > 21. 5 23. -33
4 4 25. -34 27. 5 29. 3 31. 79 ft 33. -21 35. -12
15. s = score; s + 5 = -3 17. d = 24g 19. t = m + _
1
2 37. -11 39. p = length of her best jump; 670 = p - 5
21. f = 3y
41. 4:45 P.M. 43. 50 45. 12 47. -15
23. Map Actual a = 20m
49. c - 37 = 75; 112 51. -5 53. 294 55. 28x = 168,
Distance, m Distance, a 6 mo
(inches) (miles)
1 20
2 40 Chapter 2 Algebra: Rational
3 60 Numbers
4 80
m 20m Page 83 Chapter 2 Getting Ready
25. Sample answer: Let n represent the number in the 1. -9 3. -14 5. 0 7. -84 9. 43 11. -12
sequence and p the position of the number in the 13. 24 15. 48 17. 30
sequence; n = 2p. 27. Zoe; Toshi’s expression is the
translation of 14 is 6 less n, instead of 14 is 6 less than n. Pages 87–89 Lesson 2-1
−
29. C 31. -90 33. -2 35. -$1,800 1. 0.8 3. -1.725 5. 4.83 7. 0.372 9. _
8
25
11. -_
5
13. 2_
5
15. 0.4 17. 0.825
Pages 62–63 Lesson 1-8 9 33 −− −
19. -0.15625 21. 5.3125 23. -0.54 25. -7.17
1. Sample answer: The students have an ending number −
and the operations that led to that number. They need 27. 0.16 29. 0.417 31. _ 1
33. -7_ 8
35. -_
5
2 25 11
to work their way back to the beginning number. 37. 2_
7
39. See students’ work. 41. _
11
oz.
9 100
3. Sample answer: Jacob spent a third of his money
as a deposit on a campsite. Then, he bought sports 43. _
7
in.; 0.875 in. 45. 2_
9
cm; 2.9 cm 47. 1.06 = 1_
3
;
8 10 50
equipment that cost $21. Finally, he spent $16 at 0.24 = _
6
; -2.72 = -2_
18
; -3.40 = -3_2
the grocery store. How much money did Jacob have 25 25 5
−− −−
initially if he now has $2 left? 49. Sample answer: 0.12 ; Since 0.12 = _4
, it is a
33
Start with 2 and add 16. 2 + 16 = 18 rational number. 51. When dividing, there are two
Add 21. 18 + 21 = 39 possibilities for the remainder. If the remainder is 0,
Divide by _ 1
39 ÷ _1
= 117 the decimal terminates. If the remainder is not 0, then
3 3
Selected Answers
5. 89 7. about 2:30 P.M. 9. $600 11. subtraction at the point where the remainder repeats or equals the
followed by subtraction; 69 years old original dividend, the decimal begins to repeat.
53. D 55. B 57. -22 59. -4 61. 3h 63. 15
Pages 68–69 Lesson 1-9 65. 24
1. 6 3. -12 5. 7 7. 3 9. 17 11. -6 13. -14
15. 1 17. -10 19. 7 21. b - 50 = 124; $174 Pages 94–95 Lesson 2-2
23. (-18) + h = 54; h = 72 in. or 6 ft 1. > 3. > 5. > 7. > 9. Gulfport, Galveston,
25. p = 20.0 - 5.2; 14.8 27. Sample answer: n + 5 = 2, Mobile, Baltimore, Key West, Washington 11. <
744 Selected Answers

−
13. > 15. = 17. 0.004, _
1 _
, 1 , 0.06, 0.125, _
1
like fractions, add the numerators and write the sum
125 60 4
over the denominator. 43. Sample answer: You are
19. < 21. > 23. > 25. > 27. < 29. >
31. 2.9 2 14 2 miles away from your destination. You travel 1_
3
10
2.95 2 1
2 miles. How far are you from your destination?; _
7
mi
2 10
45. F 47. _
5
49. _
3
51. 3 53. 14 55. about 360 × 2
33. 1 1 16 4
4 8 15 2.9 3.7
or 720 million gallons 57. 18 59. 20
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
35. University of Notre Dame 37. Greatest to least; 1. _7
3. -1 _
1
5. _ 37
7. -1_ 17
9. -1_35
11. - _
1
since the numerators are the same, the values of the 12 9 117 30 72 3
fractions decrease as the denominators increase. 13. -1_ 5
15. - _
13
17. - _
11
19. -5_3
21. 14_
13
14 24 21 10 14
− 2
39. No; 0.2 = _. 41. C 43. 0.875 in. 45. -15 23. -10 _3
25. -3 _23 _
3
27. 2 mi 29. -3 _11
9 8 24 5 24
47. -27 49. 24 51. 28 53. -51 _
1 2
31. 45 in 33. x = 6 _
1
35. Sample answer:
2 8
Pages 99–101 Lesson 2-3 _3 - _1 = _ 5
37. _8
39. _
2
+_ 3
= 1_5
4 3 12 15 3 4 12
1. _
3
3. 1 5. -_ 1
7. 7_1
9. -12
7 12 3 41. _2
÷_ 3
=_ 8
43. H 45. -_ 11
47. -4
3 4 9 15
11. __
2 dollars
· 2_5
pounds = $5.25 13. _ 1
15. _
3
1 pound 8 48 5 49. 24d = 2,967; about 124 days 51. -31 53. -56
17. -_ 9
19. _ 1
21. 14 _
1
23. 1_1
25. 2_ 1
in.
40 35 6 2 3 Pages 121–123 Lesson 2-7
150,000 people
27. ___ · 2.25 square miles = 337,500 people 1. -4.37 3. _
3
5. -54 7. 5 9. 11.9n = 59.5;
1 square mile 8
5 revolutions 11. 7.53 13. -_
8
15. -7.42 17. 36
9
29. -_ 2
31. _4
33. _ 3
35. 8_
8
37. 7_14
19. -7 21. 12.65 23. 13.9 + v = 18.3; 4.4 million
9 27 20 15 25
39. -_ 41. about 4 million square miles 43. _

2 33 visitors 25. _
4
27. -29.4 29. 2 min 12 sec
9
27 2,000
31. 31.832 m 2
33. s = 108 ÷ 9_
5
; 11 shelves
45. 39_ 1
47. 101_ 1
49. Enrique; to multiply mixed 1 _
8
35. 13.72 cm 37. -_ x does not belong because -_
3(3 )
16 4 1 1
numbers, you must first rename them as fractions. 3
and _
1
are not reciprocals. 39. Sample answer: Use the
51. _
6 3
53. B 55. < 57. = Multiplication Property of Equality to multiply each
7
59. s - 6 = -5; 1 or 1 over par 61. s = 0.75p side of the equation by -_
3
which is the multiplicative
2
63. 27 65. 15
inverse of -_
2
. 41. G 43. _
13
45. -12 _
3
3 42 10
Pages 105–107 Lesson 2-4 47. 198_
3
ft 49. x + (-5) = 13; 18 51. 27 53. -29
1. _ 5. 1_ 7. _ 9. _
4
7
3. -_ 4 1 1 3
11. -_ 43
13. -_
9
5 11 4 2 10 82 7
15. _ 1
17. _5
19. _ 8
21. _
4
23. -1_ 1
25. _
5 Pages 124–125 Lesson 2-8
15 17 15 5 15 6
1. Take the answer in the fourth column for the fourth
27. _ 1
29. _2
31. 1_ 1
33. -2_ 5
35. 3_2
10 15 2 8 3 bounce and multiply it by _
1
to get the answer in the
37. 1_ 1 2
hours 39. 8 small grasshoppers 41. 8.5 m fifth column for the fifth bounce. The height after 7
2
43. Sample answer: _ 2
; The additive inverse of _ 2
is bounces is _
3
feet or 0.375 feet. 3. eighth note,
3 3 8
_
2 _
2 _2
- since + - = 0, and the multiplicative inverse is sixteenth note, thirty-second note 5. 46 people
3 3 3
_3 since _2 _3 = 1. 45. 30 ÷ _3 ; 30 times a number less 7. $4,500 9. After 18 minutes 11. Division; 1,500
2 3 2 4 times longer 13. Subtraction followed by
than 1 will be less than 30. However, 30 divided by a multiplication; $12.75 - $1.50 = $11.25; $11.25 × 4 = $45
number less than 1 will be greater than 30. 47. _

53
72 2
49. C 51. _
3
53. 7 55. girls 57. -10 59. 8 61. -18 1. 2 3 · 3 3 3. _
1
(2) k 2p 3 5. _ 1
7. _
1
9. 40,000
Selected Answers
8 343 243
1 3
11. 3 · 5 · q 13. 2 · d 3 · k 2 15. 5 · _
2 3 2
· x2 · y5 2
()
6
17. _ 19. _ 21. _ 23. _
Pages 110–112 Lesson 2-5 1 9 1 1
25. 81 27. 67.5
1. -_2
3. -1_2
5. -_1
7. 3_2
9. 6_
11
11. _
1 81 25 729 64
5 9 2 9 16 3 29. 2,000 stars 31. 2,000,000 stars 33. 280,000
13. _
1
15. -1_ 2
17. -_1
19. 11_ 1
21. 5_
1
23. -5_
2
35. _
1
37. _
5
39. 1 41. 6 -3, 6 0, 6 2; Sample
6 5 2 4 5 3 3,200 3,087
25. 1_3
27. 18_ 2
ft 29. -7_ 1
31. 76 in. 33. 7_2
answer: the exponents in order from least to greatest
5 3 5 3
35. -8_ 1
37. 57_2
ft 39. 60_ 3
in. 41. Allison; to add are -3, 0, 2. 43. Sample answer: 3 -2; 3 -2 = _
1
2
3 3 8 3

or _
1
45. Sample answer: The expression (-4) 2 means 43. D 45. 25,000,000,000,000 mi 47. 2 4 · 3 2 49. 18
9
negative 4 to the second power. (-4) 2 = (-4)(-4) = 51. 64, 81 53. 36, 49
16. The expression 4 -2 means 4 to the negative second
power. 4 -2 = _
1
or _
1
47. G 49. 12 mi 51.
2
4 16 1. 5 3. 12 5. 6 7. about 59.3 swings 9. 5 11. 14
2,000,000 53. 2,600 13. 5 15. 6 17. about 3.5 seconds 19. 5
21. 7, √ 50 , 9, √85 23. √ 36 , 6, √
62 , 8 25. 10 or
Pages 132–133 Lesson 2-10 -10 29. 10; since 94 is less than 100, √ 94 is less
1. 73,200 3. 0.455 5. 2.77 × 10 5 7. -4.955 × 10 -5 than 10. 31. Josephina; 7 2 = 49 or about 50, but
9. Wrigley Field, Network Associates Coliseum, H.H.H. 25 2 = 625. 33. Since 8 2 < 78 < 9 2, the square root
Metrodome, The Ballpark in Arlington of 78 is between 8 and 9. Since 78 is closer to 81 than
11. 3,160 13. -4,265,000 15. -0.00011 64, graph √ 78 closer to 9 than to 8. 35. J 37. 9.4 ×
17. 0.0000252 19. 4.3 × 10 4 21. 1.47 × 10 8 10 4 39. -70 41. 5
23. -7.2 × 10 -3 25. 9.01 × 10 -5 27. Ontario, Erie,
Michigan, Huron, Superior 29. -4.56 × 10 2, Pages 152–153 Lesson 3-3
-4.56 × 10 -2, -4.56 × 10 -3, 4.56 × 10 2 1. Add the number of students in music and the
31. 1 × 10 -24 s 33. about 1,454.5 times heavier number of students in sports, then subtract the
5
(1.3 × 10 )(5.7 × 10 ) -3 number of students who are in both. 3. 26 people
35a. ____ -4
= 1.8525 × 10 6 5. 5 patients 7. 12 cars, 7 SUVs 9. 6, 10 11. 27 runs
4 × 10
4 -3
(9 × 10 )(1.6 × 10 )
35b. _____
5 4 -4
= 2 × 10 -4 Pages 158–159 Lesson 3-4
(2 × 10 )(3 × 10 )(1.2 × 10 )
1. rational 3. irrational
37. D 39. 288 41. -21 43. 2_
5
5. 1.4
12

Pages 134–138 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review
1. true 3. true 5. false; rational numbers 7. true
−
9. true 11. 1.3 13. -2.3 15. _ 3
17. 4_
1
19. 0.26 7. > 9. < 11. whole, integer, rational 13. integer,
10 3
21. < 23. = 25. -_
3
, -_
1
, 0, 0.75 27. 1 29. _
1
rational 15. rational 17. irrational
4 2 2
19. 2.4
31. 5_
1
c 33. -_
7
35. -3_
7
37. 1 39. -_
3
41. 2_
1
h
4 8 10 4 2 6
43. _
53
45. 3_
3
47. -6_
9
49. 3.2 51. 1_
1
60 5 10 6
53. 15 = _
3
m; 40 55. 15.2 minutes or 15 minutes 1 2 3 4
8
12 seconds 57. 3 5
59. x y 61. 625 63. _
4 1 21. -4.7
125
65. 216 67. 67,100 69. 0.015 71. 6.4 × 10 -5 22
73. 8.75 × 10 7 75. 93,000,000 mi; 9.3 × 10 7 mi 6 5 4 3

23. < 25. > 27. = 29. about 53.3 mph 31. 36
−− −
Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the 33. √9 , 3.01, 3.01, 3.1 35. -2.5, - √
5 , √
37. always 39. sometimes; Sample answer: the
6 , 2.5
Pythagorean Theorem product of the rational number 0 and any irrational

number is the rational number 0. 41. D 43. 62
Page 143 Chapter 3 Getting Ready students 45. 5 or -5 47. 0.8 or -0.8 49. 52 51. 65
1–4. y 5. 20 7. 164 9. 394
11. 15 13. 17 Pages 164–166 Lesson 3-5
A (1, 3) 1. c 2 = 12 2 + 16 2; 20 m 3. 25 2 = 7 2 + b 2; 24 ft
D (4, 0) 5. about 9.7 in. 7. yes 9. c 2 = 5 2 + 12 2; 13 in.
O x 11. 60 2 = a 2 + 51 2; 31.5 yd 13. 18 2 = 8 2 + b 2; 16.1 m
15. no 17. no 19. no 21. about 457.0 mi
C (2, 3) 23. c 2 = 48 2 + 55 2; 73 yd 25. c 2 = 23 2 + 18 2; 29.2 in.
B (2, 4) 27. 12.3 2 = a 2 + 5.1 2; 11.2 m 29. Sample answer: 3, 4, 5;
3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2, 9 + 16 = 25, 25 = 25 31. Sample
Selected Answers
answer: 6, 8, 10; 5, 12, 13; 10, 24, 26 33. B

Pages 146–147 Lesson 3-1 35. < 37. = 39. 9 or -9 41. 28 43. 37
1. 5 3. -1.3 5. ±10 7. 6 or -6 9. 2.5 or -2.5
11. 4 13. -22 15. _
11
17. ±_
3
19. -1.6 21. 0.5
18 7 1. r 2 = 9 2 + 12 2; 15 ft 3. about 5.7 in.
23. 9 or -9 25. 12 or -12 27. _
3
or -_
3
29. 0.13 or 5. s 2 = 40 2 + 95 2; 103.1 yd 7. 15 2 = 14 2 + h 2; 5.4 ft
5 5
-0.13 31. 13 students 33. 25 35. 110.25 37. 20 ft 9. 13 2 = 3.5 2 + h 2; 12.5 m 11. about 8.7 ft 13. about
39. Sample answer: x 2 = 100 41. When x > 25. 28.5 in. 15. about 15.3 cm 17. Sample answer: Sam

leaves his house. He walks 2 miles north, and then 22–27. y
turns and walks 3 miles west. How far is Sam from his (3, 4_23 ) G 5
house? Using the Pythagorean Theorem, c 2 = 2 2 + 3 2.
Solving for c, Sam is about 3.6 miles from his house. (2_14 , 3_45 ) H
4
19. about 0.5 ft; By solving 100 2 = x 2 + 10 2, you find 3

E _3 _1
that the ladder reaches approximately 99.5 ft up the
wall. Therefore, the top of the ladder would move 2
(4 4)
,2
F _2 _1
down 100 ft - 99.5 ft or 0.05 ft. by pulling out the
bottom of the ladder 10 feet. 21. C 23. yes 1
(5 2)
,1
25. -9_
5
27. -3_
9
29. 2,500,000 = a + 700,000
12 10 4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 x
1.8 million years K
(3.75, 0.5) 1
31. 33.
y y 2
A J
(⫺1, 3) 3 (4.3, 3.1)
O x O x
29. 31.
y y
(2, 4)
D
(⫺2, ⫺4)
(6, 2) (⫺5, 1)

O x O x
(1, 0)
1. -1_
( 1 _
, 11 ) 3. 1, -_
( 2
5–8.)
3 3 3
y
A
1
B 5.4 units 7.6 units
33.
y
1 O 1 x
D C O x
1 (4, ⫺2.3)
9. 11.
y y (⫺1, ⫺6.3)
(1, 5) (2.5, 3)
6.4 units
35. about 217.8 mi 37. 13 units2 39. about 6.7 units

(3, 1) O x 41. Calculator; it will be most helpful when squaring
O x and finding the square root involving decimals; about
(⫺5.5, ⫺2) 8.6 units 43. C 45. 7.6 mi 47. 9.6 in. 49. _ 1
2
51. _
n
= -14; -98
7
4.5 units 9.4 units
13. y 15. _
3 _
(4 2)
,1
17. (1, -_
4)
4 3 Pages 179–182 Chapter 3 Study Guide and Review
Selected Answers
3 1. false; 9 3. false; irrational 5. false; square root

19. (-_ , -_
2)
1 1
2 7. false; longest 9. 9 11. -8 13. 17 rows of 17 trees
2 _
21. (-1, ) 1 in each row 15. 6 17. 10 19. 3 21. 4 23. 9
4
1 25. irrational 27. rational 29. irrational 31. 75.89 m
33. 20 2 = a 2 + 16 2; 12 m 35. 9.5 2 = 4 2 + b 2; 8.6 m
O 1 2 3 4 x 37. c 2 = 6 2 + 7 2; 9.2 cm 39. 25 2 = 20 2 + h 2; 15 ft
about 1.0 mi 41. 2 = 8 2 + 5 2; 9.4 ft 43. about 13.9 m

45. 47. Pages 195–197 Lesson 4-2
y (4, 8) y 1. Yes; Sample answer:
(⫺4, 5)
Time (days) 1 2 3 4
Water (L) 225 450 675 900
The earnings to time ratio for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours is
(⫺6, 2) _
1 _
, 2 or _
1 _
, 3 or _
1
, and _
4
or _
1
. Since these
O x 225 450 225 675 225 900 225
(⫺1, 2)
ratios are all equal to _
1
, the number of days the
225
O x
supply lasts is proportional to the amount of water the
7.8 3.6 elephant drinks. 3. No; Sample answer:
49. y 3.2 Number of Teachers 4 5 6 7
Number of Students 28 56 84 112
(2, 4)
The ratio of students to teachers for 4, 5, 6, and 7
(⫺1, 3) teachers is _
28
or 7, _
56
or 11.2, _
84
or 14, and _
112
or 16.
4 5 6 7
Since these ratios are not all equal, the number of
x
students at the school is not proportional to the
O
number of teachers.
5. No; Sample answer:
Rental Time (h) 1 2 3 4
Cost ($) 37 62 87 112
Chapter 4 Proportions The cost to time ratio for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours is _
37
or
and Similarity 2
87
3
112
4
1
37, _ or 31, _ or 29, and _ or 28. Since these ratios
62
are not all equal, the cost of a rental is not proportional

Page 189 Chapter 4 Getting Ready to the number of hours you rent the boat.
1. _5
3. _
4
5. _
2
7. _
3
9. 6 11. 14 13. 1.75 7. Yes; Sample answer:
12 9 5 4
15. 10.5 Time (days) 5 10 15 20
Length (in.) 7.5 15 22.5 30
The length to time ratio for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days is _
7.5
1. _1
or 1:15 3. _1
or 1:14 5. $12.50/day 7. Ben’s 5
15 14 or 1.5, _
15
or 1.5, _
22.5
or 1.5, and _
30
or 1.5. Since these
Mart; the cost at Ben’s Mart is about 23.8¢ per apple, 10 15 20
ratios are all equal to 1.5 ft per day, the length of vine
while at SaveMost it is about 24.8¢ 9. _
7
11. is proportional to the number of days of growth.
25
7:8 13. _
3
or 3:5 15. _
5
or 5:4 17. 18 mi/gal 9. Yes; Sample answer:
5 4
19. 23.3 miles per gallon 21. 491 people per hour Number of Hours
23. Logan; he ran at a rate of 0.126 meter per second 1 2 3 4
Worked on Sunday
and Scott ran at a rate of 0.132 meter per second. Number of Coupons
25. Darnell; Sample answer: use a set distance, such as 52 104 156 208
Given Away on Sunday
60 miles. Then find the overall average speed for each
person. The person with the highest average speed The coupons to hours ratios for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours of
arrived first. 27. 18; Sample answer: use the guess- work on Sunday are _
52
or 52, _
104
or 52, _
156
or 52,
1 2 3
and-check strategy to check several ratios to find one and _
208
or 52. Since these ratios are all equal to 52
to fit the situation. 4
coupons per hour, the number of coupons given away
29. D is proportional to the number of hours worked on
31. 33. Sunday. 11. Yes; Sample answer:
y y
(1, 4)
Retail Price ($) 16 32 48 64
Tax Collected ($) 1 2 3 4
Selected Answers
(1, 0) The cost to tax ratios for 16, 32, 48, and 64 dollars
O x O x are _
16
or 16, _
32
or 16, _
48
or 16, and _ 64
or 16. Since
1 2 3 4
these ratios are all equal, the amount of tax is
(5, 2) proportional to the cost of the item.
(6, ⫺3)
13. Yes; Sample answer:
8.6 units 4.5 units Side length (units) 1 2 3 4
35. 56.6 ft 37. 0.375 39. 0.5 Perimeter (units) 4 8 12 16

The side length to perimeter ratio for side lengths of 1,
corresponding angles are congruent, but _
3
≠_
4
.
2, 3, and 4 units is _
1 _
, 2 or _
1 _
, 3 or _
1
, and _
4
or _
1
. Since 7 8
4 8 4 12 4 16 4 7. Yes; the corresponding angles are congruent and
_
1 _
these ratios are all equal to
4
, the measure of the side 20
=_ 16
=_24
. 9. Sample proportion: _
8 _12
x = 3,2
15 12 18
length of a square is proportional to the square’s
11. Sample proportion: _
x
=_ 21
, 20
perimeter. 15. No; the cost to weight ratio for 1, 2, 3, 10 10.5
_
1 _
1
13. 2 in. by 3 in. 15. They are proportional; Sample
4, and 5 oz is _
0.39
or 0.39, _
0.63
or about 0.32, _
0.87
or 2 8
1 2 3 answer: If ABC ~ XYW then corresponding sides
0.29, and _
1.11
or about 0.28. Since these ratios are not are proportional, so _
a _c
4 x = z.
all equal, the cost to mail a letter is not proportional to _a = _c
x z Write the proportion.
its weight. 17. Sample answer: Proportional: the total
cost of buying CDs at $11.99 each; The cost to number az = xc Find the cross products.
of CDs ratio for 1, 2, 3, and 4 CDs are all $11.99. Non- _
az _xc
Divide each side by cz.
proportional: the monthly cost of a cellular phone at cz = cz
_a = _x Divide out common factors.
$29.95 per month plus $0.25 per minute; The cost to c z
number of minutes ratio for 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes, _ 30.20
17. Always; all corresponding angles between squares
1
or 30.20, _
30.45
or 15.23, _
31.10
or about 10.37, and _
31.35 are congruent since all four angles in a square are right
2 3 4 angles. In addition, all sides in a square are congruent.
or about 7.84, respectively, are not all equal. 19. Luke Therefore, all four ratios of corresponding sides are
is incorrect; Sample answer: equal. 19. G 21. 6 cups
DVDs purchased 1 2 3 4 23. y
4
Amount of Money
180 160 140 120
Remaining 2
The ratio of DVDs purchased to money remaining for
1, 2, 3, and 4 DVDs, _
180
or 180, _
160
or 80, _
140
or about ⫺4 ⫺2 O 2 4x
1 2 3
46.67, _
120
or 30. Since these ratios are not all equal, the ⫺2
4
two quantities are not proportional. The number of ⫺4
DVDs purchased, however, is proportional to the total
cost of the DVDs. 21. _ 5
or 5:21 23. about 27.5
21
units 25. _
n
= -16; -64 27. 6 29. 4.9
4 1. 80 3. 10.5 5. 2.5 7. 0.63 9. 1.69 11. 3.15
Pages 200–202 Lesson 4-3 13. 559.35 15. 27.5 km 17. 7.65 km per liter
1. 40 3. 16.4 5. m = 9.5h; $19; $42.75 7. 6 9. 3.5 19. 6.5 21. 24 23. 44 25. 19,800 27. 4.75 pounds
11. 3.75 13. 13.5 15. _
14
=_
x
; about 17.4 gal 29. 12.7 31. 5.91 33. 2.11 35. 908 37. 1,324.4 mL
483 600 39. 900 41. 7.89 43. 1.39 45. 7.88 47. 3 gal
17. _
4
=_
x
; 24 people 19. _
1
=_
h
; about 8.5 in. 49. 4 mi 51. Kingda Ka, Steel Dragon 2000, Silver Star
5 30 7.5 64
21. m = _
1
a; 16 lb; 21_
1
lb 23. m = number of miles, 53. 1.5 pound box; 650 grams is about 1.43 pounds
6 3 55. No, the top speed is only 70.71 miles per hour.
k = number of kilometers, k = 1.61m; 32.2
25. p = number of pounds, k = number of kilograms, 57. C 59. _ 4.5 _3
m = 8 ; 12 61. 300 63. about 7.2 mi
2
65. 77 cm
p=_
1
k; 99.12 27. Yes; Solve the proportion
0.454
_ 5
=_ 3
, where x is the area covered by the Pages 221–223 Lesson 4-7
2000 x
3 remaining pounds of seed. The 3 remaining pounds 1. 432 3. 1.67 5. 1.48 7. 30 yd 2 9. 116.1
will cover an area of 1,200 ft 2. The area to be seeded is 11. 0.0024 13. 929.03 15. 7.03 17. 1,497.6 19. 3.5
(8 · 3) · (14 · 3) or 1,008 ft 2. Since 1,008 < 1,200, there is 21. 0.47 23. 0.04 25. 3,456 27. 8,100 29. 0.22
enough left to seed the area. 29. 22 31. 5 33. C 31. 2,000,000,000 cm 3 33. 0.28 35. 1,548.38
35. D 37. 1 lb 4 oz for $4.99; 1 lb 4 oz for $4.99 costs 37. 18.63 39. 737.42 41. 1,304.07 43. 11.5 in.
about $0.25 per ounce and 2 lb 6 oz for $9.75 costs 45. 15.6 ft 3; 15.6 ft 3 is not equivalent to the other three,
about $0.26 per ounce. 27 should have been multiplied by 5.2 yd 3 to get
Selected Answers
equivalent feet, not 3 47. See students’ work. 49. J

Pages 204–205 Lesson 4-4 51. Yes; the corresponding angles are congruent,
1. Divide 120 by 10. 3. 6 min 5. 55 7. bottom and _
3
=_
2
=_
2
=_
1.5
. 53. -_
3
55. 4_
4
4.8 3.2 3.2 2.4 32 5
right 9. 140 11. 12 13. multiplication followed by
addition; 228 ft _
4 _
5
57. = x ; 6.25
5
1. No; the corresponding angles are not congruent, and 1. about 113 mi 3. 1 in. = 60 ft 5. Sample answer:
_5 ≠ _
13
. 3. _
x
=_
6
, 12; _
9 _6
3 5 6 3 y = 3 , 4.5 5. No; the 1 in. = 1.25 ft; 8 in. by 9.6 in. 7. 9 ft; 9 ft

9. 12 ft; 12 ft 11. 12 ft; 12 ft 13. 1 cm = 0.0015 mm Pages 239–241 Lesson 4-10
15. 1:16 or 6666_
2
: 1; distances on the model are over 1. No; the rate of change from 2 to 3 cm, __
8 - 27
or
3 3-2
6,000 time. 17. Sample answer: 1 in. = 8 ft; length: 19 cm 3 per cm, is not the same as the rate of change
22_
3
in., width: 19_
3
in. 19. A tennis ball; sample from 3 to 4 cm, __
64 - 27
or 37 cm 3 per cm, so the rate of
4 8
answer: If the diameter of the model is d then __ d 4-3
11,000 change is not constant. 3. 7.5 in./cm; 7.5 miles for
=_ 3
, so d = 8.25. 23. Measure the distance each inch on the map 5. Yes; the graph is a line, so
4,000
between two places on the map for which you already the relationship is linear. The ratio of map distance to
know the actual distance. Set up a ratio of the map actual distance is a constant 7.5 mi/cm, so the
distance to the known distance. Then simplify. relationship is proportional. 7. Yes; the rate of change
25. C 27. 0.15 29. 64.5 31. approximately 2.64 between cost and time for each hour is a constant 3¢
33. 7 35. 6 37. -3 per hour. 9. No; the rate of change from
1 to 2 meters, __
19.6 - 4.9
or 14.7 m/s, is not the same as
2-1
the rate of change from 2 to 3 meters, __
Pages 233–235 Lesson 4-9 44.1-19.6
or
1. 6°/h 3-2
24.5 m/s, so the rate of change is not constant.
3. 64 y 11. $10/pizza; cost increases by $10 for every pizza
Between 6 A.M.
and 8 A.M. delivered 13. -250 ft/min; a decrease of 250 feet each
56
5. 4.6 flyers/min minute 15. 0.25; _
1
Temperature ( ⬚F)
of retail price 17. Yes; the graph

