PHYSICS

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STUDY PACKAGE – 01
For – JEE / NEET
 Description of Motion in
Two and Three Dimensions
AIEEE Syllabus
Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector,
Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative
CHAPTER
3
Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

SCALARS AND VECTORS THIS CHAPTER

COVERS :
Scalars
Scalars are physical quantities which are completely described by their  Scalars and
magnitude only. For example: mass, length, time, temperature energy etc. Vectors

Vectors  Types of Vector

Vectors are those physical quantities having both magnitude as well as
direction and they obeys vector algebra (eg. parallelogram law or triangle law  Vector Addition
of vector addition). For example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force,
momentum, impulse, electric field intensity etc.  Vector Subtraction

TYPES OF VECTOR  Resolution of

Vectors
Axial and Polar Vectors
Vectors, which have some starting point or point of application are called polar  Scalar and Vector
vectors. E.g., displacement, force but those vectors representing rotational product
effects and are always along the axis of rotation in accordance with right
hand screw rule are axial vectors.  Relative Motion
E.g., angular velocity, angular acceleration, angular displacement, torque etc.
 Projectile Motion
Unit Vector : A vector having unit magnitude is called a unit vector. Thus, unit
  Circular Motion
V V where
vector of a vector V is Vˆ  = | V | = V = Magnitude of V .
|V | V

iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are unit v ectors along x, y and z axis respectiv ely..

| iˆ | | jˆ |  | kˆ | 1 .
Unit vector along a direction is unique and have no unit.

Coplanar vectors are vectors lying in same plane.

J
I and J are in the plane of paper so they are Coplaner

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Collinear vectors are vectors having common line of action. These are of two types
(i) Parallel or like (angle between them is 0°)

A
B

A and B are parallel vectors ( = 0°)

Parallel vectors having equal magnitude are known as equal vectors
(ii) Antiparallel or unlike (angle between them is 180°).

D
C and D are antiparallel vectors (q = 180°)
Antiparallel vectors of equal megnitude are known as negative vectors of each other.
  
Null vector ( 0 ) : Two opposite vectors added to form a null vector it has zero magnitude. If A and B are
  
two negative vectors then A  B  0 vector

VECTOR ADDITION
1. Triangle Law of Vector Addition : If a and b are two vectors represented as sides of a triangle in

same order then other side c in opposite order is the resultant.

+b
c=a
b
a
2. Polygon Law : If a number of vectors are represented as sides of a polygon in same order then the
side which closes the polygon in opposite order in the resultant.

c c
+
b
+
a
=
C
b

a
Vector addition obeys commutative law ( A  B  B  A ) and associative law ( A  B )  C = A  (B  C )

3. Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition : If two vectors having common origin are represented both in
magnitude and direction as the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal which originates
from the common origin represents the resultant of these two vectors. The result are listed below:
(a) B
R  AB.
(b) | R | ( A 2  B 2  2 AB cos )1 / 2
R

B sin  A sin   
(c) tan   , tan  
A  B cos  B  A cos 
 A 
(d) If | A |  | B |  x (say) , then R = x 2(1  cos ) = 2 x cos and     i.e., resultant bisect
2 2
angle between A and B .

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 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions IIT - JEE/NEET

(e) If | A |  | B | then  < 

(f) Rmax = A + B, when  = 0 and Rmin = |A – B| when  = 180°.

(g) R 2  A 2  B 2 , if  = 90° i.e., A and B are perpendicular..

(h) If | A |  | B |  | R | then  = 120°.

A
(i) If R is perpendicular to A , then cos    and A2 + R2 = B2.
B

 360 
(j) For n equal vectors acting at a point such that angle between them are equal   , the resultant
 n 
is zero.

VECTOR SUBTRACTION

Subtraction of vector B from vector A is simply addition of vector  B with A i.e., A  B  A  ( B )

Using parallelogram law


O A

( – ) A–B
–B

B sin    B sin 
Result : R = | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 A cos  , tan   
A  B cos(   ) A  B cos 


Note : If | A |  | B |  x (say) , then R = x 2(1  cos ) = 2 x sin .
2

RESOLUTION OF VECTORS
Any vector V can be represented as a sum of two vectors P and Q which are in same plane as

V   P  Q , where  and  are two real numbers. We say that V has been resolved in two component
vector P and Q along P and Q respectively..
Rectangular components in two dimensions :

V  V x  V y , V  V x iˆ  V y ˆj , V  Vx2  Vy2 Y
V
V x and V y are rectangular component of vector in 2-dimension.
Vy
Vx = V cos 
Vy = V sin  = V cos(90 – )
Vz = zero.

