International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp. 251–261, Article ID: IJCIET_08_06_029

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EFFECT OF DAMAGED MEMBER

MEMBER LOCATION
ON TRUSS DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT PERFORMANCE
G. Thulasendra
P.G. Scholar,
Scholar Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

U.K. Dewangan
Professor, Department
Depar of Civil Engineering,
National Institute
stitute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the effect of damaged member location on truss russ displacement
performance is computed. The damage is induced in the members ers of the truss
t by
reducing its cross-sectional
sectional area. In each damage case scenario, only damage in any
one of the members of the truss is considered. The study is achieved by designing a
9m span truss as per thehe provisions of IS 800 :2007 using MS-EXCEL.
EXCEL. The member
forces necessary for the design of members in the truss is computed by analyzing
analy the
truss
russ for severe load combinations
combination of dead, live and wind loads. The dead load, live
load and wind load acting on the truss
t are computed ass per provisions of IS 875 -
1987.. The MATLAB code based on Finite Element Method (FEM) was developed for
analyzing the truss both in undamaged and damaged conditions.
condition The member forces
computed using MATLAB code is verified by results obtained from FEM based
analysis software ANSYS.
Key words: Truss displacement, Damage,
D FEM, MATLAB and ANSYS.
ANSYS
Cite this Article: G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan.
Dewangan Effect of Damaged Member
Location on Truss Displacement Performance.
Performance International Journal of Civil
Technology 8(6), 2017, pp. 241–250.
Engineering and Technology,
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1. INTRODUCTION
The members of the truss are connected through pin joints. The members of the truss sustain
the load through the axial distortion of the members along with their local ocal direction. In an
analys is of truss, it is assumed that load and reaction act at joints in the truss. The main
purpose of the truss is to support a large load or large spans in buildings, industries and
bridges [1]. When the truss
russ and the loads acting on it are in the same plane it is plane truss
t
and when they are acting in a 3 coordinate system it is space truss.
The staticc analysis procedures for truss using the method of sections and method of joints
becomes tedious when it is applied
appli to large-scale indeterminate truss
russ structures. The FEM is a

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 G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan

numerical technique which is used to give approximate solutions and the FEM analysis
procedure is same for both the determinate and indeterminate truss structures. In FEM joints
of the truss are termed as nodes and members are termed as elements.
The static analysis of truss is performed considering the severe load combinations of
dead, live and wind loads. The loads acting on the truss are considered as per provisions of IS
875 - 1987 and load combinations as per provisions of IS 800 :2007 [9]. The MATLAB code
for static analysis of pin-jointed plane truss structures is developed to compute the member
forces and its results are verified with the results obtained from FEM based analysis software
ANSYS. The analysis results i.e., member forces obtained from the static analysis are used
for designing the members of truss in undamaged condition as per the guidelines of IS
800:2007 [9].
The members of the truss are usually damaged and deteriorated during their effective life
span. The various reasons for damage in structures include manufacturing processes of the
truss, fatigue failure, buckling failure, etc. Sometimes, the presence and location of the
damage can be identified by visual inspection. In this paper, each member of the truss is
damaged by 40% in each damage case scenario. The damage in the members of the truss is
introduced by a reduction in its cross-sectional areaby an amount equal to the damage. In
each damage casescenario, theeffect of damage member location on truss displacement
performance is compared with the displacement performance of undamaged truss. The
displacement at nodes for both undamaged and damaged truss is calculated using MATLAB
code.

2. METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF TRUSS STRUCTURES

USING FEM
The various steps involved in the Finite Element Analysis of pin-jointed truss structures are
as follows [2],[3]:

2.1. Selection of suitable Field Variable and Element Type

The field variable or the basic unknowns are displacements in the structural analysis
problems and type of elements like bar, beam, Plate etc. are selected based on the type of
problem to be solved. In this paper 2-noded bar element is chosen for truss analysis.

2.2. Discretization of a Continuum

The unknowns are infinite in the continuum, the finite element procedure reduces to a
countable number by discretizing the solution into small parts like elements.

2.3. Selection of Suitable Interpolation Function

The field variables are used in defining interpolation function (shape function or
approximation function) within each element at specific points called nodes. For linear
interpolation function 2nodes are selected in each element, increasing the nodes in the
elements changes the shape function and the approximate solution becomes nearer to the
classical solution. In the plane truss at each node unknowns are 2 translations or 2 degrees of
freedom (dof). For the truss analysis in this paper linear shape function is selected.

