Aakash Neet

Level - I
Chapter 2
Structure of Atom
Solutions (Set-1)
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. What is the SI unit of frequency?
Sol. hertz or s–1.
2. Which quantum number determines the orientation of the orbital?
Sol. Magnetic quantum number (ml).
3. What are isoelectronic species?
Sol. These are the chemical species which have same number of electrons.
4. Out of manganese and iron, which has higher number of unpaired electrons?
Sol. 25Mn  [Ar]3d 54s 2
26Fe  [Ar]3d 64s 2

Manganese has highest number of unpaired electrons (5) as compared to iron (4).
5. What are the possible value of ‘ml’ for 2p-orbitals?
Sol. For 2p-orbital, n = 2; l = 1
Therefore, ‘ml’ has values = –l to +l including 0. The possible values of ‘ml’ are = 1, 0,  1 .
6. Atomic spectra is a line spectra. What does this mean?
Sol. Atomic spectra is a line spectra or discontinuous spectra. This means that the spectrum of atoms consists
of a series of bright lines separated from each other by a dark space.
7. How many angular nodes are present in 3dxy orbital?
Sol. Angular nodes = ‘l’
For 3dxy orbital, l = 2
Therefore angular nodes are 2.
8. Name the series of lines obtained when electrons in hydrogen atoms fall from higher energy level to first energy
level.
Sol. Lyman series.
9. Which scientist discovered nucleus?
Sol. Rutherford.
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56 Structure of Atom Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level-I)
10. What is the formula for calculating the orbit angular momentum of an electron in a stationary state?
h
Sol. Angular momentum, mevr = n ; where n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2
Short Answer Type Questions:
11. Define atomic number. Give the atomic number of zinc.
Sol. Atomic number is defined as the total unit positive charges on the nucleus i.e., the equal to the number of
protons. Atomic number designated as ‘Z’.
Atomic number of zinc is 30 (Z = 30).
12. Write the three main observations made by Rutherford from his -scattering experiment.
Sol. (i) Most of the -particles striking the thin gold foil passed undeflected.
(ii) A small fraction of -particles were deflected by small angles.
(iii) A very few -particles (1 in 20,000) bounced back, i.e., they were deflected by nearly 180°.
13. Write down the important feature of plum pudding model of atom.
Sol. Plum Pudding model is the Thomson’s model of atom. An important feature of this model is that the mass of
the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom.
14. Why Fe3+ ion is more stable than Fe2+ ion?
Sol. The electronic configuration of iron
 26Fe = [Ar]
3d6 4s2
 Fe2+ = [Ar]
3d6 4s0
[In this case (Fe2+), two electrons gets removed from the 4s-orbital leaving four unpaired electron in
3d-orbitals]
Fe3+ = [Ar]
3d 5 4s0
[In this case (Fe3+), two 4s electrons and one 3d electron gets removed to form Fe3+ ion]
In Fe3+, the d-orbitals are half-filled and symmetrical. So they are very stable.
Therefore, Fe3+ ion is more stable than Fe2+ ion.
15. If the atomic number of an element ‘X’ is 27, then deduce the possible values of four quantum numbers for
the 20th electron of element ‘X’.
Sol. Element ‘X’ has Z = 27
Then the electronic configuration of the element ‘X’ is [Ar]4s23d 7
19, 20 21, 26 22, 27 23 24 25
Electronic configuration = 18 [Ar]
4s 2 3d 7
The 20th electron is 4s2
So, the n value is 4
1
l = 0, ml = 0, ms  
2
Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level-I) Structure of Atom 57
16. What are orbits? Why Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states?
Sol. Orbits : Orbits are the fixed circular paths in which the electrons revolve around the nucleus.
Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states because the radius and energy of orbits in which the electrons revolve
around the nucleus is fixed.
17. Give the explanation behind following the Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity along with an example.
Sol. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity is followed so as to minimize the electronic repulsions in an atom. The
electron-electron repulsions are minimum when the electrons are as far apart as possible with parallel spins
i.e., when all the orbitals of the subshells are half-filled with parallel spins.
For example :
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7
Nitrogen : 7N (Wrong way)
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p
The above is the wrong way of filling the orbitals, as pairing cannot occur unless all the degenerate orbitals
are singly filled.
1, 2 3, 4 5 6 7
So, Nitrogen 7N (Correct way)
2 2 3
1s 2s 2p
The above is the correct way of assigning the electrons in which p-orbitals are singly filled.
18. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of Li2+ ion.
Sol. Atomic number of Lithium, Li+2 (Z = 3)
Energy of hydrogen-like species is given as
 Z2 
En  2.18  10 18  2  J
n 
 
‘n’ here is 1, as 1st orbit
 32 
So, E1 = –2.18 × 10–18  2  J
1 
E1  1.962  10 17 J
19. Write two points of difference between cathode rays and canal rays.
Sol.
Cathode rays Canal rays
(i) These consist of negatively charged particles (i) Canal rays is the other name of anode rays
called electrons which consist of positively charged particles
(ii) The mass of negatively charged particles does (ii) The mass of the positive particles depend upon
not depend upon the nature of gas taken in the the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube
discharge tube
20. Who discovered neutron and how?

Sol. Neutron was discovered by Chadwick. It was discovered when he bombarded a thin foil of Beryllium with fast
moving -particles.
4 9 12 1
2 He  4Be 

 6C  0n

(  -particle) (Neutron)
21. Find the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Sc3+ ion having mass number 45.
Sol. Mass number (A) for scandium = 45. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of scandium which
is 21 i.e., Z = 21
 Number of protons = 21
Number of electrons = 21 – 3 = 18
(Sc3+ ion is formed by the loss of three electrons from Sc atom)
Number of neutrons = A – Z
= 45 – 21 = 24
22. Write a short note on Planck’s quantum theory.
Sol. Planck’s quantum theory was given by Max Planck. He suggested that the energy is radiated or absorbed
by atoms and molecules not continuously but discontinuously in the form of small discrete quantities or
packets.
He gave the name quantum to the small quantity of energy absorbed or radiated in the form of electromagnetic
radiations. In case of light, the quantum is called ‘photon’. The energy of quantum of radiation is proportional
to its frequency
E  h
23. Write down the main postulates of Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom.
Sol. The main postulates of Bohr’s model for hydrogen atom are as follows :
(i) The electrons in the hydrogen atom revolve around the nucleus in a circular paths of fixed radius and energy
called orbits or allowed energy states.
(ii) An electron do not radiate energy if it stayed in one orbit and therefore do not fall into the nucleus.
(iii) An electron moves from a lower energy state to higher energy state after absorbing energy but energy is
emitted when electron moves from the higher energy state to lower energy state.
24. Calculate the wavelength of moving object ‘X’ so that its momentum is four times that of the moving object
‘Z’ having wavelength 2.6 × 10–10 m.
Sol. Wavelength of object ‘Z’ = 2.6 × 10–10 m
Momentum (p) of object ‘X’ is four times that of object ‘Z’ i.e., p x  4p z (Given)
Wavelength of object X = ?
Applying de-Broglie equation
h