X
V V cos  iˆ  V sin  ˆj O
Vx

Note : Unit vector along V  cos  iˆ  sin  ˆj

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 IIT - JEE/NEET Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Rectangular Component in Three Dimension :

A vector V is in a space which is making ,  and  with x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively..

V  Vx  Vy  Vz Y

1
2 2 2 Vy
| V | ( V x  V y  V z ) 2

V  V x iˆ  V y ˆj  V z kˆ
 V

Vx  Vx
V x  V cos   cos   l  X
V
Vz
Vy
Vy  V cos   cos   m 
V Z

Vz
Vz  V cos   cos   n 
V

V  V cos  iˆ  V cos  ˆj  v cos  kˆ

l, m, n are called direction cosines of vector V .

l 2  m 2  n 2  cos 2   cos2   cos 2   1, sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   2.

Unit vector along V  l iˆ  mˆj  nkˆ  cos iˆ  cos  ˆj  cos kˆ .

SCALAR AND VECTOR PRODUCTS

Scalar (dot) Product of Two Vectors : The scalar product of two vectors a and b is defined as
 
a . b  ab cos 
  b
a.b
cos  
ab
 
If a and b are perpendicular, then a . b  0
    
If  < 90° , then a . b  0 and if a . b  0 , then  > 90°.
a
b
Projection of vector a on b is (a . b ) .
b2
a2  a .a

iˆ . iˆ  jˆ . jˆ  kˆ . kˆ  1.

Scalar product is commutative i.e., a . b  b . a .

Vector Product of two Vectors : A ×B
A ×B
 
Mathematically, if  is the angle between vectors A and B , then
 
A  B  AB sin nˆ …(i)

  A  
The direction of vector A B is the same as that
B A B
of unit vector n̂ . It is decided by any of the following two rules : (a) (b)
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 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions IIT - JEE/NEET

 
(a) Right handed screw rule : Rotate a right handed screw from vector A to B through the smaller angle
 
between them; then the direction of motion of screw gives the direction of vector A B (Fig. a)
(b) Right hand thumb rule : Bend the finger of the right hand in such a way that they point in the direction
 
of rotation from vector A to B through the smaller angle between them; then the thumb points in the
 
direction of vector A B (Fig. b)

Some Important Points :

1. The cross product of the two vectors does not obey commutative law. As discussed above

       
A  B   (B  A) i .e., A  B  (B  A)
2. The cross product follows the distributive law i.e.,
      
A  (B  C )  A  B  A  C
3. The cross product of a vector with itself is a NULL vector i.e.,
 
A  A  ( A) ( A) sin 0 nˆ  0
4. The cross product of two vectors represents the area of the parallelogram formed by them,

(Figure., shows a parallelogram PQRS whose adjacent sides PQ and PS are represented by vectors
 
A and B respectively..
 
Now, area of parallelogram = QP × SM = QPAB sin Because, the magnitude of vectors A B is AB
sin , hence cross product of two vectors represents the area of parallelogram formed by it. It is worth
   
noting that area vector A B acts along the perpendicular to the plane of two vectors A and B .

5. In case of unit vectors iˆ, jˆ, kˆ, we obtain following two important properties:

(a) iˆ  iˆ  jˆ  jˆ  kˆ  kˆ  (1) (1) sin 0 (nˆ )  0

(b) iˆ  ˆj  (1) (1) sin 90 (kˆ )  kˆ

where, k̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of iˆ and ˆj in a direction in which a right hand
screw will advance, when rotated from iˆ to ˆj

Also,  ˆj  iˆ  (1) (1) sin 90 ( kˆ )  kˆ

Similarly, ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  ˆj  iˆ and kˆ  iˆ   iˆ  kˆ  ˆj

6. Cross product of two vectors in terms of their rectangular components :
 
A B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ )  (Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ )

 ( Ay B z  Az B y ) iˆ  ( Az B x  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax By  Ay B x ) kˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

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 IIT - JEE/NEET Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions


7. Multiplication of a vector A with a real number m

If m is positive real number then a parallel vector is obtained having magnitude m times the magnitude of A
If m is negative real number then antiparallel vector is obtained having magnitude m times the magnitude
of A

 
8. If angle between A and B is , then angle between A and  B or between  A and B is (180° – ).

RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Relative velocity :
     
Velocity of object A w.r.t. object B is v AB  v A  v B , v BA  v B  v A
1. Direction of Umbrella : A person moving one straight road has to hold his umbrella opposite ot direction
vM
of relative velocity of rain. The angle  is given by tan   with vertical in forward direction.
vR