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 Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance

2.4. Elemental Properties

2.4.1. Element Stiffness Matrix

element (L), direction cosines ( , ) are used for assembling stiffness matrix of each element
The elemental properties like young’s modulus (E),cross-sectional area (A), the length of the

denoted by K.

= − ) + − )
The length of each element in plane truss is calculated as,

−
The direction cosines of each element in plane truss is calculated as,
= ; =

− −
The element stiffness matrix is calculated as,

= − −
− −
− −
2.4.2. Consistent Load vector
Since the external loads in a truss are applied directly at nodes, the load vector can be
assembled directly.
The load vector is given by,

"
!
!
= !
. !
. !
. !

Where,
th
i= load in i dof
n=total dof of the structure

2.5. Global Properties

The global stiffness matrix is formed by creating a null matrix of the order of total dof and
positioning the element stiffness matrix of all the elements at their respective dof in the global
stiffness matrix.

2.6. Imposing the Boundary Conditions

The boundary conditions are imposed on global stiffness matrix to from the reduced global
stiffness matrix.

2.7. Solve the Simultaneous Equations to get the Nodal unknowns

The reduced global stiffness matrix and load vector matrix are used to find the unknown
nodal displacements.

# = $% ×
The equation for finding the unknown nodal displacements is given by,

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 G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan

Where,
Q=nodal displacement vector of structure
RGK=reduced global stiffness matrix
F=external load vector of structure

2.8. Further Calculations

By further calculations, reactions at supports, stresses and forces in the element are

$ = % × #) −
calculated. The equation for calculating reactions is,

The equation for calculating stresses in plane truss elements is,

' = (− − ) × (*)
Where, q = element displacement vector

f =' ×
The force in plane truss elements is calculated by,

3. ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSS USING MATLAB AND ANSYS

A truss of span 9m used on the roof of the industrial building having size 9 m x 24 mis
considered for the study in this section. The static analysis of plane truss depicted in Figure 1
is performed for severe load combinations of dead, live and wind loads. The analysis is
performed using both MATLAB code and ANSYS.

Table 1 Structural parameters

Description Parameter
Type of building Industrial building
Span of Truss 9m
Height at eve level 8 m
Width of building 9 m
Maximum dimension24 m
Spacing of Trusses 4 m
Spacing of purlins 1.546 m
Pitch 1/4
Permeability Medium
Topography Plain
Sheeting A.C. sheets
Class of building General building
Location Raipur, India

Figure 1 Plane truss configuration

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 Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance

3.1. Dead Load Calculations

The dead load calculations in this section are done by referring to provisions of IS 875 (Part
1) -1987 [10]
Self-weight of truss= 20+6.6L
Where L=span of truss in m
Self-weight of truss=20 + (6.6 x 9) = 79.4 N/m2
Weight of A.C. sheets including laps and connections = 170 N/m2 [7]
Weight of purlins = 120 N/m2
The additional load of 7000 N is considered for electrical fixtures, fans etc. on 7 bottom
nodes.
Load at each bottom node due to additional load = 7000/7 = 1000 N
Total self-weight of all members excluding additional load= 79.4+170+120 = 369.4 N/m2
Each purlin takes care of an area = 1.546 x 4 = 6.184 m2
Load on each intermediate node at the top due to total self-weight excluding additional
load,
= 369.4 x 6.184 = 2284.37 N
Load on each end node due to total self-weight excluding additional load,
= (2284.37 /2) = 1142.18 N
Positive magnitude of dead load acting on the truss is in the gravitational direction as
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Dead load on the truss

3.2. Live Load Calculations

The live load calculations in this section are done by referring to provisions of IS 875 (Part 2)
-1987 [11]

Live load= (750 − Ѳ − 10)20) N/m2

For a slope > 10º,

Where, Ѳ =inclination of truss

Live load= (750 − 14.04 − 10)20) = 446.13 N/m2
Live load on top intermediate nodes = 446.13 x 6.184 = 2758.87 N
Live load on end nodes = 446.13 x (6.184 /2) = 1379.43 N
Positive magnitude of live load acting on the truss is in the gravitational direction as
shown in Figure 3.

