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biological characteristics (Zhao et al., 2008). According to charcoal was then cooled and crushed. The sand that was used
Zhao, the surface area of bamboo charcoal is ten times more in the research was bought from construction supply store The
than wood charcoal. Also, the pores in the bamboo charcoal has cement used was a Type – IP (Ordinary Portland Cement) and
about four times more cavities which traps the air, keeping it was bought on the construction supply store. The supply for the
still and making it a good insulator. coir fiber was obtained from Philippine Eco Fiber in San Pablo,
Due to coir fiber’s excellent resistance to cracking and Laguna. The fiber was cleaned and was cut into 37.5 mm length.
bamboo charcoal’s extremely large surface area and its unique
A. Chemical Composition Analysis
microporous structure, combining these would be a promising
composite material in making concrete roof tiles which are less The chemical composition testing was done at DOST FPRDI
brittle and more effective in reducing heat in structures. This in Los Banos, Laguna. The research institute assessed the
research will develop the concrete roof tile in three different structural components of the bamboo charcoal such as fixed
ways: (i) to improve its design (ii) to improve its thermal carbon, volatile combustible matter, ash and moisture content.
properties by using bamboo charcoal and lastly, (iii) to develop Fixed carbon determines the amount of non-volatile carbon
the roofing material by adding fiber coir that will serve as a that remaining in a coal sample after combustion. Volatile
reinforcement to the concrete roof tile to prevent it from easily combustible matter determines the amount of non-water gases
breaking. released by combustion of a sample. Ash content determines the
amount of non-combustible material. Moisture content
II. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY determines the amount of water that exists in the coal.
The study involve producing a concrete roof tile, made from B. Cement and Sand
cement, sand, bamboo charcoal and coconut coir fiber wherein The density of cement in connection with the design of
the properties are required to be determined as per ASTM. The Portland cement concrete mixtures was conducted according to
volume percentage for cement, fine aggregates and coir fiber the standard procedure of ASTM C 188-95. Le Chatelier Flask
will be constant but the amount of bamboo charcoal varies was filled with kerosene a little over 1 cc mark and then
which gives different mix designs. immersed in a water bath with temperature remain at 20 degree
The study will also focus on the contribution of bamboo Celsius for about 40 minutes. The kerosene level after
charcoal and coir fiber in thermal properties, strength and immersion was recorded as the initial reading. The cement
durability of the designed concrete roof tile, respectively. sample was added in the flask and then immersed in the bath
To observe the response of concrete roof tile when exposed for 40 minutes and the level of kerosene after the immersion
to the weather, it will be investigated from an experimental was recorded as the final reading.
setup developed in previous studies done by Halwatura et al.
and Silva et al. Specific gravity test was done using the standards procedure
The bamboo to be used was limited to waste bamboo that will of ASTM C128-01. The fine aggregates were set into its SSD
be collected in furniture shops in Cavite. Bamboos used was condition. SSD condition was confirmed when the sand was put
cleaned removing dirt from it by brushing. in the cone mold and tampered for 10 times and the slump of
The coir fiber to be used was bought in Pilipinas Ecofiber in the aggregate was observed. The sample weighing 500 grams
San Pablo, Laguna. The coir was used in the condition received were poured into the Chapman’s flask and was immersed in
from the manufacturers. It was cut to a certain length. Dirt and water bath at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius for three
other materials were removed from it manually. No chemical hours. Datas were then collected and used for calculating the
treatment was done to the coir fiber used. specific gravity of sand. IEEE will do the final formatting of
The cement to used was Ordinary Portland Cement without your paper. If your paper is intended for a conference, please
any other additive and/or mixture. observe the conference page limits.
The properties of the developed product includes water
absorption, permeability, transverse breaking strength and an C. Mix Design
experimental setup for temperature observation. The 3.4. Mix Design
comparison of various mix design is presented through a Table 1 shows the four mix designs used which varies in
graphical analysis for variation of temperature beneath the tile bamboo charcoal. Water, cement, sand and coir fiber are
specimens done by experimental setup and a 7, 14 and 28-day constant. The mixed design was based on a study done by
basis for water absorption and transverse breaking strength and Ghana et al. in 2016, a concrete roof tile manual written by Bo
lastly, an acceptance criteria will be the basis for permeability Johannson and for the fiber length would be based from the
test. study done by Cook et al.