Umbrella

vRM

vR  vR

 –vM
vM

2. Closest approach : Two objects A and B having velocities vA and v B at separation x are shown in
figure

vA vB
A B
x

-vB
The relative velocity of A with respect to B is given by

v AB  v A  v B vAB
vA
vA
tan   
vB
The above situation is similar to figure given below -vB
y is the distance of closest approach.
) on
. B ti
r.t o
w. f m

y vAB
A no

Now, sin  
of tio

x
c
ire

 y = x sin
(D

y
x tan  xVA
y   v=0
1  tan 2  VB2  V A2 A x B

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 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions IIT - JEE/NEET

3. Crossing a river :
v = velocity of the man in still water. y
= angle of which man swims w.r.t. normal to bank such that
D
B
vx = – v sin , vy = v cos 

d d
v d
Time taken to cross the river is given by t    v cos 
v y v cos 
x
v sin  A u
Velocity along the river

v x  u  v sin 

Distance drifted along the river D  t v x

d
D (u  v sin  )
v cos 

Case I :
The Minimum time to cross the river is given by

d
min  (whencos  = 1, = 0°, u v)
v

Distance drifted is given by

d
D u
v

Case II :
To cross the riven straight v
u
drift D = 0  u – v sin  = 0

u 2 2
sin    (v > u) v -u
v

Time to cross the river straight across is given by

d d
t 
v cos  v  u2
2

PROJECTILE MOTION
An object moving in space under the influence of gravity is called projectile. Two important cases of interest
are discussed below :
1. Horizontal projection :
A body of mass m is projected horizontally with a speed u from a height h at the moment t = 0. The path
followed by it is a parabola.

It hits the ground at the moment t = T, with a velocity v such that

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 IIT - JEE/NEET Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

2H t=0
T  x-axix
g

 y
v  u 2  2gH  uiˆ  gTˆj y-axix
t = t0
H
The position at any instant t0 is given by x
x = ut0
1 2
y  gt 0
2 t=T
gx 2 R v
y 
2u 2
The velocity at any instant t0 is given by

v 0  uiˆ  gt 0 ˆj
2. Oblique projection : A body of mass m is projected from ground with speed u at an angle  above
horizontal at the moment t = 0.
It hits the ground at a horizontal distance R at the moment t = T.
T
t= 2
v
uy u cos  = ux

u
H
t=0  t=T
ux
R

2u y 2u sin 
1. Time of flight T  
g g

u y2 u 2 sin2 
2. Maximum height H 
2g 2g

2u x u y u 2 sin 2
3. Horizontal range R  u x T  
g g

gx 2
4. Equation of trajectory; y  x tan  
2u cos 2 
2

 x
or y  x tan 1  
 R

5. Instantaneous velocity v  u 2  (gt )2  2u(gt ) sin 

v sin
gt v
and direction of motion is such that, tan   tan  
u cos  

u cos  v cos
v 
cos  
(a) [ Horizontal component is same every where]

(b) v sin = u sin – gt

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 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions IIT - JEE/NEET


(c) When v (velocity at any instant ‘t’) is perpendicular to u (initial velocity)
  = 90° –  u
u cos 
(i) v   u cot  
cos(90  )

u
(ii) t  v
g sin 

Applications :
1. The height attained by the particle is largest when  = 90°. In this situation, time of flight is maximum
and range is minimum (zero).
2. The horizontal range is same for complimentary angles like (, 90 – ) or (45 + , 45 – ). It is maximum
for  = 45°.

Rmax
3. When horizontal range is maximum, H 
4
4. When R is range, T is time of flight and H is maximum height, then

gT 2
(a) tan  
2R

4H
(b) tan  
R
5. If A and B are two points at same level such that the object passes A at t = t1 and B at T = t2, then
y

t = t1 t = t2
A B
u
h h

t=T
t=0 x
2u sin 
(i) T   t1  t 2
g
1
(ii) h  gt1t 2
2
(iii) Average velocity in the interval AB is
vav = ucos [  vertical displacement is zero]

CIRCULAR MOTION
An object of mass m is moving on a circular track of radius r. At t = 0, it was at A. At any moment of time
‘t’, it has moved to B, such that  AOB   . Let its speed at this instant be v and direction is along the tangent.
In a small time dt, it moves to B such that  BOB  d  .

The angular displacement vector is d  dkˆ

 d ˆ
The angular velocity vector is   k.
dt
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 IIT - JEE/NEET Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

At B, the speed of the object has become v + dv. y

dv v+dv
The tangential acceleration is at  B
dt
B
2
d
v r
The radial (centripetal acceleration) is ac   2 r 
r x
O A
d
The angular acceleration is  
dt
Relations among various quantities.
  
1. v    r
  
 dv  dr d 
2. a     r  ac  at
dt dt dt

 
3. ac    v

 
4. at    r

  

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