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 G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan

Figure 3 Live load on the truss

3.3. Wind Load Calculations

The wind load calculations in this section are done by referring to provisions of IS 875 (Part
3)-1987 [12].
Basic wind speed (Vb) of Raipur = 39 m/s
Design wind speed, (Vz) = K1 x K2 x K3 x Vb
Where,
K1 = risk coefficient = 1 (General building)
K2 = terrain, height and structure size factor = 0.98 (for category 2 & class B building)
K3 = topography factor = 1 (Plain terrain)
Design wind speed (Vz) = 1 x 0.98 x 1 x 39 = 38.22 m/s
Design wind pressure, pd = 0.6 x Vz2 = 0.6 x 38.222 = 876.46 N/m2
The wind load acting in a direction normal to the truss members are,
F= CApd
Where,
C= net pressure coefficient = (Cpe-Cpi)
Cpe , Cpi= external and internal pressure coefficients respectively
A= surface area of structural element in m2
Internal pressure coefficient, Cpi = ± 0.5 (medium permeability)
For h/w= 0.89, from Table 8 of IS 875 (part-3) external pressure coefficients are
calculated as shown in Table 2

Table 2 External pressure coefficients

Cpe for Wind incidence angle Cpe-Cpi for Wind incidence angle
Portion of roof Cpi
0º 90 º 180 º 270 º 0º 90 º 180 º 270 º
left side-end zone -0.94 -0.8 -0.56 -0.8 0.5 -1.44 -1.3 -1.06 -1.3
left side-mid zone -0.94 -0.6 -0.56 -0.6 0.5 -1.44 -1.1 -1.06 -1.1
right side-end zone -0.56 -0.8 -0.94 -0.8 0.5 -1.06 -1.3 -1.44 -1.3
right side-mid zone -0.56 -0.6 -0.94 -0.6 0.5 -1.06 -1.1 -1.44 -1.1
From Table 2 we can observe that end zone coefficients are critical on both left and right
side of truss for all wind incidence angles. The wind load acting on truss is calculated
considering end zone coefficients. The wind load acting on the truss is calculated as shown in
Table 3.
The positive magnitude of wind load is acting in a normal direction towards the truss at
the top nodalpoints and negative magnitude of wind load is acting in a normal direction away
from the truss at the top nodal points. The wind load calculated in Table 3 is represented
graphically in Figure 4.

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 Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance

Table 3 Wind load normal to nodes at top of truss

Left side of truss Right side of truss
Wind incidence
angle intermediate nodes end and apex intermediate end and apex
(W1) nodes(W2) nodes(W3) nodes (W4)
0º -7804.84 -3902.42 -5745.23 -2872.62
90 º -7046.04 -3523.02 -7046.04 -3523.02
180 º -5745.23 -2872.62 -7804.84 -3902.42
270 º -7046.04 -3523.02 -7046.04 -3523.02

Figure 4 Wind load on the truss

Figure 5 is the plot obtained from MATLAB after executing the MATLAB code with
required inputs which can be used for verification of truss configuration and Figure 6 is the
truss plot captured from ANSYS

Figure 5 Plane truss plot obtained from MATLAB

Figure 6 Plane truss plot captured from ANSYS

The following load combinations are considered for analysis of truss as per IS 800 : 2007,
Load combination 1 (L. C. 1) = [1.5 x (dead load) + 1.5 x (live load)]
Load combination 2 (L. C. 2) = [1.5 x (dead load) + 1.5 x (wind load 0º)]
Load combination 3 (L. C. 3) = [1.5 x (dead load) + 1.5 x (wind load 90º)]
Load combination 4 (L. C. 4) = [1.5 x (dead load) + 1.5 x (wind load 180º)]
The load combinations comprising of dead load, live load and wind load is not considered
since the forces are not critical in that combinations.

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 G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan

Table 4 Member forces in truss for load combinations 1, 2, 3 & 4

Member force in N for Member force in N Member force in N for Member force in N for
L. C. 1 forL. C. 2 L. C. 3 L. C. 4
Member

