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Introduction – Sect.1
• Brief History ORIENTATION Characteristics – Sect.5
• Plus/Minus Tolerancing ¾ Parallelism (Surface/Axis)
• GD&T Comparison ¾ Perpendicularity (Surface/Axis)
¾ Orientation at 0.0 MMC
¾ Angularity (Surface/Axis)
Symbols & Defenitions – Sect.2
• Standards Comparison
• Symbols
• Features of Size LOCATION Characteristics – Sect.6
• Rule 1 ¾ Concentricity
• Feature Control Frame - FCF ¾ Symmetry
• Material Condition Modifiers ¾ Position RFS/MMC / LMC
• Rule 2 ¾ Position and Datum shifts
¾ Projected Tolerance Zone
¾ Multi-Segment FCF
¾ Composite FCF
DATUMS – Sect.3
¾ Datum Reference Frame - DRF RUNOUT Characteristics – Sect.7
¾ Datum Surfaces/Axis ¾ Circular Runout
¾ Datum Precedence ¾ Total Runout
¾ Origin Symbol
¾ Coplanar / Coaxial Datums
¾ Constructing DRF’s PROFILE Characteristics – Sect.8
¾ Profile of a Surface / Line
¾ Bilateral and Unilateral Tolerance
Form Characteristics - Sect.4
• Flatness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
• Straightness
Introduction
Total perfection does not exist.
Parts cannot be manufactured with perfect repeatability but rather with statistical exactness.
Because everything must have a tolerance, and because tolerances have a large effect on Function
and cost, the study of this discipline is an absolute necessity to every company producing parts.
In 1790, Ely Whitney designed jigs and Fixtures to Mass produce muskets for Military.
In 1962, the ABC conference was heavily influenced by the ISO activities, which had been
stepped up with the advent of the European Common Market.
In 1973, The ANSI Y14.5 edition progressed much further by eliminating notes for use in
tolerancing and reverted to all symbology.
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 1
Introduction
Plus/Minus Establishes Square or Rectangular Tolerance Zones
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 2
SURF A
SURF B
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 3
Introduction
Fundamental Keys to
GD&T
(Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing)
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 4
Introduction
GD&T establishes Circular Tolerance Zones for Circular Features,
allows a Dynamic Tolerance Zone based on function and…
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 5
Introduction
HUB
TOLERANCE ± 0.5
ANGLE ± 2°
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 6
Introduction
Do we really need all this extra work?
Murphys Law
“What can go wrong, Will go wrong”
Basics-B; Sect. 1 - 7
Symbols and Definitions
Symbols
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 1
Symbols and Definitions
Datum Feature Symbols
Y14.5M
Datum Feature Symbol 1982
Ø20
Datum Target Area Ø8
Symbol A1 A1
Dimension Origin
Symbol
(No Name Datum
Symbol)
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 2
Symbols and Definitions
Characteristic Symbols
Flatness
Individual
FORM
Features Circularity
Cylindricity
ORIENTATION Perpendicularity
Parallelism
Position
Related
Feature Concentricity (and
LOCATION
Coaxiality in ISO)
Symmetry
Circular Runout
RUNOUT
Total Runout
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 3
Symbols and Definitions
Modifying Symbols
Symbol For: ASME Y14.5M ISO
At Maximum Material Condition M M
Tangent Plane T T
Free State F F
Diameter
Spherical Diameter S S
Square
Number Of Places X X
Arc Length 10 10
Radius R R
Spherical Radius SR SR
Conical Taper
Slope
Counterbore/Spotface
Countersink
Depth/Deep
All Around
Between NONE
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 4
Symbols and Definitions
Features of size with MMC, LMC
1.3.17 - Feature of Size:
One Cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two opposed elements or opposed parallel
surfaces, associated with a size dimension. 25.25
24.75 MMC
A - External B - Internal
25.25 LMC
24.75
C - External D - Internal
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 5
Symbols and Definitions
Rule-1
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 6
Symbols and Definitions
Feature Control Frame Anatomy
To “DECODE”, We Read…….