p
For object ‘Z’;  = 2.6 × 10–10 m, we get
h
2.6 × 10–10 m = ...(i)
pz
For object X;  = ?
h
x  ...(ii)
px
Now, we know px = 4pz
Putting in equation (ii), we get
h
x 
4p z
Now taking ratio
x h p
  z
 z 4p z h
x 1

z 4
2.6  10 10 m
Therefore, x =
4
 x  6.5  10 11 m
25. What is meant by

(i) Stark effect?
(ii) Zeeman effect?
Sol. (i) Stark effect : The splitting of spectral lines in electric field is called stark effect.
(ii) Zeeman effect : The splitting of spectral line in magnetic field is called zeeman effect.
26. Show how the wavelength of a moving particle is related to its kinetic energy(KE).
Sol. According to de-Broglie;
h
Wavelength of a moving particle () = ...(i)
mv
mv = momentum
1
Kinetic energy (E) = mv 2
2
2E
v= ...(ii)
m
Substituting the value of (ii) in (i) we get
h

2E
m
m
h

(2mE)1/2
27. Write the complete symbol of the element with the given information
(i) Z = 24, A = 52, (ii) Z = 20, A = 40, (iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Sol. (i) Z = 24, A = 52
Chromium (Cr) is the element with atomic number 24.
52
So, 24 Cr
(ii) Z = 20, A = 40
Calcium (Ca) is the element with atomic number 20.
40
20 Ca
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Beryllium (Be) is the element with atomic number 4.
9
4 Be
28. Write a short note on Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Is it applicable to macroscopic objects?
Sol. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle : “It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position
and velocity (or momentum) of a microscopic moving particle”.
h
x  v 
4m
where x = uncertainty in position and v = uncertainty in velocity
This uncertainty principle led to the concept of probability of finding the electron around the nucleus.
Uncertainty principle is not applicable to macroscopic objects as from the equation it is clear
1
x  v 
m
m = Mass of the object
As, the mass of the macroscopic objects is large, therefore the uncertainties become insignificant.
29. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible and why?
1
(i) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 0, ms = 
2
1
(ii) n = 4, l = 4, ml = +3, ms = 
2
1
(iii) n = 3, l = 1, ml = –2, ms = 
2
1
(iv) n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = 
2
Sol. (i) Possible.
(ii) Not possible, as ‘l’ can never have value equal to ‘n’.
‘l’ has values = 0 to (n – 1)
(iii) Not possible
l = 1, ml = –2
Magnetic quantum number = –2 is not possible here as ml has value = –l to +l including 0.
So, the possible values of ml can be = –1, 0, +1
(iv) Possible.
30. State (n + l) rule. Illustrate with the help of example.
Sol. The energy of an orbital is determined by (n + l) rule as follows :
(i) The orbital with the lower (n + l) value have lower energy. For example, 4s and 3d-orbitals.
4s-orbital 3d-orbital
n=4 n=3
l=0 l=2
nl  4 nl 5
Thus 4s-orbital has a lower energy than 3d-orbital, hence filled first.
(ii) When the two orbitals have the same (n + l) value, then the orbital having lower value of n has lower energy.
For example : 2p and 3s-orbitals
2p-orbital 3s-orbital
n=2 n=3
l=1 l=0
nl 3 nl 3
Thus 2p-orbital has lower energy than 3s-orbital, hence filled first.
Long Answer Type Questions
31. The wave number of a radiation is 500 cm–1. Find out its
(i) Wavelength
(ii) Frequency
(iii) Time period
(iv) Energy in terms of joule per photon
(v) Energy in terms of kcal per mol of photon
Sol. (i) Wavelength ()
1
Wavelength =
Wave number
1 1
  cm 1
 500
 = 2 × 10–3 cm
(ii) Frequency ()
c


c = 3 × 108 ms–1
= 3 × 1010 cm s–1
3  1010 cms 1

2  10 3 cm
  1.5  1013 s 1
(iii) Time period (T)
1
T

1
T
1.5  1013 s 1
T  6.6  10 14 s
(iv) Energy in J per photon
Ephoton = h
= 6.626 × 10–34 Js × 1.5 × 1013 s–1
E  9.939  10 21 J
(v) Energy in kcal per photon
Ephoton = 9.939 × 10–21 J
For 1 mol of photon, energy = 9.939 × 10–21 J × 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Energy = 5.985 × 103 J mol–1
(1 cal = 4.184 J)
Energy = 1.430 kcal mol–1
32. Discuss photoelectric effect in detail.

Sol. When a beam of light of suitable frequency falls on a metal surface, electrons are ejected from the surface
of metal. This phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal by the action of light is known
as photoelectric effect. The electron so ejected are called photoelectrons. It explains the particle nature of light.
1
K.E. = mv2
2
Incident light Electron
Electron
Metal
Photoelectric effect
Generally the metals which show this effect are as Cs, K and Rb.
The three important facts about photoelectric effect are
(a) There is no time lag between the ejection of the electrons from metal and the striking of beam of light on
the surface.
(b) The number of electron ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of light.
(c) There is some characteristic minimum frequency for a metal called threshold frequency, below which the
photoelectric effect cannot be observed.
Photoelectric effect follows the law of conservation of energy principle.
1
h = h0 + me v 2
2
h = Energy of incident light
h0 = Threshold energy or work function
1
me v 2 = K.E. of the photoelectrons
2
While the number of electrons ejected depends upon the intensity of incident light but their energies do not
depend upon the energy of the incident light.
e
33. What is the charge, mass and ratio of electron? Write few properties of cathode rays.
me
Sol. Electron is a negatively charged particle. It has
Charge = –1.6022 × 10–19 C
Mass = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
e
= 1.758 × 1011 C kg–1
me
Few properties of cathode rays are :
(i) The cathode rays start from cathode and move towards anode.
(ii) The rays travels in straight lines.
(iii) These rays are not visible but their behaviour can be observed with the help of certain kind of
phosphorescent materials like zinc sulphide (ZnS).
(iv) On applying electric field, these rays are deflected towards the positive plate. This shows that the cathode
rays constitute negatively charged particles called electrons.
(v) The mass of the particles do not depend on the nature of the gas taken in the discharge tube.
34. (i) Discuss the line spectrum of hydrogen.
(ii) Find out the longest wavelength of absorption line for hydrogen gas containing atoms in ground state.
Sol. (i) Line spectrum of hydrogen : When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous hydrogen, the H2
molecules dissociate and the energetically excited hydrogen atoms produced emit electromagnetic radiation
of discrete frequencies.
There are five series of lines called Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series.
All the series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum could be described by the following expression
 1 1
  109677  2  2  cm 1
n 
 1 n2 
Where n1 for Lyman series = 1
Balmer series = 2
Paschen series = 3
Brackett series = 4
Pfund series = 5
n2 = n1 + 1, n1 + 2, .....
(ii) For longest wavelength, energy has to be lowest, that means transition will occur to the first excited energy
level.
When the hydrogen atom is in the ground state n1 = 1, n2 will be = 2 (first excited energy level)
Putting the values in equation
1 1
  RZ 2  2  2  cm 1
 n1 n2 
1 1 1 
 109677  (1)2  2  2  cm 1
 1 2 
1 3
 = 109677 × cm 1
 4
1
 = 82257.75 cm–1