7. -$3.62 4
48 is a line, so the relationship is linear. The ratio of cost
to number of pizza is a constant $10 per pizza, so the
40 relationship is proportional. 19. No; the graph is a
line, so the relationship is linear. However, the ratios of
32 altitude to time for 2 and 6 minutes are _
3000
or 1,500
x 2
0 and _
1500
or 375, respectively. Since these ratios are not
4 A.M. 8 A.M. 12 P.M. 4 P.M. 8 P.M. 4
the same, the relationship is not proportional. 21. No;
9. Day 4–Day 5 the graph is a line, so the relationship is linear.
However, the ratios of sale price to retail price for $20
and $40 retail prices are _
10
or 0.5 and _
15
or 0.375,
20 40
respectively. Since these ratios are not the same, the

6ALUE
relationship is not proportional. 23. Pedro; he is

saving $12.50 per week, while Jenna is only saving $6

per week.
25. Pages Read in Book Sample answer: The

rate of change between
y
6 any two pieces of data
is _
3
Page Read
or 1.5 pages per

4 2
$AY min, so the relationship
2 is linear. Since the ratio
11. -1.05 million viewers per year
x of pages to minutes is a
13. 180 eagle pairs/yr 15. 1994–2000; m = 345.2
constant 1.5 pages per
17. $26.2 billion per year 19. $1,470.8 billion 0 2 4 6
min, the relationship is
Time (min)
21. between 2000 and 2003; between 2003 and 2002 proportional.
27. Sample answer: Melodie decided to keep track of
Number of Tornadoes
100 the number of miles she walked each day. The table
80 shows her progress.
60
40 Total Number of Days 1 2 3 4
20 Total Number of Miles Walked 2 4 6 8
Selected Answers
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 What was the constant rate of change in the number of
Year miles she walked per day? Solution: She walked a
constant 2 miles per day. This is a proportional
relationship, since the ratio of miles to days walked is
a constant 2 miles per day. 29. H 31. 260 mi.
23. Sample answer: $2.60 on Day 1, $2.92 on Day 5
25. 18 27. B 29. C 31. 720 tiles 33. _
1
or -_
1
12 12

71. 66% 73. _
1
75. {-56, -13, 13, 42, 101} 77. 20
1. false; shape 3. false; different 5. true 7. 1 for 8 8
79. 17.5
9. 1 out of 12 11. No; Sample answer:
Months 1 2 3 4
Cost ($) 60 90 120 150 1. _70
= _n
; 25% 3. _ n
=_ 60
; 54 5. _ 151.5
=_ 75
; 202
280 100 90 100 n 100
7. _
48
= _n
; 160% 9. about 500 pounds
The cost to months ratio for 1, 2, 3, and 4 months is 30 100
_
60
= 60, _
90
= 45, _
120
= 40, _
150
= 37.5. Since these 11. _ = _; 33.3% 13. _
120 n n
=_ 17
; 59.5
1 2 3 4 360 100 350 100
ratios are not all equal, the total cost is not
proportional to the number of months of high-speed 15. _95
=_ 95
; 100 17. _ n
=_ 250
; 142.5 19. about 20%
n 100 57 100
Internet. 13. 4 15. 3.5 17. 12.5 in. 19. _
3
ft 21. _ 4
=_ n
; 0.7% 23. _ n
=_ 5.8
; 2.4 25. _ 57
=_ 13.5
;
4 550 100 42 100 n 100
21. _
13
=_
5
; 2.6 23. _
7
25. 12.7 cm 27. 5 kg weight 422.2 27. 6.25% 29. Sample answer: Let x be 2 and y
x 1 8
29. 3,240 31. 34,884.38 m 2 33. 30 mi be 5. 2% of 5 is 0.1 and 5% of 2 is 0.1. The result will
35. 1 in. = 12 in. or 1 in. = 1 ft 37. zero 39. Yes; the always be the same for any two numbers x and y. x%
rate of change between cost and time for each minute of y = x(0.01) · y and y% of x = y(0.01) · x. By the
is a constant 2_1
¢ per minute. Commutative Property of Multiplication,
3
x(0.01) · y = y(0.01) · x. 31. D 33. 0.016, 16%, _ 1
6
35. 3.63 37. 60 in. 39. 213 41. 340
Chapter 5 Percent Pages 270–271 Lesson 5-4

1. 60 3. 27 5. 35 7. $12,000 9. 31 11. 9 13. 9
Page 251 Chapter 5 Getting Ready 15. 100 17. 12.5 19. 0.283 21. 14.7 23. 1.02
1. 101 3. 55 5. 0.4 7. 0.75 9. 0.9 11. 0.25 25. About 92 million 27. = 29. 300 women
13. 450 15. 31.5 31. See students’ work. 33. Sample answer: 30 and
300; These numbers are divisible by 3, making it easy
Pages 254–255 Lesson 5-1 to find 33_
1
% or _
1
of each number. 35. Since 75%
3 3
1. 17% 3. 6.25% 5. 45% 7. _
19
9. _
9
11. 110% equals _
3
, find _
3
of 40. _
1
of 40 is 10. So, _
3
of 40 is
100 50 4 4 4 4
13. 35% 15. 18% 17. 90% 19. 12% 21. _
43 3 · 10 or 30. 37. J 39. 45% 41. 0.6% 43. 0.8 mile
100
23. _
7
25. _
7
27. _
13
29. _
3 _
; 23 ; _
9 _
; 21 ; _
37
10 25 20
4 50 20 50 100
31. 160% 33. Sample answer: 60%. Since _
1
= 50% 1. An exact cost was not needed. 3. about 480
2 yearbooks; Sample answer: 65% is slightly greater than
and _
3
= 75%, 50% < 60% < 75%. 35. Arkansas 25%,
4 50% or _
1
, and 480 is slightly greater than _
1
of 750, or
Hawaii 24%, Mississippi 27%, and Utah 32%. By 2 2
writing the ratios as percents, it is easier to determine 375. 5. 40; Sample answer: 300 ÷ 8 = 37.5, which is
which state has the greatest ratio because all of the about 40. 7. 1,234,567,654,321 9. 6 wk 11. about
percents are numbers that are out of the same number 36,000,000 13. division followed by division;
(100). 37. H 39. No; the price per bagel is not 2.3 × 10 5 ÷ 4 = 57,500; 57,500 ÷ 24 ≈ 2,396 boxes
−
constant. 41. 1.07, 1_1
, 1.8, 1_
8
43. 0.75 45. 0.3 Pages 277–278 Lesson 5-6
2 9
1. Sample answer: _1
of 160 or 80 3. Sample answer:
Pages 258–261 Lesson 5-2 2
−
_ of 64 or 48 5. Sample answer: _
3 6
≈_ 7
or 20%
1. 0.4 3. 0.003 5. 123% 7. 44% 9. 83.3% 4 35 35
11. 0.062, 60%, _
13 _
, 17 13. 0.9 15. 1.72 17. 0.004 7. Sample answer: _
14
≈_
15
or 75% 9. Sample
19 20
answer: _ of 93 or 62 11. Sample answer: _
20 25 2 1
19. 0.07 21. 0.084 23. 62% 25. 47.5% 27. 0.7% of 64 or
3 4
29. 275% 31. 21% 33. 85% 35. 160% 37. 2.5% 16 13. Sample answer: _
9
of 40 or 36 15. Sample
− − 10
39. 44.4% 41. 32% 43. 83.3% 45. no summer camp answer: _
3
of 80 or 60 17. Sample answer: _
6
≈_
6
or
4 59 60
47. 8%, _
7 _
, 3 , 0.8 49. _
1
, 7%, _
2
, 0.09 51. _
3 _
, 3,
10 4 20 25 13 10 10% 19. Sample answer: _
5
≈_
6
or 16_
2
%
36 36 3
Selected Answers
0.305, 31% 53. Mora 0.340; Abreu 0.301; 0.301, 0.308,

21. Sample answer: _
7
≈_
8
or 66_
2
% 23. Sample
0.340 55. < 57. The daily value of carbohydrates is 11 12 3
12% or _ 3
which is less than _
1
or _
5
. 59. Fraction; answer: _
9
≈_
9
or 16_
2
% 25. Sample answer: _
3
of 48
25 5 25 55 54 3 4
_ is already in fraction form and 0.25 = _1 or _2 . Since
1 or 36 field goals 27. Sample answer for New
8 4 8 8,085,742 8,000,000
_1 < _2 , Lisa did not eat more cookies than she gave to York: __ ≈ __ or 40%
19,190,115 20,000,000
8 8 3,819,951 4,000,000
Kaitlyn. 61. Neva; 0.7 is 7 tenths, not 7 hundredths. Sample answer for California: __ ≈ __
35,484,453 36,000,000
63. Sample answer: 65% 65. D 67. B 69. 0.6% or 11.1%

2,869,121 3,000,000
Sample answer for Illinois: __ ≈ __
or 25%
12,653,544 12,000,000 Chapter 6 Geometry and
New York has the greatest percent of its population Spatial Reasoning
living in New York City. 29. Sample answer: 1_ 1
of 40
4 Page 305 Chapter 6 Getting Ready
or 50 31. 51% of 120; 24% of 240 is less than _
1
of 240
4 1. 86 3. 98 5. 180 7. 1,260 9. 540 11. 64 13. 52
or 60. 51% of 120 is greater than _
1
of 120 or 60.
2
33. sometimes; Sample answer: it will depend on the Pages 306–310 Lesson 6-1
amount that each value is rounded. 35. D 1. Sample answer: line q 3. 27 5. 104 7. 45° 9. F
37. 48 39. 5 41. 0.4 43. 0.1 11. Sample answer: QR 13. 103 15. 131 17. 112
19. 79 21. Supplementary 23. 35° 25. 27 27. 17
29. One; the points lie on the same line 31. A
Pages 282–283 Lesson 5-7 33. $585.20 35. 60%; decrease 37. 4.5 units 39. 360
1. 782 3. 4% 5. 2,000 7. $7,420 9. 36
11. 30% 13. 200 15. 20.16 17. 0.12% 19. 500 Pages 314–315 Lesson 6-2
21. 27.2 mi/gal 23. 818 attempts 25. 9.375 1. Zach observed that the diagonals of several different
examples of rectangles were congruent to decide
27. Always; a% of b is _
a
· b or _
ab
and b% of a is
100 100 that the diagonals of all rectangles are congruent.
_b
· a or _ab
. 29. Sample answer: Suppose an item
100 100 3. Opposite angles in a parallelogram are congruent.
costs $100. A 5% discount would be a discount of $5,
so the discounted price would be $95. Adding 5% sales 5. _
1 _
4 _
8 _
3 _
6 _
9
Fraction
11 11 11 11 11 11
tax to $95 adds $4.75. $95 + $4.75 is not $100. −− −− −− −− −− −−
31. H 33. $40 35. 63 37. 3.6 39. 7.1 41. -270 Decimal 0.09 0.36 0.72 0.27 0.54 0.81
43. 720 45. 87 47. 229
7. Alex has $8 and Marcus has $12.
9. First place = Bianca, Second place = Nuna,
Pages 287–289 Lesson 5-8 Third place = Mackenzie, Fourth place = Brianna,
1. 20%; decrease 3. 23.1%; increase 5. $115.71 Fifth place = Evelina 11. Multiplication;
7. 50%; increase 9. 20%; decrease 11. 25%; decrease 21,750 × 20 = 435,000 miles
13. 6.7% 15. $910.00 17. $36.25 19. $56.25
21. $83.97 23. 5.2 seconds 27. $8.50 29. Jared; the
change must be compared to the original price $5.75, 1. 360° 3. 1,800° 5. 540° 7. 1,620° 9. 3,060°
not the new price $6.25. 31. D 33. about $0.86 11. 108° 13. 140° 15. 152.3° 17. 90°, 120°, 150°;
360° 19. The measure of each angle in each outlined
1
of 84 or 21 37. Sample
4 triangle is 60°. If a triangle is equilateral, the measure
answer: _
1
of 96 or 32 39. 0.3 in./month 41. 3 of each angle will be 60° regardless of the size of the
3
triangle. 21. Sample answer: There are n - 2 triangles
inside a regular polygon. Every triangle has an angle
Pages 292–293 Lesson 5-9 measure sum of 180°. So, every polygon has an angle
1. $112.50 3. $729.30 5. C 7. $45 9. $10.08 measure sum of (n - 2)180°. If a polygon has n sides, it
11. $2,587.50 13. $587.22 15. 15% 17. $23,250 has n angles also. Therefore, divide the angle measure
19. $1,053 21. 25-year mortgage loan 23. Sample sum by the number of angles to find an individual
answer: $1,000 at 2.5%. Using the simple interest angle measure. 23. H 25. vertical 27. vertical and
formula, I = 1,000 · 0.025 · 2 or $50. 25. B supplementary 29. 0.35, _
7
31. Yes, the segments
27. $180 29. 60 31. 8.4 × 10 -5 20
have the same measure. 33. No, the segments do not
have the same measure.
1. percent 3. markup 5. principal 7. discount −− −−−
1. yes; ∠A ∠G, ∠C ∠H, ∠E ∠F, AC GH,
9. 1.5% 11. 80% 13. 20% 15. 1_ 1
17. 1.47 −− −− −− −−
5 CE HF, AE GF; ACE GHF 3. 73°
19. 70% 21. 255% 23. 96% 25. Andrea: _
7
= 87.5%, 5. 7 yd 7. yes; ∠H ∠P, ∠K ∠Q, ∠J ∠M,
8 −−− −− −− −−− −− −−−
27. _
n
=_
45
Selected Answers
87.5% < 88% ; 8.1 29. $600 31. 1.83 HK PQ, KJ QM, HJ PM; HJK PMQ
18 100 −−− −−
33. 12 35. 84 shoppers; Sample answer: 10% of 9. 13 in. 11. 113° 13. Sample answer; MK SN,
1,413 is about 140, and 6% is a little more than half of Since you know both quadrilaterals are squares, you
140 or 70. Since 84 is slightly greater than 70, it is a know that all angles are 90° and therefore congruent to
each other. You also know that the sides of each
reasonable answer. 37. Sample answer: _
2
of 60 or 40
3 quadrilateral are congruent. You need to know
33
≈_
33
or 33_
1
% 41. about 68°F whether a side of quadrilateral JMKL is congruent to a
98 99 3
43. 12.3 45. 633 movies 47. 25%; increase side of quadrilateral PSNO. 15. quadrilateral
49. 33.3%; decrease 51. $17.00 53. $68.25 ABCD quadrilateral WXYZ, m∠A = 80°.

17. Sample answer: If the scale factor between two 2. A' y A A(-3, 5), B(-4, 1),
similar polygons is 1 then the lengths of the C(-1, 2)
corresponding sides would be the same. Therefore, C
the polygons would be congruent. 19. H B' C' B
21. 108° 23. 140° 25. A
O x

1a. 1b. no 3.
3. 5. G G'
F H F'
H'
5a. 7a.
J J'
7. 9.
y y Q
F' F P
5b. yes; 180° 7b. no R
H' H
9. b and d; 180° S
11. 6 pieces O x O S' x
R'
P'
G' G
Q'
F(-3, 3), G(-4, -3), P(1, -3), Q(3, -5),

H(-2, 1) R(5, -2), S(3, -1)
11.
13. The window has 16 lines of symmetry.

The window has rotational symmetry. The angles of
rotation are 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5°,
180°, 202.5°, 225°, 247.5°, 270°, 292.5°, 315°, 337.5°, and
360°. 15. Isosceles and equilateral triangles;
equilateral triangles 13. X(1, -3), Y(-2, -5), Z(-3, 2)
17. false 19. D 21. 720° 23. 2,160°
25. $19.50
15. Q T 17. See students’ work.
R
S
V U U' T'
S'
R'
1. y A(3, -5), B(4, -1), V' Q'
Selected Answers
A
C(1, -2)
C 19. (x, y) becomes (x, -y) after being reflected over
B
the x-axis. The x-coordinate is the same and the
O x y-coordinate changes sign. (x, y) becomes (-x, y)
C' B' after being reflected over the y-axis. The y-coordinate
is the same and the x-coordinate changes sign.
21. yes; 90°, 180°, 270° 23. yes; 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°,
A' 300° 25. -5 27. 3

21. 23. yes; 120°, 240°
1. 3.
25. _ , 38%, _
C y C' 3 5
A' y , 0.65
8 8
B' A Y'
B Z'
B D D' B'
X' x
Y O x
C' Z O
C A E E' A'
X
A(5, -3), B(2, 1),
X(-1, 0), Y(0, 3), Z(5, 2) C(3, 4), D(0, 2), E(0, -3)
5. C
1. True 3. False, ∠B 5. False, equiangular 7. True
7. Q 9. 125 11. 58 13. verical and supplementary
P
15. supplementary 17. ∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary
angles, m∠2 = 94°. 19. 1,440° 21. 128.6° 23. 135°
R Q' 25. Yes; ∠A ∠P, ∠B ∠Q, ∠C ∠R, and ∠D ∠S;
−− −− −− −−− −−− −− −−− −−
AB PQ, BC QR, CD RS, DA SP; ABCD
P' PQRS
R' 27. Yes, the flag has line symmetry.
9. X' Y'
X Y
29. None 31. Yes; 90°, 180°, 270°
33. 35.
R' Q' yQ R H'
W' Z' H
W Z
S' T' T S F'
11. y J(-2, -2), K(4, 1),
O x F
K G'
L L(5, -1), M(-1, -4)
J
K' G
M O x
L' 37. y B A(3, -2), B(4, 1),
J' C(6, -1)
C
M'
A B'
13. O x
C'
A'
39. P(-2, 6)
Selected Answers
2 Chapter 7 Measurement: Area

15. S(-14, 2), T(0, 9); The translation is to the left and Volume
6 units and up 2 units.
17. (x - m, y + n) 19. B 1. 32 3. 8 5. 102 7. 227.68 9. 20.1 11. 283.4

2
1. 56.5 cm 3. 7.9 mi 5. 346.2 ft 7. 2.5 inches 1. Planes ABCD and EFGH 3. points D and F
9. 119.3 mi 11. 106.8 km 13. 22.1 mi 2 15. 70.8 in 2 5. rectangular prism; 6 faces, all rectangles; 12 edges;
17. about 14.1 feet 19. about 70,650 yd 2 21. 27.0 km; 8 vertices 7. rectangular pyramid; 5 faces, 1 rectangle
58.1 km 2 23. 3.8 mi; 1.1 mi 2 25. 529.9 ft 2 and 4 triangles; 8 edges; 5 vertices 9. Sample answer:
27. 14_
2
in.; 17_
1 2
in 29. circumference; height = 3d, planes RSTU and VYXW 11. Sample answer: points
3 9 S and W 13. triangular pyramid; 4 faces, all triangles;
C = 3.14d 31. about 15.7 ft 2
6 edges; 4 vertices 15. triangular prism; 5 faces, 2
triangles and 3 rectangles; 9 edges; 6 vertices
33. Sample answer: The circumference of 17.
CM the circle is
C = p · 6 or 18.8 cm.
TOPVIEW FRONTVIEW
35. 87.9 cm 2 37. 18.2 m 2 39. B

41. y
B'
B SIDEVIEW
C' 19. a. Hexagonal prism
C b.
O x
A'
A
side view top view

43. about $471,000/in 2
21. a.1 rectangular prism and 2 square pyramids
Pages 360–361 Lesson 7-2 b.
1. The pieces of pizza would likely be difficult to see in
a diagram showing 8 cuts. 3. 55 5. 5 packages of 40
and 2 packages of 75 7. heart
9.
VÌ vVÌ
}À>«iÃ top view side view

23. See students’ work. 25. Sometimes; a rectangular

pyramid has 5 vertices, but a triangular pyramid
has 4. 27. A 29. 161.1 in 2 31. 15 in 2 33. 27.5 cm 2

11. 68 13. Multiplication followed by addition; 1. 36 ft 3 3. 1,271.7 yd 3 5. 14,790 cm 3 7. 216 mm 3
4(1.75) + 1(1.09) + 8(0.55) = 7 + 1.09 + 4.40 = 12.49; 9. 768 m 3 11. 55.4 m 3 13. 297.5 ft 3 15. 236.0 cm 3
12.49 > 11; no, the total is $12.49 17. 3,863.0 cm 3 19. 6 in. 21. The container A; the
volume of container A is about 509 cm 3, while the
Pages 365–367 Lesson 7-3 volume of container B is 480 cm 3. 23. 1,728
1. 216 in2 3. 3.9 ft2 5. 64 cm2 7. 220.5 cm2 9. 38.6 25. 1,000,000 27. The base of the prism is a hexagon,
ft2 11. 119.5 ft2 13. 610 m2 15. 120 cm2 17. $65.85 which can be separated into two congruent trapezoids.
19. Divide the composite figure horizontally into two So, the area of the base is 2 × _
1
(4)(11 + 5) or 64 m 2.
trapezoids, find the area of each, and then find the 2
The height of the prism is 7 m, so the volume of the
sum of their areas. Divide the complex figure up prism is 64 × 7 or 448 m 3. 29. Volume quadruples
Selected Answers
vertically into two triangles and a square, find the area 31. Volume quadruples 33. Dulce; the base of the
of each figure, then find the sum of their areas. prism is a triangle and the area of a triangle is one-half
the product of the base times altitude of the triangle.
The height of the prism is 10 in. 35. V = Bh and
V = wh; Sample answer: V = wh because you can see
exactly which values you need to substitute into the
formula. 37. G 39. 126 ft 2 41. 22 million pounds
21. H 23. 95.8 m 25. triangle 27. pentagon 43. 2_
1
45. _
3
47. 35 49. 240
4 800

Pages 383–384 Lesson 7-6 27. Q(-3, -3), R(2, -4), S(3, -2), T(-2, -1);
3 3 3
1. 410.7 cm 3. 376,041.7 cm 5. 71 ft 7. 2,947.4 in y R
9. 2,260.8 cm 3 11. 195 yd 3 13. 175 cm 3 15. 2.6 mi 3 Q
17. 188.4 m 3 19. 840 yd 3 21. 103.6 mm 3 23. 165 min
25. Sample answer: CM S
T
T' O x
S'
CM
CM
Q'
27. Sample answer: Finding the amount of ice cream R'
inside a cone. 29. J 31. trapezoidal prism; 6 faces,
29. 12%
2 trapezoids, 4 rectangles; 12 edges; 8 vertices
33. $240 35. 17.3 ft 37. 23.9 cm Pages 405–408 Chapter 7 Study Guide and Review
1. true 3. false, volume 5. false, three 7. false,
Pages 389–391 Lesson 7-7 diameter 9. 18.8 cm; 28.3 cm 2 11. 66,123 mi 2
13. 57.5 mm 2 15. triangular prism; 5 faces, 2 triangles,
1. 64 yd 2; 94 yd 2 3. 236.1 m 2; 336.6 m 2 5. 81.6 in 2
3 rectangles; 9 edges; 6 vertices 17. 6 faces, 10 edges,
7. 30 in 2; 58 in 2 9. 263.2 m 2; 330.4 m 2 11. 202.2 mm 2;
6 vertices 19. 660 yd 3 21. 163.3 ft 3 23. 445.3 yd 3
335.1 mm 2 13. 805 ft 2 15. 227.4 in 2 17. 363.0 in 2
19. Double the radius; consider the expression for the 25. 635.9 in 2 27. 33,947.5 m 2
surface area of a cylinder, 2πr 2 + 2πrh. If you double
the height, you will double the second addend. If you
double the radius, you will quadruple the first addend
and double the second addend. 21. Surface area is Chapter 8 Algebra: More
the area of all the surfaces of a solid. Lateral area is the
surface area minus the area of the bases. 23. H
Equations and
25. 3,039.5 cm 3 27. 1.4 29. 20 Inequalities
Pages 395–396 Lesson 7-8 1. true 3. true 5. Des Moines; -5 > -7
1. 48 ft 2; 64 ft 2 3. 408 yd 2 5. 35 ft 2; 47.3 ft 2 7. -5 - 3x = 32 9. 9 + x = 14 11. -17 13. 19
7. 105.3 mm 2; 140.4 mm 2 9. 1,536 ft 2; 2,112 ft 2 15. -6 17. -32
11. 1,280 ft 2 13. 615,335 ft 2 15. 4.2 in.
17. Sample answer: The perimeter of Pages 419–421 Lesson 8-1
the base is 2(4) or 1. 5x + 20 3. 3y + 18 5. 2p - 6 7. -6g + 12
CM 8 and the slant 9. terms: 5n, -2n, -3, n; like terms: 5n, -2n, and n;
height is 5. coefficients: 5, -2, 1; constant: -3 11. terms: 7, -3d,
Lateral area is -8, d; like terms: -3d and d, 7 and -8; coefficients: -3,
_1 P or _1 (8)(5) or 1; constants: 7, -8 13. 5 15. 2x + 3.50 17. -8a - 8
CM 2 2
CM 19. -2p - 14 21. 30 - 6q 23. -15 + 3b
20 cm 2.
25. -4n + 12 27. 18 + 3z 29. terms: 7, -5x, 1; like
19. D 21. 1,278.6 ft 2 23. 53_
1
25. 2_
1
3 3 terms: 7, 1; coefficients: -5; constants: 7, 1 31. terms:
n, 4n, -7n, -1; like terms: n, 4n, -7n; coefficients: 1, 4,
Pages 402–404 Lesson 7-9 -7; constant: -1 33. terms: 9, -z, 3, -2z; like terms:
9 and 3, -z and -2z; coefficients: -1, -2; constants: 9,
1. 21.4 in. 3. B 5. 2.7 ft 7. 1,040 in 2 9. 52.1 cm 3
3 35. 11c 37. 2 + 4d 39. -8j + 5 41. 5_
1
y + 100
11. 133.6 in 3 13. 90 ft 2 15. _
1
17. 58,679.1 cm 3, 2
2 43. 2y - 5 47. -12x - 20 49. 4x - 4y 51. 14 +
139,091.2 cm 3, 469,432.8 cm 3
7n 53. -12ab - 30ac 55. -7p - r 57. n(4.75 + 2.50)
19. Sample answer: CM + 30; 7.25n + 30 59. 12(x - 7); 12x - 84
The cones are similar 61. 7m - 20 63. 5(x - 3); 5(x - 3) is equivalent to 5x
because the ratios CM
Selected Answers
CM - 15, while the other three expressions are equivalent

comparing their CM to 5x - 3. 65. true; 2(x - 1) + 3(x - 1) = 2x - 2 + 3x
radii and heights - 3 or 5x - 5 which is equivalent to 5(x - 1). 67. G
are equal: _
3
=_
8
. 69. 137.7 cm 2; 172.2 cm 2 71. 51 in 2; 69.1 in 2 73. no
1.5 4
75. 57.3 mph 77. -4 79. -45
21. true; Sample answer: all spheres are the same
shape, and since the radii or diameters are the only Pages 424–426 Lesson 8-2
linear measures, they are always proportional.
1. 4 3. 28 5. 8 7. 16 payments 9. -7 11. 7 people
23. A 25. 925,041.6 ft 2 13. -3 15. -2 17. 5 19. -64 21. 7 23. -52

25. 5 27. 4 29. -1 31. -1 33. 15 rounds 35. 11 31. all except skateboarding 33. 85,000 < 185,000
37. 64 39. -26 41. x = 39.75; No, it satisfies the 35. Always; x is always = x. 37. D 39. 2 5-card
equation, but it is not a solution of the problem, packages and 2 3-card packages 41. 16 43. 33
because you cannot have 0.75 animals. 43. Tomás;
Alexis did not undo the operations in reverse Pages 447–448 Lesson 8-7
order. 45. You identify the order in which operations 1. b > 4 3. x < 14 5. C 7. n ≥ -12 9. y > -5
would be performed on the variable, then you undo 11. g ≥ 17 13. s ≤ 7 15. x ≤ -16 17. g < -7
each operation using its inverse operation in reverse 19. q ≤ -1.3 21. p > -1.2 23. f < 3_
3
order. 47. F 49. -3x - 15 51. -8p + 56 4
53. 12 ft 55. n + 5 = 17 25. n - 11 < 8; n < 19 27. n + 17 ≤ 6; n ≤ -11
29. 95 + t > 98.6; t > 3.6; more than 3.6° lower
31. 15 > x - 3; x < 18; x must be less than 18 cm
33. more than one 35. more than one
1. 3n + 1 = 7 3. _
n
- 10 = 3 5. 121 = s + (s + 45); 37. Sample answer: n + 5 > 10 39. B 41. true
5
$38 7. 2n + 15 = 9 9. 7n - 6 = -20 43. true 45. -5 47. 48
11. 4x + 25 = 75; $12.50 each 13. _c + 6.33 = 11.33;
3 Pages 452–453 Lesson 8-8
$15 15. 2x + 2(134) = 360; 46 17. 34 miles per hour
19. 9 baskets 21. 10, 12, 14 23. 7.50h + 150 = 600; 1. x > 4 3. x ≤ -9 5. y < -8 7. g > 14
50 h; 12h = 600; 50 h 25. n + 2n + (2n + 5) = 200; 9. 45 + 0.19d ≤ 100; d ≤ 289.5; He can drive 289
$37, $74, $89 29. J 31. -2 33. 6 35. 8 miles. 11. n ≤ 5 13. g < -4 15. y < -11 17. r < -
37. 3 + 5y 39. 146.9%; increase 41. 7 43. -15a 3 19. c ≤ 1 21. a ≤ -15 23. n < -98 25. t ≥ 10
27. k < 20 29. 5.25c ≥ 42; c ≥ 8; at least 8 h
31. k ≤ -1 33. n < -9 35. x ≤ -3 37. _ x
+ 1 ≤ 7;
Pages 436–437 Lesson 8-4 -5
x ≥ - 30 39. -2x -6 > -18; x < 6 41. Lakita; when
1. -3 3. -4 5. 5 7. 75 miles 9. 8 11. -9 dividing by a positive number, do not reverse the
13. 10 15. 1 17. 5 19. 3.6 21. Let n = the number; inequality symbol. 43. Reverse the inequality symbol
4n + 11 = n - 7; -6 23. 345 + 115x = 255 + 130x; when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
6 days 25. 60x = 8x + 26; 0.5 27. 5 + 0.10(10x) + 8x 45. F 47. a ≤ 7 49. n < -22 51. b ≤ 200
= 10x; 5 mugs 29. 45 units 2 31. C 33. $7.95
35. -5 37. 4 39. Enrique can invite two friends. Pages 454–458 Chapter 8 Study Guide and Review
1. false; the same 3. false; constant 5. true 7. false;
equivalent expressions 9. 4a + 12 11. 7p 13. 2n - 5
1. Sample answer: You need to keep track of what 15. -2 17. 4 19. 2n + 6 = -4 21. 8 + 4d = 28;
numbers you have already guessed so that you do not 5 more days 23. -7 25. 1.5 27. Sample answer:
make the same guess twice. You also need to know 125 candy bars and 105 pretzels 29. fingers: 14;
what numbers produce answers that are too large or wrist: 8; palm: 5 31. p ≤ 15 33. false
too small so you can make better guesses. 3. 24 5. 8 35.
mugs, 3 pins 7. $1.25 9. Sample answer: 10 in. by 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
6 in. by 4 in. or 10 in. by 12 in. by 2 in. 11. 11 13. 85
37. b ≥ 17 39. x ≤ -2.8 41. t < 3_
1
2
Pages 443–444 Lesson 8-6 43. 920 + n ≤ 1,800; the elevator can carry at most an
1. a < 6 3. false 5. true additional 880 pounds. 45. k ≤ 5.1 47. y ≤ -7
7. 49. a ≥ -2.4 51. a. 8h ≥ 1,200 b. h ≥ 150 c. at least 150h

9. Chapter 9 Algebra: Linear

11. s > 100 13. ≥ 4

15. c ≤ 25 17. true
Functions
19. true 21. false Page 463 Chapter 9 Getting Ready
23. 1–4. 5.
y y
4
D (⫺4, 3)
Selected Answers
2
25.