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 7
Symbols and Definitions
Material Condition Modifiers and the Tolerance Zone
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 8
Symbols and Definitions
Rule 2
The 1982 standard required the use of a material modifier with RFS
The 1994 Standard allows the symbol when preferred but no longer required.
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 9
Symbols and Definitions
Review
1. Name each of the following geometric characteristic symbols.
__________________________________ ___________________________________
____________________________________ ___________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
7. What is the MINIMAL wall section allowed between the n 76.6/76.7 and n 6.7 Features ?
___________
Basics-B; Sect. 2 - 10
Datums
1.3.3 - Datum.
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a
specified datum feature. A datum is the origin from which location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part are established
Datum Axis
90o Direction of
measurements
Datum Point
90o
90o
Datum Axis
Datum Planes
Datum Axis origin of
measurement
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 1
Datums
Specifying Datum Features for Planar Surfaces
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 2
Datums
Specifying Datum Feature for AXIS
A
A
12 A
12
12
12
Ø 0.4 M C B A
Simulating an Internal
SIMULATED DATUM
SMALLEST CIRCUMSCRIBED
Datum Feature Axis
CYLINDER
Regardless of Feature
Simulating an External
SIMULATED DATUM
LARGEST INSCRIBED
Datum Feature Axis
CYLINDER
DATUM AXIS
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 3
Datums
Specifying Datum Features for Mid-Plane
A
12
28
Datum Datum
Center Plane Center Plane
12
12
0.2 M J G
GM
Simulating an External
Datum-Mid-Plane Datum Feature
Datum
Simulator True geometric counterpart
Feature A
Regardless of Feature Size of datum feature A
parallel planes at mimimum
separtation (MMC)
Datum Center
Plane A
Datum Center
Plane B
Datum Feature
Simulator
Simulating an Internal
Datum-Mid-Plane
Regardless of Feature Size Datum
Feature B
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 4
Datums
Building a Datum Reference Frame with three Planar Datum Surfaces
90O
90O
90O
90O
MEASURING DIRECTION
3. Complete with the Tertiary Datum FOR RELATED DIMENSIONS
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 5
Datums
Established by the Feature Control Frame, Datum-A is Primary and Datum-B is Secondary
30 30
30
80
30
X
AXIS
DATUM
AXIS
Y X
TERTIARY DATUM SECONDARY
DATUM
PART PRIMARY
DATUM PLANE
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 6
Datums
Datum Precedence Comparison
4.5.3 – Specifying Datum Features RFS
The simulated Datum is the axis of the True Geometric Counterpart of the Datum feature.
Means this
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 7
Datums
Specifying Datum Features with Size
4.5.4.2 – Size of a Secondary or Tertiary Datum Feature
If a Datum Feature of Size is controlled by a specified tolerance of Location or Orientation
with respect to each other, the size of the True Geometric Counterpart used to establish the
simulated datum is the Virtual Condition of the datum Feature.
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 8
Datums
Dimension Origin Symbol
(No Name Datum Feature)
THIS Symbol
28
26
MEANS THIS
28
26
NOT THIS
28
26
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 9
Datums
Coplanar Datum Features
3X Ø 8
Ø 0.6 D-E A 16 A
40 40
± 0.3 8.5
D E
A B
THE DRAWING
THE MEANING
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 10
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 11
Understanding Datum Reference Degrees of Freedom Matrix
Frame Application (DRF) Rx Ry Rz Tx Ty Tz
Example 2 Datum
Features
152
C
128 Ø 38.5 - 40.0
120 Ø 0.4 M C B A
28
74 A
24
20
96
64
Y 50
Y
24
X Z
B Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 12
Basics-B; Sect. 3 - 13
Datums – Basics-A
Review Quiz
1. List the 3 items that are considered Datum features on an object or part.
____________________ , ____________________ , _____________________
2. The primary datum requires a minimum of points.
3. The secondary datum requires a minimum of points.
4. The tertiary datum requires a minimum of points.
5. On the sketch below and right, draw how the Datum Reference Frame would look and show
how the Basic dimensions for the Thru-Hole would be verified from those Datums.