computed using computed using computed using computed using

MATLAB ANSYS MATLAB ANSYS MATLAB ANSYS MATLAB ANSYS

1 90649 90649 -55585 -55585 -51986 -51986 -40598 -40598

2 -93438 -93438 56441 56441 54907 54907 45243 45243
3 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
4 90649 90649 -55585 -55585 -51986 -51986 -40598 -40598
5 -18688 -18688 14722 14722 12303 12303 8156.6 8156.6
6 -74751 -74751 44647 44647 45247 45247 39241 39241
7 6032.4 6032.4 -2070.5 -2070.5 -1483.9 -1483.9 -478.26 -478.26
8 72519 72519 -41303 -41303 -40050 -40050 -32685 -32685
9 -20270 -20270 15968 15968 13344 13344 8847 8847
10 -56063 -56063 32853 32853 35587 35587 33240 33240
11 19630 19630 -9597.5 -9597.5 -10436 -10436 -9597.5 -9597.5
12 72519 72519 -34934 -34934 -40050 -40050 -39054 -39054
13 -20270 -20270 8847 8847 13344 13344 15968 15968
14 -56063 -56063 33240 33240 35587 35587 32853 32853
15 6032.4 6032.4 -478.26 -478.26 -1483.9 -1483.9 -2070.5 -2070.5
16 90649 90649 -42847 -42847 -51986 -51986 -53336 -53336
17 -18688 -18688 8156.6 8156.6 12303 12303 14722 14722
18 -74751 -74751 39241 39241 45247 45247 44647 44647
19 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
20 90649 90649 -42847 -42847 -51986 -51986 -53336 -53336
21 -93438 -93438 45243 45243 54907 54907 56441 56441
Note:‘+’ represents for tension and ‘-’represents for compression in member forces.

4. DESIGN OF TRUSS MEMBERS FOR UNDAMAGED CASE

The design of truss members is done as per provisions of IS 800:2007 [9] considering the
maximum forces calculated as shown in Table 4. The members of thetruss are divided into
groups based on their location. The maximum forces of a memberin each group is selected
and design is performed for that force. The Table 5 below shows the division of members in
each group with their design forces and section provided for each group. The design
calculations for all the groups is carried out in MS-EXCEL.The yield stress of members
considered is 250 N/mm2, young’s modulus is 2.05 x 105 N/mm2 and mass density is 76.8195
x 10-6 N/mm3. The properties and dimensions of ISA are referred from SP : 6 (1) – 1964 [13].

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 Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance

Table 5 Sections provided for the members of the truss as per design
Design compressive Design tensile
Group Members Section provided
force in N force in N
Group-1 2,6,10,14,18,21 -93438 56441 ISA 75 x 75 x 6 mm
Group-2 1,4,8,12,16,20 -55585 90649 ISA 70 x 70 x 5mm
Group-3 3, 19 - 1500 ISA 25 x 25 x 3 mm
Group-4 7, 15 -2070.5 6032.4 ISA 35 x 35 x 3 mm
Group-5 5,17 -18688 14722 ISA 50 x 50 x 3 mm
Group-6 9,13 -20270 15968 ISA 50 x 50 x 4 mm
Group-7 11 -10436 19630 ISA 50 x 50 x 3 mm

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance
The truss displacement performance is evaluated on the plane truss designed in section 4 by
using 21 damage cases. The damage is considered by reducing the cross-sectional area of the
members, the damage of 40% in each member is considered in the study separately. The case-
1 represents damage in member 1 by 40%, case-2 represents damage in member 2 by 40%
and similarly, thedamage is considered for all the members of the truss. So finally, we arrive
with 21 damage scenarios case-1 to case-21 for the member 1 to member 21 in the truss.
The load combination 1 is considered for the comparison of displacement in damaged and
undamaged cases. The analysis for the undamaged case is performed once again considering
the designed sections (replacing the load due to self-weight considered in section 3.1 by
designed sections) and keeping all other loads unchanged.
Since the plane truss considered is statically determinate, in which Y-direction
displacements are critical when compared with X-direction displacements. So, the Y-
direction displacements are considered in this study. Tables 6-8show the Y-direction
displacements computed for all the 21 damage cases. In all the cases maximum displacement
is shown in bold format.

Table 6 Y-direction displacement values for damages cases 1-8 computed using MATLAB
Y-direction displacement in mm computed using MATLAB
Node
U-C Case-1 Case-2 Case-3 Case-4 Case-5 Case-6 Case-7 Case-8
2 -15.566 -17.633 -17.33 -15.579 -17.621 -16.18 -16.106 -15.599 -16.213
3 -15.545 -17.612 -17.309 -15.544 -17.6 -16.159 -16.085 -15.578 -16.192
4 -18.511 -20.165 -19.922 -18.51 -20.15 -18.5 -19.621 -18.579 -19.819
5 -18.403 -20.057 -19.814 -18.402 -20.043 -18.393 -19.513 -18.4 -19.711
6 -18.555 -19.795 -19.612 -18.554 -19.783 -18.547 -19.385 -18.552 -19.531
7 -18.201 -19.441 -19.258 -18.2 -19.429 -18.193 -19.031 -18.198 -19.178
8 -18.511 -19.336 -19.214 -18.51 -19.326 -18.504 -19.06 -18.508 -19.156
9 -18.403 -19.229 -19.107 -18.403 -19.219 -18.396 -18.952 -18.401 -19.049
10 -15.566 -15.978 -15.916 -15.565 -15.971 -15.561 -15.836 -15.564 -15.884
11 -15.545 -15.957 -15.895 -15.544 -15.95 -15.54 -15.815 -15.543 -15.863
Note: U-C represents the undamaged case.