O x ⫺4 ⫺2 O 2 4x
27. C(0, ⫺2) B(2, ⫺1) ⫺2
A(⫺3, ⫺4)
⫺4
29.
7. 15 9. 11 11. 5 13. 4


1. -2 1. y (0, 15) 3. y
3. x 8-x f(x) Domain: {-3, -1, 2, 4} 12
Range: {11, 9, 6, 4} (1, 11)
-3 8 - (-3) 11 8
(2, 7)
-1 8 - (-1) 9 x
O
4
2 8-2 6 (3, 3)
y 3x 2
4 8-4 4 2 4 6 x
O
(4, 1)
5. x 3x - 2 f(x) Domain: {-5, -2, 2, 5} 5. A
Range: {-17, -8, 4, 13} y
-5 3(-5) - 2 -17 7. Y 9.

-2 3(-2) - 2 -8 y 3x

2 3(2) - 2 4
5 3(5) - 2 13 O x

7. 35 9. 11 11. –21

13. x 6x - 4 f(x) Domain: {-5, -1, 2, 7}
Range: {-34, -10, 8, 38} " X
-5 6(-5) - 4 -34
-1 6(-1) -4 -10 11. 13.
y y
2 6(2) - 4 8
7 6(7) - 4 38 y 2x 3
15. x 7 + 3x f(x) Domain: {-3, -2, 1, 6} O x

Range: {-2, 1, 10, 25}
-3 7 + 3(-3) -2 O x
yx1
-2 7 + 3(-2) 1
1 7 + 3(1) 10
6 7 + 3(6) 25
15. y
17. x 7x f(x) Domain: {-5, -3, 2, 6} O x

Range: {-35, -21, 14, 41}
-5 7(-5) -35
-3 7(-3) -21 x
y 23
2 7(2) 14
6 7(6) 41
17. No; you could not have a negative distance.

19. s = b + 30; 215 21. 2 23. 6 h 25. Sample 19. 43.6 m
answer: 0 27. -9; x = y - 4 29. H 31. b > 17 21. Whitney: 27.8ºF; Pyramid: 44.1ºF; Adams: 50.5ºF;
33. -7 ≤ t 35. 574.7 in 2 37. 5 Palomari: 57.9ºF
38–41. y 23. y
D (4, 3)
Selected Answers
O x O x
C(0, 2) B(2, 1)
A(3, 4)

25a. Sample answer: 5. y
(-2, -4), (0, -2), (2, 0), (4, 2); y = x - 2
25b. Sample answer: (-1, 4),
(0, 3), (1, 2), (3, 0); y = 3 - x O x
27. D 29. 39 31. -1
33. 346.2 in 3 35. -_ 2
3
y 5x 1
2
_
1
1. or - _
1
3. - _
1
5. _3
7. -_
8
9. -_
5
11. _
1
5 5 3 4 9 8 2 7. y $50
13. -3 15. -_ 5
; y
2 120
8 y 90 10x
80
4
40
O 8 12 x
O 4 8 12 x
4
9. No; the ratios of the amount owed to the week

numbers are not equal. 11. -5; 2 13. -_
3
; -_
1
7 7
15. -3; -4
17. 3 19. _
5
21. -_
2
23. -_
5
; the depth of the water 17. 19.
3 11 8
is decreasing _
5
inch per day. 25. 55 27. ‘95–’98: _ 2
; y y
8 3
_1
‘98–’01: ; ‘01–’04: _
2
29. No; the percent of families
3 3 y x 3
2
owning homes cannot exceed 100%. The closer the O x
percent reaches 100, the slower the growth will be.
31. Yes; _
1
<_
1
33. Dylan; Martin did not use the O x
15 12 3
x-coordinates in the same order as the y-coordinates. y 2 x4
35. The rise and the run must always be the same or
the line will not be straight. 37. G
21. y 23. the hourly rental

39. 41. charge, $15, and the
y y
base rental fee, $35
yx2
y 3x 2 y 3x 1.5
O x
O x
O x
25. y 1,724 m
43. -3 45. 21
4,000
y 4,074 47x
Pages 486–488 Lesson 9-4 3,000
1. 25 computers per hour 3. yes; 58
5. $0.50/newspaper 7. $3.49/DVD 9. 53_
1
lb 2,000
3
11. 6_
7
c 13. no 15. yes; 0.07 17. y = _ 2
x; 4 1,000
8 5
_
4
Selected Answers
19. y = 78x; 28 21. 127 cm 23. Sample answer: x

7
x = 3, y = 1_11
25. See students’ work. 27. G 29. _
1 O 20 40 60 80
16 2
31. -_4
33. 450 calories 35. -21 37. -9
5
27. No; the ratios of the altitude to the number of
Pages 493–495 Lesson 9-5 seconds are not equal. 29. y = -x + 180 31. No; the
1. 1; 2 3. -2; 3 ratios of the angle measures are not equal. 33. -3

y 37. -1_1 3. 5. Sample
School Enrollment (millions)

35. ; The x-intercept y
3
represents when the 40 answer: 59.7
rainfall measurement million
30
began, 1_
1
hours before
3
12:00 P.M. 20
10
O x x
0
0
00
20
00
40
60
80
19
19
39. Chantel; the ratio of temperature to time is not
20
19
19
19
constant. 41. The slope is undefined. There is no Year
y-intercept unless the graph of the line is the y-axis. 7. As the engine size increases, the mileage decreases.
Therefore, the scatter plot shows a negative relationship.
43. A 45. 6 h 47. _
3
2 9. As the study time increases, the test scores increase.
49. x 0.39x y (x, y) y Therefore, the scatter plot shows a positive relationship.
11. Sample answer: y = 12x + 210 13. Sample answer:
0 0.39(0) 0 (0, 0)
y positive
1 0.39(1) 0.39 (1, 0.39) 15. Sample
y 0.39x
2 0.39(2) 0.78 (2, 0.78) 80 answer: about
88.1 yr
3 0.39(3) 1.17 (3, 1.17)
Life Expectancy
70
4 0.39(4) 1.56 (4, 1.56) O x
60
51. 3 53. -12
50
x
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
1. 1y + 2x = 48; 1y - 1x = 3 3. y + 0.15x < 39; y +
Year Born
15x < 39 5. C + D = 45; C = D + 7 7. B + G = 63; G
= B + 7 9. p + c = 50; c = p + 10 11. a. y ≤ -2x + 3; 17. The number of pets does not depend on a student’s
y ≥ x + 1; b. Sample answer: (-1,0), (-2,-1), (-3,2) grade level. Therefore, a scatter plot of the data would
13. B show no relationship. 19. As the outside temperature
15. 500 increases, the amount of a heating bill decreases.
y
Therefore, a scatter plot of the data would show a
400 negative relationship. 21. Sample answer: there is no
relationship between home runs hit and runs batted in.
300 Therefore, you cannot draw a line of fit to represent
the data. 23. no relationship; sample answer: the data
200
appears random on a scatter plot 25. Sample answer:
100 the number of students passing through the cafeteria
line and the amount of food left in the cafeteria 27.
x
Sometimes; sample answer: the price per gallon of
0 2 4 6 8 10 gasoline would increase proportionally as the number
of gallons bought increases. But, as the level of
17. the number of pages read each day; the number of
education increases, salary may or may not increase
pages read initially 19. true 21. true 23. 140 boxes
proportionally. 29. A
31. Largest U.S. Cities
2000
1. Sample answer: It has the second highest rating, but
Population
1950
it is the fourth highest price. 3. 140 teenagers 8,000,000
5. about $34.38 7. The number of students per
Selected Answers
4,000,000
computer in the U.S. steadily decreased from 1991 to
2000. 9. division followed by subtraction; 87,500 ÷ 4
0
= 21,875; 21,875 - 9,500 - 750 = 11,625; $11,625
A
lph TX
Di x, AZ
Sa Da , C A
to , TX
tro TX
us , IL
I
ele Y
Sa oeni A
M
ng k, N
Ch s, C
P
Ho ago
de on,
,
it,
Ph ia,
s
nio
o
lla
r
ag
Lo w Yo
t
ic

De
An
sA
n
Ne
ila
1. As the number of hours increases, the number of

n
Ph
units produced increases. Therefore, the scatter plot City

shows a positive relationship. 33. Phoenix 35. 4 37. 6

Pages 513–516 Chapter 9 Study Guide and Review 3. y
1. domain 3. function 5. y-intercept 7. line of fit
y x 2
9. dependent 11. 22 13. c = 20 + 28n; $272
15. y
O x
y 2x 1
O x
Line y = x + 2 goes through points (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4),
(3, 5), and (4,6).
5. _1
9
7. _
1
5
9. 64 11. $2,048
a x
1. Nonlinear; as x increases by 1, y increases by a
17. y
greater amount each time. 3. Linear; graph is a
straight line 5. Linear; can be written as y = _1
x+0
3
7. No; the rate of change is not constant. 9. Nonlinear;
rate of change is not constant. 11. Nonlinear; rate of
y 4x
change is not constant. 13. Linear; rate of change is
constant; as x increases by 4, y decreases by 3
O x 15. Nonlinear; graph is a curve 17. Linear; graph is a
straight line 19. Nonlinear; graph is a curve
21. Nonlinear; power of x is greater than 1 23. Linear;
19. 2 21. -6 23. _
1
25. $5.20 27. 2; 5 29. 4; 7 can be written in the form y = _
3
x + 0. 25. Nonlinear;
6 2
x is in the denominator, so the equation cannot be
31. y
written in the form y = mx + b. 27. No; the rate of
change is not constant. 29. Nonlinear; the power
of r in the function A = πr 2 is greater than 1.
O x 31. Nonlinear; when solved for y, x appears in the
denominator so the equation cannot be written in
1 the form y = mx + b. 33. Linear; rate of change is
y x
2
2
constant, as x increases by 0.5, y decreases by 7.
35. Nonlinear; the points (year, attendance) would lie
on a curved line, not on a straight line and the rate of
33. p + s = 25; p = s + 6 35. y + 1.25x < 7.50; change is not constant.
2y + 0.5x < 7.50 37. no relationship 39. negative 37. Water Level
h
Chapter 10 Algebra: Nonlinear

Height
Functions and
Polynomials
t
Time
1. y
Nonlinear; the water level is not changing at a constant
rate.
39. y = x 2; y = x 2 cannot be written in the form y = mx
Selected Answers
O x +b
41. Sample answer: the function is linear if its equation
can be written in the form y = mx + b; the function is
y x 4 linear if a table of values constructed using its
equation indicates a constant rate of change.
43. H 45. no relationship 47. Sample answer: The
Line y = x – 4 goes through points (0, -4), (1, -3), number of Mandarin native speakers is about 2_
1
times
2
(2, -2), (3, -1). the number of English native speakers.

49. -0.25 51. -1.8 53. -4 55. 2,356.2 ft 3 13. 15.
2
57. 59. y x 4 y x
y y y O
2
x y x 5
O
O x O x
yx 3 1
y 3x 1
17. 19.
2 y
Pages 530–531 Lesson 10-2 y 2x 3 4
1. 2 3. y
y 3x x
4 2 2 4
y O y O
12
x 4
8
y 4x 2 8
4
12
x
2
4 2 O 2 4 O x y 3x 2
4
21.
5. y
160
Distance (ft)
120 2
d 16 182
O x 80
40
y x2 3
0
2 4 6 8
7. Braking Distance about 45 Time (s)
21 d km/s
23. y 1.5x 2
18
y
15
Distance (ft)
12
9
6
3
s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 O x
Time (s)
25. 27.
9. y 11. O y y y
x
Selected Answers
y 6x 2 O x
1 2
y 3x 2
y 5x 2 x
O y 1 x2 1
4
O x

29. V = 5s 2 V 6 in. 5. 12 y V = x 3 + x 2; 1.8
11 cm × 1.8 cm ×
40
10 v x 3 x 2 2.8 cm
9
30
8
2 7
20 V 5s
6
5
10
4
s 3
0
1 2 3 4 2
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
31. y 33. Sample answer:
y = x 2 - 3.5 7. y
y
y 3x 3
x O x
O O x
2
y x 5
9. y
maximum; (0, 5)
35. A 37. nonlinear 39. nonlinear 41. positive
43. 540 = 750 · r · 6; 12% 45. 64
y 0.1x3
Pages 532–533 Lesson 10-3 O x
1. 4 groups of 2
and 4 is 12
11. y
3
3. 37
USA
37
USA
37
USA
37
USA
37
USA
37
USA
37
USA
y 2x 1
2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002
37 37
USA USA
O x
2002 2002
37 37 37
USA USA USA
2002 2002 2002
37 37 37 37 37
USA USA USA USA USA
2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 13. y

37
USA
y 2x 3 2
2002
5. 12 7. 106 9. 25 11. 4 miles 13. Multiplication O x

followed by subtraction. Then, substitution followed
by subtraction; Lorena, 7; Angela, 5

1. 3.
15.
Selected Answers
y y y
y x3
1
y 3 x3 2
O x O x O x
y x32

17. y 27. y 0;
3
y x 1
y x3
O x O x
29. Both the side length and the volume of a cube

19. 12 y about 1.4 in. cannot be negative. 31. G
11 4 33. y
10
V 3 πr 3
9
8
7
6 O x
5
y 2x 2
4
3
2
1
x 35. y
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
21. different shapes; y

O x
O x
y x3
y 3x 2 1
y x3 3
37. 7 39. 3 41. 35 43. 73

1. 48 3. -6a5 5. r4 7. 26 or 64 years old 9. 210
23. y 11. b14 13. 15x9 15. -8w11 17. 40y9 19. -35a5b5c5
21. y3 23. m-1n2 25. -12a-2b4
7 8
27. 1014 instructions 29. x4y3 31. 28a3b5 33. _(8)
y 2x 3 y 2x 3
35. 64 37. _
2
39. Sample answer: 4 7 · 4 8 41. A
x
7
O
43. y
y x 3
O x
25. 24 about 1.7 m;

y
22
20
18
45.
Selected Answers
16 V πr 3 y
14
12 O x
10
8
6
4 y x 3 2
2
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

47. y
of bacteria present when the population of the culture
has been squared; 125(23x); the number of bacteria
present when the population of the culture has been
y x 2 5 tripled. 41. If the side length is doubled, the area is
quadrupled and the volume is multiplied by 8.
43. Sample answer: (102)50, (104)25, and (1010)10
O x
45. 3 47. D 49. C 51. y8 53. _
8
5
55. 7 57. 15
g

49. No; the difference between the times varies, so the
1. ⎪d⎥ 3. 7⎪x y⎥ 5. m 7. 5r 2s 3 9. 16 ⎪uv 3⎥ units
3
growth is not constant. 51. 6.25 × 106 53. -8_ 1
_
23 _5 4 3
4 11. ⎪n⎥ 13. g 4 ⎪k 7⎥ 15. 6z 6 17. 3p 4q 2 19. h
55. 57. 9 59. 3 61. 8 21. 3b 23. 5d 3e 25. 7mn 7 27. 11⎪ab⎥
40 6
29. 20 ⎪xy 5⎥ 31. 4wz 33. 3⎪g 8⎥h 35. 0.5⎪x⎥
Pages 546–548 Lesson 10-6 37. _
2
wx 2 39. _
9
3 m 2
1. 7 5 3. y 3 5. 3c 5 7. _ 1
9. C 11. 8 11 41. Sample answer: √
49m 4n 2 = 7m 2⎪n⎥
15 8
13. _ 1
15. h 17. _1
19. 6d 5 21. 4m 2 43. x = 21 45. Sample answer: The expression
44 x3 √y 2 indicates the positive square root. The variable
23. _ 1
25. _
6
27. x 2y 5 29. _ 1
22 13 w4 3 3x
6 y can either be positive, negative, or zero. If y is
31. 10 2 or 100 people/mi 2 33. 2 7 or 128 times negative, then writing the simplified form of √ y 2 as
y would indicate the negative square root.
35. 12 37. -6 39. 10 3 or 1,000 times greater
The simplified form must be written as ⎪y⎥ to
41. Equal; Sample answer: Using the quotient of indicate that the square root is positive, regardless of
100
powers, _
3
99
= 3 100–99 or 3 1, which is 3. 43. 2 29 the value of y. The absolute value is not necessary
3
45. D 47. C 49. _
1
51. -_
18 when simplifying √ y 4 because it square root is y 2,
2 3
18 a which is always positive. 47. G 49. 6 15 51. 16a 12b 8
53. y
53. 9 2 55. 6y 2 57. $149.85
y 1 x3
3
O x 1. false; quadratic function 3. true 5. true
7. true 9. false; curve 10. true 11. nonlinear;
power of x is greater than 1
13. y x
55. y 4 2 2 4
4
y 0.1x 3
8
O x 12
16
y 4x 2
57. _
2
;7 59. -_
1
;5 61. 15n 5 63. 10b 11 15. y
3 2
x
Selected Answers

1. 3 or 59,049 3. 218 or 262,144 5. 625g32k48
10
7. 27c9d6 sq units 9. 214 or 16,384 11. 38 or 6,561

13. m40 15. z55 17. 412 or 16,777,216 19. 218 or
262,144 21. 32,768v40 23. 38,416y4 25. 64m30n66
27. 625r16s48 29. 144d12e14 31. 343m18n27 33. 0.27p21
35. _
( 25a )
9
12
b18 37. -2,048v13 39. 25(22x); the number y 2x 2 1

17. 1.5 s; Color Frequency
32 Red 9
d 16r 2 36 Green 6
Distance (ft)
24 Black 5
16 White 4
Blue 1
8
There were 9 red cars, 6 green cars, 5 black cars,

0 1 2 3 4 4 white cars, and 1 blue car. 5. 1999 7. 1,992 issues
Time (s) 9. 12 11. Division followed by multiplication;
19. 120 $43,000 ÷ $4,500,000 ≈ 0.009; about 1%
21. y
x Pages 572–574 Lesson 11-2

1. Record High Temperatures for Each State
Temperature (°F) Tally Frequency
y 0.25x 3 2
100–104 3
105–109 8
110–114 16
23. y 115–119 13
120–124 7
125–129 2
130–134 1
Source: National Climatic Data Center
O x
y 0.25x 3 2
Record High Temperatures for Each State
20
Number of States
6
25. 4 27. 36y 29. 4,000 31. n 33. _
11 4 4 16
7 12
35. 9 6 or 531,441 37. 625y 20 39. _
9
2
41. 0.04 8
16n
4
43. 125s 6t 12 45. ⎪a⎥ 47. 6⎪xy 3⎥ 49. p 2 51. 4c 2d 7
0
53. 8b 8
104
109
4
4
–12
–12
–13
–11
–11
–
–
100
105
120
125
130
110
115
Chapter 11 Statistics Temperatures (°F)
Page 567 Chapter 11 Getting Ready 3. The bars at 125–149 and 150–174 are at
1. approximately the same height and much higher than
any other bars. So, a car finishing in first place is most
3. -12 5. 4 7. 1 9. 5.4, 5.46, 5.6, 5.64 11. $3.07, likely to be in the interval 125–174 miles per hour.
$3.17, $3.71 13. 129.6 5. Sample answer:
Pages 568–569 Lesson 11-1 Calorie Interval Tally Frequency

1. Sample answer: An advantage is that it organizes 0–49 6
Selected Answers
the data into classes; a disadvantage is that individual 50–99 9

values of data are lost. 3. Sample answer: Pat 100–149 2
recorded the color of cars as they pass his house as 150–199 0
shown. How many of each color car passed his house? 200–249 1
Red, Green, Black, Red, Red, Green, White, Red,
250–299 1
White, Black, Green, Red, White, Black, Red,
Blue, Green, White, Red, Red, Green, Black, Black, 300–349 0
Red, Green 350–399 1

Calories of Frozen Fruit Bars 5. Major Influence for
10 Teens on Music Choices
Number of Bars
8
Magazines
6
1%
4 Radio
43% Concerts
2
3%
0 Friends
9 Parents
9
249
349
9
9
149
9
30%
0–4
–29
–39
–19
50– 7%
–
–
Television
200
300
100
250
350
150
16%
Calories
7. ÜÊ"`ÊÊ9ÕÊ7ÃÊ9ÕÊ7iÀi¶
7. 8 courts 9. Not very likely. Only 3 courts, out of 29 Ç£qnä n£qä
reported, seat more than 21,000 people. 11. 7 states Î°Ó¯ £°Î¯
13. Sample answer: A typical U.S. state has fewer than È£qÇä £q£ää
È°Ç¯ ä°Î¯
400 public libraries. 37 states have fewer than 400
libraries while 13 have 400 or more public libraries. x£qÈä
15. Orange Bowl 17. Orange Bowl n°£¯
Ó£qÎä
21. Sample answer: {£qxä {x¯
£{°Ó¯

Î£q{ä
Ó£°Ó¯

9. Sample answer: More American cat owners own
1 cat than any other category. A little over _
1
of
4
American cat owners own 2 cats. 11. Sample answer:

Over _

3

of Americans prefer pork as a meat topping on

4
their pizza. A little less than _
1
of Americans prefer
5
23. Because it is more visual, a histogram is beef as a meat topping on their pizza.
more useful than a table when you are trying 13. x = 8.1%; 29.16° 15. 45%; 22.5 million 19. 50%;
to show a general trend. Because the individual data 25%; 12.5% 21. Sample answer: The percentages do
are shown, a table is more useful when you need to
not add up to 100%. 23. B 25. 6⎪xy 3⎥ 27. 64 cm 3
know exact numbers.
29. 40 31. 70
25. H 27. 4x units 29. 190.8
1. 23; 19; 18; 29 3. The median; the mean is affected
Pages 579–582 Lesson 11-3 by the extreme value of 32, and there is no mode.
1. *iÀViÌÊvÊiÀV>ÃÊ 5. 12; 9; 8; 12 7. 79.3; 79.5; 84; 11 9. the mean, 103.1,
,i«ÀÌi`ÊÌÊ ÝiÀVÃi median, 97.5 and mode, 100 equally represent the data
as most of the data is near 100. 11. 91% 13. Mean or
ÌÊ-ÕÀi median; the mode is the greatest number in the set of
ÊviÜÊÌiÃ £¯ data, but the mean and median seem to be central
>ÊÞi>ÀÊÀÊiÛiÀ -iÛiÀ>ÊÌiÃ numbers. 15. If the data for the Yankee Stadium is
£¯ >Ê`>ÞÊÀÊVi not included, the mean decreases from about 43,965.7
>Ê`>Þ
ÎÓ¯ to 41,249.6. The median decreases from 41,054 to
-iÛiÀ>ÊÌiÃ
>ÊÌÊÀ 40,793. There still is no mode. The range decreases
ÊViÊ>ÊÌ -iÛiÀ>Ê from 17,426 to 3,285. 17. Sample answer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 4
£x¯ ÌiÃ 19. Never; the mode must always be a member of the
>ÊÜii set of data, but the mean and median may or may not
ÎÎ¯
be a member of the set of data. 21. See students’
Selected Answers
work. 23. J 25. 15 students 27. 203 miles 29. 91.3,

93, 93.1, 93.11, 94.7
3. Sample answer: The vast majority of teens (92%)
would rather give up activities such as reading, Pages 595–598 Lesson 11-5
watching TV, and using the computer than listening to 1. 27.2 million 3. 0.8 million 5. Sample answer: The
music. The activity that teens would most readily give spread of the data is 27.2 million speakers. The middle
up is reading. number is 1.3 million speakers. About one-fourth of

the languages had at or below 1.0 million speakers interquartile range decreases from 1,050 to 893 ft.
and about one-fourth of the languages had at or above 35. Sample answer: {1, 50, 50, 60, 60, 70, 70, 80}
1.8 million speakers. The number of speakers for half 37. It only involves the middle half of the data. 39. H
of the languages was in the interval 1.0-1.8 million. 41. Yellowstone National Park
7. Median: 210,000; Upper Quartile: 347,500; Lower
Quartile: 67,500; Interquartile Range: 280,000
9. Sample answer: The spread of the data is 371,000 Wyoming
gallons. The middle number is 210,000 gallons. About 91.0% Idaho
one-fourth of the states had a maple syrup production 1.4%
at or above 347,500 gallons and about one-fourth of the Montana
states had a maple syrup production at or below 7.6%
67,500 gallons. The number of gallons of maple syrup
produced by half of the states was in the interval
43. 81.9m2
67,500-347,500. 11. Median: 6; Upper Quartile: 7;
45.
Lower Quartile: 5; Interquartile Range: 2 13. Sample
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
answer: The spread of the data is 4 calories. The
middle number is 6 calories. About one-fourth of the
activities burn at or above 7 calories per minute and 47.
about one-fourth of the activities burn at or below 5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
calories per minute. The number of calories burned
per minute by half of the activities is in the interval
5-7. 15. Median: 23; Upper Quartile: 28; Lower Pages 601–604 Lesson 11-6
Quartile: 14; Interquartile Range: 14 17. Sample 1.
answer: The spread of the data is 15 launches. The
middle number is 23 launches. About one-fourth of the
year intervals had at or above 28 launches and about
one-fourth of the year intervals had at or below
14 launches. The number of launches for half of the 3. 170 5. American League; The median of the
year intervals was in the interval 14-28. 19. Median: National League teams is 81 and the median for the
9,000; Upper Quartile: 24,500; Lower Quartile: 8,000; American League teams is 81.3.
Interquartile Range: 16,500 21. Sample answer: The
spread of the data is 1,095,000 species. The middle 7.
number is 9,000 species. About one-fourth of the
animal groups had at or above 24,500 species and 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
about one-fourth of the animal groups had at or below
8,000 species. The number of species for half of the
9.
animal groups was in the interval 8,000-24,500.
23. Philadelphia 25. Sample answer: The median
average temperature of San Francisco is only slightly 200 250 300 350
greater than the median average temperature of
Philadelphia. The interquartile range for San Francisco 11. Sample answer: the data is very spread out
is only 10°, while the interquartile range for meaning that there is quite a difference in the
Philadelphia is 31°. 27. Sample answer: Philadelphia populations. 13. The top half of the data is much
has a greater range, or spread, of temperatures than more spread out than the bottom half of the data. Most
San Francisco. Both the mean average and the median major zoos are considerably smaller in area than the
average temperatures for San Francisco are only few zoos that have very large areas. 15. 2 for the
slighter greater than the mean average and the median small cars 17. 75%
average temperatures for Philadelphia. Since the upper
quartile and the lower quartile for Philadelphia’s 19.
average temperatures are higher and lower,
respectively, than San Francisco, it follows that San