  = 1.215 × 10–5 cm
35. What is the ground state electronic configuration of copper and Cu+ ion? Why fully-filled orbitals are more stable?
Sol. The ground state electronic configuration of copper (29Cu) is
29Cu = 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 1
29Cu = [Ar]3d 10 4s 1
= [Ar]
3 d 10 4s1
Cu+ = [Ar]3d 10 4s 0
= [Ar]
3 d 10 4s0
The stability of fully-filled orbitals are highly stable due to the following reasons :
(i) Symmetrical distribution of electrons : It is well-known fact that symmetry leads to stability. The
completely filled orbitals are symmetrical, therefore stable.
(ii) Exchange energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever two or more electrons with the same spin are
present in the degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons with same spin can exchange their
positions and the energy involved is called exchange energy. Greater the number of exchange, greater will
be the exchange energy and more will be stability. In case of fully filled orbitals, maximum number of
exchanges are possible, therefore, it has maximum stability.
36. Define the four properties used to characterize the electromagnetic radiations along with their SI units.
Sol. The following are the properties associated with the radiations which are used to characterize them.
) : The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is known as wavelength.
(i) Wavelength (
The SI unit of wavelength = metre (m)
) : It is defined as the number of waves that pass a given point in one second.
(ii) Frequency (
SI unit = Hertz (Hz) or (s–1)
(iii) Wave number (  ) : It is defined as the number of waves per unit length.
SI unit = m–1
(iv) Velocity (v) : The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called its velocity.
SI unit = ms–1
37. (i) Define isotopes and isobars.
32
(ii) How many protons, electrons and neutrons are present in 2.4 g of 16 S?
Sol. (i) (a) Isotopes : These are the atoms of same element having different mass numbers but same atomic
number.
(b) Isobars : These are the atoms of different elements with same mass number but different atomic
numbers.
32
(ii) 16 S
Number of protons (Z) = 16

Number of electron = 16
Number of neutrons = A – Z
= 32 – 16 = 16
32 g of sulphur contains = 16 × 6.022 × 1023 neutrons, protons and electrons
= 96.352 × 1023 electrons, protons and neutrons
96.352  10 23
1 g of sulphur contains = neutrons, protons and electrons
32
96.352  10 23
2.4 g of sulphur contains =  2.4
32
= 7.22 × 1023 neutrons, protons and electrons
Therefore, the number of protons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 protons

The number of electrons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 electrons
The number of neutrons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 neutrons
38. (i) What is the wavelength associated with 200 eV electron?
(ii) What are the shapes of s and p orbitals?
Sol. (i) 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
h
Wavelength () = ...(i)
mv
1
K.E. = mv 2
2
2 K.E.
v ...(ii)
m
From (i) and (ii), we get
h

2 m KE
Therefore,
6.626  10 34 Js

2  (9.11 10 31 kg)(200  1.6  10 19 J)
= 0.867 × 10–10 m
= 0.867 Å
(ii) Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals are
s-orbital = Spherical shape
p-orbital = Dumb-bell shape

39. If the sodium metal is irradiated with a wavelength 450 nm, calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of
the ejected photoelectron. (Given w0 (work function) = 2.3 eV)
Sol. Given w0 = 2.3 eV
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
w0 = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
w 0  3.68  10 19 J
Wavelength of irradiated light () = 450 nm
= 450 × 10–9 m
E = h
hc
h 

c
= 6.626 × 10–34 Js ×

6.626  10 34 Js  3  10 8 ms 1
=
450  10 9 m
h  4.417  10 19 J
We know,
h = h0(w0) + K.E.
K.E. = h – h0
K.E. = 4.417 × 10–19 J – 3.68 × 10–19 J
K.E. = 0.737 × 10–19 J
1
K.E.  mv 2
2
2 K.E.
v
m
2  0.737  10 19 J

9.11  10 31 kg
v = 4.01 × 105 ms–1
40. State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle along with its applications.
Sol. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that “no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum
numbers”. That means that the number of electrons to be filled in the various orbitals is restricted by the
exclusion principle. Two electrons in an orbital can have the same values of three quantum numbers n, l and
ml but must have the opposite spin quantum numbers (ms).
For example, for K shell i.e., ‘n’ = 1
n l m s
1
1 0 0  (For first electron)
2
1
1 0 0  (For second electron)
2
Two points we can conclude from this principle that
(i) An orbital cannot have more than 2 electrons.
(ii) If an orbital has two electrons, they must have opposite spin.
Application of the principle
The maximum number of electrons in different sub-shells and energy levels can be deduced from this principle.
For L shell ‘n’ = 2
n l m s Number of electrons
in subshell
2 0 0 ±1/2 2
–1 ±1/2 2
1 0 ±1/2 2
+1 ±1/2 2
There are 8 electrons in L shell