3 - 14
FORM
Form Characteristics
Flatness Circularity
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 1
FORM
Flatness
“Flatness requires every point on the Considered Features Surface to lie
within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.25 thick which is free to float
unconstrained within the Limits of Size of the said feature”
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 2
FORM
Circularity
Every circular element of the surface in a plane perpendicular to The axis
must lie between two concentric circles, one having a radius 0.25 larger
than the other.
Cylindricity
“Cylindricity requires every point on the Considered Features Surface to
lie within two concentric Cylinders (common axis) of wall thickness 0.25,
whose Diameter, Orientation and Location are free to adapt itself
unconstrained within the Limits of Size of the Said Feature.”
Means This….
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 3
FORM
(a)
16.00 (b)
15.89
16.00 MMC
ON THE DRAWING
(c)
16.00 MMC
MEANING
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 4
FORM
Straightness Axis at MMC
“Straightness of the Axis of a Cylindrical Surface at MMC requires every
point of the Considered Features Derived Median Line to lie within a
Cylindrical tolerance zone of Daimeter 0.04 at its Maximum Material
Condition, Bonus Tolerance can be gained which is equal to the
departure from its MMC local size.
16.00
15.89
0.04 M
15.90 0.14
15.89 0.15
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 5
FORM
16.00 16.04
16.04
16.04
(c) With the pin at minimum diameter
15.89, the gage will accept the pin
with up to 0.15 variation in
straightness.
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 6
FORM
Review
n72.8, what would be the smallest value the part could measure every where else
and still meet the specified requirement? ______________
n70.7, what would be the largest value the part could measure every where else
and still meet the specified requirement? ______________
5. What is the Orientation requirement between the two flat surfaces and the
cylindrical feature? ______________
Basics-B; Sect. 4 – 7
Orientation
Orientation Characteristics
1. Datums are Required
2. Material Modifiers Allowed when applied to a Feature of Size
3. Functional Gages allowed when applied to features of Size at Maximum
Material Condition.
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 1
Orientation
Parallelism of a Planar Surface
Parallelism of a Planar Surface requires every point on the Considered Features
Surface to lie within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.12 thick which is Orientation
Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame.
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 2
Orientation
Perpendicularity of a Planar Surface
Perpendicularity of a Planar Surface requires every point on the Considered
Features Surface to lie within a Slab-like tolerance zone 0.12 thick which is
Orientation Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame.
Datum Plane A
Datum Plane A
A
Possible orientation
of feature axis
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 3
Orientation
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis at MMC
Perpendicularity of a Feature Axis requires the Considered Features Axis to lie
within a Cylindrical tolerance zone 0.05 at its MMC which is Orientation
Constrained to the Datum Reference Frame. Bonus Tolerance can be gained which
is equal to the departure from its MMC local size.
15.984
15.966
Ø 0.05 M A
Feature
25 + 0.5
Height
Datum Plane A 15.984 0.050
A 15.983 0.051
15.982 0.052
15.976 0.067
15.966 0.068
Possible orientation of
feature axis
0.05 0.068
Datum
Plane A
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 4
Orientation
Use of Zero Tolerance at MMC
ON THE DRAWING MEANING
Possible orientation
of feature axis
50.15 0.15
50.16 0.16
Possible orientation
0.4 A
of actual surface
30o 30o
A Datum Plane A
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 5
Orientation
Review
1. What is the size of the Tolerance Zone if the feature measures n 51.2 ? __________
2. What is the size of the tolerance zone if the feature measures n 20.5 ? __________
3a. What is the maximum deformation Form error for this surface ? ___________
3b. What is the minimum location value for this surface from Datum-A ? ___________
4. What does this Feature Control Frame provide for the specified surface ? __________
5. This feature helps control the location to Datum-Axis-B. True or False
6. This Feature Control Frame is a logical choice in controlling its orientation ? ___________
7. On figure Below , Specify an orientation tolerance to control the relationship between the 39
Degree angle and the upper Surface within 0.05mm.
Basics-B; Sect. 5 - 6
Location
LOCATION Characteristics
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 1
Location
Concentricity
The median points must be within the cylindrical concentricity tolerance zone.