Francisco’s temperatures do not fluctuate as much as
Selected Answers
Philadelphia’s. Half of San Francisco’s temperatures

are within 10° of each other while half of The data in the interval between the median and the
Philadelphia’s temperatures are within 31° of each upper quartile is the most spread out. 21. 100%
other. 29. There are no outliers. 31. 4,200 ft 23. Sample answer: Overall, there seem to be more
33. The range increases from 2,542 ft to 2,566 ft. The sunny days in the Southeastern and South Central U.S.
median decreases from 4,000 ft to 3,800 ft. The upper cities than there are in the Northeastern and
quartile decreases from 4,626 ft to 4,443 ft. The lower Midwestern U.S. cities. The median number of sunny
quartile decreases from 3,576 ft to 3,550 ft. The days in the Southeastern and South Central cities was

higher than the median for the Northeastern and 23. C
Midwestern cities. The data for the Southeastern and
25.
South Central cities had a greater spread than the data
for the Northeastern and Midwestern cities.
25. Joseph; 64 is an outlier. 27. Sample answer: a box- 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76
and-whisker plot gives a visual representation of the
spread of a set of data. It can be used to make general 27. no outliers 29. 73.4; 74
conclusions about the data without the need to
perform calculations. 29. J 31. 49; 81; 88, 74; 14; 50 Pages 613–615 Lesson 11-8
33. ⫻ 1. circle graph
⫻ ⫻ ⫻ 3. Sample answer: Histogram shows frequency of data
⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻
divided into equal intervals. 5. Venn diagram
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Grams of Carbohydrates in a 7. histogram
Serving of Various Vegetables 9. line graph
Pages 608–610 Lesson 11-7 14
Number of Vegetables
1. Stem Leaf 12
10
0 6 7
8
1 2 5 5
6
2 0
4
3 5
2
4 0 1
0
0–9
29
39
19
2 |0 ⫽ 20
20–
30–
10–
3. 50%, 99% 5. Sample answer: The lowest score was
Grams of Carbohydrates
50%. The highest score was 99%. Most of the scores
were in the 70-79% interval. 7. Chicken; whereas
chicken sandwiches have 8-20 grams of fat, burgers 11. Sample answer: Line graph shows change over a
have 10-36 grams of fat. 99% period of time. Average Height of Females
9. Stem Leaf 68
1 9 64
2 1 3 6 Height (in.)
3 4 6 8 60
4 0 4
56
5 5
2|3 ⫽ 23 wins 52
11. Stem Leaf 0
4 0 3 7 7 8 9 9 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
5 0 1 Age (years)
6 5
7 0 3 13.
4 |7 ⫽ 47 ÕÃV ÞÀVÃ
13. 7
15. Sample answer: The majority of single-season
home run leaders between 1995 and 2005 hit fewer
than 50 home runs.
17. 6
19. Sample answer: The median (19) number of games
won by the teams in the Big East Conference is greater
than the median (18) number of games won by the 15. Bar graph; sample answer: the bar graph shows the
Selected Answers
teams in the Big Ten Conference. total number of students for each type of music. 189
21. Sample answer: Stem Leaf students like rock music.
7 0 17. /iÊÌÊ/>iÃÊÌÊ7>ÊÌÊ-VÊ®
6
5 2 i>iÃÊ}Ài>ÌiÀ >iÃÊiÃÃ
Ì>ÊÀÊiµÕ>ÊÌÊ£x Ì>Ê£x
4 6 £Ç°¯ £{°Î¯
3
2 0 1 2 4 5 5 8 i>iÃÊiÃÃ >iÃÊ}Ài>ÌiÀ
Ì>Ê£x Ì>ÊÀÊiµÕ>ÊÌÊ£xÊ
5 |2 ⫽ 52 ÎÓ°£¯ Îx°Ç¯

Sample answer: The median time to walk to school for 27. Stem Leaf
males is 21.5 minutes while the median time to walk to 6 5
school for females is 8.5 minutes. 19. See students’ 7 2 7
work. 21. Always; Sample answer: The sections of the 8 4
circle graph can be taken from the intervals on the
histogram and percents can be found by dividing each
interval’s frequency by the total number of data 29. 40–49° interval 31. 38° 33. circle graph
values. 23. Always; Sample answer: The line plot
shows individual data values so the measures of
variation can be determined and a box-and-whisker
plot can be made. 25. B Chapter 12 Probability
27.
* Page 625 Chapter 12 Getting Ready
1. _
2
3. _
7
5. _
2
7. _
1
9. 31.5 11. 3.6 13. 118
3 33 3 7
30 40 50 60 70 80
29. range: 102.3 million; median: 24.9 million; UQ: 42.8 Pages 628–630 Lesson 12-1
million; LQ: 20.2 million; interquartile range: 22.6
1.
million 31. Sample answer: There are no extreme
values. The range of the middle half of the data is ÀÃÌÊ-« -iV`Ê-« "ÕÌVi
about one fourth of the range of all of the data. The
median is closer to the lower values than the higher
Àii Àii]ÊÀii
values. 33. 8y + 48 35. -18 - 2k 37. $675 Àii 9iÜ Àii]Ê9iÜ
,i` Àii]Ê,i`
Pages 616–620 Chapter 11 Study Guide and Review Àii 9iÜ]ÊÀii
1. true 3. false; measures of variation 5. true 9iÜ 9iÜ 9iÜ]Ê9iÜ
7. true 9. about 17% 11. 10 points 13. Most scores
were in the interval 70–89. ,i` 9iÜ]Ê,i`
Àii ,i`]ÊÀii
15. Life Expectancy of Animals
,i` 9iÜ ,i`]Ê9iÜ
12 ,i` ,i`]Ê,i`
10
9 outcomes
Frequency
8
6
3. __ 1
10,000
5.
4
ÕLiÀ
2 *iÞ "ÕÌVi

ÕLi
0
0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 i>`Ã £]Êi>`Ã
Years
£
/>Ã £]Ê/>Ã
17. The air is mostly nitrogen. A little over a fifth of the i>`Ã Ó]Êi>`Ã
air is oxygen. All other gases and water vapor account Ó
/>Ã Ó]Ê/>Ã
for only 1% of the air. 19. 7.7, 6.8, no mode, 4.5
21. 11; 3; 5, 2; 3; 12 23. The spread of the data is 8. i>`Ã Î]Êi>`Ã
The middle number is 6.5. About one-fourth of Jean’s Î
/>Ã Î]Ê/>Ã
friends have been to the movies at or above 8.5 times
(9 times) and about one-fourth of Jean’s friends have i>`Ã {]Êi>`Ã
{
been to the movies at or below 4.5 times (4 times). />Ã {]Ê/>Ã
Half of Jean’s friends have been to the movies in the
Selected Answers
i>`Ã x]Êi>`Ã
interval 4.5 (4) - 8.5 (9) times. x
/>Ã x]Ê/>Ã
25. i>`Ã È]Êi>`Ã
* È
/>Ã È]Ê/>Ã
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 outcomes

7. 11. Multiplication followed by addition; yes,
$24.84 + 106.38 = $131.22. $131.22 is less than $135
Flavor Cone Outcome
13. Subtraction and multiplication; 14 inches, 6 inches
Regular Chocolate, Regular
Chocolate Pages 649–652 Lesson 12-5
Sugar Chocolate, Sugar
1. The conclusion is invalid. This is a biased sample,
Regular Vanilla, Regular since people in other states would spend much more
Vanilla
Sugar Vanilla, Sugar than those in Alaska. The sample is a convenience
sample since all the people are from the same
Regular Strawberry, Regular state. 3. This is a simple random survey, so the
Strawberry
Sugar Strawberry, Sugar sample is valid; about 86 students. 5. The conclusion
is not valid. This is a biased sample, since only music
6 outcomes
students were surveyed. This is a convenience
9. 216 outcomes 11. 1,024 outcomes 13. 1,757,600
sample. 7. The conclusion is valid. This is an
15. __
1
17. 64 players 19. _
1
21. 12 23. _
1
unbiased, stratified random sample. 9. The
100,000 4 6
25. Sample answer: Maria can choose from 5 flavors of conclusion is not valid. This is a biased sample, since
ice cream and 3 different toppings. How many desserts only the oranges on the top of the first crate are
can Maria make with one flavor of ice cream and one represented. This is a convenience sample. 11. This
topping? 27. 2 x 29. C 31. histogram 33. 7 points is a simple random survey, so the sample is valid; 240
containers. 13. Sample answer: Brett could use a
35. _
3
37. _
1
systematic random survey, asking every 10th student
10 8
entering the school. 15. This is not a valid conclusion.
Because the survey is voluntary, not all the survey
1. _1
3. C 5. _
5
7. _
1
9. _3
11. _
1
13. _ 5
forms were returned and the results are biased.
12 24 10 10 5 432
17. Sample answer: This is a stratified random sample.
15. _ 3
17. _
2
19. _
14
21. 11.76% 23. _3
; dependent
95 19 95 8 The homework assigned during the week may not be
event; after the first piece of paper is chosen, there is typical of other weeks. 19. Sample answer: This
one less from which to choose. 25. _
9
27. _
7 is a voluntary response sample. Parents may not
50 10 respond. 23. Sample answer: Ask every 10th
29. 24% 31. Sample answer: There are 4 red marbles,
student leaving the school which he or she prefers.
3 green marbles, and 2 blue marbles in a
25. Sample answer: If the questions are not asked in a
bag. Two marbles are picked at random without neutral manner, the people may not give their true
replacement. The probability of 2 red marbles is _
4 _
·3 opinion. For example, the question “You really don’t
9 8
or _
1
. 33. false; Sample answer: The probability of like Brand X, do you?” might not get the same answer
6 as the question “Do you prefer Brand X or Brand Y?”
tossing heads or tails on a coin and rolling a 6 or less
on a number cube. 35. C 37. 44 different ways Also, the question “Why would anyone like rock
music?” might not get the same answer as the question
39. 392 m 3 41. _
13
43. _
7
“What do you think about rock music?” 27. D
30 10
29. 16 pizzas 31. 35 + 0.40x = 20 + 0.55x; 100 mi.
1. _
3
3. Likely; half the tosses have two heads.
8 Pages 653–656 Chapter 12 Study Guide and Review
5. 70 cars 7. about 67 words 9. _ 4
11. _
1
15 5 1. Sample space 3. composite experiment
13. Sample answer: the experimental probability _
1
is 5. Theoretical probability
5
greater than the theoretical probability _
1
. 15. The 7. £ £
8
prediction is not reasonable; sample answer: the
Ó Ó
experimental probability of landing on 4 or 8 is _7
. It is
50 Î Î
much more likely to land on one of the other numbers.
17. Sample answer: the experimental probability of { {
the player hitting a single or a double is _
1
, so it is £ /£
4
somewhat likely. 19. hot dog or hamburger: Sample Ó /Ó
answer: the experimental probability of a student /
Î /Î
buying a hot dog or hamburger is _
41
, which is greater
Selected Answers
100
than the experimental probability of buying pizza { /{
which is _
30
. 21. _
3
23. B 25. _
1
27. 12 lunches 9. _
1
11. _
1
13. _
1
15. _
2
17. _
4
100 2,500 11 4 12 6 15 15
29. b>100,000 31. 36 exercises 19. Sample Answer: the theoretical probability _
1
is
4
greater than the experimental probability _
1
.
1. Sample answer: You can make a prediction about 21. 5 words 23. _
1
25. No; she needs 14_
3
ft for 5
5 8
what will actually happen in the problem. shelves and she only has 14_
1
ft. 27. 120 people
3. 8 combinations 5. 6 7. 88,70 9. 9 4

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(c)Doug Martin, (bl)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit, (br)Masterfile; 262 Josh Meadows; 595 SBI/NASA/Getty Images; 596 Masterfile; 597
Devins Photography; 265 Joseph Sohm/Vision of America/ James Porto/Getty Images; 600 Geoff Butler; 602 Angelo
CORBIS; 266 Pascal Perret/Getty Images; 268 Stephen Simpson/ Hornak/CORBIS; 603 Alberto Biscaro/Masterfile; 607 CORBIS;
Getty Images; 269 Patti McConville/ImageState; 271 (l)Darren 609 CORBIS; 612 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; CA1 Tim Fuller;
Modricker/CORBIS, (r)SW Productions/Getty Images; 272 Laura 624 Elizabeth Kreutz/NewSport/CORBIS; 627 Francis G. Mayer/
Sifferlin; 277 Purestock/SuperStock; 279 David Muench/CORBIS; CORBIS; 635 David Muir/Masterfile; 638 LWA-Dann Tardif/
281 Juan Silva/Getty Images; 282 (l)R. Kord/Robertstock.com, CORBIS; 644 Brent Turner; 647 Royalty-Free/Corbis; 650 Michael
(r)Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 284 Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; Newman/PhotoEdit; 660 Eclipse Studios.
772 Photo Credits

Index
solving inequalities, 442 sum in a polygon, 316
A solving proportions, 198, 199 supplementary, 67, 306
Index
tiles, 416, 641 vertical, 306

Abscissa, 173 translating from verbal Animation. See Internet
See also x-coordinate sentences, 59 Connections
variables, 29, 58, 466
Absolute value, 36 Applications. See also
writing equations, 31, 59, 65–67,
number line, on a, 36 Interdisciplinary Connections;
119, 422, 427, 428
symbols, 37 Real-World Careers; Real-World
writing expressions, 58
Activity writing inequalities, 441 Link
equations with variables on advertising, 196, 514, 492
Algebra tiles, 46, 65, 416, 432–433
each side, 432 aerial skiing, 430
modeling expressions with Algebra Lab ages, 60, 137, 585, 441
algebra tiles, 642–643 equations with variables on airplane/aircraft, 64, 98, 228
each side, 432–433 alarms, 579
Acute angle, 670
graphing, 40, 470, 490 algebra, 39, 55, 69, 72, 73, 77, 86,
Acute triangle, 671 modeling expressions with 89, 95, 100, 107, 111, 116, 123,
Addend, 41 algebra tiles, 642–643 127, 128, 133, 137, 145, 146,
Addition, 41 Algebraic equations. 149, 150, 153, 159, 160, 166,
Associative Property of, 31 See Equations 178, 180, 197, 200, 288, 292,
Commutative Property of, 31 310, 330, 336, 430, 437, 448
Algebraic expressions, 29–31, 58,
Distributive Property of, 31 allowances, 511
416–419
fractions, 108, 114 alphabet, 331
calculating, 30
Identity Property of, 31 amusement park rides, 543
coefficients, 417
integers, 41–43 animals, 26, 102, 138, 216, 243,
constants, 417
Inverse Property of, 43 259, 266, 277, 288, 297, 345,
Distributive Property, 416–417
Property of Equality, 66 355, 421, 430, 517, 547, 608,
equivalent, 416
solving equations, 65 613, 617
evaluating, 29, 98
apartments, 180
Additive inverse, 43 exponents, with, 30
aquariums, 205, 403, 481
See also Opposites order of operations, 29
archeology, 171, 173
Additive Inverse Property, 43 simplest form, 418
architecture, 73, 217, 225, 227,
simplifying, 418
Algebra 235, 310, 317, 318, 322, 327,
subtraction, 47
defined, 29 329, 330, 335, 340, 343, 369,
terms, 417
equations, 31, 59, 65–67, 70, 71, 380, 395, 403, 408
like, 417
119, 120, 422, 427, 428 area, 667
translating from verbal phrases,
equivalent expressions, 416 art, 27, 310, 318, 322, 330, 334,
58
evaluating expressions, 29–31, 335, 344, 357, 403
37, 98, 126, 416–419 Algebraic thinking. See Algebra astronomy, 546
functions, 462, 466, 471, 473, Analysis attendance, 624
522, 523, 528, 529 of data. See Data auto maintenance, 608
graphing linear equations, 491, of errors. See Find the Error auto racing, 86, 572
492 of graphs, 571, 578 aviation, 55, 167
graphing quadratic functions, of tables, 44, 48, 68, 94, 260, 277, baby-sitting, 34, 273
528, 529 440, 609 bagels, 23
inequalities, 35, 441, 442 baking, 106, 108, 109, 139, 211,
Angle of rotation. See Symmetry
linear equations, 492 273, 487, 489
monomials, 539 Angles, 306 bald eagle population, 234
multiplying monomials, 539–540 acute, 670 ballpark capacities, 132
percent equation, 279, 280 classifying, 307, 670 band, 260
adding, 646–647 complementary, 68, 306 banking, 43, 68, 311, 567
subtracting, 651–652 congruent, 207, 306 barn art, 217
product of powers, 539 corresponding, 206, 207, 308 baseball, 49, 86, 87, 94, 132, 192,
quotient of powers, 544 drawing, 669 252, 260, 267, 270, 509, 589,
solving equations, 65–66, 70–71, measuring, 669 601, 640, 657
119, 120, 145, 422–426, 428, 434, obtuse, 670 baseball team income, 49
435 right, 670 basketball, 68, 75, 120, 282, 406,
straight, 670
774 Index
430, 446, 461, 524, 569, 570, concerts, 145, 244, 460 fish, 216
572, 581, 639 construction, 423 fitness, 443, 448, 514, 545, 645
basketball scoring averages, 68 containers, 389 flags, 226, 326, 435, 663
batting average, 87 contests, 76, 433 flights, 205
beverages, 195 cooking, 136, 201, 216 floor plans, 224, 227, 228
Index
bicycles/bicycling/biking, 287, corporate logos, 328 floral arrangements, 434
626, 468, 495 craft fairs, 437 folk art, 329
biology, 88, 119, 135, 645 crafts, 27, 375, 380, 561, 615 food, 26, 88, 99, 112, 114, 125,
birds, 234, 314, 476, 589 cranes, 531 129, 137, 160, 183, 218, 247,
birth places, 578 credit, 60 259, 260, 274, 297, 407
blood, 199 credit cards, 292 food drive, 518, 436
blueprints, 668 cricket chirps, 32 football, 44, 54, 160, 271, 283,
board games, 648 crystals, 368, 371, 407 526, 573, 574, 588, 591
boating, 345, 493 currency conversions, 121 forests, 569
bones, 566 dance, 379 fountains, 354
book sale, 422 design, 136, 217, 330, 335, 440, freezing points, 38
books, 135, 270 665 frogs, 139
bracelets, 355 desserts, 205 fruit, 98
braces, 266 diet, 600 fuel, 200, 409
breakfast, 434 dining, 34, 428, 440 fuel mileage, 282
bridges, 228, 597 dinosaurs, 133 fund-raising, 125, 419, 428,
building heights, 73 disabilities, 481 483, 521, 566–567
buildings, 480, 525 discount, 287 furniture, 64
buses, 278 dishes, 212 games, 58, 79, 146, 266, 423, 425,
business, 62, 247, 299, 504, 664, dispensers, 375 429, 432, 447, 533, 567, 629,
669 dogs, 274 631, 634
cake decoration, 409 dominoes, 433 gardening, 25, 202, 241, 377, 390,
camp/camping, 259, 390, 517, 533 dresses, 64 474
candy, 78, 234 drinks, 460 gas mileage, 192, 602
car loans, 291 driving, 441 gasoline prices, 514
car rental, 32, 436, 444 DVD cost, 55 geography, 20, 35, 48, 76, 100,
car sales, 291 Earth, 314 150, 165, 224, 225, 227, 241,
card games/cards, 54, 79, 645 earthquakes, 597 270, 569
carpentry, 94, 308, 361, 460 earth science, 128 geometry, 28, 125, 129, 137, 150,
cars, 64, 78, 192, 253, 255, 273, ecology, 297 168, 169, 170–171, 176, 177,
292, 355, 441, 509, 530, 533, education, 504, 507 178, 181, 193, 197, 205, 208,
569, 652 elections, 269, 649 247, 267, 273, 314, 343, 347,
cat weight, 60 electronics, 87, 92, 192, 629, 424, 357, 361, 379, 420, 425, 427
caves, 150 487 gifts, 440
cell phones, 79, 120, 296, 435, elephant food consumption, 73 gift wrapping, 361
577, 612 elephants, 195 glass, 395
charity walk, 39 elevations, 50, 76 golden rectangle, 149
chemistry, 38, 75 elevations and temperatures, 35 golf, 38, 61, 77, 101, 361, 567, 596
chess, 337, 347 elevators, 50, 196, 443 golf scores, 38
child care, 517 e-mail, 230 government, 420, 434
cities, 510 energy, 104, 139, 254, 259 grades, 64, 443, 469
city planning, 310 entertainment, 170, 423, 465, 594 graphic arts/design, 216, 356
city services, 323 environment, 87, 253 graphing, 526
clothes/clothing, 110, 282, 446, exercise, 236, 247, 521, 550, 596 grasshopper lengths, 106
474, 628 expenses, 519 gymnastics, 193
clubs, 285 eyes, 215 hair loss, 55
cockroach lengths, 105 fairs, 228 health, 92, 476
codes, 423 family, 64, 77, 126 heartbeats, 61
coins, 646 farming/farms, 180, 378, 401, heights, 109, 230, 590, 598
college, 504 448, 513 hiking, 55, 116, 178, 346, 477
college savings, 290 fashions, 434 history, 27, 116, 117, 135, 145, 404
comic books/comics, 226, 285 fast food, 234 hobbies, 27, 235, 245, 298, 403,
communications, 120, 627, 650 fences, 50 533
computers, 122, 215, 229, 483, field trip, 27, 299, 589 hockey, 95
586 fines, 429 holidays, 104
Index 775
home decor, 354 72, 75, 79, 88, 95, 99, 110, 113, pet ownership, 33
home entertainment, 427 117, 122, 123, 133, 146, 157, pets, 33, 254, 256, 259, 266, 370,
home improvement, 110, 363, 158, 160, 181, 183, 192, 193, 384, 458, 474, 484, 519, 579
425 196, 201, 202, 205, 212, 223, phone call, 246
home repair, 467 238, 244, 270, 271, 273, 277, phone numbers, 423
Index
homework, 111, 258, 274, 651 314, 355, 376, 379, 467, 469, phones, 137
house construction, 170 486, 487, 495, 514, 526, 533, 536 phone service, 429
houses/housing, 292, 481 medicine, 299, 564 phone trees, 138
hub caps, 330 meteorology, 428 photographs/photography, 94,
human body, 106 mileage, 216 99, 117, 201, 332, 569, 645
human body proportions, 201 military, 510 physical education, 419
hummingbird sizes, 99 model trains, 225 Physical Science, 33, 72
ice cream, 212 money, 43, 78, 121, 125, 153, 189, picnics, 489, 621
ice cream production, 112 195, 202, 205, 236, 246, 276, picture frames, 61
illness, 201 314, 404, 418, 433, 615, 645 pizza, 194, 297, 330, 351, 356
insects, 32, 59, 125, 323, 494 money matters, 273, 284, 293, planets, 139
Internet, 25, 243, 288, 615, 630 299, 440, 493, 504 plants, 70, 196
investments, 118, 233, 292, 293 monuments, 227, 363, 429, 529 plumbing, 111, 390
irrigation, 383 mountain climbing, 475 pollution, 513
Japanese family crests, 330 movie admissions, 55 pools, 377, 390
jeans, 64, 79 movies, 210, 212, 227, 228, 288, population, 118, 252, 254, 259,
jewelry, 362 298, 419, 424, 432, 436, 443, 273, 277, 433, 512, 519, 520,
jobs, 28, 136, 153, 195, 430, 488, 486, 509, 519, 619 547, 579, 615, 620
489, 517, 592, 625, 648 moving, 550 postage, 196
kites, 165 museums, 125, 282 postcards, 668
lake areas, 132 music, 37, 61, 125, 254, 340, 347, prizes, 445
lake depths, 48 422, 423, 426, 434, 461, 614, 651 probability, 627
lakes, 228, 506, 518 music sales, 44 profit, 668
landfills, 253 music trends, 44 projection, 217
landmarks, 228 national parks, 598 publishing, 217
landscaping, 406, 669 natural resources, 232 quilting, 317, 320
languages, 132, 527, 595 nature, 318, 328, 383 racing, 530
largest forest areas, 569 navigation, 177 radio, 427, 515
laundry, 314, 634 Nobel Prize, 64 railroads, 310
law enforcement, 158 numbers, 133, 326, 422 rainfall, 78, 88, 110, 246
lawn care/service, 72, 356 number sense, 314 reading, 460, 548, 610, 666
left-handedness, 276 number theory, 153, 273, 440, real estate, 28
libraries, 106, 237, 573 458 recreation, 33, 121, 196, 440, 510,
life expectancy, 92, 278, 508 nutrition, 112, 198, 247, 521, 457 649
life science, 657 nutrition labels, 99 recreation area visitors, 121
lighthouses, 157, 228 oceanography, 51, 93 recycled products, 91
lines, 326 oceans, 612 recycling, 91, 199
logging, 205 Olympics, 512, 601 rentals, 75
logos, 328 online time, 593 repairs, 228
long distance, 543 package, 195 reptiles, 71
lunch, 267, 567, 569 packaging, 376 restaurants, 443
lunches, 629 painting, 362, 378 retirement, 298
magazines, 527, 558, 569 parasailing, 167 rides, 516
mail, 232, 245 parking, 309, 533 rivers, 656
mailboxes, 376 parking spaces, 309 roads, 480, 576
manufacturing, 372, 390, 486, parks, 176, 228, 421, 603 road signs, 330
652 party, 566 rock climbing, 211
maps, 61, 227, 228 party planning, 58, 244, 468 rocketry, 522
map scale, 175 party supplies, 361 roller coasters, 98, 153, 217, 427,
marching band, 146 patterns, 335, 646 441, 471, 510
marketing, 153, 160, 286, 432, pedestals, 370 roofs, 395
638, 650 pendulum, 139, 150 rugs, 68, 344
Mars mission, 283 people, 201, 270 running, 351, 476, 589
masks, 334 personal fitness, 429 safety, 355, 441, 477
measurement, 32, 59, 60, 67, 68, perspective in art, 217 salaries, 513, 591
776 Index
sale price, 287 storm distance, 45 wallpaper, 340
sales, 234, 293, 426, 447, 517, streets, 226 Washington Monument, 227
521, 650 students, 282 water, 218, 245, 259, 489
sales taxes, 281 submarines, 60, 486 waterfalls, 59, 530
savings, 240, 294, 437, 531, 565, surface area, 34 water management, 125
Index
606, 645 survey/surveying, 183, 227, 228, water safety, 229
savings accounts, 290 504, 638 weather, 36, 38, 44, 45, 48, 55, 68,
savings bonds, 291 symbols, 329 76, 78, 88, 95, 110, 113, 234, 296,
schedules, 611 symmetry of diatoms, 341 433, 446, 447, 494, 517, 572,
school, 107, 125, 195, 205, 260, syrup, 596 597, 603
265, 268, 273, 274, 275, 277, tables, 361 weight, 247, 517
296, 319, 420, 428, 432, 434, taxes, 254, 258, 289, 299 whale watching, 84
446, 512, 571, 600, 611, 614, technology, 504 wildfires, 599
621, 628, 639, 649, 658 teeth, 200, 254 wind chill, 48
school activities, 72 telephone bills, 426 windows, 362
school attendance, 94 television, 64, 212, 233, 261, 288 wool, 378
school enrollment, 507 television screens, 170 work, 72, 243, 600
school supplies, 28 temperature, 38, 50, 54, 68, 79, yearbook, 211
school trip, 425 83, 95, 196, 199, 238, 246, 425, zookeeper, 466
science, 447, 489, 518 482, 513, 517, 592 zoology, 504
scuba diving, 44, 468 temperature change, 55 zoos, 227, 455, 602
seating, 278 tennis, 590, 662 Approximately equal to (≈), 190
service project, 237 testing, 443
sheds, 361 text messaging, 545 Area, 350
shopping, 23, 48, 64, 75, 104, theater, 125 See also Surface area
192, 196, 202, 243, 281, 286, theme parks, 574 circles, 353, 354
384, 419, 425, 429, 437, 443, tickets, 77, 524 complex figures, 360, 361
484, 645 time, 259, 274, 516, 645 effect of changing dimensions,
sight distances, 157 time zones, 89 208
signs, 441 tipping, 269 parallelograms, 360, 675
skateboarding, 387 tornadoes, 234 rectangles, 674
skiing, 430, 480, 547 tourism, 581 trapezoids, 360, 675
skydiving, 483 towel rolls, 376 triangles, 75, 150, 360, 675
sleep, 595 towers, 228, 529, 533 Assessment See Check Your
slides, 514 toys, 375, 445 Progress, Choose Your Method,
snake, longest, 102 track, 192, 409 Mid-Chapter Quiz, Practice Test,
snake, temperature, 37 trail mix, 190 California Standards Practice
soap, 469 transportation, 79, 274, 486, 492 Associative Property, 156
soccer, 423, 569 travel, 23, 27, 32, 50, 61, 69, 77, addition, of, 31
softball, 407, 461 122, 125, 131, 165, 175, 177, multiplication, of, 31, 52
sonar, 489 191, 193, 201, 228, 253, 254,
sound, 546 260, 270, 297, 361, 441, 481, Average, 54
souvenirs, 444 517, 525, 625 See also Mean
space, 121, 133, 138, 147, 201, trees, 68, 356
228, 297, 596, triangles, 331
space flight, 113
species, 596
tutoring, 200
twins, 511
B
speed, 26, 119, 517, 590 typing, 200
uniforms, 646 Bar graph, 569, 570
spiders, 228
urban population, 277 double, 662
sports, 75, 77, 111, 139, 153, 155,
159, 175, 205, 252, 277, 329, utilities, 431 Bar notation, 85
356, 383, 407, 423, 424, 425, vacation, 246, 429 Base, 126, 267. See also percents
434, 441, 443, 468, 569, 613, vacation days, 585 of a cone, 380
639, 640, 663 vehicles, 628 percents, 263
states, 77 ventilation, 527 of a prism, 368
state tests, 60 viewing stars, 128 of a pyramid, 368
statistics, 45, 94, 361 visitors to the U.S.A., 131
stickers, 533 volcano, 382 Base ten numbers, 130
stock, 288 volleyball, 170 Base two numbers. See Binary
stock market, 69 voting, 59, 441 numbers
Index 777
Benchmark. See Estimating Worked out Example, 58, 115, Coefficient, 417
Best-fit line, 506 168, 209, 291, 338, 401, 446, Collect the Data, 497, 512, 573,
473, 545, 587, 632, CA3–CA5 575, 581, 584, 614, 651
Biased sample, 648
Capacity Collinear, 306
Box-and-whisker plots, 599, 600, changing customary units, 213-
Index
611 214 Combinations, 425–428