2 in s-subshell
6 in p-subshell.
41. A proton is accelerated to one-tenth of the velocity of light. Suppose velocity can be measured with a precision
of ±2%, what can be the uncertainty in its position?
Sol. Mass of proton = 1.672 × 10–27 kg
Velocity of light = 3 × 108 ms–1
1
Velocity of proton =  3  108 ms 1
10
= 3 × 107 ms–1
Uncertainty in velocity (v) = 0.02 × 3 × 107
= 6 × 105 ms–1
Applying, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
h
x × v 
4m
We get,
6.626  10 34 Js
x 
4  3.142  (9.1  10 31 kg)  (6  105 ms 1 )
x  9.655  10 11 m
42. (i) What are (a) Atomic orbital, (b) Quantum numbers, (c) Orbits?
(ii) List the four quantum along with their functions.
Sol. (i) (a) Atomic orbital : It is defined as the 3-dimensional region of space around the nucleus where the
probability of finding an electron is maximum.
(b) Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of four numbers with help of which we can give the
complete information about the electron present in an atom.
(c) Orbits : It is a rigid circular path, in which the electron revolves around the nucleus.
(ii) Four quantum numbers are :
(a) Principal quantum number (n) : It gives the energy of the main shell.
(b) Azimuthal quantum number (l) : It gives the shape of the orbitals in the subshell.
(c) Magnetic orbital quantum number (ml) : It gives the orientation of degenerate orbitals in space.
(d) Spin quantum number (ms) : It gives the spin of the electrons.
43. Write down the conclusion made from -scattering experiment and the defects of the Rutherford model of atom.
Sol. Conclusions of -scattering experiment
(a) Most of the space in the atom is empty as most of the -particles passed undeflected.
(b) A few positively charged -particles were deflected. This shows that they are deflected by the small
positively charged body in the atom.
(c) The positively charged body called nucleus is very small of radius 10–15 m as compared to the radius of
atom which is about 10–10 m.
Defects
(i) Position of electrons : The exact position of the electrons from the nucleus was not mentioned.
(ii) Stability of atom : According to electromagnetic theory, when a charged body moves under the influence
of an attractive force, it loses energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. The electron
should therefore continuously emit radiation and lose energy. As a result of this a moving electron will come
closer to the nucleus through a spiral path, it should ultimately fall into the nucleus. So, Rutherford’s model
of atom could not account for the stability of atom.
–
+
44. (a) What are electromagnetic radiations?

(b) What is electromagnetic spectrum?
(c) Arrange the different regions of electromagnetic spectrum in the increasing order of wavelength.
(d) What does and L designate with respect to the structure of atom?
Sol. (a) Electromagnetic radiations : The radiations which have both magnetic as well as electric field components
which oscillate in the phase perpendicular to each other as well as perpendicular to the direction of
propagation are called electromagnetic radiations. All of these move with the same speed in vacuum
regardless of their wavelength with the speed of light of 3 × 108 ms–1.
(b) Electromagnetic spectrum : An arrangement of radiations of all kinds, in the order of decreasing frequency
or increasing wavelength is called electromagnetic spectrum.
(c) Gamma rays < X-rays < UV rays < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
(d) l stands for subshell.
L stands for 2nd shell.
45. (a) Write the two limitations of Bohr’s model.
(b) Name the various subshells associated with (i) n = 4, l = 2, (ii) n = 3, l = 1.
(c) Arrange the subshells in 3rd shell in the order of increasing energy incase of (i) Hydrogen atom and
(ii) Iron atom.
Sol. (a) Two limitations of Bohr’s model of atom are
(i) Bohr’s theory was unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of magnetic field
(Zeeman effect) and in an electric effect (Stark effect)
(ii) Only applicable to single electron system.
(b) (i) n = 4; l = 2
Subshell = 4d
(ii) n = 3; l = 1
Subshell = 3p
(c) (i) Hydrogen atom
3s = 3p = 3d
(ii) Iron atom
3d > 3p > 3s
SECTION - B
Model Test Paper

Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. What is the approximate radius of nucleus?
Sol. The radius of nucleus is approximately 10–15 m.
2. Define an orbital.
Sol. It is three-dimensional region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is
maximum.
3. Who discovered neutron?
Sol. Chadwick discovered neutron.
4. What is the shape of p-orbitals?
Sol. p-orbitals are dumb-bell in shape.
5. Which series of hydrogen spectrum lies in the visible spectrum?
Sol. Balmer series.
6. What is the atomic number of element which as 7 protons and 8 neutrons in the nucleus of its atom?
Sol. The atomic number of element is 7 (Z = 7).
7. What are isobars?
Sol. Isobars are the atoms of different elements with same mass number but different atomic number.
8. Which quantum number signify the energy of the shell?
Sol. Principal quantum number gives the energy of the shell.
Short Answer Type Questions :

9. Write the central idea of Planck’s quantum theory.
Sol. Planck’s quantum theory states that the radiant energy is not emitted continuously but discontinuously in the
form of small packets of energy called quantum having energy equal to h.
10. What is work function?
Sol. The minimum amount of energy required to eject the photoelectron is called work function.
Work function (W0) = h0
0 = Threshold frequency
h = Planck’s constant
11. Describe briefly about azimuthal quantum number.
Sol. Azimuthal quantum number is denoted as ‘l’. This quantum number determines the angular momentum of the
electron. It defines the three dimensional shape of the orbital. For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values 0
to (n – 1).
12. Why the effect of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle insignificant for macroscopic moving objects?
h
Sol. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is given by the formula x × v 
4m
Macroscopic objects have large mass, so, the value of x × v becomes extremely small and insignificant
and the associated uncertainties are hardly of any real consequence.
13. Describe Thomson’s model of atom.
Sol. Thomson’s atom is a sphere of positive charge in which the electrons are embedded into it. This model is known
by different names as plum-pudding model, raisin pudding or watermelon.
14. What is electromagnetic spectrum?