D. Concrete Roof Tile
III. METHODOLOGY
Proper mixing of raw materials such as water, cement and
The bamboo was obtained from Imus, Cavite, The aggregates was done to attain uniformity. Then, the mixture was
Department of Science and Technology – Forest Products placed in a mold to produce a concrete roof tile. The principle
Research and Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI) provided for making concrete roof tiles are based on simple technology
technical assistance in burning the bamboo into charcoal. The and equipment. After the right quantities of the raw materials
Development of Concrete Roof Tile using Coir Fiber as Reinforcement and Bamboo Charcoal as Thermal Insulator
was chosen and mix, the concrete roof tile mortar was put on coarser wire mesh, removing visible surface water with a damp
the mold until it is completely filled. The excess concrete roof cloth; weigh and record as Ws (saturated weight). For drying,
tile mortar was scraped off until a smooth surface is achieved. subsequent to saturation, all specimens were dried in a
Specimens were stored immediately after finishing until the ventilated oven at 212 to 239°F (100 to 115°C) for not less than
removal of the molds to prevent loss of moisture from the 24h. The weight of dried specimens were recorded as Wd
specimens. It was stored on a cool place and was kept damp. (oven-dry weight). Absorption will be calculated as follows:
𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑
TABLE I 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, % = [ ] 𝑥 100 (1)
𝑊𝑑
DESIGN MIX PROPORTIONS
F. Permeability Test
CONCRETE MIXTURE ADDITIVE
The permeability test was used to determine whether the
MIXTURE C:S W/C Ratio Coir Fiber Coir Fiber BAMBOO water can pass through the concrete roof tile in given span of
SET 1:2.5 0.55 37.5 mm Length CHARCOAL time. The frame was constructed 3 ft (1 m) by 3 ft (1 m) at a
pitch not to exceed 30° without nails or roofing felt.
(g) (g) (g) (mm) (g)
The tiles were installed as would be installed during field
MIX A 563 1408 253 37.5 0 application for tile headlap without the use of nails. A 1⁄2 in.
MIX B 563 1408 253 37.5 5
diluge pipe (12 mm) inside diameter with 1⁄16 in. (2 mm) holes
on 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) was placed over the top course of the roof
MIX C 563 1408 253 37.5 10
to simulate run down from the higher course. A spray nozzle
MIX D 563 1408 253 37.5 15 was placed over the center of the tile to simulate direct rainfall
and such that every tile on the roof received an equal volume of
water. The acceptable criteria for the concrete roof tile to pass
will be: (i) when the free water has not formed on the underside
of the tile and (ii) not more than 25% of the visible underside of
any one tile shall show dampness.
G. Transverse Breaking Strength
The transverse breaking strength of tiles was determined as
described in the Modulus of Rupture Test in ASTM C 67-03.
Test specimen were supported flatwise unless specified and
reported otherwise (that is, apply the load in the direction of the
(a) (b) depth of the unit) on a span approximately 1 in. (25.4 mm) less
than the basic unit length and loaded at midspan. If the
Fig. 1. From left (a) Production Process, (b) Concrete roof output specimens will have recesses (panels or depressions) place
them so that such recesses are on the compression side. The load
was applied to the upper surface of the specimen through a steel
bearing plate ¼ in. (6.35 mm) in thickness and ½ in. (38.10 mm)
in width and of a length at least equal to the width of the
specimen. The supports for the test specimen were free to rotate
in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the test specimen
and will be adjusted so that they will exert no force in the
directions. For the speed of testing, the rate of loading shall not
exceed 2000 lbf (8896 N)/min. But this requirement will be
considered as being met if the speed of the moving head of the
testing machine immediately prior to application of the load is
not more than 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min. Modulus of rupture of
Fig. 2. Concrete roof tile specimens each specimen was calculated and reported to the nearest 1 psi
(0.01 MPa) as follows:
E. Water Absorption Test 𝑙
( − 𝑥)
This test is used to determine the capacity of concrete roof 𝑆 = 3𝑊 2 2 (2)
tile to absorb water when it is subjected to heavy rain. For 𝑏𝑑
saturation, the test specimens were immersed in water at a
temperature of 60 to 80°F (15.6 to 26.7°C) for 24 h. The Where S is the modulus of rupture of the specimen at the
specimens were weighed while suspended by a metal wire and plane of failure, lb/in2 (Pa), W is the maximum load indicated
completely submerged in water and record Wi (immersed by the testing machine, lbf (N), l is the distance between the
weight). The specimens were remove from the water and allow supports, in (mm), b is the depth of the specimen at the plane of
to drain for 1 min by placing them on a 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) or v, failure, in mm and x is the average distance from the midspan
of the specimen at the plane of failure measure in the direction
R. Alonzo, E.J. Beljot, R. Homigop, A. Macaspac, A. Nicolas, A.P. Torreno
of the span along the centerline of the bed surface subjected to B. Chemical Analysis of Bamboo Charcoal
tension, in mm. The chemical analysis of bamboo charcoal was included in
H. Thermal Experimental Setup the study to further understand the effects of bamboo charcoal
to the concrete roof tile and to also know what the coal ranking
The thermal properties of the roof tiles were investigated
of the sample would be. The analysis done was the proximate
from an experimental setup, similar to the set ups developed in
chemical analysis which includes determining the fixed carbon,
previous studies. Roof tiles were covered with an insulating
volatile combustible matter, ash and moisture content.