shape of distribution, 600 changing metric units, 213-214 counting, 425
BrainPop®. See Internet notation, 426
Careers. See Real-World Careers
Connections Commission, 282
Center, circle, of a, 352
Common denominator, 114
Central tendency. See Measures of
least, 114
C central tendency
Communicating mathematics.
Challenge. See H.O.T. Problems
See H.O.T. Problems
Calculator, 8, 9, 85, 86, 127, 131, Chapter Readiness Quiz. See
145, 149, 353, 422 Prerequisite Skills Commutative Property, 156
of addition, 31
California Data File, 16–19 Chapter test. See Practice Test of multiplication, 31, 51, 52
California Standards, see Check for Reasonableness, 24, 25, Comparing and ordering
Mathematics Framework for 26, 104, 115, 163, 226, 265, 280, 286, absolute value, 38
California Public Schools, Grade 380, 381, 425 decimals, 92–93
7, xxiii–xxvi Check Your Progress, 25, 26, 30, fractions, 91
California Standards 31, 36, 37, 41–43, 47, 51–54, 57, 58, integers, 36
Practice, 80–81, 140–141, 184– 67, 70, 71, 85, 86, 91–93, 97, 98, percents, 258
185, 248–249, 300–301, 348–349, 102–104, 108, 109, 114, 115, 119, rational numbers, 91
410–411, 518–519, 562–563, 120, 126, 127, 130, 131, 144, 145, real numbers, 157
568–569, 622–623, 658–659, 148, 149, 156, 157, 163, 164, 167, scientific notation, 131
CA1-CA39 168, 172, 174, 175, 190, 191, 195,
California Standards Review, Compatible numbers, 275
199, 200, 207, 209, 213–215,
CA1-CA39 224–226, 227, 230–232, 237, 238, Complementary angles, 68, 307
Mid-Chapter Quiz, 50, 113, 160, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 263–265, Complex figures, 363
212, 274, 326, 379, 440, 489, 269, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 285, Area, 364, 365
543, 592, 646 290, 291, 307, 308, 316, 317, 321,
Multiple Choice, 28, 34, 39, 45, Complex solids, 375
328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 337–339,
49, 50, 56, 59, 61, 69, 73, 79, 80, Volume, 375
340, 341, 354, 361, 364, 369, 370,
81, 89, 95, 101, 107, 112, 113, 374, 380, 381, 387, 389, 394, 400, Composite numbers, 664
116, 118, 123, 129, 133, 139, 140, 401, 416–418, 421, 422, 423, 424, Compound events, 631
141, 147, 151, 159, 160, 166, 426, 427, 428, 432, 433, 435, 441,
169, 171, 178, 183, 184, 185, Compound interest, 294
442, 445, 446, 465–467, 471–473,
193, 197, 202, 210, 211, 212, 477–479, 483–485, 491, 492, 499, Cones, 381
218, 228, 229, 300, 301, 311, 505, 506, 523, 524, 529, 534–535, volume, 381
319, 323, 326, 331, 336, 338, 540, 544–546, 549–550, 553–554,
339, 341, 347, 348, 349, 357, Congruent, 207
571, 577–579, 586–587, 594, 595, symbol for, 207
363, 372, 378, 379, 384, 391, 600–601, 607, 608, 611, 612, 626,
396, 402, 404, 409, 410, 411, 627, 631–633, 637, 638, 648, 649 Congruent angles, 306
421, 426, 431, 437, 444, 447, Congruent polygons, 320, 321
448, 453, 469, 474, 476, 482, Choose Your Method, 52, 66, 67,
488, 495, 508, 509, 517, 518, 208, 224, 257, 269, 281, 286, 287, Conjecture, 24
519, 527, 531, 542, 546, 548, 423, 484
Connections. See Applications
552, 556, 561, 562, 563, 574, Chord, 352
Constant, 417
582, 588, 590, 598, 604, 610, Circle graphs, 576, 577, 611 of proportionality, 200
615, 621, 622, 623, 630, 636,
Circles, 352–357 of variation, 483
641, 652, 657, 658, 659
Practice by Objective, CA6– area, 353, 354, 360 Constructions, congruent
CA39 circumference, 352, 353 triangles, 324–325
Practice Test, 79, 139, 183, 247, diameter, 352
Contraction. See Dilations
299, 347, 409, 459, 517, 561, radius, 352
621, 657 Circumference, 352, 353 Convenience sample, 648
Pre-AP, 81, 141, 185, 249, 301, effect of changing dimensions, Converse, 164
349, 411, 519, 563, 569, 623, 659 356 of the Pythagorean Theorem, 164
778 Index
Conversions. See Metric system; double bar graphs, 662
Customary system double line graphs, 662 E
Coordinate plane, 173 frequency tables, 568
distance, 175 histograms, 570, 571, 575 Edges, 368
graphing points on, 670 interpret data, 571, 577, 600
Equality
Index
ordered pairs, 173 line graphs, 676
Addition Property, 66
origin, 173 mean, 585
Division Property, 70
quadrants, 173 measures of central tendency.
Multiplication Property, 71
transformations on, 213, 332, See Measures of central
Subtraction Property, 65
337, 338 tendency
measures of variation. Equals sign (=), 31, 58
x-axis, 173
y-axis, 173 See Measures of variation Equations, 31, 57, 65, 119
median, 585 addition and subtraction, 65–67,
Coordinates, 35, 173 misleading graphs, 509 119
See also Ordered pairs mode, 585 key words, 59
x-coordinate, 173 outliers, 594 linear, graphing, 492
y-coordinate, 173 range, 585 multiplication and division, 70,
Coordinate system. See scatter plots, 505 71, 120
Coordinate plane stem-and-leaf plots, 606–608, multiplicative inverse, 119
Corresponding angles, 308 662 negative coefficients, 423
summary of statistical displays, rational numbers, with, 119
Counterexample, 31 612 solving, 65, 70, 119, 120, 145
Counting, 626, 627 Decimals two-step, 422–426, 428
combinations, 425 repeating, 85 with square roots, 145
fundamental principle, 627 terminating, 85 with variables on each side,
permutations, 421 writing as percents, 257 432–437
tree diagrams, 626 systems of, 498
Dependent events, 430
Critical Thinking. See H.O.T. two-step, 422
Problems Diagnose Readiness. See writing, two-step, 57, 427, 428
Prerequisite Skills
Cross-Curricular Project, 21, 178, Equilateral triangle, 671
556, 652 Diagonal, 352
Equivalent expressions, 416
genetics, 652 Diameter, 352
Equivalent ratios, 198
math and art, 293 Difference, 46, 262
math and economics, 556 Estimating
See also Subtraction
under construction, 404 area of a circle, 354
Dimensional analysis, 98 cube roots, 151
Cross-curriculum. See
Direct variation, 483 irrational numbers, 148–150
Applications
percents, 275, 276
Cross products, 198 Discount, 286
Pi, 352
Cube root, 554 Discrete mathematics. See square roots, 148–150
Counting, Probability, Statistics volume, 374
Customary system, 213–216
capacity units, 213 Distance formula, 73, 98 Evaluate, 29, 126, 127
conversions, 72, 213–216 Distance, on coordinate Events. See Probability
length units, 213 plane, 173, 175
Experimental probability, 637, 638
weight units, 213 Distributive Property, 31, 156 making decisions using,
Cylinders, 374 Dividend, 53 445–447, 638
surface area, 385, 387, 388 making predictions using,
volume, 370, 374 Division, 53
445–447, 637–640, 642–643
integers, 53
monomials, 656 Exponential functions. See
rational numbers, 102–104 Functions
D solving equations, 71 Exponents, 126, 127
written as multiplication, 53 Base, 126
Data
Division Property of Equality, 70 negative, 127
bar graphs, 662
rules, 127, 655, 656
box-and-whisker plots, 599, 600 Domain, 466
zero, 127
choosing appropriate displays,
677 Expressions
circle graphs, 576, 577 absolute value, 37
Index 779
algebraic, 29 Frequency tables, 568, 570 Get Ready for the Chapter. See
evaluating, 29 Functions, 465, 466 Prerequisite Skills
numerical, 29 dependent variable, 466 Get Ready for the Lesson. See
powers, with, 126 domain, 466 Prerequisite Skills
Extrapolating from data. exponential, 522 Get Ready for the Next Lesson.
Index
See Predicting function table, 466 See Prerequisite Skills

Extra Practice, 676–707 graphing, 40
identifying linear and nonlinear, Golden ratio, 203, 293
523 Golden rectangle, 149, 203
independent variable, 466
F input, 465
Graphing. See also Number line
families of quadratic functions,
linear, 471, 473 527
Face, 368 graphing, 473 integers, 35
Factors, 51, 126 slope-intercept form, 491, 492 linear equations, 491–493
Factor tree, 666 x-intercept, 473 on a coordinate plane, 668
y-intercept, 473 real numbers, 156
Fair games, 642–643 nonlinear, 522, 523 relationships, 40, 470
Find the Data, 87, 117, 150, 170, See also functions, quadratic using slope-intercept form, 492
201, 270, 288, 335, 356, 420, 433, bacterial growth, 542
509, 597, 614, 651. See also compound interest, 294 Graphing Calculator, 8, 9
California Data File output, 465 Graphing Calculator Lab
quadratic, 522, 528 box-and-whisker plots, 605
Find the Error. See H.O.T.
graphing, 528, 529 families of quadratic functions,
Problems
range, 466 538
Foldables™ Study Organizer rule, 465 graphing relationships, 470
area and volume, 350, 405 histograms, 575
equations and inequalities, 414, modeling linear behavior, 496
Principle, 627
563 scatter plots, 511
geometry, 304, 342 Fundamental Theorem of
integers, 22, 74 Arithmetic, 664 Graphs
linear functions, 462, 513 bar graph, 662
nonlinear functions, 520, 557 double, 662
box-and-whisker plots, 599–601
percent, 250, 295 G circles, 47–582
probability, 624, 653
rational numbers, 82, 134 line graph, 662
GCF. See Greatest common factor double, 662
real numbers and the (GCF)
Pythagorean Theorem, 142, scatter plots, 505–509
179 Geometry. See also Angles; Area; Greater than (>), 35, 91
statistics and matrices, 516, 566 Circles; Constructions; Lines;
Perimeter; Polygons; Greatest common factor, 665
using proportions, 188, 242
Quadrilaterals; Transformations; Grouping symbols, 29
Formulas. See Rates; Triangles fraction bar, 30
Measurement; Interest applications in architecture, 73,
Four-step problem-solving plan, 217, 225, 227, 235, 310, 317,
2, 3, 24–27, 63, 124, 152, 204, 272, 318, 322, 327, 329, 330, 335, H
360, 439, 503, 532, 568 340, 343, 369, 380, 395, 403, 408
Fractions, 84 applications in art, 27, 181, 310, Heron’s Formula, 150
See also Rational numbers 318, 322, 330, 334, 335, 344,
H.O.T. Problems
adding 357, 403
Challenge, 28, 33, 39, 45, 49, 56,
like fractions, 108 Geometry Lab 60, 69, 73, 89, 95, 101, 106, 111,
unlike fractions, 114 congruent triangles, 334 117, 122, 129, 133, 147, 151,
dividing, 103 drawing three-dimensional 159, 166, 171, 177, 193, 197,
multiplying, 96 figures, 364 202, 211, 218, 223, 229, 235,
negative, 97 surface area 241, 255, 261, 267, 271, 278,
simplifying, 666 cylinders, 385 283, 289, 293, 318, 323, 331,
subtracting pyramids, 392 336, 341, 357, 367, 372, 377,
like fractions, 109 volume 384, 391, 396, 403, 420, 426,
unlike fractions, 114 cone, 378 430, 437, 444, 448, 453, 468,
writing as percents, 253, 257 cylinders, 370 475, 482, 487, 494, 501, 508,
written as decimals, 85 prism, 370 526, 531, 533, 542, 548, 557,
780 Index
570, 574, 590, 598, 610, 614, Reading Your Math Book, 12 geology, 407
629, 636, 640, 651 Studying for a Test, 14 government, 628
Find the Error, 34, 49, 61, 100, Hypotenuse, 162 health, 61, 132, 153, 361, 391
111, 151, 166, 228, 260, 271, 286, finding the length, 162–163 history, 27, 101, 117, 135, 145,
377, 424, 426, 433, 444, 482, 149, 265, 393, 404, 571, 577, 602
Index
494, 589, 603, 654, 664 life science, 55, 61, 106, 199, 201,
Number Sense, 56, 73, 95, 107, I 224, 228, 341, 604, 657
music, 61, 117, 125, 231, 254,
117, 129, 133, 147, 150, 235,
278, 314, 356, 383, 440, 509, 340, 347, 422, 426, 650, 461,
Identity Property, 156
581, 658 613, 567
of Addition, 31
Open Ended, 28, 33, 45, 49, 56, physical education, 419
of Multiplication, 31, 70
73, 88, 95, 101, 106, 111, 117, physical science, 72, 139, 244
122, 129, 133, 147, 151, 159, Image, 332 physics, 94
166, 170, 177, 197, 202, 218, Independent events, 631 reading, 361, 440
228, 229, 235, 241, 255, 261, science, 38, 75, 125, 132, 150,
Inequalities, 35, 441, 442 153, 244, 446, 447, 533, 607,
271, 293, 310, 336, 356, 363, graphing, 442
372, 377, 383, 396, 403, 420, 655, 666
greater than, 35 social sciences, 224
428, 430, 433, 437, 444, 448, less than, 35
468, 475, 482, 487, 494, 509, social studies, 226
phrases for, 442 space, 138
514, 526, 531, 548, 573, 581, systems of, 499 space science, 224, 493
589, 598, 603, 609, 614, 629, 640 two-step, 451 spelling, 459
Reasoning, 203, 310, 341, 391, writing, 441 technology, 125, 205, 218, 224,
403, 494, 548, 581, 590, 604, 609
Input. See Functions 252–253, 421, 440
Select a Technique, 403, 424, 431
Select a Tool, 177, 378 Integers, 35–37, 84 Interest
Which One Doesn’t Belong, 39, adding compound, 294
69, 88, 122, 170, 193, 255, 420, different signs, 42 principal, 290
428, 475, 526 same signs, 41 rate, 290
Writing in Math, 28, 34, 39, 45, comparing, 36 simple, 290–293
49, 56, 61, 69, 73, 89, 95, 101, dividing, 53 Interior angle, 316
107, 111, 117, 122, 129, 133, 147, multiplying
Internet Connections,
151, 159, 166, 171, 177, 193, different signs, 51
Chapter Test, 79, 139, 183, 247,
197, 202, 211, 218, 229, 235, same sign, 52
299, 347, 409, 461, 517, 521,
241, 255, 261, 267, 271, 278, negative, 35
567, 669
283, 289, 293, 311, 318, 323, opposites, 36, 43, 46
Concepts in Motion,
331, 336, 341, 357, 363, 372, ordering, 35
Animation, 96, 324, 379, 392,
378, 383, 391, 396, 403, 420, positive, 35
599
424, 426, 428, 431, 434, 437, subtracting, 46
BrainPOP®, 31, 46, 102, 161,
444, 448, 468, 475, 482, 487, written as a set, 35
275, 423, 431, 441, 565, 643
495, 509, 514, 526, 531, 548, zero, 35
Interactive Lab, 43, 144, 199,
574, 581, 590, 598, 604, 609, Interactive Lab. See Internet 214, 334, 432, 576, 637
614, 629, 640, 645, 649, 651, Connections California Standards Practice,
654, 658, 664
Intercepts, 473 80, 140, 184, 248, 300, 348, 410,
Histograms, 570–575, 611 518, 563, 568, 622, 658
Interdisciplinary connections. See
Homework Help, 27, 32, 38, 44, Cross-Curricular Project, 178,
also Applications
48, 59, 68, 72, 87, 94, 99, 105, 110, 293, 515, 664
art, 27, 181, 217, 304, 330, 340 Extra Examples, 25, 31, 37, 43,
116, 121, 128, 132, 146, 150, 158, astronomy, 128, 657
165, 169, 176, 192, 196, 201, 210, 47, 53, 57, 67, 70, 85, 93, 97,
biology, 88, 99, 105, 106, 119, 103, 109, 115, 119, 127, 130, 145,
216, 227, 228, 239, 254, 259, 266, 125, 128, 135, 138, 139, 277,
270, 277, 288, 292, 318, 322, 330, 149, 157, 163, 167, 174, 191,
278, 645 194, 200, 208, 214, 225, 227,
335, 340, 355, 362, 371, 376, 382, chemistry, 75, 132
390, 396, 402, 419, 423, 425, 427, 231, 238, 253, 257, 264, 269,
civics, 191, 420 275, 281, 285, 291, 307, 317,
429, 432, 436, 443, 447, 467, 474, earth science, 128, 580
480, 485, 493, 508, 512, 525, 530, 321, 328, 334, 339, 353, 361,
ecology, 297 370, 375, 381, 382, 387, 400,
547, 572, 579, 588, 596, 602, 608, environment, 87
613, 628, 639, 644, 648, 650, 653, 417, 423, 427, 434, 441, 445,
geography, 20, 35, 48, 59, 76, 467, 472, 479, 485, 491, 507,
657, 663 100, 132, 151, 165, 170, 224, 511, 523, 528, 545, 549, 571,
How to Use Your Math Book 226, 227, 254, 258, 270, 275, 577, 586, 595, 601, 607, 613,
Doing Your Homework, 13 279, 519–520, 565, 569, 573, 586 627, 633, 638, 643, 649, 661
Index 781
Other Calculator Keystrokes, Isosceles right triangle, 169 percent, 252
450, 496, 512, 538, 575, 605 Isosceles triangle, 673 percent-fraction equivalents, 268
Personal Tutor, 26, 30, 36, 43, 47, percent of change, 284
52, 58, 67, 71, 86, 92, 98, 104, probability of dependent
109, 115, 120, 126, 131, 145, K events, 430
Index
149, 157, 163, 168, 175, 191, probability of independent

195, 199, 209, 215, 226, 227, events, 429
Key Concept
232, 237, 253, 257, 265, 269, product of powers, 539
add and subtract like
276, 281, 285, 291, 308, 317, proportion, 198
fractions, 108
321, 329, 332, 339, 353, 361, proportional linear function, 485
Addition Property of
370, 375, 380, 382, 387, 394, proportional linear
Equality, 66
401, 417, 422, 423, 425, 428, relationship, 238
additive inverse property, 43
430, 435, 442, 446, 467, 473, Pythagorean Theorem, 162
algebraic expressions, 29
478, 484, 492, 507, 510, 524, quotient of powers, 544
area formulas, 360
529, 546, 571, 578, 587, 595, rates of change, 232
area of a circle, 354
600, 607, 612, 627, 638, 643, rational numbers, 84
circumference of a circle, 353
647, 649, 651, 656, 662 ratio of similar solids, 400
common polyhedrons, 369
Readiness Quiz, 23, 83, 143, 251, ratio of surface area, 400
congruent polygons, 320
305, 351, 415, 463, 521, 567, 625 ratio of volume, 400
converse of Pythagorean
Reading in the Content Area, 29, ratios, 252
Theorem, 164
84, 144, 263, 306, 360, 416, 421, ratios of similar figures, 209
decimals, 256
465, 570, 642 representing functions, 472
direct variation, 484
Real-World Career, 71, 86, 157, scientific notation, 130–131
divide fractions, 103
199, 291, 308, 428, 466, 600, slope formula, 479
dividing integers, 53, 54
638, 652 standard notation, 130–131
Division Property of
Self-Check Quiz, 28, 33, 38, 44, subtraction of integers, 46
Equality, 70
48, 55, 60, 69, 72, 88, 94, 111, subtraction of like fractions, 108
exponents, 127
117, 122, 128, 133, 146, 150, Subtraction Property of
fractions, 252, 256
159, 165, 170, 177, 193, 196, Equality, 65, 207
division, 103
201, 211, 217, 228, 234, 240, total surface area of a
multiplication, 96
254, 260, 266, 270, 277, 282, pyramid, 394
288, 292, 309, 318, 323, 331, type of relationships, 505
Principle, 627
336, 340, 356, 363, 371, 377, volume of a cone, 380
integer addition
390, 395, 403, 420, 423, 425, volume of a pyramid, 379
different sign, 42
427, 430, 433, 436, 443, 447, volume of cylinders, 374
same sign, 41
468, 475, 481, 487, 494, 509, volume of prisms, 373
integer division, 53, 54
514, 526, 530, 547, 573, 581, zero exponent, 127
integer multiplication, 54
589, 597, 603, 609, 614, 627, different sign, 51
640, 649, 651, 653, 657, 663
Vocabulary Review, 74, 134, 179,
same sign, 52
integer subtraction, 46
L
242, 295, 342, 405, 457, 513, interior angle sum of a
516, 563, 665 Labs. See Algebra Lab, Geometry
polygon, 316
Interpolating from data. See Lab, Graphing Calculator Lab,
interquartile range, 593
Predicting Math Lab, Probability Lab,
Inverse Property of
Spreadsheet Lab
Interquartile range, 593 Multiplication, 102
irrational numbers, 155 Lateral area, 393
Inverse operations, 66 lateral surface area of a Lateral face, 386, 393
Inverse property prism, 386
Lateral surface area, 386
addition, of, 43 lateral surface area of a
multiplication, of, 102 pyramid, 395 LCD. See Least common
lateral surface area of denominator
Investigations. See Labs
cylinders, 388 LCM. See Least common multiple
Irrational numbers, 155 Multiplication Property of
estimate, 149–150 Least common denominator
Equality, 71 (LCD), 91, 114
graphing, 172 multiplicative inverse, 102
on a number line, 149 multiplying fractions, 96 Least common multiple
web, 155 multiplying integers, 51, 52 (LCM), 83, 114, 667
Irregular figures. See Complex negative exponents, 127 Legs, 162
figures order of operations, 29 finding the length, 162–163
782 Index
Length paper cup, 470 pyramids, 393, 395
changing customary units, 213 patty paper, 324 rectangular prisms, 386, 387
changing metric units, 214 protractor, 378 volume, 373
Less than (<), 35, 91 rice, 370, 378, 379 complex solids, 375
rubber band, 470 cones, 379, 380
Like fractions, 108
Index
ruler, 352, 386, 470 cube, 129
Like terms, 417 spinner, 429, 464 cylinders, 374
Line, 306 square tiles, 144 prisms, 373, 374
straightedge, 306, 324, 327 pyramids, 379, 380
Linear equations. See also tape measure, 505
Equations Measures of central
tennis ball, 378 tendency, 585–590
Linear functions. See Functions toothpicks, 29, 544 justify choice of a, 511, 586
tracing paper, 206, 327 mean, 585
Linear inequalities. See
transparency, 327 median, 585
Inequalities
Markup, 286 mode, 585
Linear relationships, 236
Mass selecting the appropriate
Line graphs, 662 measure, 586
changing metric units, 215
double, 662 summary, 587
Math Lab using appropriate measures, 586
Line plots, 611
functions, 464
Lines. See also Functions; Slope golden rectangle, 203 Measures of variation, 593–595
best-fit line, 505 graphing data, 40 interquartile range, 593
of reflection, 332 graphing irrational numbers, lower quartile (LQ), 593
symmetry, of, 327 172 outliers, 594
x-intercept, 473 proportional and quartiles, 593
y-intercept, 473 nonproportional functions, 490 range, 593
Pythagorean Theorem, 161 upper quartile (UQ), 593
Line segment, 311
Math Online. See Internet Median, 94, 585
Line symmetry, 327, 328
Connections Mental Math, as a method of
Logical reasoning, 343
computation, 10-11
Maximum, 531
Lower quartile (LQ), 593 finding percents, 268-269
M.C. Escher, 340 multiplying fractions, 98
Mean, 54, 585 probability, 632
M Measurement, 72 real numbers, 157
See also Customary system, theoretical probability, 638
Manipulatives Metric system unit rate, 230
algebra tiles, 46, 65, 416, angles, 306–308, 669 See also Number Sense
432–433 applying the Pythagorean Metric system, 213-214
ball, 40 Theorem, 162–163, 164, 167, capacity units, 213
box, 386 168, 175 choosing appropriate units, 213
can, 385 area compared to customary system,
cardboard, 40, 378, 379 circles, 353, 354 213
coins, 470 complex figures, 360 conversions, 213-214
compass, 172, 378 parallelograms, 675 length units, 213
counters, 642 rectangles, 674 mass units, 214
cubes, 364, 373, 490 squares, 674
dot paper, 148 trapezoids, 675 Mid-Chapter Quiz, 50, 113, 160,
envelope, 392 triangles, 675 212, 274, 326, 379, 435, 489, 550,
game pieces, 421 circumference, 352, 353 592, 650
graphing calculator. See customary system conversions, Mini Lab
Graphing Calculator Lab 72 algebra tiles, 416
grid paper, 161, 162, 172, 203, effect of changing dimensions, angles of a triangle, 316
213, 263, 549 23, 97, 206–208, 214, 224, 225, angles of polygons, 316
index card, 340, 370 376, 399 building three-dimensional
isometric dot paper, 364 perimeter, 206–208 figures, 364
marbles, 637 similar polygons, 206–208 constructing congruent
meterstick, 40 surface area, 386 triangles, 324–325
number cube(s), 429, 643 cones, 395 estimating square roots, 148
paper clip, 470 cylinders, 387, 388 experimental probability, 637
Index 783
finding a pattern, 24 Multiplication, 51 prime, 666
finding a relationship, 29, 144 Associative Property of, 31 probability, 422
Golden Rectangle, the, 203 by a constant factor (unit rate), real, 155
graphing irrational numbers, 200, 201, 483–488 scientific notation, 131
172 Commutative Property of, 31, standard form, 130
Index
graphing relationships, 470 51, 52 Number Sense. See H.O.T.