Ø 20.2 - 19.8
A Ø 10.2 - 9.8
Ø 0.2 A
ON THE DRAWING
All median points of diametrically opposed elements of
the feature must lie within the 0.2 tolerance zone, RFS.
The tolerance zone being established equally disposed
about datum axis A, RFS.
Datum Axis A
Ø 0.2
MEANING
Tolerance Zone (RFS)
Symmetry
The median points must be within the slab-like tolerance zone.
ON THE DRAWING
30.2
29.8
10.2 - 9.8
A
Ø 0.2 A
Datum Centerplane A
All median points of opposed elements of the slot must lie within the 0.2
wide tolerance zone, RFS. The tolerance zone being established by two
parallel planes equally disposed about datum centerplane A, RFS.
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 2
Location
Position Tolerance at RFS
Locates Features to a Datum Reference Frame using BASIC Dimensions.
Additionally Position will help control Orientation to the Datums as well.
Means This…..
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 3
Location
Position Tolerance at MMC/LMC
Each hole has its own positional tolerance zone. The zone size is dependent on the Material
Condition specified and the size of the produced hole.
For MMC, When the hole is produced at its MMC size, the tolerance zone is the tolerance
stated in the FCF. As the Hole departs from MMC, a 1:1 increase in the size of the Tolerance
Zone is gained.
For LMC, When the hole is produced at its LMC size, the tolerance zone is the tolerance
stated in the FCF. As the Hole departs from LMC, a 1:1 increase in the size of the Tolerance
Zone is gained.
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 4
Location
Projected Tolerance Zone
Positional
tolerance zone Clearance hole axis
Positional
tolerance zone Clearance hole axis
Positional
tolerance zone Clearance hole axis
Min tolerance
Projected zone56
zone extends
heightsurface
above is equal to max
where the
thread feature starts.
thickness of mating part.
Current Specification: The drawing below and left has very tight tolerances for the Shaft, Hole
Size and Location to the lower surface requiring careful control when producing these features.
The Hole is delineated “Perfectly” on the axis of the shaft and the assumption must be that the
Hole will always be produced “perfect’ when actually, the hole location relative to the axis, has
no requirement at all.
Result: The picture above and right shows parts being produced that meet the current drawing
specification but will not function in the assembly without the additional cost of rework.
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 7
Location
Solution: Based on the Function of the hole, GD&T is added to the drawing which maintains the
same location requirement from the lower surface but now includes the maximum allowable shift
from the axis of the shaft.
Explanation: The upper segment controls the location of the tolerance zone which is basically
located from Datum Surface-A and Datum Axis B. The lower segment controls the location to
Datum Surface-A but because Datum-B was removed, the tolerance zone is allowed to shift back
and forth inside the tolerance zone of the upper segment.
BONUS: An increase of up to 62.5% may become available for the location of the Hole from
Datum Surface-A after applying GD&T with this method.
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 8
Location
Composite Position Control
Example:
Fasten the Name Plate to the
face of the main part with
Press-In fasteners
Notice the additional room for
placement of the name plate
on to the much larger face
area provided
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 9
Location
Composite Position Example
Means This...
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 10
Location
Composite Position Example Cont’d
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 11
Location
FCF Recognition and Review
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
96 Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
150
C 4X Ø 16.7 - 17.3
134
Ø 1.5 M A B C
30 96
Ø 0.7 M A B
52
100
24
24
B
Tolerance ± 0.5
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 12
Location
Review
1. If the Feature is produced at its MMC, what will be the size of the Tolerance Zone? __________
2. If the Feature is produced at n4.882, what will be the size of the Tolerance Zone? __________
3a. What is the Worst Case Location error allowed for this feature from the DRF? __________
3b. What is the Worst Case Orientation error allowed for this feature from the DRF? __________
4. What is the Worst Case Orientation error allowed for this feature? __________
5. Based on the FCF, what must be true if the feature is produced at 4.874? ____________________
6. What is this configuration of Feature Control Frames called? _________________________
7. What is this configuration of Feature Control Frames called? _________________________
Basics-B; Sect. 6 - 13
Runout
Runout
“Dynamic Control”
Runout is the designation for a unique combination of feature controls that are achieved by
evaluating a circular surface in a rotational consideration as it relates to another feature axis. It
will always control some measure of coaxial relationship and at the same time control feature
conditions such as circularity, straightness or cylindricity.