Sol. An arrangement of electromagnetic radiations which differ from one another in wavelength or frequency in the
increasing order of wavelength is called electromagnetic spectrum.
15. Name the rules which are followed during the filling of electrons in orbitals in atom.
Sol. The following are the rules/principles which are followed during the filling of orbitals in atom :
(a) Aufbau principle
(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
Short Answer Type Questions :
16. Write down the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom.
Sol. (i) According of Maxwell, the charged moving bodies radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiations.
As, electron is also a charged body revolving around the nucleus i.e., under acceleration must radiate
energy. After losing energy it must fall into the nucleus spirally. But this does not happen as atom is
stable. Therefore, Rutherford’s atomic model could not account for the stability.
–
+
(ii) Rutherford’s model gave no idea about how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and what are
the energies of these electrons.
17. Write down the electronic configuration of Nickel, Copper and Chromium.
Sol. Nickel (Z = 28)
Electronic configuration : 28Ni = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 8 4s 2
Copper (Z = 29)
Electronic configuration : 29Cu = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 1
Chromium (Z = 24)
Electronic configuration of : 24Cr = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 4s 1
18. Calculate the wavelength in nm associated with a radiation of frequency 3.4 × 1012 Hz and also find out its
energy.
Velocity
Sol. Wavelength =
Frequency
Frequency = 3.4 × 1012 Hz (s–1)
Velocity = 3 × 108 ms–1
3  108 ms 1
Wavelength = = 8.82 × 10–5 m
3.4  1012 s 1
  8.82  10 5 m (1 nm = 10–9 m)
  8.82  10 4 nm
Energy of radiation = h
E = 6.626 × 10–34 Js × 3.4 × 1012 s–1
E  2.25  10 21 J
19. Explain Hund’s rule of maximum spin multiplicity.
Sol. This rule says that no pairing of electron starts in any of the degenerate orbitals until all the orbitals of the
subshell contain one electron each with parallel spin.
For example, each of the three p-orbitals of the p subshell gets one electron of parallel spin before any one
of them receives second electron of opposite spin.
Example :
7 N=
1s2 2s2 2p3
This principle is very important in guiding the filling of p, d, f and g subshells which have more than one kind
of orbitals.
20. Write some properties of anode rays.
Sol. Anode rays are also known as canal rays
(i) These rays are positively charged.
(ii) These rays originate in the region between the two electrodes in the discharge tube.
(iii) The mass of positive particles which constitute these rays depend upon the nature of the gas in the tube.
(iv) The magnitude of charge on anode rays varies from particle to particle depending upon the number of
electrons lost by gaseous atom.
21. What do we mean by the dual nature of electromagnetic radiations?
Sol. Dual nature of electromagnetic radiations mean that the radiations possess both particle as well as wave
character. This is evident that particle nature of light can explain the black body radiation and photoelectric
effect but cannot explain the phenomenon of interference and diffraction which can only be explained by wave
nature of light. Therefore light (electromagnetic radiation) possess dual behaviour either as a wave or as a stream
of particles when radiation interacts with matter, or as a wave when it displays wave like properties like
diffraction and interference.
Long Answer Type Questions :
22. Discuss in detail the shape of s-orbital.
Sol. For s-orbital, l = 0 and ‘ml’ value is also 0. As the ‘ml’ value is 0. This means that the probability of finding
an electron in s-orbital is same in all directions at a given distance from the nucleus. The shape of s-orbitals
is spherical and non-directional.
The s-orbitals in all energy levels i.e., higher energy levels (2s, 3s etc.) are also spherically symmetrical and
non-directional. As the principal quantum number (n) increases the effective volume or size of the orbitals
increases. This means 2s-orbital is larger than 1s-orbital.
Nodes : 2s-orbital consists of two spherical regions of high electron probability. In between these two spheres,
there is a spherical shell or region where the probability of finding the electron is zero. This spherical region
is called node or nodal surface. More precisely this node is called radial node. The only way in which 2s-orbital
differs from 1s-orbital is its larger size and presence of node.
Number of nodes for s-orbital = n – 1
Therefore,
1s-orbital = 0 node
2s-orbital = 1 node
1s-Orbital 2s-Orbital
23. Define wavelength and wave number. Calculate the wave number of longest wavelength transition in the Paschen
series of hydrogen atom.
) : It is the distance between centre of two adjacent crests and troughs.
Sol. Wavelength (
Wave number (  ) : It is defined as the number of waves per unit length.
For Paschen series, n1 = 3
 1 1
  R 2  2 
3 n2 

1
We know that  

 will be longest when  is shortest. So, for  to be shortest then n2 has to be minimum i.e., when, n2 = 4
 1 1  7
  109677  2  2   109677 
3 4  144
= 5331.52 cm–1
Hence, for this wave number, wavelength is maximum.

Solutions (Set-2)
Objective Type Questions
(Discovery of Fundamental Particles, Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation)
76
1. An isotone of 32 Ge is
77 77
(1) 32 Ge (2) 33 As
77 78
(3) 34 Se (4) 74 Se
Sol. Answer (2)

Isotone means same number of neutrons
Number of neutrons  Mass number  Atomic number
Number of neutron in Ge = 76 – 32 = 44
Number of neutron in As = 77 – 33 = 44
2. The ratio of specific charge of an electron to that of a proton is

(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1837 : 1
(3) 1 : 1837 (4) 2 : 1
Sol. Answer (2)
e e
electron : proton electron Proton
m m
e
 e
Both e–  protons have same charge 1 :
1837 1
th
1
Mass e is the mass of protons  1837 : 1
1837
3. Atomic number and mass number of an element M are 25 and 52 respectively. The number of electrons,
protons and neutrons in M2+ ion are respectively
(1) 25, 25 and 27 (2) 25, 27 and 25
(3) 27, 25 and 27 (4) 23, 25 and 27
Sol. Answer (4)
Atomic number = 25
Mass number = 52
Number of proton = Atomic number = 25
Number of neutron = (Mass number – Atomic number)
52 – 25 = 27
Number of e– = Number of protons,

but M2+ ion means 2e– are removed
 Number of e– = Number of protons – 2
= 25 – 2 = 23
4. The frequency of a wave is 6 × 1015 s–1. Its wave number would be
(1) 105 cm–1 (2) 2 × 107 m–1 (3) 2 × 107 cm–1 (4) 2 × 105 cm–1
Sol. Answer (2)
1 Velocity (c)
Wave number (  )  
Wavelength ( ) Frequency ( )
c 
c       c 
 c
6  1015 s1 1
  8
 2  107 m
3.0  10 m/s
5. The number of photons of light of wavelength 7000 Å equivalent to 1 J are
(1) 3.52 × 10–18 (2) 3.52 × 1018 (3) 50,000 (4) 10,0000
Sol. Answer (2)
nhc  E 7000  1010 m  1J

E= n= 
 h  c 6.6  1034 J-s  3×108 m/s
6. The threshold energy is given as E0 and radiation of energy E falls on metal, then K.E. is given as
E  E0 E
(1) (2) E – E0 (3) E0 – E (4)
2 E0
Sol. Answer (2) E
E = Incident energy E0 K.E.
E0 = Threshold energy
– – –
e e e
E = E0 + K.E.
e– e– e–
K.E. = E  E0 E = Incident energy
7. If threshold wavelength (°) for ejection of electron from metal is 330 nm, then work function for the
photoelectric emission is
(1) 6 × 10–10 J (2) 1.2 × 10–18 J (3) 3 × 10–19 J (4) 6 × 10–19 J
Sol. Answer (4)
hc  0  threshold frequency
Work function = h 0 
0  0  threshold wavelength
6.6  10 34  3  108