making solids by folding, 379 fractions, 96–98 Problems
measuring circumference, 352 Identity Property of, 31
modeling multiplication of integers, 51, 53 Numerical expressions, 29
polynomials, 661 Inverse Property of, 102
modeling percents, 263 monomials, 544, 545
multiplying fractions, 96 powers, 30, 655 O
probability, 445 powers of 10, with, 130
quadratic functions, 528 Property of Equality, 71 Obtuse angle, 670
right triangle, 162 rational numbers, 96–98 Open Ended. See H.O.T. Problems
scatter plots, 505 repeated, 30
Opposites, 43
scientific notation, 130 repeated addition, as, 51
similar triangles, 206 solving equations, 70 Ordered pairs, 173
slope and y-intercept, 491 symbols, 30 graphing, 40, 174
slope of a line, 477 Multiplicative Inverse Order of operations, 29
solving equations, 65 Property, 156 Ordinate, 173
sports, 162 Multiplicative inverses, 102 See also y-coordinate
subtracting integers, 46 solving equations using, 119
surface area of prism, 386 Origin, 173
symmetry, 327 Multi-step problems, 6–7
Outcomes. See Probability
verifying the Pythagorean
Outliers, 594
Theorem, 161 N Output. See Functions
volume
cylinders, 373 Negative exponents, 127
prisms, 373
Negative numbers, 35 P
Minimum, 531
Negative square roots, 144, 145
Mixed numbers, 84 Parabolas, 528
adding, 109, 115 Nets, 385
Parallelograms, area, 360
dividing, 104 Nonlinear functions. See
multiplying, 97 Functions Parallel planes, 368
subtracting, 97, 109, 115 Part. See Percents
Nonproportional
written as decimals, 85 Patterns, 24–28, 124–125, 316,
relationships, 194
Mixed Problem Solving, 728–739 compare and contrast with 544–548, 549
Mode, 585 proportional relationships, Percent equation, 279–280
194–197, 483–488, 490
Models Percent proportion, 263
concrete, 65, 96, 263, 364, 370, Note taking. See Foldables™
Study Organizer Percents, 250–301, 262
373, 378, 379, 385, 386, 416, base, 263, 279
432–433, 532–533, 549, 641, Number line, 35 comparing, 258
643, 651, 661 absolute value, 36 compound interest, 294
verbal, 57, 58, 71, 120, 145, 200, comparing integers, 36 discount, 286
208, 215, 225, 265, 427, 428, 544 comparing rational numbers, 92 estimating, 275, 276
number line, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, graphing inequalities, 441, 442 finding mentally, 268, 269
51, 93, 442 graphing integers, 35 markup, 286
Monomials, 539 graphing irrational numbers, part, 263, 279
dividing, 549 148, 172 part/whole relationship, 263
multiplying, 544, 545 integers, 35 percent equation, 279, 280
ordering integers, 35 percent-fraction equivalents, 253
Multiple, 669 real numbers, 156 percent of change, 284–286
Multiple choice. See California Numbers percent of decrease, 285
Standards Practice compatible, 275 percent of increase, 285
Multiple representations, 40, composite, 666 percent proportion, 263, 264
57–61, 194–197, 427–431, 465–469, irrational, 155 selling price, 286
470, 471–476, 490, 491–495, 606–610 ordering, 258 simple interest, 290–293
784 Index
summary of problem types, 264 Area of Parallelograms, 675 random, 626
writing as decimals, 256 Triangles, and Trapezoids, 675 sample space, 626
writing as fractions, 253 Classifying Angles, 670 theoretical, 637, 638
Perfect squares, 144, 148 Classifying Quadrilaterals, 672 tree diagrams, 626
Diagnose Readiness, 23, 83, 143, Problem solving. See Real-World
Perimeter
Index
189, 251, 305, 351, 415, 521, Examples
rectangle, 110, 676
567, 625
scale factors, 208 Problem Solving Investigation/
Displaying Data in Graphs,
square, 146, 676 Strategy
662–665
Perpendicular lines, 311 Getting Ready for the Next choose the best method of
Lesson, 28, 34, 39, 45, 49, 56, computation, 10, 11
Personal Tutor. See Internet
61, 69, 89, 95, 101, 107, 112, 118, determine reasonable answers,
Connections
123, 129, 147, 151, 159, 166, 272
Perspective, 364 draw a diagram, 204
171, 193, 197, 202, 211, 229,
Pi, 352 235, 255, 261, 267, 271, 278, four-step plan, 2, 3, 24–27
Plane, 306 283, 289, 311, 319, 322, 331, guess and check, 439
ways to intersect, 368 336, 357, 363, 372, 378, 384, list of strategies, 2, 3
391, 396, 421, 426, 431, 437, look for a pattern, 124
Point, 306 make a model, 532
444, 448, 469, 476, 482, 488,
Polygons, 206 495, 501, 527, 531, 537, 542, make a table, 568
angle measurements, 316 548, 572, 574, 582, 590, 598, solve a simpler problem, 2, 3, 360
congruent, 320, 321 604, 610, 630, 636, 641, 645, use a graph, 503
equiangular, 317 649, 654, 658 use a Venn diagram, 152
equilateral, 317 Greatest Common Factor, 665 use logical reasoning, 314
regular, 316, 317 Least Common Multiple, 667 work backward, 62
similar, 206–208 Measuring and Drawing Product, 51
Polyhedron (polyhedra), 368 Angles, 669
See also Multiplication
edge, 368 Perimeter and Area of
face, 368 Rectangles, 674 Product of powers, 539
identifying, 369 Plotting Points on a Coordinate Profit, 281
prisms, 369 Plane, 668
rectangular, 369 Prime Factorization, 664 Projects. See Cross-Curricular
triangular, 369 Probability of Simple Events, 673 Projects
pyramids Simplifying Fractions, 666 Proof
rectangular, 369 Triangles, 671 of the cross products property,
triangular, 369 Prime factorization, 666 198
vertex, 368 of the division of fractions, 103
Prime numbers, 666
Population, 647 of the formula for the area of a
Principal, 290 circle, 353
Positive square roots, 144
Principal square root, 145 of the formula for the surface
Powers, 30, 126 area of a cone, 392
evaluating, 127 Prisms, 369 of the formula for the surface
of 10, 127 surface area, 386, 387 area of a cylinder, 388
product of, 539 volume, 370, 373, 630 of the formula for the surface
quotient of, 544 Probability, 624–659 area of a prism, 386
repeated factors, as, 126 Fair games, 642–643 of the formula for the surface
Practice Test, 79, 139, 183, 247, events area of a pyramid, 393
299, 347, 409, 461, 517, 521, 567, 669 compound, 631–635 of the formula for the volume of
dependent, 632 a pyramid, 380
Pre-AP. See California Standards
experimental, 637–639 of the formula for the volume of
Practice
independent, 631–632 a cone, 380
Predictions simple, 626–627, 675 of the product of powers, 539
using experiments, 40 counting, 626–628 of the quotient of powers, 544
using probability, 638 Fundamental Counting of the power of a power, 549
using samples, 647–648 Principle, 627 of the power of a product, 550
using scatter plots, 506 making decisions using, 445– of the Pythagorean Theorem,
Preparing for standardized 447, 638 161,162
tests. See California Standards making predictions using, that p is the ratio of the
Practice 637–640, 642–643 circumference to the diameter
Prerequisite Skills, 662–675 outcomes, 626 of a circle, 352
Index 785
Properties, 31 Pyramids, 369–370 population density, 191
Addition Property of Equality, lateral area, 39, 630 speed, 191
66 lateral face, 393 unit, 191
Additive Inverse Property, 43 regular, 393 Rational numbers, 82, 84, 155
Associative Property of slant height, 393 See also Fractions, Decimals,
Index
Addition, 31 surface area, 392, 393–395 Percents

Associative Property of vertex, 393 adding, 108, 115
Multiplication, 31 volume, 379–380 comparing, 91, 92
Commutative Property of Pythagorean Theorem, 161–171 dividing, 102–106
Addition, 31 applying, 162–163, 164, 167, 170 on a number line, 92–93
Commutative Property of converse, 164 ordering, 92
Multiplication, 31 distance, 175 solving equations, 119
Distributive Property, 31 identifying, 164 subtracting, 109, 114
Division Property of Equality, 70 unit fractions, 89
geometric figures, of, 316, Pythagorean triples, 168
writing as decimals, 85
316–317 writing as percents, 253, 257
Identity Property of Addition,
31 Q Ratios, 190, 191, 252, 253, 262
Identity Property of equivalent, 198
Multiplication, 31 Quadrants, 173 simplest form, 190
Inverse Property of writing as percents, 252, 253
Quadratic functions. See
Multiplication, 102 Functions Ray, 307
Multiplication Property of Reading in the Content Area, 29,
Quadrilaterals, 672
Equality, 71 84, 144, 195, 306, 363, 416, 570, 647
classifying, 672
parallel lines, of, 307
parallelogram, 672 Reading, Link to, 84, 263, 332,
Subtraction Property of
rectangle, 672 416, 491
Equality, 31
rhombus, 672 Reading Math, 90
Proportional reasoning square, 672 and so on, 544
circumference, 352, 353 trapezoid, 672 angle measure, 307
distance on the coordinate
Quantitative reasoning. See approximately equal, 275
plane, 173, 175 congruence, 207
Number Sense
golden ratio, 149 congruent and equals, 307
golden rectangle, 149 Quartiles, 593
division, 53
percent equation, 279, 280 Quotient, 53 division expressions, 71
percent proportion, 263, 264 gas mileage, 192
See also Division
proportions, 198, 199 inequalities, 148
rate of change, 230–235 Quotient of powers, 544
inequality symbols, 35, 441
scale drawings, 224, 225 math symbols, 191
scale factors, 207, 214, 224, 399 naming angles, 307
shadow reckoning, 226 R naming triangles, 316
similarity, 206–208 notation for segments, 321
slope, 477, 478 Radical sign, 144 notation for the image of a
theoretical probability, 637, 638 Radius, 352 point, 332
unit rates, 191 percents, 264
Random, 627
Proportional relationships, 194, proportional, 199
195 Range ratios, 190
and similarity, 206–209, 399–401 of a data set, 585, 593 repeating decimals, 86
compare and contrast with of a function, 466 segment measure, 208
nonproportional relationships, selecting the appropriate square roots, 145
194–197, 483–488, 490 measure of central tendency subscripts, 479
in similar three-dimensional or, 586 word problems, 26
figures, 399–403 Rate of change, 230–235 Reading Word Problems, 57, 90,
in similar two-dimensional See also Rates 154, 262
figures, 206–211 constant, 236 Real numbers, 155
Proportions, 198–201 negative, 231 classifying, 156
cross products, 198 slope, 477, 478 comparing, 157
identifying, 199 zero, 232 models of, 155
property of, 198 Rates, 190, 191 on a number line, 156
solving, 198, 199 interest, 290 properties, 156
786 Index
Real-World Careers Real-World Link libraries, 237, 573
carpenter, 308 advertising, 492 life expectancy, 92
car salesperson, 291 aircraft, 98 lightning, 188
dietitian, 600 American Red Cross, 328 logos, 328
fund-raising professional, 428 Antarctica, 586 loudness of sound, 546
Index
marketing manager, 638 architecture, 317, 322, 369, 380 masks, 334
medical technologist, 188 art, 304 military academies, 175
navigator, 157 astronomy, 61 model trains, 225
sports statistician, 86 average temperature, 513 money, 43
zookeeper, 466 banking, 43 monuments, 529
zoologist, 71 baseball, 276 motor vehicles, 628
basketball, 120 multiple births, 511
Real-World Example
batting average, 260 music, 426
animals, 26
beaches, 414 NCAA women’s basketball, 524
architecture, 317
Ben Franklin, 577 New York Public Library, 237
architecture, Aquarium
bicycling, 624 nonlinear functions, 520
Pyramid, 380
blood, 199 Ohio Bicentennial Barn, 217
architecture, Pyramid of the
buildings, 142 optometrist, 215
Sun, 394
Burnett Plaza, 403 pagoda, 335
art, Parthenon, 149
card games, 54 peregrine falcon, 430
baseball, 86
cattle, 250 pizza consumption, 580
basketball, 120, 524
caverns, 350 population, 566
blood, 199
cell phones, 545, 612 postal costs in 1947, 232
carpentry, 308
Celsius thermometer, 36 presidential election, 269
civics, 191
census, first, 602 Pyramid of the Sun, 394
dining, 428
circumference of Earth, 228 pyramids, 145
exercise, treadmill, 477
circumference of Moon, 228 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, 60
eyes, dilation, 215
civics, 191 roller coasters, 462, 510
Flag Day, 104 comic books, 285
fund-raiser, constant ratio, 483 rotational symmetry, 329
communications, 627 sales taxes, 281
fund-raising, 428 degrees, 578
gardening, 25 skateboarding, 387
dog years, 484 snakes, 37
geography, 586 dolphin brains, 595
geography, distances, 224 snowboarding, 287
dominoes, 433 speed limits, 253
history, Great Pyramid, 145 Eastern Hemisphere, 581
history, Lewis and Clark, 265 stained glass windows, 330
Eiffel Tower, 529 stalactites, 350
labels, 389 electronics, 87
left-handedness, 276 stalagmites, 350
elevator speed, 196 Stratosphere Tower, 228
life expectancy, 92 eyes, dilation, 215
lighthouses, 157 submarines, 22
first census of U.S., 602
maps, 175 sunshine, 603
Flag Day, 104
marketing, 638 tax refund, 258
food, 418
miniature golf course, 361 telephone use, 650
football, 122
model trains, scale, 225 television sizes, 487
gasoline consumption, 514
money, 43 tennis, 662
geography, 59, 586
monuments, 529 text messaging, 545
global temperatures, 513
parasailing, 167 thermometer, 36
golf ball dimples, 361
parties, cost of, 607 tornadoes, 234
Great Lakes, the, 506
roller coasters, 98 travel, 131, 175
harp, 426
sales taxes, 281 trees, 356
history, 265, 577
school, 446, 649 United States flag, 435
holidays, 104
school supplies, 471 Verrazano Narrows Bridge, 597
home ownership, 481
social studies, Lincoln veterinarian, 33
House of Representatives, 191
Memorial, 226 voting, 269
human body, 106
social studies, scale model, 224 weather, 36
human body proportions, 201
taxes, 258 weather forecast, 446
incubation period, 588
text messaging, 545 integers, 22 Yosemite Falls, 58
travel visitors, 131 Jonsson Fountain, 354 Reasonableness, See Check for
waterfalls, 58 kites, 165 Reasonableness
weather, 36, 446 Leaning Tower of Pisa, 310 Reasoning. See H.O.T. Problems
Index 787
Reciprocals. See Multiplicative simple random sample, 647 symbol for, 207
inverses stratified random sample, 647 Similarity, 206–208
Rectangles systematic random sample, 647
unbiased, 647 Similar solids, 399
area, 676 changes in volume and surface
golden, 203 using to predict, 647–652
area, 399–401
Index
perimeter, 110, 674 voluntary response sample, 648

Sample space, 626 Simple event, 626
Reflections, 332–334
Sampling. See Samples Simple interest, 290–293
Regular. See Polygons, Pyramids
Scale drawings, 224, 226 Simple random sample, 647
Repeating decimals, 85
bar notation, 85 construct, 226, 229 Simplest form. See also Algebraic
rounding, 86 find a missing measurement, expressions
writing as fractions, 86 224
Simplifying. See Algebraic
find the scale, 226
Research, 100, 217, 573 expressions
find the scale factor, 226
Review See Extra Practice, Mixed Slant height, 393
Scale factor
Problem Solving, Prerequisite area, and, 211 Slide, 337
Skills, Spiral Review, Study Guide map or drawing, for, 224
and Review Slope, 477, 478
perimeter, and, 208 See also Functions
Review vocabulary similar polygons, 207 formula, 477
addends, 41 similar solids, for, 399 from a graph, 478
bar graphs, 570 Scale, for map or drawing, 224 from a table, 478
constant rate of change, 522 rise, 477
dimensional analysis, 215 Scale models, 224
run, 477
equation, 119 Scalene triangle, 673
evaluate, 127 Slope-intercept form, 491–493
Scatter plots, 504
factors, 51 best-fit line, 506 Solids, 368, 369, 676 See also
greatest common factor (GCF), making predictions from, 506 Three-dimensional figures
97 types of relationships, 505 composite, 375
linear relationship, 472 similar, 399
ordered pairs, 471 Scientific notation, 130
decimals between 0 and 1, 130, Solutions, 65
product, 51
right angle, 162 131 Solving equations. See Equations
right triangle, 161 ordering numbers, 131 Solving inequalities. See
scale factors, 399 Select a Technique. See H.O.T. Inequalities
sums, 41 Problems Solving proportions. See
Rhombus, 672 Select a Tool. See H.O.T. Problems Proportions
Right angle, 162, 671 Select the Operation, 63, 125, 153, Spatial Visualization, 29, 148,
Right triangle, 161, 671 205, 273, 315, 361, 440, 504, 533, 152–153, 161, 172, 203, 204–205,
hypotenuse, 162 569, 646 213, 263, 306, 324–325, 327, 332,
identifying, 164 Self-Check Quiz. See Internet 334, 337, 338, 340–341, 352, 364,
legs, 162 Connections 370, 378, 379, 385, 386
Pythagorean Theorem, 161–171 Selling price, 286 Spreadsheet Lab
Rise. See Slope bar graphs, 583–584
Semicircle, 360 circle graphs, 583–584
Roots. See Square roots Sentences, translating into compound interest, 294
Rotational symmetry, 328 equations, 427, 428 line graph, 583–584
Rotation, angle of, 328 Sets, 153 mean, median, and mode, 591
integers, 35 similar solids, 397–398
Run. See Slope
numbers, 156 Square (figure), 317
subset, 153 area, 674
S Venn diagram, 152–153 perimeter, 146, 674
Sides, corresponding, 206, 207 Square (number), 144
Sales tax, 281 Similar, 206 Square roots, 144–147
Samples corresponding parts, 206 estimating, 148–150
biased, 648 identifying, 207 evaluating, 144–145
convenience sample, 648 polygons, 206–208 extracting, 144, 145
evaluating methods of, 648, 649 scale factors, 207 negative, 144
788 Index
positive, 144 dividing by a whole number, rates of change, 231
principal, 145 103 rational exponents, 145
simplifying, 144–145 drawing a picture, 164 reading math, 290
Standard form, of numbers, 130 equivalent expressions, 418 real numbers, 156
estimating a best fit line, 506 reasonableness, 25
Start Smart, 1–14
Index
estimating a selling price, 286 repeating decimals, 86
Statistics. See also Data, Graphs, estimating the area of a circle, replace the variable, 67
Measures of Central Tendency 354 scale drawings, 224
Collect the Data, 497, 512, 573, estimating the volume of a scale factors, 208, 226
575, 581, 584, 614, 651 cylinder, 374 scales, 224
making inferences, 572, 573, 578 estimation, 115, 276, 506 slope, 477, 478
predicting using samples, 647 estimation/reasonableness, 375 small percents, 253
select and use an appropriate experimental probability, 637 solutions, 472
display, 611–615 gap, 571 solving equations, 70
technology, 511–512, 575, 583– golden ratio, 149 spreadsheet notation, 398
584, 591, 605 graphing integers, 174 spreadsheet notation for pi, 398
Venn diagrams, 152, 613, 614 height of a cone or pyramid, 380 spreadsheet notation for the
hypotenuse, checking, 163 square of a value, 398
Stem-and-leaf plots, 606,
identifying linear equations, 523 square roots, 167
Straight angle, 670 identifying similar polygons, statistics, 509
Stratified random sample, 647 207 subscripts, 479
independent and dependent substitute to check accuracy, 607
Study Guide and Review, 74–78,
variables, 466 substitute values to check for
134–138, 179–182, 242–246, 295–
input, 466 accuracy, 492
298, 342–346, 405–408, 454–458,
integer addition, 108 surface area, 400
512–516, 557–560, 616–620, 653–656
interest, 290 symbol for not greater than, 442
Study organizer. See Foldables™ interpreting interquartile range, technology, 422
Study Organizer 594 temperature change, 199
Study Tip intervals, 571 total score, 587
absolute value, 37 isolating the variable, 66 translating rise and run, 478
adding integers, 108 labels (on graph), 509 translations, 338
adding integers on an integer large percents, 252 using the slope formula, 479
line, 42 level, 378 volume of rectangular prism,
alternate form, 215 line graphs, 612 373
alternate method, 109 line plots, 611 volume of triangular prism, 374
analyze the graph, 535 look back, 108, 257, 417, 428, zero rate of change, 232
area of triangles, 393 611, 612, 627, 643 Subscripts, 479
backsolving, 67 median, 593
mental math, 52, 98, 104, 149, Subtraction, 46
bar graphs, 612
157, 230, 430, 638 algebraic expressions, 47
bar notation, 85
misleading probabilities, 649 fractions, 109, 114
break symbol, 509
multiplying by 100, 257 integers, 46, 47
calculators, 42
multiplying decimals, 269 Property of Equality, 65
check for reasonableness, 199,
naming polygons, 316 solving equations, 67
226, 265, 471, 646, 661
negative exponents, 127 written as addition, 46
check the equation, 200
classifying numbers, 156 negative fractions, 97 Sum, 41
common error, 47, 194, 369, 374, number lines, 93 See also Addition
423, 655 output, 466 Supplementary angles, 67, 307
congruence, 207 parabolas, 528
congruence statements, 321 parentheses, 30 Surface area, 386
constant rate of change, 236, 477 percent of change, 285 cylinders, 385, 387, 388
constant ratio, 483 percents, 256–257, 265 effect of changing dimensions,
counterexample, 31 percents and fractions, 268 399–401
cross products, 198 points on line of reflection, 333 lateral, 386
decimals, 256–257 position of variable, 67 prisms, 386, 387
decimals and percents, 280 powers of ten, 52 pyramids, 392, 393, 395
decimals greater than one, 257 problem-solving strategies, 24 rectangular prisms, 386, 387
defining a variable, 57 proportional relationship, 483 Symbols
dimensional analysis, 104 proportions, 194, 198 a function of x (f(x)), 465
direct variation, 485 range of data, 587 congruent to, is, 207
Index 789
greater than or equal to, is, 441 modeling, 364
less than or equal to, is, 441 nets for, 379 U
measure of angle 1 (m < 1), 307 polyhedron (polyhedra), 368,
pi, 352 369 Unbiased sample, 647
similar to, is, 207 prisms, 368, 373, 386, 387
Unit fraction, 89
Index
Symmetry, 327–331 pyramids, 368, 369

similar, 399 Unit rates, 191
angle of rotation, 328
line of symmetry, 327 solids, 368, 369 Unit ratio, 214
line symmetry, 327 surface area, 386, 387, 388, 393,
395 Units
rotational, 328 converting between, 215
volume, 129, 373, 374, 375, 379,
Systematic random sample, 647 380, 381 customary, 213
metric, 215
Systems of equations. See Total surface area, 386
Equations Unlike fractions, 114
Transformations, 332
Systems of inequalities. See reflections, 332, 333 Upper quartile (UQ), 593
Inequalities translations, 337, 338
using rectangular coordinates,
213, 332, 337, 338 V
T Translations, 337, 338
Variables, 29
Technology. See Calculators, Transversal, 307 defining, 58
Graphing Calculator Lab, Internet Trapezoid, area, 360 dependent, 466
Connections, Spreadsheet Lab independent, 466
Tree diagrams, 626
Term, 417 Variation
Triangles
constant of, 483
Terminating decimals, 85 acute, 673
direct, 483
writing as fractions, 86 area, 75, 150, 360, 673
classifying, 317, 673 Venn diagram, 152
Test-Taking Tip, 81, 140, 184, 248,
300, 348, 410, 519, 562, 569, 623, 659 equilateral, 317 Verbal expressions, algebraic
See also California Standards isosceles, 673 expressions, as, 58
Practice obtuse, 673
Verbal model
choices, reading, 58 right, 673
for problem-solving, 57, 58, 71,
common geometry facts, 647 scalene, 673
120, 145, 200, 208, 215, 225,
eliminate the possibilities, 339, Triangular prism, volume, 73 265, 427, 428, 544
473, 546 Two-dimensional figures. See also Vertex, 333, 368
probability, 430 Measurement
Pythagorean triples, 168 Vertical angles, 307
circles, 352–354
scale factors, 401 complex, 360 Vocabulary Link
similarity statements, 209 coordinate plane, 173, 175 bias, 648
use estimation, 115 effect on area when changing constant, 417
Theoretical probability, 637, 638 dimensions, 211, 356 counterclockwise, 31
making decisions using, 445– effect on perimeter when dependent, 430
447, 638 changing dimensions, 209, 210 independent, 429
making predictions using, finding missing measurements interior, 491
445–447, 637–640, 642–643 in similar, 208–210 intersection, 368
geometric constructions, lateral, 386
Three-dimensional figures
324–325 lateral face, 386
buildings, 364
nets, 379, 385, 386, 388 perspective, 364
complex solids, 375
polygons, 206–208 quart, 593
cones, 380
parallelograms, 675 similar, 206
cylinders, 374, 387, 388
quadrilaterals, 672 terminating, 85
effect on surface area when
changing dimensions in, rectangles, 674 Vocabulary Review. See Internet
399–403 transformations, 213, 214, 290, Connections
effect on volume when 332, 333, 337, 338
triangles, 316, 317 Volume, 350, 373
changing dimensions in, composite solids, 375
399–403 Two-step equations. See Equations cones, 378, 379, 380
finding missing measurements Two-step inequalities. See cube, 129, 377
in similar, 399–403 Inequalities cylinders, 370, 374
790 Index
effect of changing dimensions, 152, 159, 166, 171, 177, 193, 197,
377, 399–401 202, 204, 211, 218, 223, 229, 235, Y
prisms, 370, 373, 630 241, 255, 261–262, 267, 271, 272,
pyramids, 379, 380 278, 283, 289, 293, 310, 314, 318, y-axis, 173
triangular prism, 73 323, 331, 336, 341, 357, 367, 372,
y-coordinate, 173
Index
Voluntary response sample, 648 378, 384, 391, 396, 402, 404, 420,
426, 431, 437, 438, 444, 448, 453, y-intercept, 491
468, 475, 482, 487, 495, 501, 509,
526, 531, 532, 537, 542, 548, 552,
W 556, 568, 574, 581, 590, 598, 604, Z
610, 614, 629, 633, 636, 640, 643,
Which one Doesn’t Belong?. See 644, 651, 664 Zero exponent, 127
H.O.T. Problems
Word Problems. See Reading
Word Problems X
Worked Out Example. See
California Standards Practice x-axis, 173
Writing in Math, 28, 34, 39, 45, 49, x-coordinate, 173
56, 61, 69, 73, 89, 95, 101, 107, 111, x-intercept, 494
117, 122, 124, 129, 133, 147, 151,
Index 791
Throughout the year, you may be required to 22. The following statements are true
about GHK.
• m∠G = m∠H + m∠K.
23. Which statement is not true about the
pattern of repeating regular octagons
and rectangles?
take several tests, and you may have some • ∠H and m∠K are complementary.
• The measure of each angle is evenly
divisible by 15.
Which choice does not fit all three
questions about them. Here are some statements for angles G, H, and K?
A m∠G = 90°
m∠H = 45°
C m∠G = 90°
m∠H = 50°
F The sum of the angles in each
rectangle is 360°.
G The sum of the angles in each
answers to help you get ready. m∠K = 45° m∠K = 40° octagon is 1,080°.
B m∠G = 90° D m∠G = 90° H The sum of the angles at the circled
vertex is 270°.
m∠H = 75° m∠H = 60°
J The measure of each interior angle
m∠K = 15° m∠K = 30°
of an octagon is 135°.
APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
How Should I Study? or vertical. (Lesson 6-1)

24. ∠3 and ∠6
2
Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary,
Lessons 2-1 through 2-5
25. ∠2 and ∠3 £ Ó
Î
È
26. ∠5 and ∠6 27. ∠1 and ∠4 x
{
1. MEASUREMENT One centimeter is about 11. WEATHER The table shows the approximate
0.392 inch.
28. Marisa put $580 in a savings account What fraction
at a simple interest of anof
rate inch
5.5%. number of sunny days each year for certain
The good news is that you’ve been studying SCHOOL For Exercises 29 and 30,2.use
is this?
How much interest will the account (Lesson
earn
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Write 7
16
in 32-1)
years? (Lesson 5-9)
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GXi\ekJlim\p
cities. Oklahoma City has about _
3
5
as many
sunny days as Phoenix. About how many
sunny days each year are there in
all along —a little bit every day. Here are

− Oklahoma City? (Lesson 2-3)
A recent survey asked parents to3.grade
Write 0.4 as a fraction in simplest form.
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2-1) !3UPERIOR Sunny Days Per Year
their children’s education. The results are
City Days
shown at the right. (Lesson 5-2) Replace each ● with <, "!BOVE!VERAGE
>, or = to make a true
some of the ways your textbook has been

Austin, TX 120
29. Write the percent of parentssentence.
who gave(Lesson 2-2)
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4. _and
●_ 5. -_ ● -_
themselves an “A” as a decimal 1 1as a 2 3
3 4 5 10 Phoenix, AZ 215
fraction in simplest form. $"ELOW!VERAGE
−−
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4 Sacramento, CA 195
7. -7.833… ● -7.8
30. Did more or less than _ of the parents
2
33
preparing you.
5 &&AILING
Santa Fe, NM 175
give themselves a “B”? Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
STANDARDS PRACTICE The table gives
8. Administration
the durations, in hours, of several
human spaceflights.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Decide whether the figures are congruent. Write yes or
no and explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-4) Mission Divide. Write in simplest form.
• Every Day Each lesson had practice

Year Duration (h)
(Lesson 2-4)
31. 32. Challenger 33. _
5 in. 1984 191 4 8 mm 4 mm _1 ÷ -_3
5 in. 130˚ 130˚
(41–B)
Discovery
15
H3 A P T E R
12.
2 ( )
4
13. (-1_13 ) ÷ (-_14 )
1984 C_
191
4
(51–A)
questions that cover the California Endeavour

(STS–57)
Discovery
(STS–103)
1992
1999
Lesson 6-3
191_
1
6
4
1 Polygons and Angles
190 _
2
14.
California
319
Standards Practice
STANDARDS PRACTICE A board that is
25_ feet long is cut into pieces that are
each
1
Cumulative, 2Chapters 1–4
_1 feetPMlong. Which of the steps below
10/5/061 3:43:48
0316-0319 CH06-877850.indd 319
SETTING PACE Revised FINAL PDF 2
Standards. Which of the following correctly orders

these durations from least to greatest?
(Lesson 2-2)
would give the number of pieces into which
Read each question. Then fill
the board
correct answer on the answer 1
document provided F Multiply
in the
is cut? (Lesson 2-4) 4 The scale drawing of a football field was
1_ by 25
by your teacher
2
_1
or2 .
made using a scale of 1 inch = 20 yards.
A 190_ 1
, 191_
1
, 191_3
, 191_ 4
on a sheet of paper.
G Divide 25_ by 1_
2 6 4 15 1 1 1 0- 2 0- 3 0- 4 0- 50 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0
• Every Week The Mid-Chapter Quiz and

2 2
B 191_ , 191_ , 191_ 11 A jar contains 25% green buttons, 32%
, 190_
End zone
3
End zone
1 4
2 in.
H Add 25_ to 1_
4 6 15 2 yellow buttons, 20% brown buttons, 1 and 1
.
3 23% white buttons. There are 300 2buttons 2
C 190_ 1
, 191_
1
, 191_ 4
, 191_
-1 0 -2 0 -3 0 -4 0 50 4 0- 3 0- 2 0- 1 0-
J Subtract 1_ from 25_

2 6 15 4 in the jar altogether. Which proportion 1 can 1
.
Practice Test had several multiple-choice

2 white 2 6 in.
D 191_ 1
, 191_
4
, 190_1
, 191_
3 be used to find w, the total number of
6 15 2 4 buttons in the jar?
What is the length, in yards, of the football
Multiply. Write in simplest form.A _ 23
=_300 AddCor_ 23
=_ w Write in simplest
subtract. form.
100 w 100
(Lesson 2-5) 300 field, including the end zones?
(Lesson 2-3)
practice questions.
_
23 _
300
_1 +_
23 _w
4 F 6100 yd
9. (-_31 ) · _87 10. (-2_43 )B· (w-_51=) 100 15.
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16. –3_ - 3_
7 G 7120 yd
2 Trapezoid ABCD is similar to trapezoid H 130 yd

−−
WXYZ. Find the length of XY. J 150 yd
• Every Month The California Standards Practice

15 cm
10 cm Z W
0113 CH02-877850.indd 113 D A
SETTING PACE FINAL PDFSixty-five
Proof miles per hour is the same rate as
9/20/06 3:14:59 PM
5
which of the following?
C B Y X
14 cm A 1.08 miles per second
pages at the end of each chapter had even F 20 cm

G 21 cm
H 24 cm
B 3,900 miles per second
C 6.5 miles per minute
D 1.08 miles per minute
more questions similar to those on the tests. J 27 cm

6 Between which two whole numbers is √
located on a number line?
F 6 and 7
66
G 7 and 8
Question 2 This problem involves
similar figures. If two polygons are H 8 and 9
similar, then you can use a scale factor
or a proportion to find the missing J 9 and 10
measure(s).
7 Which operation results in the same answer
Are There Other Ways to Review?