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 G. Thulasendra and U.K. Dewangan

Table 7 Y-direction displacement values for damages cases 9-15 computed using MATLAB
Y-direction displacement in mm computed using MATLAB
Node
U-C Case-9 Case-10 Case-11 Case-12 Case-13 Case-14 Case-15
2 -15.566 -15.757 -15.755 -15.639 -15.884 -15.556 -15.76 -15.564
3 -15.545 -15.736 -15.734 -15.618 -15.863 -15.535 -15.739 -15.543
4 -18.511 -18.901 -18.908 -18.661 -19.156 -18.498 -18.912 -18.508
5 -18.403 -18.794 -18.8 -18.554 -19.049 -18.39 -18.805 -18.401
6 -18.555 -18.541 -19.167 -18.784 -19.531 -18.541 -19.167 -18.552
7 -18.201 -18.187 -18.813 -18.194 -19.178 -18.187 -18.813 -18.198
8 -18.511 -18.498 -18.912 -18.661 -19.819 -18.901 -18.908 -18.579
9 -18.403 -18.39 -18.805 -18.554 -19.711 -18.794 -18.8 -18.4
10 -15.566 -15.556 -15.76 -15.639 -16.213 -15.757 -15.755 -15.599
11 -15.545 -15.535 -15.739 -15.618 -16.192 -15.736 -15.734 -15.578
Note: U-C represents the undamaged case.

Table 8 Y-direction displacement values for damages cases 16-21 computed using MATLAB
Y-direction displacement in mm computed using MATLAB
Node
U-C Case-16 Case-17 Case-18 Case-19 Case-20 Case-21
2 -15.566 -15.971 -15.561 -15.836 -15.565 -15.978 -15.916
3 -15.545 -15.95 -15.54 -15.815 -15.544 -15.957 -15.895
4 -18.511 -19.326 -18.504 -19.06 -18.51 -19.336 -19.214
5 -18.403 -19.219 -18.396 -18.952 -18.403 -19.229 -19.107
6 -18.555 -19.783 -18.547 -19.385 -18.554 -19.795 -19.612
7 -18.201 -19.429 -18.193 -19.031 -18.2 -19.441 -19.258
8 -18.511 -20.15 -18.5 -19.621 -18.51 -20.165 -19.922
9 -18.403 -20.043 -18.393 -19.513 -18.402 -20.057 -19.814
10 -15.566 -17.621 -16.18 -16.106 -15.579 -17.633 -17.33
11 -15.545 -17.6 -16.159 -16.085 -15.544 -17.612 -17.309
Note: U-C represents the undamaged case.
We can observe from the above tables the same amount of maximum displacement -
20.165 mm is observed from damaged cases 1 & 20 at node 4 and 8 respectively when
compared with all other damage cases. Both the members 4 and 8 shares one of its end with
support. The maximum increase of displacement of 13.29% is observed at node 3 and node
11 in the damage cases 1 & 20 when compared with the undamaged case.
In all the damaged cases the maximum displacement is observed in the nodes 4, 6 and 8
which are the nodal points of bottom chord members of the truss.
The maximum displacement in the damaged cases 2, 4, 6, 16, 18, 21 are very nearer to the
maximum displacement of -20.165 mm observed from cases 1 & 20 when compared with all
other damage cases.

6. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn from the present study:
(i) In the undamaged case, the maximum displacement in they-direction is observed at a
central nodal point in bottom nodes i.e., node 6.

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 Effect of Damaged Member Location on Truss Displacement Performance

(ii) The maximum displacement and a maximum increase of displacement in they-direction is

observed when damage is induced in bottom chord members adjacent to the support i.e.,
member 1 & 20.
(iii) In all the damage cases the maximum displacement is observed in they-direction at the
central node in the bottom nodes or at the nodes 4, 8 which are on either side of the central
node.
(iv) The members sensitive to increase of displacement in they-direction is observed when the
damage is induced in support adjacent bottom chord members (1, 4, 16, and 20) and support
adjacent top chord members (2, 16, 18, and 21).

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