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 1
Runout
Circular Runout ~ Controls each individual circular element of the specified feature.
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 2
Runout
Total Runout Demonstration
This on the Drawing…
Means this…
The Considered Feature must Always fall Within the Limits of Size (50.5/49.5).
The tolerance zone is Orientation Constrained By the Datum Reference Frame.
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 3
Runout
Considered Feature with Perfect From and Considered Feature Axis shifted (0.2) Maximum
distance from Datum Axis. (Animation Example)
Considered Feature with Max Form error (0.4) and Considered Feature axis perfectly coaxial with
Datum Axis. (Animation Example)
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 4
Runout
Total Runout may be applied to a conical feature, however, the dial indicator must now be
mounted so that it’s travel be established to track normal to an element of the indicated surface.
ON THE DRAWING
30°
5
A 30°
0.0
Ø 40 ±0.5
0.05 A
MEANING
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 5
Runout
Additional Runout Examples
150
90 20
50 C 14
20
Ø 60
Ø 25 Ø 25
Ø 80
A Ø 10 D
0.05 C B
Ø 20 0.08 A-D
B
0.08 A-D
Datum C Simulator
(Plane)
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 6
Runout
Review
1. What is the coaxial requirement between the Larger and Smaller diameters as expressed on
the following drawing? ________________________________
Ø 6 ±0.02
Ø 20 ±0.05
2. On the sketch above, specify a 0.12 mm circular runout requirement on the large diameter in
relationship to the smaller diameter.
3. On the part drawing below, specify a 0.12 mm total runout relating the large diameter to both
of the two small diameters simultaneously.
Ø 28 ±0.5
Ø 20 ±0.5
Ø 40 ±0.5
4. On the figure below, Specify a 0.5 Dynamic Characteristic that best controls the coaxial
relationship of the 9.2R to the 8.5 Dia. shaft.
Basics-B; Sect. 7 - 7
Profile
PROFILE Characteristics
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 1
Profile
Profile of a Surface
This on the drawing...
C
0.25 A B C
49 ±0.12
8 ±0.05 D E
A
7X 7
D
E
B 17.5 17.5
2X 8 ±0.12
21.4 19.8
23 21.7 8 ±0.12
23.4 23
65 ±0.25
Means this...
E
Simulated D
Datum Simulated
Plane B Datum
Plane A
The surface between points D and E must lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart, equally
disposed about the true profile and positioned wit respect to datum planes A, B, and C.
The zone elements must be at 90° orientation to datum plane A.
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 2
Profile
Profile of a Surface
This on the drawing...
0.12 E F
0.1 E F
A B
B C
R82 0.05 E F
8 ±0.1
C D
75°
B
R80
R12 C R8
10 A 7
E
D
78.8
Means this...
Simulated Datums
Plane E 0.1
Plane F 0.12
0.05
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 3
Profile
Bilateral and Unilateral Tolerancing
There are four ways of applying profile tolerances: a) Bilateral tolerance; b) Unilateral tolerance,
inside; c) Unilateral tolerance, outside; and d) Bilateral tolerance, unequal distribution. See
following figures.
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 4
Profile
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 5
Profile
Back to our name plate
This on the Dwg… Means anything is possible…
The holes are controlled very well but the remaining geometry is not.
We could add multiple Perpendicularity and Parallelism Controls OR just use Profile and the
“ALL AROUND” Symbol.
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 6
Profile
REVIEW
1. On the drawing above, what is the minimum and maximum value for each of the following
distances specified?
(a) Distance X: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
(b) Distance Y: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
(c) Distance Z: minimum _____________________
maximum _____________________
2. On the same drawing, what is the maximum perpendicularity error of the following surfaces
in relation to Datum A?
(a) Surface V: _____________________
(b) Surface W: _____________________
Explicit Part
Requirement Captured!!
Basics-B; Sect. 8 - 7