3 How many seconds are in 1_
1
hours? regardless of the numbers involved?
2
A 90 A divide by one
B 540 B multiply by one
C 3,600 C add zero
Absolutely! The following pages contain even more

D 5,400 D multiply by zero
248 Chapter 4 Proportions and Similarity California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com
practice for each California standard. 0248-0249 CH04-877850.indd 248 SETTING PACE FINAL PDF Proof 10/3/06 7:58:35 PM
Tips for Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA1

Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA2
Practice by Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA4–CA39
Additional California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

Prepare
• Go to bed early the night before the test. You will think more clearly after a
good night’s rest.
• Become familiar with common formulas and when they should be used.
• Think positively.
During the Test

• Read each problem carefully. Underline key words and think about different
ways to solve the problem.
• Watch for key words like NOT. Also look for order words like least, greatest,
first, and last.
• Watch for units of measurement. The units in the possible answers may be
different from the units in the problem.
• Answer questions you are sure about first. If you do not know the answer
to a question, skip it and go back to that question later.
• Check your answer to make sure it is reasonable.
• Make sure that the number of
the question on the answer
sheet matches the number of
the question on which you are
working in your test booklet.
Whatever you do…

• Don’t try to do it all in your
head. If no figure is
provided, draw one.
• Don’t rush. Try to work at a
steady pace.
• Don’t give up. Some
RE LA X!
problems may seem hard Just do your best.
to you, but you may be
able to figure out what to
do if you read each
question carefully or try
another strategy.
CA1
Multiple-Choice Questions
)NCOMPLETESHADING
Many tests have multiple-choice questions. You are asked to choose the
! " # $ best answer from four or five possible answers.
4OOLIGHTSHADING To record a multiple-choice answer, you will be asked to shade in
! " # $ a bubble that is a circle. Always make sure that your shading is dark
#ORRECTSHADING enough and completely covers the bubble.
! " # $
Kent places a ladder at a 60° angle against the wall

as shown. What is the measure of ∠1?

A 15° C 60°

B 30° D 90°
You know that the ground and wall meet at a 90° angle. You can
STRATEGY
eliminate choice D because you know that a triangle cannot have
Elimination
Can you eliminate any
two angles measuring 90°.
of the choices? Find the measure of the third angle by subtracting the measures of
the two known angles from 180°, the sum of the angles of a triangle.
180° - 90° - 60° = 30°
The measure of ∠1 is 30°, and the answer is B.
Sam’s Super Store sells 8 cans of soup for $2.25 while Midtown’s
Mart sells the same soup at 10 cans for $3.00. Which statement is true?
F Midtown’s Mart has the lower price per can.
G Sam’s Super Store has the lower price per can.
H Both stores have the same cost per can.
J None of these can be determined.
Find the price per can at Sam’s Super Store and Midtown’s Mart.
Sam’s Super Store: _ = $0.28125 per can

$2.25
8 cans
Midtown’s Mart: _ = $0.30 per can
$3.00
10 cans
Since 0.28125 < 0.30, Sam’s Super Store has the lower cost per can.
The answer is G.
CA2 California Standards Review

The charges for adult ski passes at Logan Ski Slopes are shown in
the table. What is the minimum number of days that an adult must
ski in order for the yearly pass to be less expensive than buying
daily passes?
A 4 days Type of Ski Pass Cost ($)
B 6 days Daily 38
Yearly 247
C 7 days
D 8 days
You need to find the minimum number of daily passes that will cost
more than $247.
STRATEGY METHOD 1 Backsolve.

Backsolving Multiply each answer choice by $38 to determine which answer
Use the answer choices
to work backward to find choices result in a cost greater than $247.
the answer. A 4 × $38 = $152
B 6 × $38 = $228
C 7 × $38 = $266
D 8 × $38 = $304
Answer choices C and D are both greater than $247. However, the
problem asks for the minimum number of days. So, answer choice C,
7 days, is correct.
METHOD 2 Write and solve an inequality.

Write an inequality comparing the costs of a daily ski pass and a
yearly ski pass.
Each daily pass costs $38, so after d days of skiing, a person will have
spent 38d.
You want to find when 38d is greater than $247, the cost of a yearly
pass. Write and solve the inequality.
Read the problem 38d > 247 Write the inequality.

a second time just
to be sure whether
_
38d
>_
247
38 38
you want the cost
to be greater or less
d > 6.5 Simplify.
than $247.
Since ski passes are sold by the day and not by a partial day, the
number of days must be a whole number. The next whole number
greater than 6.5 is 7. So, 7 days is the minimum number of days in
which the yearly pass will be less expensive. The answer is choice C.
Multiple-Choice Questions CA3

Practice by Standard: Number Sense

Standard Set 1.0: Know the properties of, and compute with, rational
numbers expressed in a variety of forms.
DIRECTIONS
Choose the correct answer.
1 Which of the following is equivalent STRATEGY Think: Which answers can you
()
to _
3 3? (7NS1.2)
4
eliminate because they are not reasonable?
To find the value of the expression, use _
3
as
A _ 1
a factor three times.
4
256
B _4
For more help with raising rational numbers to
27 whole number powers, see page 126.
C _
27
64
D _9
16
2 Patrick works in a clothing store. READING HINT Commission is found by

His monthly sales are listed in the multiplying the amount of sales by the percent of
table below. commission.
Month Sales First, locate the amount of sales for January.

January $1560 Then multiply this by 0.15.
February $4075
March $3050 For more help with commission, see page 279.
If his commission is 15%, to

the nearest dollar how much
commission did he make in
January? (7NS1.7)
F $1,003 H $234
G $311 J $146
3 Which of the following is equivalent STRATEGY As you examine each choice, put a
check beside the ones that AREN’T equivalent. The
to _
9 ? (7NS1.3)
4 one without a check is the correct answer.
A 0.444
To write a fraction as a decimal, divide the
B 1.8 numerator by the denominator.
C 2.25
For more help with dividing integers, see page 85.
D 2.75

4 Which shows 9,452 written in STRATEGY Review definitions of key terms.
scientific notation? (7NS1.1) In scientific notation, the exponent for the
F 9.452 ⫻ 101 10 is the same as the number of places the
G 9.452 ⫻ 102 decimal in the other factor needs to move
to get your original number.
H 9.452 ⫻ 103
J 9.452 ⫻ 104 For more help with scientific notation, see page 130.
5 The following table gives the prices STRATEGY Sometimes tables will give more
of several items at Brenda’s information than you will use. In this table, you
Boutique. won’t use the price of the T-shirt or the necklace.
Item Price Since the discount is 20%, the sale price is

T-shirt $20 80% of the original amount. Multiply the
Jeans $35 original price of the jeans by 0.80 to get the
Necklaces $15 sale price.
Brenda is having a sale and marking For more help with discounts, see page 287.
everything 20% off. How much will
a pair of jeans cost on sale? (7NS1.7)
A $7 C $28
B $21 D $30
6 Pearl borrowed $500 at 15% simple STRATEGY Eliminate answers that aren’t
interest for one year. If she makes no reasonable. She can’t owe more interest than the
payments that year, how much amount that she borrowed.
interest will she owe at the end of To find the amount of interest she will
the year? (7NS1.7) owe, multiply the amount that she
F $50 H $100 borrowed by 0.15.
G $75 J $575 For more help with simple interest, see page 290.
7 Five friends went out to eat together. STRATEGY How do you determine tax due for a
The total bill was $46.82 before tax. meal?.
The tax was 6% of the bill. If they all Begin by finding the amount of tax due on
split the bill including tax evenly, the bill and then the amount of tax per
which expression can be used to person.
find the amount of tax that each
person paid? (7NS1.7) For more help with using the percent equation, see
page 279.
A (46.82 + 0.06) ÷ 5
B (46.82 · 0.06) + 5
C (46.82 ÷ 0.06) · 5
D (46.82 · 0.06) ÷ 5
Practice by Standard: Number Sense CA5

Practice on Your Own Standard Set 1.0
8 Which is an irrational number? (7NS1.4) 12 The prices for several items at The Sport’s
F _
2 Store are in the table below.
3
G √
5 Item Price
Running Shoes $115
H 3 Swimming Suit $60
J √
9 Jogging Pants $40
If Laura bought a swimming suit for $40,

9 Which number is equivalent to what was the percent decrease in the
6.32 ⫻ 10⫺2? (7NS1.1) price? (7NS1.6)
A 6.32 F 3%
B 0.632 G 5%
C 0.0632 H 33%
D 0.00632 J 50%
10 A skateboard originally cost $85. Quinn 13 Which of the following is equivalent to

bought it at 30% off. _1 ⫹ _3 ? (7NS1.2)
4 8
A _4
12
$85
B _ 1
2
C _ 5
8
How much was deducted from the D 1
original price? (7NS1.7)
F $2.55 14 Which fraction is the same as 2.25?
(7NS1.5)
G $25.50
H $59.50 F _
9
4
J $283.33
G _
5
4
H _
4
11 Which of the following is equivalent to 9
_7 ⫹ _
15
? (7NS1.2) J _
1
8 16 4
A _ 29
15 Which of the following is equivalent to _ ?
9
16 5
(7NS1.3)
B _ 15
A 1.4
14
C _ 14 B 1.8
15
C 9.4
D _ 105
128 D 9.8

Practice by Standard: Number Sense
Standard Set 2.0: Students use exponents, powers, and roots, and use exponents
in working with fractions.
DIRECTIONS
1 Which of the following has the same STRATEGY Positive exponents represent
value as 6⫺4 ⫻ 66? (7NS2.1) repeated multiplication; negative exponents
represent repeated division.
A 6⫺24
Since the bases are the same, add the
B 6⫺10
exponents when multiplying.
C 62
For more help with multiplying integers with
D 610 exponents, see page 127.
2 Latisha has two pieces of fabric as READING HINT Sum means addition.
shown below. You can find the sum by adding the length
of the first piece of fabric to the length of
the second piece of fabric.
For more help with adding fractions, see page 114.
Ç Þ` £ Þ`
n {
What is the sum of the lengths of

fabric? (7NS2.2)
F _
2
yard
3
G _
8
yard
9
H _
9
yard
8
J _
3
yard
2
75
3 Which expression is equivalent to _3 ? STRATEGY Work the problem in two different
7 ways to check your answer.
(7NS2.3)
A 715 To divide rational numbers with exponents,
check to make sure the base is the same. If
B 78
so, keep the base and subtract exponents.
C 72
_5 For more help with dividing rational numbers with
D 73 exponents, see page 544.
Practice by Standard: Number Sense CA7

4 Which of the following shows the STRATEGY Eliminate any choices in which the
next step using the least common original fractions are not multiplied by a fraction
denominator to simplify _ 1 ⫹_
3?
5
that is equivalent to 1.
3
(7NS2.2) To find least common denominator, list the
F (_13 ⫻ _55 ) ⫹ (_35 ⫻ _33 ) multiples of 5. The first multiple that is also
a multiple of 3 is the least common
G (_13 ⫻ _15 ) ⫹ (_35 ⫻ _13 ) denominator.
H (_13 ⫻ _33 ) ⫹ (_35 ⫻ _55 ) For more help with adding fractions, see page 114.
J (_13 ⫻ _13 ) ⫹ (_35 ⫻ _15 )

5 Between which two integers does READING HINT The square root of a number is
the square the square root of 56 lie? the number that when multiplied by itself will give
(7NS2.4) you the original number.
A 6 and 7 Find the perfect squares that are greater

and less than 56 and as close to 56 as
B 7 and 8
possible.
C 8 and 9 For more help with square roots, see page 148.
D 55 and 56
6 Which expression is equivalent STRATEGY Think: Which answers can you

eliminate because they are not reasonable?
to 3 3 _
( )
1
? (7NS2.3)
32 Write _
1
2
as 3 -2 and multiply.
F 3 3
For more help with computing with powers, see
G 32 page 544.
H 35
J 36
7 Mrs. Jennings wrote four irrational READING HINT Irrational numbers are
numbers on the board and asked nonrepeating, nonterminating decimals.
Marcy to choose the number closest Find the square root that is closest to √
25 ,
to 5. Which irrational number or 5.
should she choose? (7NS2.4)
For more help with irrational numbers, see
A √
6
page 155.
B √
10
C √
24
D √
33

8 Which expression is equivalent to 13 Which expression is equivalent to

56 · 33? (7NS2.3)
_
55 · 32 ( )
_54 ⫻ 52? (7NS2.3)
53
F _ 1 _
2
· 12 A _ 1
C 59
5 3 5
G 5·3 B 53 D 514
H 52 · 32
14 Which expression has the largest value?
J 58 · 38
(7NS2.5)
9 Which expression is equivalent to F |⫺36| H |11|

|4 ⫺ 15| ⫹ |⫺6 ⫹ 2|? (7NS2.5) G |⫺15| J |25|
A ⫺15
B 7 15 Lainy is fencing a square field. She knows
C 15 that the area of the square field is 121
square feet as shown below.
D 27
10 Which expression has the same value as

121 ft2 x
910 ⫻ 93? (7NS2.3)
F 9_3
10
G 9_
10
3
x
H 97
What is the length of one side, x? (7NS2.4)
J 913
A 11 C 60.5
11 How do you represent the distance from B 15 D 242
⫺7 to zero as shown on the number line
below? (7NS2.5) 16 Which of the following shows the next
step using the least common denominator
to simplify _
3 -_
4
2 ? (7NS2.2)
3
7 0
F (_34 × _33 ) - (_23 × _44 )
A ⫺7
B |7|
G (_34 × _44 ) - (_23 × _33 )
C |⫺7| H (_34 × _22 ) - (_23 × _33 )
D |0⫹7| J (_34 × _33 ) - (_23 × _22 )
17 What is _ - _? (7NS2.2)
12 Which of the following has the same value 2 1
as 4 10 ⫻ 4 -7? (7NS2.1) 3 5
-70 A _
1
C _7
F 4 H 43 5 15
G 4 -17 J 4 17 B _
1
D _
13
3 15
Practice on Your Own: Number Sense CA9

Practice by Standard: Algebra and Functions

Standard Set 1.0: Students express quantitative relationships by using algebraic
terminology, expressions, equations, inequalities, and graphs.
DIRECTIONS
1 Which property is shown in the STRATEGY Try to eliminate some of the answer
equation below? (7AF1.3) choices by recalling the definitions.
12 ⫹ x ⫹ 16 ⫽ 12 ⫹ 16 ⫹ x Notice that the order of the addends in the

expression was changed.
A Associative Property of Addition
B Commutative Property of Addition For more help with properties of addition, see
page 31.
C Distributive Property
2 The sum of a number (x) and 12 is READING HINT Sum means addition.
54. Which equation shows this You can answer this question by first writing
relationship? (7AF1.1) the sum of a number and 12 as an addition
F 54x ⫽ 12 statement. Then, set this equal to 54.
G 12 ⫹ x ⫽ 54 For more help with writing algebraic equations, see
H 12 ⫺ x ⫽ 54 page 57.
J 54 ⫹ x ⫽ 12
3 Which expression is equivalent to STRATEGY Replace x with one value and y with
x(2 ⫹ y)? (7AF1.3) another in each expression. Evaluate to find the
choice with the same value as x(2 + y).
A 2x + y C 2x + 2y Use the Distributive Property and the
B 2xy D 2x + xy Commutative Property of Multiplication.
For more help with the Distributive Property, see

page 31.
4 What is the area, in square units of READING HINT The area of a rectangle is found
the rectangle below? (7AF1.3) by multiplying the length by the width.
Replace w with 2 and with (x + 3) in the
2 equation A = w. Then use the Distributive
Property.
x3 For more help with the Distributive Property, see

page 31.
F 2x ⫹ 3 H 2x ⫹ 6
G x⫹5 J 2x ⫹ 10

5 If a ⫽ 2 and b ⫽ 5, then a ⫺ 2b ⫽ STRATEGY Make sure to record your work. If you
(7AF1.2) reach an answer that is not there, you can find
your error.
A ⫺8 C 1 Replace a with 2 and b with 5 in the
B 0 D 8 expression.
For more help with evaluating algebraic

expressions, see page 30.
6 The following graph shows the STRATEGY Think: Which answers can you
distance Henry drove, on average, eliminate because they are not reasonable?
as he went on vacation. To answer the question, look at the
y coordinates (2,120) and what each
represents by looking at the labels on the
Distance (mi)
180
grid.
60 For more help with analyzing ordered pairs, see

x page 471.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (h)
Which statement is not true?

(7AF1.5)
F He drove 120 miles in 2 hours.

G His average rate varied.
H His average rate was a constant.
J He drove at a rate of 60 miles
per hour.
7 Which of the following points lies STRATEGY How do you know which point is on
on the line graphed? (7AF1.5) the line?
y Graph each point to identify which is on
4
3 the line.
2
1 For more help with coordinate grids, see page 668.
4321 O 1 2 3 4x
2
3
A W(-1, -1) C Y(3, 3)

B X(-2, 1) D Z(0, 1.5)
Practice by Standard: Algebra and Functions CA11

8 The table below shows the amount of 9 What property is used to simplify the
money that Ellie made baby-sitting. expression below? (7AF1.3)
4a ⫹ 0
Number of
0 1 2 3 4 A Inverse
Hours
Amount Ellie B Identity
0 5 10 15 20
was Paid
C Commutative Property of Addition
Which graph best represents this data? D Associative Property of Addition
(7AF1.5)
F y 10 Which expression is equivalent to
5
5m ⫹ 3m ⫺ 2? (7AF1.3)
Amount
F 8m ⫺ 2
G 2m ⫺ 2
1 H 6m
x
0 5 10 15 20 J 8m2 ⫺ 2
Hours
G y 11 In the expression 2xy, what is 2? (7AF1.4)

20
A variable
Amount
B expression
C constant
x
D coefficient
0 1 2 3 4 5
Hours
12 Four less than a number is greater than or
equal to –11. Which inequality shows this
H y
20
relationship? (7AF1.1)
F n ⫹ 11 ⱖ 4
Amount
G n ⫹ 11 ⱕ 4
x H n ⫺ 4 ⱖ ⫺11
0 1 2 3 4 5 J n ⫺ 4 ⱕ ⫺11
Hours
13 If s ⫽ ⫺1, then 2(3s ⫹ 4) ⫽ (7AF1.2)

J y
A 2 C 14
5
B 4 D 50
Amount
14 Which expression is equivalent to

1
x
4r ⫺ 12s? (7AF1.3)
0 5 10 15 20 F 4rs H 4r ⫺ s
Hours
G 4(r ⫺ 3s) J r ⫺ 4s

Standard Set 2.0: Students interpret and evaluate expressions involving integer
powers and simple roots.
DIRECTIONS
1 Which expression has the same STRATEGY Eliminate any answer choices that are
value as a 4? (7AF2.1) clearly not correct.
A a·a·a Remember that an exponent represents

B a·a·a·a how many times that the base is used as a
factor.
C 4·a·a·a·a
D 4a For more help with exponents, see page 126.
2 Which expression is equivalent READING HINT Two algebraic expressions are

10x5 ? (7AF2.2) equivalent if one can be obtained from the other
to _
5x2 by simplifying it.
F 2x 3 To simplify the expression, first divide 10
G 2x 7 by 5. Then divide x5 by x2.
H 5x 3 For more help with dividing algebraic expressions,
J 5x 7 see page 544.
3 What is an expression for the area READING HINT To find the area of a rectangle,
of the rectangle shown below? multiply the length by the width.
(7AF2.2) To answer this question, multiply 6x2 by
3x4 and simplify the expression.
6x 2
For more help with multiplying monomials, see
page 540.
3x 4
A 12x2 ⫹ 6x4
B 9x6
C 18x6
D 12x4 ⫹ 6x8

4 Which expression has the same READING HINT The negative exponent means
value as m⫺2? (7AF2.1) multiplying by the multiplicative inverse.
To raise m to a negative exponent, first find
F m2
the multiplicative inverse of m.
G _1
m·m For more help with negative exponents, see
H _2 page 127.
m·m
J ⫺m2
5 Which expression is equivalent to STRATEGY Use basic properties of multiplication

(3y2)(4y3)? (7AF2.2) to simplify an expression.
First, use the Commutative and Associative
A 7y5
Properties of Multiplication to change the
B 7y6 order of the variables and numbers. Then
C 12y5 simplify.
D 12y6
page 540.
6 Which expression is equivalent to READING HINT To find the area of a square,

the area of the square shown below? multiply the length by the width.
(7AF2.2) The length and the width of the square
both have length 2a. Multiply 2a by 2a.
2a
page 540.
2a
F 4a2
G a
H 2a4
J 4a
7 √
9y 4 = (7AF2.2) STRATEGY When taking the square root of a
product, take the square root of each factor and
A 3
multiply.
B 3y
Using the Product Property of Square
C 3y 2 Roots, take the square root of 9 and of y 4
D 9y 2 and then multiply.
For more help with roots of monomials, see page

553.

8 If r ⫽ 3, what is the value of –2r2? (7AF2.1) 13 To find the length of one side of the square
F ⫺36 shown below, take the square root of the
area.
G ⫺18
H 36 9x 2
J 18
Which expression represents the side of

9 Which expression is equivalent to
the square? (7AF2.2)
x · x · x · x · x? (7AF2.1)
A 3x C 4.5x
A 5x
B 3x2 D 9x
B 5x5
C _
1
5 14 If p ⫽ 2, what is the value of p⫺2? (7AF2.1)
x
D x5 F 4
G _
1
10 If a ⫽ 5, what is the area, in square units, 4
of the square shown below? (7AF2.1) H -_
1
4
a J -4
a 15 Which expression is equivalent to s⫺1?

(7AF2.1)
F 10
A ⫺1 ⫻ s
G 20
B 1⫼s
H 25
C s
J 40
D s⫺1
⫺6n ?
11 Which expression is equivalent to _
3
2n 16 Which of the following is equivalent to
(7AF2.2) (4a + 5) (4a - 5) (4a + 5)? (7AF2.1)
A ⫺4n2 F (4a - 5) 3
B ⫺3n2 G (4a + 5) 3
C ⫺3n4 H (4a - 5) 2(4a + 5)
D ⫺4n4 J (4a + 5) 2(4a - 5)
12 Which expression below has the same 17 Which expression is equivalent to

value as m 4? (7AF2.1) 9x 2y 2 · 9xy 2? (7AF2.2)
F 4m A 18x 2y 4
G m÷4 B 81x 2y 4
H m·m·m·m C 81x 3y 4
J 4m · 4m · 4m · 4m D 729x 2y 4
Practice on Your Own: Algebra and Functions CA15


Standard Set 3.0: Students graph and interpret linear and some nonlinear functions.
DIRECTIONS
1 Which statement is true about the STRATEGY Find the slope of the line first. Then
slope of line RS? (7AF3.3) see which answer choice is correct.
y When finding the slope of the line, first
find two points on the line. Then, find the
R
T ratio of the difference in y-values to the
difference in x-values.
S x
For more help with slopes, see page 477.
A The slope between R and S is

negative.
B The slope between R and S is
positive.
C The slope between R and S is
greater than the slope between
S and T.
D The slope is the ratio of the x-
and y-intercepts.
2 Which equation is graphed below? STRATEGY Think: Which answers can you
(7AF3.1) eliminate because the equations do not represent
y quadratic functions?
Choose the equation for which coordinates
of ordered pairs on the graph are solutions.
x For more help with graphing, see page 522.
F y ⫽ x2
G y ⫽ ⫺x2
H y ⫽ x3
J y⫽x

3 Kelly is going to buy some necklaces STRATEGY You can eliminate some choices by
that are $10 each. Which graph knowing that 0 necklaces will cost 0 dollars. As the
represents the number of necklaces x number of necklaces increases, so will the cost.
and the amount she will pay y? Find a few points from the information in
(7AF3.4) the question. Plot these points.
A y
For more help with graphing linear functions, see
Amount ($)
page 472.
10
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number
of necklaces
B y
Amount ($)
10
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number
of necklaces
C y
Amount ($)
1
x
0 10
Number
of necklaces
D
y
Amount ($)
1
x
0 10
Number
of necklaces

4 Shari owns cubed-shaped boxes for 5 Angela graphed the relationship of the
wrapping packages. Which graph below number of feet to inches as shown below.
shows the relationship between the
volume of a cube and the length of one of 48
the sides? (7AF3.2)
Inches
36
F y 24
40
12
volume
0 1 2 3 4
10 Feet
x
0 1 2 3 4 What is the slope of the line? (7AF3.4)
Length of side
A _
1
C 12
12
B 1 D 24
G y
40
Volume
6 What is the slope of the line shown below?