0 = 330 × 10–9 m Work function = J
330  10 9
8. A certain metal when irradiated with light ( = 3.2 × 1016 Hz) emits photo electrons with twice kinetic energy
as did photo electrons when the same metal is irradiated by light ( = 2.0 × 1016 Hz). Calculate 0 of
electron?
(1) 1.2 × 1014 Hz
(2) 8 × 1015 Hz
(3) 1.2 × 1016 Hz
(4) 4 × 1012 Hz
Sol. Answer (2)
K. E. = h( – 0)
K.E. of photoelectrons when  = 3.2 × 1016 Hz
K. E1 = h (3.2 × 1016 – 0)
K. E. of photoelectron when  = 2.0 × 1016 Hz
K. E2 = h(2.0 × 1016 – 0)
According to question K  E1  2K  E2
 h(3.2 × 1016 – 0) = 2h(2.0 × 1016 – 0)
3.2 × 1016 – 0 = 4.0 × 1016 – 20
0 = 4.0 × 1016 – 3.2 × 1016 = 0.8 × 1016 Hz = 8 × 1015 Hz = 8 × 1015 Hz
(Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen atom)
9. According to Bohr’s theory angular momentum of an electron in 6th orbit is
h h
(1) 2.5 (2) 6
 
h 2.5h
(3) 3 (4)
 2
Sol. Answer (3)
nh
mvr  (n = number of shell)
2
Angular momentum
6h 3h
for 6th shell  
2 
10. If r1 is the radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom, then the radii of second, third and fourth orbits in term
of r1 are
(1) r12, r13, r14
(2) 4r1, 9r1, 16r1
(3) 8r1, 27r1, 64r1
(4) 2r1, 6r1, 8r1
Sol. Answer (2)
r0  n2
rn 
z
z=1
(for 2nd orbit) (for 3rd orbit) (for 4th orbit)
 r2 = r1 × 22 r3 = r 1 × 3 2 r4 = r 1 × 4 2
= 4r1, 9r1, 16r1
11. Electronic energy is negative because
(1) Electron has negative charge
(2) Energy is zero near the nucleus and decreases as the distance from nucleus increases
(3) Energy is zero at infinite distance from the nucleus and decreases as the electron comes towards nucleus
(4) These are interelectronic repulsions
Sol. Answer (3)
At infinite distance energy of electron will be zero and it will decreases as the electron approaches towards
nucleus
12. An electron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit, when
(1) Energy is released (2) Energy is absorbed (3) No change in energy (4) It radiates energy
Sol. Answer (2)
When e– jumps from lower to higher energy level absorbed.
When e– comes from higher to lower energy level released.
13. If the energy difference between the ground state and excited state of an atom is 4.4 × 10–19 J. The wavelength
of photon required to produce this transition is
(1) 4.5 × 10–7 m (2) 4.5 × 10–7 nm (3) 4.5 × 10–7 Å (4) 4.5 × 10–7 cm
Sol. Answer (1)
E = [Excited state  ground state]  4.4 × 10 19 J
nhc hc
According to Planck's quantum theory  E = =
 E
6.6  10 34 J-s  3×108 m/s

  4.5  10 7 m
4.4  10 19 J
14. The ionization energy of the electron in the lowest orbit of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energies required
in eV to remove electron from three lowest orbits of hydrogen atom are
(1) 13.6, 6.8, 8.4 (2) 13.6, 10.2, 3.4 (3) 13.6, 27.2, 40.8 (4) 13.6, 3.4, 1.51
Sol. Answer (4)
I. E. = E  E1
I.E. = 13.6 eV given

E  0
13.6  0  E1
E1  13.6 eV
E1 13.6
 1  
2
E2   3.4 eV
n2 4
E 13.6
E3  12   1.51 eV
3 9
 I  E1  E  E1  0   13.6  13.6 eV
I  E2  E  E2   0   3.4  3.4 eV
I  E3  E  E3  0    1.51 eV    1.51 eV
15. En = –313.6/n2 kcal/mole. If the value of E = –34.84 kcal/mole, to which value does ‘n’ correspond?
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
Sol. Answer (2)
313.6
En  E = – 34.84
n2
313.6 313.6
 – 34.84 = n2  9
n 2 34.84
n 9 3
n3
16. Which transition of Li2+ is associated with same energy change as n = 6 to n = 4 transition in He+?
(1) n = 3 to n = 1 (2) n = 8 to n = 6 (3) n = 9 to n = 6 (4) n = 2 to n = 1
Sol. Answer (3 )
In He ; n = 6 the corresponding energy level in Li2+ ion will be
For He  1312 1312 1312
  2  
2
   E6  4 
z  2  6 2 36 9
Li2 1312 1312 2

  2  3  
2
Corresponding energy level for n  81 n  9
( z  3) n 9
In He n = 4; the corresponding energy level in Li2+ ions
For He 1312 1312

E4   4  
 z  2  4 2 4

Corresponding energy level for Li 1312 1312
 3  
2

 z  3 n 2 4
n2  36 n6
Shortcut
1 2 1 1
 R   2  2  2  ......(1)
He2  4 6 
1 2 1 1
 R  3  2  2  ......(2)
Li2   n1 n2 
For same energy equation (1) must be equal to equation (2) which only possible when
n1 = 6 and n2 = 9
17. Number of spectral lines in Balmer series when an electron return from 7th orbit to 1st orbit of hydrogen atom
are
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 21 (4) 15
Sol. Answer (1)
As only visible lines have to be calculated i.e. Balmer lines n=7
n=6
n=5
Visible lines when ground state = 2
n=4
n1 = 2 n=3
Possible arrangements 7  2, 6  2, 5  2, 4  2, 3  2 n=2
Total number of spectral lines = 5 n=1
All have visible region because n1  2
18. Zeeman effect refers to the

(1) Splitting of the spectral lines in a magnetic field
(2) Splitting up of the spectral lines in an electrostatic field
(3) Emission of electrons from metals when light falls on it
(4) Random scattering of -particles by gold foil
Sol. Answer (1)
Splitting of line in magnetic field is known as Zeeman effect
(Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom (Dual behaviour of matter, Heisenberg’s uncertainty
Principle)
19. Assuming the velocity to be same, the wavelength of the waves associated with which of the following particles
would be maximum?
(1) An electron (2) A proton (3) An -particle (4) A deutron
Sol. Answer (1)
h 1
  for same velocity
mv m
Mass of electron is minimum than proton, deutron and -particle
i.e., me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg mD = 1 unit mparticle = 4 unit
 e– will have minimum mass and maximum wavelength

20. If the uncertainty in the position of electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum would be
h h
(1) Zero (2) Greater than (3) Less than (4) Infinite
4 4
Sol. Answer (4)
h
x  P  if x = 0
4
h h
P   
4  x 4  0
21. If kinetic energy of a proton is increased nine times, the wavelength of the de-Broglie wave associated with
it would become
1 1
(1) 3 times (2) 9 times (3) times (4) times
3 9
Sol. Answer (3)
1 1
mv 2  K.E.  m2 v 2  m  K  E
2 2
h
m2 v 2  2m  K  E  substitute the value of mv
mv
h 1
mv  2m  K  E   ...... (1)
2m  K  E K E
1
From equation (1) when K.E. of the electron increased 9 times. The de-Broglie wavelength decreased by
3
times.
1 1
 