material in all surfaces except the top surface. Space between
the insulating material and the tile was filled with Styrofoam to TABLE I
avoid heat transferring from other surfaces except the top PROXIMATE ANALYSIS RESULTS
surface. Two Temperature MAX 6675 thermocouple amplifier TEST RESULTS (%)
module with Type K thermocouple were placed on the top and Fixed Carbon 63.37 ± 0.33
the bottom surfaces at the middle of the tile. The temperature
Volatile Combustible Matter 22.47 ± 0. 83
was measured in every 30 mins from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. The
amplifier measured the output of the K thermocouple and Ash 14.15 ± 0.17
provided the results to Arduino via SPI. Moisture Content 2.50 ± 0.31
(a)
bamboo charcoal) have passed the permeability test as water did concrete roof tile increases, the water absorption also increases.
not penetrate beneath the tile and showed no dampness. Mix C The maximum average water absorption was 12.28 % of the
(5% bamboo charcoal) and Mix D (7.5% bamboo charcoal) mix D which contains 7.5% bamboo charcoal content. (2)
have become more permeable because adding bamboo charcoal Permeability was also found to be directly proportional to the
increased the porosity of the roof tile showing gradual amount of bamboo charcoal content. As the amount of bamboo
dampness on the underside of the tile but on the 14th day and charcoal increase, the roof tile becomes permeable. (3)
28th day, all roof tile have shown no freewater formed and less Addition of bamboo charcoal to the concrete roof tile affects the
dampness were found on it. early strength of the concrete roof tile as it retards the cement
hydration and prolonging the setting time of the cement. (4) The
E. Transverse Breaking Strength
thermal experimental shows that the addition of bamboo
charcoal reduces the temperature beneath the tile which causes
the indoor environment cooler. When the humidity or the
moisture level of the surrounding is higher than of the bamboo
charcoal, the bamboo charcoal adsorbs the mass of moisture in
the air, vice versa. (5) The specimen with 2.5% bamboo
charcoal content is the governing mix having a modulus of
rupture of 4.25 MPa ,water absorption of 9.08%, passing the
permeability test and lowers the temperature indoors by 2.35°C.
Fig. 5 Modulus of Rupture The proponents would like to present the following
recommendations for further development of the study.
Fig 5 shows that incorporating bamboo charcoal in concrete Addition of admixtures is recommended to improve the flexural
roof tile has an effect in the early flexural strength. Strength of strength of the tile. Further study of the effect of fineness of
the roof tile increases as time progresses. Bamboo charcoal bamboo charcoal to the strength of the roof tile by scanning
decreases the strength of the roof tile. Mix A was able to reach electron microscope. For an increase in the amount of bamboo
its strength faster than Mix B, C and D, which shows that the charcoal in order to attain a cooler indoor environment, the use
charcoal retards the cement hydration and prolonging the of water proofing agent is highly recommended. When it comes
setting time of the cement. to production, it is better that the water, sand and cement will
be mixed first and bamboo charcoal will be added after because
F. Thermal Experimental Setup
bamboo charcoal has an effect on the workability of the
concrete roof tile. A suitable mold is recommended other than
the use of GI sheet to better control the thickness of the
specimen.
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