10 (7AF3.3)
x
Y
0 1 2 3 4
Length of side
X
H y
4
Volume
1
x A _
4
C -_
3
0 10 20 30 40 3 4
Length of side B _
3
D -_
4
4 3
J y
4 7 Which equation is graphed below?
Volume
(7AF3.3)
Y
1
x
0 10 40
Length of side X
F y = x2 H y = 2x2
G y=x J y = 2x

Standard Set 4.0: Students solve simple linear equations and inequalities over the
rational numbers.
DIRECTIONS
1 What value of a makes the equation READING HINT The value that makes an
below true? (7AF4.1) equation true is the value that results in a true
sentence.
4a ⫺ 3 ⫽ 13
To solve this problem, first add 3 to both
A 2 C 4
sides. Then divide both sides by 4.
B 3 D 5
For more help with solving equations, see page 423.
2 Miguel road his bike and jogged on READING HINT The question is asking what
Thursday. The rates and times for distance he traveled. Distance is found by
each activity are listed in the table multiplying the rate by the time.
below. First find the distance that he biked. Then
Rate Time find the distance that he jogged. Add these
Biked 20 miles per hour 2 hours two distances together.
Jogged 6 miles per hour 1 hour
For more help with distance problems, see page 191.
How far did he bike and jog in all?
(7AF4.2)
F 6 miles
G 26 miles
H 46 miles
J 52 miles
3 What is the solution of the READING HINT The solution is the set of all
inequality 3x ⫺ 7 ⱕ 26? (7AF4.1) values for x that make the inequality true.
A x ⱕ 11 To find the solution, first add 7 to both

sides, then divide both sides by 3.
B x ⱖ 11
For more help with solving inequalities, see page 451.
C xⱕ_
19
3
D xⱖ_
19
3

4 What is the value of m if –2m ⫹ 5 ⫽ 11? STRATEGY Try to solve the equation using the
(7AF4.1) rules of algebra. If you cannot, then substitute each
answer choice into the equation to find the solution.
F ⫺8
To solve the equation, subtract 5 from each
G ⫺3
side. Then divide each side by ⫺2.
H 3
For more help with solving equations, see page 423.
J 8
5 Jenna needs $200 to buy a used STRATEGY Check your answer to make sure it
computer. She has $75 and can makes sense. For example, negative numbers
save $25 per week. The equation would not make sense in this situation.
25w ⫹ 75 ⫽ 200 shows this To solve the equation, subtract 75 from
relationship. How many weeks must each side. Then divide your result by 25.
Jenna save to have the money she
needs? (7AF4.1) For more help with solving equations, see page 423.
A 11
B 7
C 5
D 3
6 Margaret earns money by baby- STRATEGY Eliminate any unnecessary

sitting and mowing lawns. Her information. In this situation, you aren’t asked
earnings for one week are listed in anything about mowing lawns.
the table below. To solve the problem, determine Margaret’s
hourly rate for baby-sitting. Divide 50 by
Job Pay
this rate to find the number of hours.
Baby-sitting $30 for 6 hours
Mowing Lawns $45 for 3 hours For more help with solving rate problems, see
page 191.
She is baby-sitting on Saturday. At
the rate listed above, how many
hours does she need to work to earn
$50? (7AF4.2)
F 3
G 6
H 10
J 12

7 What value of y makes the equation below 11 If y varies directly as x, and y ⫽ 6 when
true? (7AF4.1) x ⫽ ⫺18, find y when x ⫽ 24. (7AF4.2)
_y ⫺ 5 ⫽ 4
3 A ⫺72
A 27 B ⫺8
B 3 C 8
C ⫺3 D 72
D ⫺27
12 The student council needs to save more
8 The distance a spring stretches varies than $250 to go on a field trip. They have
directly with the force applied to it. If a saved $60 already. They can sell T-shirts for
5-pound spring stretches a spring a $10 each. The inequality 250 ⬍ 60 ⫹ 10n
distance of 15 inches, how far will the shows this relationship. What is the least
spring stretch if a 6-pound weight is number of T-shirts they must sell? (7AF4.1)
applied? (7AF4.2) F 10
F 2 inches G 14
G 16 inches H 20
H 18 inches J 31
J 22 inches
13 Parker drives his car at an average of 60
9 Marlon’s car gets an average of 25 miles miles an hour. At this rate, how long will
per gallon of gas. He wants to drive from it take him to drive from work to school?
(7AF4.2)
town A to town B to town C next week.
How many gallons of gas should he Place Distance
expect to use in all? (7AF4.2) Home to Work 30 miles
A Work to School 120 miles
School to Home 105 miles
C
120
miles 105
miles A 20 hours
B
B 4.25 hours
A 5 C 9 C 4 hours
B 8 D 12 D 2 hours
10 Cherie is reading a book that is 336 pages 14 Which of the following is equivalent to
long. Over the past three days, she has (4a + 5) (4a - 5) (4a + 5)? (7AF2.1)
read 48 pages. At this rate, how many
more days will it take Cherie to finish F (4a - 5) 3
reading the book? (7AF4.2) G (4a + 5) 3
F 12 H 18 H (4a - 5) 2(4a + 5)
G 14 J 20 J (4a + 5) 2(4a - 5)
Practice on Your Own: Algebra and Functions CA21

Practice by Standard: Measurement and Geometry

Standard Set 1.0: Students choose appropriate units of measure and use ratios to convert
within and between measurement systems to solve problems.
DIRECTIONS
1 The table below lists the speed of READING HINT Read carefully to determine what
several bicyclists. is being asked.
Bicyclist Speed Find the rates for all 3 bicyclists using

Kasey 22 miles in 1 hour common units. For example, convert all 3
Brian 1 mile in 3 minutes rates to miles per hour.
Tonya 1 mile in 240 seconds
For more help with unit rates, see page 213.
Which bicyclist is the fastest? (7MG1.3)
A Kasey
B Brian
C Tonya
D not enough information
2 How many centimeters are in 400 STRATEGY Eliminate any answers that are
millimeters? (7MG1.1) unreasonable. A millimeter is smaller than a
centimeter, so you would expect the number of
F 0.4 centimeters to be less than 400.
G 40
1 centimeter is equal to 10 millimeters.
H 4,000 Solve the proportion _ 1 cm
=_ x cm
.
10 mm 400 mm
J 40,000
For more help with unit conversions, see page 213.
3 Brandon drives his car at a rate of STRATEGY Try to solve a simpler problem. If he
75 miles per hour. How far can he can drive 75 miles in one hour, then he can drive
drive, at this rate, in 3 hours? twice that in two hours and so on.
(7MG1.3) To find the distance he can drive in 3 hours,
A 25 miles multiply the distance he can drive in 1 hour
by 3.
B 150 miles
C 225 miles For more help with the distance, rate, and time
formula, see page 191.
D 500 miles

4 The volume of the rectangular prism READING HINT You are converting cubic inches to
shown below is 60 cubic inches. If cubic centimeters. Remember, 1 inch is equal to
1 in. = 2.54 cm, how many cubic 2.54 centimeters.
centimeters is this? (7MG1.1) Use unit ratios.
60 in 3 =
60 in. × in. × in. × _
2.54 cm
×_
2.54 cm
×_
2.54 cm
1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
For more help with converting inches to
centimeters, see page 221.
F 3.7
G 9.3
H 23.6
J 983.2
5 Which rate is equivalent to 60 miles READING HINT 60 miles per hour is a unit rate.
per hour? (7MG1.1) To find the equivalent amount, begin with
A 1 mile per minute answer choice A and convert it to miles per
B 1 mile per second hour. If the rates are not equivalent, keep
checking.
C 2 miles per minute
D 360 miles per minute For more help with conversions, see page 213.
6 Perry can ride his bike 60 miles in 3 STRATEGY First find the answer without looking
hours. If he wants to find the rate that at the answer choices. If your answer does not
he rides his bike, which units will appear in the choices recheck your work.
represent his rate? (7MG1.3) Rate is equal to distance divided by time.
F hours per mile
For more help with units of rate, see page 191.
G miles per hour
H miles
J hours
7 The CD Shop sells three CDs for STRATEGY Think: What is the unit cost of a CD?
$43.50. Which represents the same
First find the price per CD for the CD Shop
price per CD? (7MG1.3)
before making other comparisons.
A 7 CDs for $99.75
For more help with unit rates, see page 213.
B 6 CDs for $76.50
C 4 CDs for $54.00
D 5 CDs for $72.50
Practice by Standard: Measurement and Geometry CA23

8 Elise is measuring the volume of her 12 Bailey is wrapping the box shown below.
bathtub shown below. What unit will be used to find the amount
of paper she will need? (7MG1.3)
4 ft
8 in.
6 ft 10 in.
12in.
In what unit of measure will the volume
be given? (7MG1.3) F feet
F feet G inches
G square feet H square inches
H cubic feet J cubic inches
J yards
13 Lester recorded the reading rates of 4
9 Jennie says that she can run 13,200 feet students. They are listed in the table
in 1,350 seconds. Which rate below is below.
equivalent to 13,200 feet in 1,350 seconds?
Student Rate
(7MG1.1)
Abby 2 pages in 3 minutes
Brenda 1 page in 45 seconds
A 9 miles in 1 minute
Carter 5 pages in 6 minutes
B 1 mile in 9 minutes Dylan 3 pages in 120 seconds
C 0.16 feet per minute
Which student is the fastest reader?
D 6 miles in 1 hour (7MG1.3)
A Abby C Carter
10 Sam’s Landscaping Shop can mow 3
regular sized lawns in 2.5 hours. What B Brenda D Dylan
rate is described above? (7MG1.3)
14 The actual length of a rectangle is
F 1.2 lawns per hour 27 inches. Use the scale drawing of the
G 1.2 hours per lawn rectangle to find the actual width w.
(7MG1.2)
H 7.5 lawns per hour
J 7.5 hours per lawn
2.75 in.
11 Kara has 54 inches of fabric. How many
feet of fabric does she have? (7MG1.1)
6.75 in.
A 648 F 8 in.
B 27 G 11 in.
C 9 H 13 in.
D 4.5 J 17 in.

Standard Set 2.0: Students compute the perimeter, area, and volume of common geometric
objects and use the results to find measures of less common objects. They know how
perimeter, area, and volume are affected by changes of scale.
DIRECTIONS
1 What is the perimeter of the figure READING HINT The perimeter of a figure is the
shown below? (7MG2.1) distance around the figure.
6 To find the perimeter of the figure, add the
lengths of the sides.
5 4
For more help with perimeters of irregular figures,
see page 674.
10
A 16 units C 25 units
B 24 units D 50 units
2 What is the surface area of the solid READING HINT The surface area of a 3-
shown below? (7MG2.3) dimensional solid is the sum of the areas of all of
the faces.
Find the area of all six faces of the
rectangular solid. Then add these values.
5
For more help with surface area of rectangular solids,
6 see page 386.
4
2
F 52 units H 96 units 2
G 54 units 2 J 148 units 2
3 What is the area of the parallelogram STRATEGY As you work the problem, make sure
below? (A ⫽ bh) (7MG2.1) to record all of your steps so you can check your
answer.
To find the area of the parallelogram,
7 substitute 7 for the height and 8 for the
base in the formula.
8 For more help with finding the area of a
A 112 units 2
C 30 units 2 parallelogram, see page 675.
B 56 units 2 D 28 units 2

4 Aaron planted a garden in the shape STRATEGY Solve a simpler problem. Divide the
shown below. figure into a rectangle and a triangle.
8 ft To find the area of a rectangle, use the

formula A ⫽ w. To find the area of a
4 ft
triangle, use the formula A ⫽ _ 1
bh.
2
For more help with finding the area of irregular
14 ft figures, see page 674.
What is the area of the garden?

(7MG2.2)
F 112 ft 2 H 66 ft 2
G 76 ft 2 J 44 ft 2
5 Laura wants to cover her outdoor READING HINT You are looking for the area of
pool that has a diameter of 15 feet. the pool.
What is the area of the pool? To find the area, substitute the radius into
(A ⫽ πr 2, use 3.14 for π) (7MG2.1) the formula for the area of a circle. Square
A 23.6 ft 2 that value and then multiply the result by
π. Remember that the radius is one half of
B 47.1 ft 2
the diameter.
C 176.6 ft 2
For more help with finding the area of a circle, see
D 706.5 ft 2 page 354.
6 What would happen to the surface STRATEGY Think: Which answers can you
area of the rectangular solid shown eliminate because they are not reasonable?
below if all 3 dimensions are To find the surface area, find the area of all
multiplied by 2? (7MG2.3) 6 faces. Then, double the dimensions and
find the new surface area. Finally, compare
these values. It is easier to solve by noting
that since the length of each side is
5 in. increased by a factor of 2, the surface area
is increased by a factor of (2) 2, or 4.
4 in.
3 in.
For more help with surface area, see page 400.
F It would be multiplied by 2.
G It would be multiplied by 4.
H It would be multiplied by 8.
J It would remain the same.

7 The cylinder shown below is filled with 10 Theresa is sending a gift to her
water. grandmother in the box shown below.
3
10 ft 4
9
Suppose the dimensions of the box are

8 ft tripled. How will the volume of the box
above compare with the volume of the
How much water is in the cylinder? box that has its dimensions tripled?
(V = πr2h. Use π = 3.14.) (7MG2.1) (7MG2.3)
A 2009.6 cubic feet F The volume will be tripled.
B 502.4 cubic feet G The volume will be multiplied by 9.
C 251.2 cubic feet H The volume will be multiplied by 27.
D 125.6 cubic feet J The volume will be the same.
11 How many cubic centimeters are in

8 What is the area of the figure below?
(7MG2.2)
4 cubic inches? (7MG2.4)
7 A 0.2 C 25.8
2
B 10.2 D 65.5
8
12 What is the area of trapezoid ABCD in

3
8
(
square units? A = _ 1 h (b + b ) (7MG2.1)
2 1 2 )
9
F 56 square units 5
3
G 60 square units
H 63 square units 13
J 70 square units F 33
G 39
9 Elliot has calculated the volume of a

H 52
rectangular solid to be 6 cubic feet. How J 66
many cubic inches is this? (7MG2.4)
A 10,368 13 How many cubic feet are in 7 cubic
B 864 meters? (Use 1 ft = 0.305 m.) (7MG2.4)
C 216 A 0.2 C 23.0
D 72 B 2.1 D 246.7
Practice on Your Own: Measurement and Geometry CA27


Standard Set 3.0: Students know the Pythagorean Theorem and deepen their understanding of
plane and solid geometric shapes by constructing figures that meet given conditions and by
DIRECTIONS
1 Which answer choice shows the READING HINT An angle bisector is a line that
angle bisector of angle ABC? divides an angle into two congruent angles.
(7MG3.1) To find the angle bisector, find the answer
A choice in which two angles have the same
A measure.
For more help with angle bisectors, see page 312.
B C
B
A
B
C
A
B C
D
A
B C
2 Which of the following is not a STRATEGY Try drawing a picture of the situation.
possible way that three planes can Sometimes diagrams can be helpful.
intersect? (7MG3.6)
From your drawing, try to eliminate any
F They can intersect in a line. choices that you know are possible ways
G They can intersect at a plane. that three planes can intersect.
H They can intersect at a point. For more help with intersecting planes, see
page 365.
J They can have no intersection.

3 In the circle below, F is the center. Line READING HINT You are examining a line that
segment DF shown below is called a– goes through the center of the circle.
(7MG3.1)
DF is only half of the chord that goes
through the center of the circle.
D F E For more help with naming parts of circles, see

page 352.
A radius. C chord.
B diameter. D central angle.
4 Which statement below can be used to READING HINT In a right triangle, the sum of the
prove that the triangle is a right square of the legs is equal to the square of the
triangle? (7MG3.3) hypotenuse.
You can eliminate two of the answer
choices since they don’t involve squares.
30 Check to see if 242 ⫹ 182 is equal to 302.
24
For more help with the Pythagorean Theorem, see
page 162.
18
F 24 + 18 = 30
G 24 + 18 > 30
H 24 2 + 18 2 = 30 2
J 24 2 + 18 2 > 30 2
5 What is the value of x in the diagram STRATEGY You can use the Pythagorean
below? (7MG3.3) Theorem to solve this problem because x is part of
a right triangle.
Solve the equation 8 2 + 10 2 = x 2.
8 x
For more help with the Pythagorean Theorem, see
page 162.
10
A 18 C 6.0
B 12.8 D 2.0

6 In the figure below, R is the midpoint 8 What is the length of the missing side of
−− −− −−
of QS, and TR is perpendicular to QS. the right triangle? (7MG3.3)
T
15
?
16
9
Q S
R
24 F 6.0 H 8.0
−− G 12.0 J 17.5
What is the length of TS? (7MG3.3)
F 10.6 9 Which graph shows a square? (7MG3.6)
G 17.9 y
A
H 20.0
J 28.8
x
7 Which figure is congruent to the triangle

shown below? (7MG3.4)
62° y
B
3
57°
x
A 62° 61°
57°
y
C
B 57°
4 3 x
C 61°
D y
3
57°
x
D
3
57°

Practice by Standard: Statistics, Data Analysis, and
Probability
Standard Set 1.0: Students collect, organize, and represent data sets that have one
or more variables and identify relationships among variables within a data set by
hand and through the use of an electronic spreadsheet software program.
DIRECTIONS
1 The box-and-whisker plot represents READING HINT The median is the middle
the age of customers at a music store. number of the data set.
On a box-and-whisker plot, the line inside

the box represents the median.
14 16 18 20 22
For more help with medians, see page 585.
Ages at the Music Store
What was the median age?

(7SDAP1.3)
A 16 C 21
B 18 D 22
2 The table below shows the number READING HINT The maximum is the greatest
of hours that 8 seventh graders number of a data set.
spent watching television last week. To find the maximum of the data set, find
2 2 5 3 the largest value.
3 4 6 4
For more help with maximums of data sets, see
What is the maximum of the data page 593.
set? (7SDAP1.3)
F 2 H 5
G 4 J 6
3 What is the minimum of the data set READING HINT The minimum of a data set is the
below? (7SDAP1.3) smallest number of a data set.
35, 32, 14, 18, 32, 38, 40, 52 To find the minimum, find the smallest
A 10 C 18 number.
B 14 D 32 For more help with minimums of data sets, see
page 593.
Practice by Standard: Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability CA31

4 The scatter plot shows the number READING HINT You are looking for the
of hours that students spent statement that best describes the data.
studying for a midterm exam and Looking at the scatter plot, you can see
the grade they received on the exam. there is a positive correlation.
percentage on midterm
For more help with interpreting scatter plots, see

page 505.
hours spent studying
Which statement best describes

the relationship between the number
of hours spent studying and the
grade received on the midterm?
(7SDAP1.2)
F As hours increase, midterm
grade increases.
G As hours decrease, midterm
grade increases.
H As hours increase, midterm
grade increases, then decreases.
J As hours increase, midterm
grade decreases, then increases.
5 Cecilia surveyed 10 students. She READING HINT The lower quartile is the median
asked them how long, in minutes, it of the lower half of the data set.
takes them to get to school in the To find the lower quartile, first order the
morning. She recorded the data in data. Then find the median of the lower
the table below. half.
25 5 35 45 16
14 10 22 20 12 For more help with finding the lower quartile, see
page 593.
What is the lower quartile of the
data? (7SDAP1.3)
A 5
B 10
C 12
D 16

6 The following data represent the number 9 The scatter plot below shows cost of a car
of pets that students in Mr. Collins’ class and the age of the car.
have: 0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8. The data are shown in
the box-and-whisker plot below.
cost of car
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
age of car
What is the median of the data?
(7SDAP1.3)
Which statement best describes the
F 0 H 4 relationship between the cost of a car and
G 2 J 6 the age of the car? (7SDAP1.2)
A As the age of the car increases, the cost
7 Peter recorded the temperature in his town increases.
for 8 consecutive days. The temperatures in B As the age of the car increases, the cost
degrees Fahrenheit are listed in the table. of the car decreases.
78 76 82 83 C As the age of the car increases, the cost
80 86 90 88 of the car increases, then decreases.
What is the upper quartile of the data? D As the age of the car increases, the cost
(7SDAP1.3) of the car decreases, then increases.
A 79 C 87
10 Which stem-and-leaf plot shows a median
B 83 D 90 of 12? (7SDAP1.1)
F Stem Leaf
8 Which box-and-whisker plot shows the 0 8 8 9
data below? (7SDAP1.1) 1 1 2 5 6 7
2 1
12,16,17,11,13,15,19 3 1
F
G Stem Leaf
1 2 3 4 5 9
11 13 15 17 19
2 1 3 6
3 4
G 4 5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 H Stem Leaf
0 1
H 1 0 2 2 2 5 6 7
2 1 6 9
3 4 5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
J Stem Leaf
J 0 8 8 9
1 1 2 5 6 7
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 1
Practice on Your Own: Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability CA33

Practice by Standard: Mathematical Reasoning

Standard Set 1.0: Students make decisions about how to approach problems.
DIRECTIONS
1 Piper has $200 in a savings account. STRATEGY See if you can eliminate any answers
She wants to save $500. If she can because they are not reasonable.
save $50 per week, how many You can write and solve an equation
weeks will it take her to save to solve this. Use the equation
$500? (7MR1.1, 7AF4.1) 200 ⫹ 50w ⫽ 500.
A 10
For more help with writing equations, see page 57.
B 8
C 6
D 4
2 If the pattern continues, what will be READING HINT You are only looking for the next
the next number? (7MR1.1, 7NS1.2) number.
1, 3, 9, 27 ... Look at the pattern, the next number
F 81 is found by multiplying the previous
number by 3.
G 54
H 9 For more help with patterns, see page 124.
J 3
3 What is the area of the figure below? STRATEGY Try to break the problem into simpler
(7MR1.3, 7MG2.2) parts.
To find the total area, find the area of the
rectangle and add that to the area of
6 cm
the triangle.
10 cm 5 cm For more help with finding the area of polygons,

see page 360.
A 90 square centimeters
B 85 square centimeters
C 75 square centimeters
D 60 square centimeters

4 Lauren has some plants in her garden. 8 Sierra has read 200 pages of a book.
After planting 8 more plants, she has If she can read 20 pages per day, which
14 total plants in her garden. Which expression represents how many pages
equation can be used to determine the of the book she will have read after d
number of plants, n, that she had before additional days? (7MR1.2, 7AF1.1)
she bought the 8 plants? (7MR1.2, 7AF1.1) F 200d ⫹ 20
F n ⫹ 8 ⫽ 14 G 200 ⫹ 20d
G n ⫺ 8 ⫽ 14 H 220 ⫹d
H 8n ⫽ 14 J 220d
J n ⫹ 14 ⫽ 8
9 If 50% of a number is 16, what is 25% of

5 Lisa can ride her bike 54 miles in 3 hours. the number? (7MR1.3, 7NS1.3)
At this rate, how far can she ride her bike
A 2 C 16
in 1 hour? (7MR1.3, 7AF4.2)
B 8 D 32
A 6 miles
B 18 miles
10 Parker can swim 30 laps in the same time
C 27 miles
that it takes Aidan to swim 20 laps. If their
D 162 miles rates stay the same, how many laps can
Aidan swim in the time that it takes Parker
6 What is the area of the shaded region to swim 12 laps? (7MR1.2, 7AF4.2)
below? (7MR1.3, 7MG2.2) F 6 H 10
G 8 J 12
4
2
2
11 Lucas can run 7 miles in 1 hour. At this
12
rate, how many miles can he run in 2.5
hours? (7MR1.2, 7AF4.2)
F 52 square units
A 2.8
G 48 square units
B 14.0
H 46 square units
C 17.5
J 44 square units
D 175
7 Mark has a circular piece of wood that

covers an area of 162 square inches. What 12 If x is any even number, which of the
is the approximate radius in inches of the following is true about x + 2? (7MR1.2,
piece of wood? (7MR1.1, 7MG2.1) 7AF1.1)
A between 7 in. and 8 in. F It is an even number.
B between 6 in. and 7 in. G It is an odd number.
C between 5 in. and 6 in. H It is the same as 2 · x.
D between 4 in. and 5 in. J It is a prime number.
Practice on Your Own: Mathematical Reasoning CA35


Standard Set 2.0: Students use strategies, skills, and concepts in finding solutions.
DIRECTIONS
1 Karen is filling up a child’s sandbox READING HINT You are looking for an estimate.
with sand. Which estimate is a Try to draw a picture of a sample sandbox.
reasonable amount of sand that The formula for the volume of a
she will need? (7MR2.1, 7MG1.3) rectangular prism is V ⫽ wh.
A 3 ft 3 C 350 ft 3
For more help with estimating volume, see page 373.
B 35 ft 3 D 3,500 ft 3
2 Ely is baking cookies for a school STRATEGY Try to solve this by solving a simpler
carnival. It takes 2 cups of flour for problem. It takes 2 cups for one batch; thus, it will
one batch. If he wants to make 10.5 take 4 cups for 2 batches and so on.
batches, how much flour will he You can find the amount of flour by setting
need? (7MR2.2, 7NS1.2) up and solving this proportion
F 5.25 cups H 21.0 cups 2 cups
_ x cups
= _.
G 12.0 cups J 28.0 cups 1 batch 10.5 batches
For more help with proportions, see page 194.
3 The graph below shows the STRATEGY Make sure to compare the labels on
percentage of students that have the graph with what is being asked.
each number of siblings. The graph shows that 10% of the students
have 4 or more siblings. Find 10% of 50.
Students and Siblings
For more help with finding percentages of
50
45%
numbers, see page 263.
40
Percentage
30 20%
20 10% 15%
10%
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 or
more
Number of Siblings
If 50 students were surveyed, how

many would you expect to have 4 or
more siblings? (7MR2.3, 7SDAP1.1)
A 1 C 10
B 5 D 25

4 Which expression represents the perimeter 8 Samantha can make 1 necklace in 40

of the rectangle below? (7MR2.5, 7AF1.3) minutes. What is the best estimate for
the time that it will take her to make 8
necklaces? (7MR2.4, 7AF4.2)
x
F 3 hours
x5 G 5 hours
H 10 hours
F 2x ⫹ 10 H 2x ⫹ 5
J 15 hours
G 4x ⫹ 10 J 2x 2 ⫹ 10
9 The figures show the dimensions of an

5 A food stand at the amusement park
actual swimming pool and the dimensions
charges $2.50 for a hot dog and $2 for
of a scale model of the swimming pool.
a soda. Which expression gives the total
What is the length of the actual pool?
cost in dollars for h hot dogs and s sodas?
(7MR2.8, 7MG1.2)
(7MR2.6, 7AF1.1)
A (2.50 ⫹ 2)hs C 2.50h ⫺ 2s
xÊvÌ
B 2.50h ⫹ 2s D 2.50s ⫹ 2h £xÊvÌ
6 Marla bought several books that each cost

$5.50. Her bill was $33. How many books
did she buy? (7MR2.2, 7NS1.2)
F 5 H 7
7.5 in.
G 6 J 8
7 Laura recorded the recent sale prices for

the homes sold in her zip code. The table 10 in
summarizes the sale prices. model
Sale Prices of Homes A 20 inches
Measure Value
Mean $69,571 B 20 feet
Median $72,000 C 40 inches
Mode $72,000
D 40 feet
Range $25,500
If $55,000 is the lowest sale price, which 10 Three pitchers of punch will serve
measure of data would be best for finding 40 people. Which proportion could be
the highest price? (7MR2.5, 7SDAP1.3) solved to find x, the number of pitchers
A mean that will serve 100 people? (7MR2.6, 7AF4.2)
B median F _
3
⫽_
x
H _
3
⫽_
x
40 100 100 40
C mode
G _⫽_
3 100
x J _ ⫽ _x
40
D range 40 100 3


Standard Set 3.0: Students determine a solution is complete and move beyond a
particular problem by generalizing to other situations.
DIRECTIONS
1 Alex wants to cover 6 table tops like READING HINT To cover the tables you will need
the one shown below with fabric. to find the area of the tops of the tables.
Which amount of fabric is a First find the area of the top of one table.
reasonable estimate for how Remember that A ⫽ w. Then multiply
much he will need? (7MR3.1, 7MG2.1) your estimate by 6. Since you are
estimating, round the area to 20.
3 ft For more help with areas of rectangles, see page 674.
6 ft
A 60 ft 3 C 200 ft 3
B 120 ft 3 D 500 ft 3
2 A rafting company charges $50 to STRATEGY You can generalize the situation by
rent a raft plus $15 per hour. How writing an equation.
much will it cost to rent the raft for First, find the cost for the 8 hours by
8 hours? (7MR3.2, 7AF4.2) multiplying 8 times 15. Add this amount
F $65 H $170 to 50, the amount to rent the raft.
G $120 J $415
For more help with writing equations, see page 57.
3 If the pattern continues with the STRATEGY When looking at a pattern, try to see
numbers below, what will be if there is either a pattern in the differences or a
the next number in the pattern? common factor.
(7MR3.3, 7NS1.2) In this data set, the difference between the
1, 6, 16, 31, 51, … first 2 numbers is 5 (5 ⫻ 1). The difference
A 61 between the second 2 numbers is 10 (5 ⫻ 2).
The difference between the next 2 numbers
B 71
is 15 (5 ⫻ 3). The next difference is 20 (5 ⫻ 4).
C 76 You would expect the following difference
D 80 to be 25, and the next number in the pattern
to be 51 ⫹ 25 ⫽ 76.
For more help with finding patterns, see page 124.

4 It takes 25 beads to make 5 necklaces. 7 Mr. Meyer wants to put a fence around
Payton wants to know how many beads it the outside of his yard.
would take to make 36 necklaces. She can 80 ft
use the following proportion to find the
number of beads, x, it will take.
40 ft
_ 70 ft
25
=_
x
5 36
60 ft
What is an equivalent proportion that can 30 ft
be used to find the number of beads?
(7MR3.2. 7AF4.2) 20 ft
F _
1
⫽_
x
H _
1
⫽_
x How many feet of fence will he have?
5 36 5 6
(7MR3.2, 7MG2.1)
G _1
⫽_ x
J _5 ⫽ _
x
25 36 1 36 A 3800 C 300
5 The steps that Nathan used to evaluate B 350 D 210
4m ⫺ 3 for m ⫽ 5 are
the expression _
2 8 Courtney drives from her house to her work
shown below. at a rate of 45 miles per hour. If it takes her 1
4 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 20
hour to get to work, how far does she live
from her work? (7MR3.3, 7AF4.2)
_
20
⫽ 10
2 F 45 miles H 75 miles
10 ⫺ 3 ⫽ 7 G 60 miles J 115 miles
What should Nathan have done 9 It takes Melanie 1 hour to run 6 miles. At
differently in order to evaluate the this rate, how far can she run in 2.5 hours?
expression? (7MR3.1, 7AF1.2) (7MR3.1, 7AF4.2)
A Subtracted 3 from (4 ⫻ 5) A 2 miles C 12 miles
B Divided 4 by 2 B 8 miles D 15 miles
C Added 3 to (4 ⫻ 5)
D Divided 5 by 2 10 What is the area in square units of the
shaded region below? (7MR3.2, 7MG2.2)
6 Ms. Evans is ordering symphony tickets for
her class. The tickets are priced at $22.50
each, with a 10% discount when buying 10
or more tickets. A reasonable conclusion
about the price for 10 tickets is that the total 12
cost would be — (7MR3.1, 7NS1.7)
F more than $225. 2
2
G between $200 and $225. 8
H between $175 and $200. F 36 H 76

J between $125 and $175. G 44 J 80

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Unit 2 Patterns, Relationships, and Algebraic Thinking

Unit 3 Geometry and Measurement

Unit 4 Algebraic Thinking: Linear and Nonlinear Functions

Unit 5 Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probability

Rhonda J. Molix-Bailey Roger Day, Ph.D. Patricia Frey, Ed.D.

Arthur C. Howard Deborah A. Hutchens, Beatrice Luchin

iv Meet the Authors at ca.gr7math.com

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Glencoe wishes to thank the following professionals for their

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Study Guide and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 California Standards Practice

2 Algebra: Rational Numbers

California Standards Practice

Reading and Writing Mathematics

California Standards Practice

4 Proportions and Similarity

H.O.T. Problems California Standards Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

California Standards Practice

6 Geometry and Spatial Reasoning

California Standards Practice

7 Measurement: Area and Volume

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Reading and Writing Mathematics

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ASSESSMENT California Standards Practice

Reading and Writing Mathematics

California Standards Practice

California Content Standards, Grade 7

xxiv California Content Standards for Mathematics

California Content Standards for Mathematics xxv

xxvi California Content Standards for Mathematics

Statistics, Data Analysis, and Probablility

California Content Standards for Mathematics xxvii

xxviii California Content Standards for Mathematics

Real-World Problem Solving A lot of planning

In mathematics, there is a plan that will help you solve

ART Mrs. Moseley’s art students are designing rectangular collages.

2 PLAN Make a table with different combinations of lengths and

The dimensions that produce the largest collage are

4 CHECK Is the answer reasonable?

Real-World Problem Solving Teachers are

There are many different types of problems that

4 CHECK Is the answer reasonable?

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5. Gabriel is playing Chinese checkers with his brother, Keenan. The

Real-World Problem Solving In 2005,

Often the mathematics problems you encounter

SHOPPING The local department store is )TEMS "OX3ET

1 EXPLORE What are you trying to find?

2 PLAN What steps do you need to solve the problem?

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2. MONEY The Student Council spent $220 MI