9 3
22. The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling with 10% of velocity of light is equal to
(1) 242.4 pm (2) 24.2 pm
(3) 2.42 pm (4) 2.424 pm
Sol. Answer (2)
v = 10% of velocity of light
10
  3.0  10 m/s  3.0×107 m/s
100
m  9.1 1031 kg
h 6.6  1034 J-s

   24.2  1012 m  24.2 pm
mv 9.1 1031  3  107
23. The wavelength associated with a ball of 200 g and moving with a speed of 5 m/hour is of the order of
(1) 10–10 m (2) 10–20 m (3) 10–30 m (4) 10–40 m
Sol. Answer (3)
5
v = 5 m/hour = m/s
3600
m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
6.6  1034 J-s  3600


0.2  5
= 23760 × 10–34
= 2.3 × 10–30 m
 1030 m
24. The momentum of a particle which has a de-Broglie wavelength of 0.1 nm is

(1) 3.2 × 10–24 kg ms–1 (2) 4.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1
(3) 5.3 × 10–22 kg ms–1 (4) 6.62 × 10–24 kg ms–1
Sol. Answer (4)
h
 momentum P = mv
mv
h 6.6  10 34 kgm2 s1

P  
 0.1 10 9 m
P  6.6  10 24 kg ms1
25. The uncertainty in velocity of an electron present in the nucleus of diameter 10–15m hypothetically should be
approximately
(1) 10–11 m/s (2) 108 m/s (3) 1011 m/s (4) 10 Å/s
Sol. Answer (3)

x = 10–15 m
h
m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg x  mv 
4
6.6  10 34 kg m2 s1 6.6

 v  15 31
  1012 m/s
10  9.1 10  4  3.14 114.296
= 0.05  1012 m/s
App. = 0.5  1011 m/s
(Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom)
26. The set of quantum numbers not applicable to an electron
1 1 1 1
(1) 1, 1, 1,  (2) 1, 0, 0,  (3) 1, 0, 0,  (4) 2, 0, 0, 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (1)
The value of l can never be equal to n
 n = 1, l = 1 which is not possible
27. The principal and azimuthal quantum number of electrons in 4f orbitals are
(1) 4, 2 (2) 4, 4 (3) 4, 3 (4) 3, 4
Sol. Answer (3)
Principal quantum number (n) = 4 

For 4f electron  
 Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 3 
l  0 s
l  1 p 

l  2 d
 
l  3 f
1
28. How many 3d electrons can have spin quantum number  ?
2
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 10
Sol. Answer (1)
For 3d number of electrons will be 10
1
5 e– have clockwise  
2
1
5 e– have anti clockwise  
2
For l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2

5 orbital = 10e 
 
half are clockwise 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and half are anticlockwise 
           
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
29. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbital is

(1) 5p < 4f < 6s < 5d (2) 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d
(3) 4f < 5p < 5d < 6s (4) 5p < 5d < 4f < 6s
Sol. Answer (2)
More the (n + l) value ; more will be the energy
5p 4f 6s 5d
(n + l) (5 + 1) (4 + 3) (6 + 0) (5 + 2)
6 7 6 7
According to Aufbau principle
Smaller the (n + l); smaller will be energy
For same (n + l); smaller the value of n ; lesser will be energy
 increasing order 5 p  6s  4f  5d
30. Which shell would be the first to have ‘g’ sub-shell?

(1) L (2) M (3) N (4) O
Sol. Answer (4)
For g-subshell l = 4; the value of n will be = (l + 1) = 5
K, L, M, N, O
n 1 n2 n3 n4 n5
 For n = 5 corresponding is 'o' shell and it contain 'g' subshell.
31. For which one of the following set of quantum numbers an electron will have the highest energy?
1 1 1 1
(1) 3, 2, 1, (2) 4, 2,  1, (3) 4, 1, 0,  (4) 5, 0, 0,
2 2 2 2
Sol. Answer (2)
Larger the value of (n + l) ; larger will be the energy
1
(1) 3, 2, 1, (n + l) = 3 + 2 = 5
2
1
(2) 4, 2, –1, (n + l) = 4 + 2 = 6 (Max energy)
2
1
(3) 4, 1, 0,  (n + l) = 4 + 1 = 5
2
1
(4) 5, 0, 0, (n + l) = 5 + 0 = 5
2
32. The energies of orbitals of H-atom are in the order

(1) 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p (2) 3s < 3p < 3d < 4s < 4p
(3) 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p (4) 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s < 4p
Sol. Answer (3)
As 'H' have 1 electron
 Orbitals are not degenerated
3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p
same energy same energy
33. Which of the following set of quantum number is possible?
1
(1) n = 4, l = 2, m = –2, s = –2 (2) n = 4, l = 4, m = 0, s =
2
1
(3) n = 4, l = 3, m = –3, s = (4) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = 0
2
Sol. Answer (3)
Option 1 not possible because s can never have –2 value
Option 2 not possible because n and l cannot have same value
Option 4 not possible because s cannot have zero value
 Correct answer = 3
1
n=4 l=3 m = –3 s=
2
34. The maximum number of electrons in an atom which can have n = 4 is

(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 32
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of electrons = 2n2 (n = shell number)
For 4th shell = 2 × (4)2 = 32 electrons
35. In the presence of magnetic field, the possible number of orientations for an orbital of azimuthal quantum
number 3, is
(1) Three (2) One (3) Five (4) Seven
Sol. Answer (4)
When magnetic field is applied subshell will give orbital i.e.,
l=3 m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

(Total 7 orbitals are possible)
36. For a ‘p’ electron, the orbital angular momentum is
(1) 6 (2) 2 (3) (4) 2

Sol. Answer (2)
h
Orbital angular momentum = l  l  1  l  l  1
2
For p-electron value of l = 1
 Orbital angular momentum  l  l  1  2
37. Which of the following electronic level would allow the hydrogen to absorb a photon but not emit a photon?
(1) 3s (2) 2p (3) 2s (4) 1s
Sol. Answer (4)
1s-orbital is the ground state
Further emission is not possible i.e. de excitation not possible
38. Which of the following transition will emit maximum energy in hydrogen atom?
(1) 4f  2s (2) 4d  2p
(3) 4p  2s (4) All have same energy
Sol. Answer (4)
Transition energy depends upon the shell number i.e. value of principle quantum number 'n' in all the case
transition is between 4th energy level to 2nd level
 All have same energy
39. In an atom, which has 2K, 8L, 18M and 2N electrons in the ground state. The total number of electrons having
magnetic quantum number, m = 0 is
(1) 6 (2) 10 (3) 7 (4) 14
Sol. Answer (4)
Total number of e– = 30. Therefore, e– configuration will be
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
n=1 n=2 n=2 n=3 n=3 n=4 n=3
l=0 l=0 l=1 l=0 l=1 l=0 l=2
m=0 m=0 m = –1, 0, +1 m=0 m = 0, –1, +1 m=0 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
For s-subshell 1 orbital have m=0

For p-subshell 1 orbital have m=0
For d-subshell 1 orbital have m=0
 Total 7 orbital have m = 0 in above configuration. Therefore, total number of electron = 7 × 2 = 14

40. The probability density curve for 2s electron appears like
2
R
2
R
(1) (2)
r r
2 2
R R
(3) (4)
r r
Sol. Answer (1)

Graph is not correct [because 2s have only one node]
Correct graph will be
R2
41. A p-orbital can accommodate upto

(1) Four electrons (2) Six electrons (3) Two electrons (4) Eight electrons
Sol. Answer (3)
In any orbital maximum two electrons can accommodate
[A p-orbital can accommodate upto two electrons]
42. The number of radial nodes in 4s and 3p orbitals are respectively
(1) 2, 0 (2) 3, 1 (3) 2, 2 (4) 3, 2
Sol. Answer (2)
Number of radial nodes =  n  l  1
For 4s n  4 l  0  4  0  1  3

For 3 p n = 3 l  1  3  1  1  1
43. Which of the following orbital is with the four lobes present on the axis?
(1) d z2 (2) dxy (3) dyz (4) d x 2  y 2
Sol. Answer (4)
dx2  y2 (all the lobes are present on axis)
X
d
x2  y 2
44. Which of the following statement concerning the four quantum number is incorrect?
(1) n gives the size of an orbital
(2) l gives the shape of an orbital
(3) m gives the energy of the electron in orbital
(4) s gives the direction of spin of electron in the orbital
Sol. Answer (3)
m = represents the orientation of orbital in magnetic field.
m = orbitals
45. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electrons?
(1) Mg2+ (2) Ti3+ (3) Fe2+ (4) Mn2+
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of unpaired
Mg2+ = 10 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 0
Ti3+ = 19 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d1 1
Fe2+ = 24 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d6 4
Mn2+ = 23 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s0, 3d5 5 maximum number
46. Two electrons in K shell will not have

(1) Same principal quantum number
(2) Same azimuthal quantum number
(3) Same magnetic quantum number
(4) Same spin quantum number
Sol. Answer (4)
As K shell is the 1st shell and have maximum two electron. Therefore, to Pauli's exclusion principal two
electrons can't have the same value of all the four quantum number.
Therefore, can't have same spin quantum number
47. Which of the following electronic configuration is not possible?

(1) 2p3 (2) 2d5 (3) 4s1 (4) 5f 8
Sol. Answer (2)
Value of l cannot be greater or equal to n.
For 2d n = 2, l=2 not possible
48. The orbital diagram in which both Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule are violated is
2s 2p
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Sol. Answer (1)
2s 2p
According to Pauli number two electrons have same value of all the four quantum numbers i.e. pair in 2p orbital
have same spin not possible.
According to Hund's rule electrons are firstly clockwise arranged then pairing is done which is not in 2p
subshell.
49. Which of the following electronic configuration is incorrect?

(1) 1s2, 2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz2, 3s2, 3px1
(2) 1s2, 2s1, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz1
(3) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s2
(4) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3px1, 3py1, 3pz1
Sol. Answer (2)
Before 2s completely filled electrons are not further added into higher energy level.
Therefore Option 2 incorrect.
50. The number of waves in the third orbit of H atom is

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
Sol. Answer (4)
Number of waves = Number of shell
Circumference
Number of waves = 
de Broglie 
h

mv
2r  mv
Number of waves =
h
nh
mvr =
2
Number of waves = n
Number of waves in third orbit = 3


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Level - I

26Fe  [Ar]3d 64s 2

20. Who discovered neutron and how?

25. What is meant by

32. Discuss photoelectric effect in detail.

29Cu = 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 1

Number of protons (Z) = 16

= 7.22 × 1023 neutrons, protons and electrons

Therefore, the number of protons in 2.4 g of S = 7.22 × 1023 protons

(ii) Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals are

s-orbital = Spherical shape

p-orbital = Dumb-bell shape

w0 = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 J

Wavelength of irradiated light () = 450 nm

K.E. = 4.417 × 10–19 J – 3.68 × 10–19 J

K.E. = 0.737 × 10–19 J

There are 8 electrons in L shell

Sol. Mass of proton = 1.672 × 10–27 kg

Velocity of light = 3 × 108 ms–1

Uncertainty in velocity (v) = 0.02 × 3 × 107

Applying, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

(ii) List the four quantum along with their functions.

(ii) Four quantum numbers are :

Sol. Conclusions of -scattering experiment

44. (a) What are electromagnetic radiations?

Model Test Paper

Short Answer Type Questions :

14. What is electromagnetic spectrum?

Sol. Answer (2)

Number of neutrons  Mass number  Atomic number

2. The ratio of specific charge of an electron to that of a proton is

Number of e– = Number of protons,

nhc  E 7000  1010 m  1J

6.6  10 34  3  108

12. An electron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit, when

E = [Excited state  ground state]  4.4 × 10 19 J

6.6  10 34 J-s  3×108 m/s

I.E. = 13.6 eV given

Li2 1312 1312 2

In He n = 4; the corresponding energy level in Li2+ ions

For He 1312 1312

All have visible region because n1  2

18. Zeeman effect refers to the

Mass of electron is minimum than proton, deutron and -particle

i.e., me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg mD = 1 unit mparticle = 4 unit

 e– will have minimum mass and maximum wavelength

Sol. Answer (4)

Sol. Answer (3)

h 6.6  1034 J-s

6.6  1034 J-s  3600

24. The momentum of a particle which has a de-Broglie wavelength of 0.1 nm is

h 6.6  10 34 kgm2 s1

P  6.6  10 24 kg ms1

Sol. Answer (3)

6.6  10 34 kg m2 s1 6.6

= 0.05  1012 m/s

App. = 0.5  1011 m/s

(Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom)

26. The set of quantum numbers not applicable to an electron

Principal quantum number (n) = 4 

For l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2

29. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbital is