Claro Honduras LTE Workshop Day 1 - Tegucigalpa September 2014v2

RLAM/IPN/edcbmc 2014-09-24
Claro honduras
LTE Workshop
TEGUCIGALPA September 2014
BLANCA m. CERON GALLARDO

blanca.ceron@ericsson.com
agenda
› 09:00 – 9:15 Introduction to LTE

› 09:15 – 9:45 Claro Honduras LTE
› 09:45 – 10:30 MME Design and Inputs
› 10:30 – 10:45 Break
› 10:45 – 11:30 DNS Design and Inputs
RLAM/IPN/edcbmc | © Ericsson AB 2014 | 2014-09-24 | Page 2
© Ericsson AB 2014 1
Agenda
› Introduction to LTE
› Claro Honduras LTE
› MME Design and Inputs
› DNS Design and Inputs
What is LTE/EPC?
› Nodes in LTE & EPC
– Functionality
EPC
(Core Network)
› Interfaces
– to other systems
– between nodes
LTE
(Radio Access Network)
LTE & EPC interconnectivity
› EPS = LTE + EPC

› EPS standard: 3GPP release 8
› Reuse existing equipment, frequencies and sites
CS networks
Core Network
2G
Circuit Core
3G
User mgmt IMS domain

eUTRAN
EPC
”IP networks”
Non-3GPP
EPS Overview
Architecture
3GPP Work Items
EPS EPC
(Evolved SAE
(Evolved
Packet Core) (System Architecture
Packet
System) Evolution)
E-UTRAN
LTE
(Long Term Evolution)
UE
LTE/EPC Architecture
PCRF Gx
P-GW
S10
HSS MME MME S5/S8
S6 S11
SAE Evolved
Packet
S-GW
Core
S1-CP S1-UP
LTE E-UTRAN
X2-UP
eNodeB eNodeB
X2-CP
LTE/EPC Architecture PCRF
HSS
• Provides Service Data
• Maintain and provide subscription Flow gating

LTE
data • Set QoS for each Service
• User Identification handling Data Flow
• Access Authorization SASN
• Define Charging for each Service
• Provide Keys for Authentication • Packet Inspection and
Data Flow
and Encryption Service Classification
• Enables Bearer QoS Control
• User Registration management • Credit control
• Maintain knowledge of used PDN GW • Quality of Service control • Correlation between Application
• Content filtering and Bearer charging
• Access control • Notification of bearer events to
MME LTE LTE
• Policy control application function
• Authentication
• Content enrichment
• NAS signaling
• Traffic redirection
• GW selection
• Usage records
• Roaming (S6a to home HSS) PDN GW part
• Security
• Bearer management • External IP point of interconnect
• Idle mode tracking
• IP address allocation
• Paging
• Packet routing & forwarding
• Inter-MME and IRAT mobility
• NAS Ciphering and Integrity
• Lawful itercept
protection • Policy enforcement

• In home or visited network
LTE
eNodeB
S GW part LTE
• Cell resource management • In visited network in case of roaming
• Broadcast information • Intra-LTE mobility anchor
• MME selection • Packet routing & forwarding
• Transfer of transparent NAS signalling • Lawful intercept
• Routing of user data towards the S-GW
• LTE idle mode DL buffering
• Intra-LTE handover, inter-MME pool handover initiation, X2 eNB
inter-RAT handover initiation • Charging per UE, PDN and QCI
• QoS realization
• Security
LTE
Lte/epc iNTERFACES
LTE/EPC Interfaces
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
MME Serv GW
S1-MME S1-U
eNB
X2 LTE
LTE/EPC Interfaces
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
MME Serv GW
S1-MME S1-U
eNB
X2 LTE
LTE/EPC Interfaces
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
MME Serv GW
S1-MME S1-U
X2-AP GTP-U
SCTP UDP X2 Interface eNB

IP Connects
L2
neigboring
X2 LTE
eNodeBs
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
S1-AP MME Serv

Serv GW
GW
SCTP
S1-MME Interface
IP Reference point for
control plane protocol S1-MME S1-U
L2
between E-UTRAN
L1
and MME
S1-U Interface
Reference point for GTP-U
X2-AP GTP-U
user plane protocol
UDP
SCTP UDP between E-UTRAN
X2
X2
X2Interface
Interface
Interface eNB and SGW IP
IP
Connects
Connects
Connects
L2 neigboring
neigboring
neigboring X2 LTE L2
eNodeBs
eNodeBs
eNodeBs L1
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
Diameter IMS
S6a Interface
SCTP AAA interface between
HSS External
IP MME and HSS that
enables user access to
IP networks Rx
L2
the EPS
L1 PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
S1-AP MME Serv

Serv GW
GW
SCTP
S1-MME Interface
L2
between E-UTRAN
L1 and MME
S1-U Interface
Reference point for GTP-U
X2-AP GTP-U
user plane protocol
UDP
X2
X2
X2Interface
Interface
Interface eNB and MME IP
IP
Connects
Connects
Connects
L2 neigboring
neigboring
eNodeBs
eNodeBs
eNodeBs L1
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
Diameter IMS
S6a Interface
S6aInterface
SCTP AAAinterface
AAA interfacebetween
between
HSS External
IP MMEand
MME andHSS
HSSthat
that
enablesuser
enables useraccess
accesstoto
IP networks Rx
L2
theEPS
the EPS
L1 PCRF
S6a SGi
GTPv2-C SASN
S10 Interface Gx
UDP
interface between
IP MMEs for handover
L2 procedures
PDN GW
L1
S10
S5/S8
S11
S1-AP MME Serv

Serv GW
GW
SCTP
S1-MME Interface
L2
between E-UTRAN
L1
and MME
S1-U
S1-U Interface
Interface
Reference
Reference point
point for
for GTP-U
X2-AP GTP-U
user
user plane
plane protocol
protocol
UDP
SCTP UDP between
between E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
X2Interface
Interface
Interface eNB and
and MME
MME IP
IP
Connects
Connects
Connects
L2 neigboring
neigboring
eNodeBs
eNodeBs
eNodeBs L1
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
Diameter IMS
S6a
S6aInterface
Interface
SCTP AAA
AAAinterface
interfacebetween
between
HSS External
IP MME
MMEandandHSS
HSSthat
that
enables
enablesuser
useraccess
accesstoto
IP networks Rx
L2
the
theEPS
EPS
GTPv2-C
GTP-C
L1 PCRF
UDP
S6a SGi
IP
GTPv2-C L2 SASN
S10 Interface Gx
UDP L1
AAA interface between
IP MME and HSS that
S11 Interface
L2 Control plane for creating,
the EPS PDN GW
modifying and deleting
L1
S10 EPS bearers.
S5/S8
S11
S1-AP MME Serv

Serv GW
GW
SCTP
S1-MME Interface
L2
between E-UTRAN
L1 and MME
S1-U
S1-U Interface
Interface
Reference
Reference point
point for
for GTP-U
X2-AP GTP-U
user
user plane
plane protocol
protocol
UDP
SCTP UDP between
between E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
X2Interface
Interface
Interface eNB and
and MME
MME IP
IP
Connects
Connects
Connects
L2 neigboring
neigboring
eNodeBs
eNodeBs
eNodeBs L1
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
Diameter IMS
S6a Interface
S6aInterface
SCTP AAAinterface
AAA interfacebetween
between
HSS External
IP MMEand
MME andHSS
HSSthat
that
enablesuser
enables useraccess
accesstoto
IP networks Rx
L2
theEPS
the EPS
GTP-C
L1 PCRF
UDP
S6a SGi
IP
GTPv2-C L2 SASN
S10 Interface Gx
UDP AAA interface between L1
IP MME and HSS that

S11 Interface
L2 Control plane for creating,
the EPS PDN GW
modifying and deleting
L1
S10 EPS bearers.
S5/S8
S11
S1-AP MME Serv GW

SCTP S5/S8 Interface
S1-MME Interface Control and user
IP Reference point for plane
control plane protocol S1-MME S1-U tunneling between
L2 GTP-C/GTP-U
between E-UTRAN Serving GW and
L1 UDP
and MME PDN GW
S1-U
S1-U Interface
Interface IP
Reference
Reference point
point for
for GTP-U L2
X2-AP GTP-U
user
user plane
plane protocol
protocol
UDP L1
SCTP UDP between
between E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN
X2
X2
X2Interface
Interface
Interface eNB and
and MME
MME IP
IP
Connects
Connects
Connects
L2 neigboring
neigboring
eNodeBs
eNodeBs
eNodeBs L1
L1
LTE/EPC Interfaces
Diameter IMS SGi Interface
S6a Interface IP
Comunicates CPG
HSS External with external L2
IP MME and HSS that networks.
IP networks Rx L1
L2
the EPS
GTPv2-C
L1 PCRF Diameter
UDP
S6a SGi
TCP
IP Rx Interface
Transport policy IP
GTPv2-C L2 SASN
S10 Interface Gx control, charging and L2
UDP L1
interface between QoS control.
L1
IP
MMEs for handover S11 Interface
L2 procedures Control plane for creating, Gx Interface
PDN GW
modifying and deleting Provides transfer of
L1 Diameter
S10 EPS bearers. policy and charging
S5/S8 Rules from PCRF to TCP
S11
PDN Gw.
IP
S1-AP MME Serv GW
L2
S1-MME Interface Control and user L1
L2 GTP-C/GTP-U
L1 UDP
and MME PDN GW
S1-U Interface IP
Reference point for GTP-U L2
X2-AP GTP-U
user plane protocol
UDP L1
X2 Interface eNB and MME IP
IP
Connects
L2 neigboring X2 LTE L2
eNodeBs L1
L1
Initial attach & session

activation
Initial Attach
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
MME Serv GW
S1-MME S1-U
eNB
X2 LTE
UE
Session Activation
IMS
HSS External
IP networks Rx
PCRF
S6a SGi
SASN
Gx
PDN GW
S10
S5/S8
S11
MME Serv GW
S1-MME S1-U
eNB
X2 LTE
UE
SUMMARY
LTE/EPC Interfaces -
Summary
Diameter IMS SGi Interface
S6a Interface IP
Comunicates CPG
HSS External with external L2
IP MME and HSS that networks.
IP networks Rx L1
L2
the EPS
GTPv2-C
L1 PCRF Diameter
UDP
S6a SGi
TCP
IP Rx Interface
Transport policy IP
GTPv2-C L2 SASN
Gx control, charging and L2
UDP S10 Interface L1 QoS control.
interface between L1
IP
S11 Interface
MMEs
L2 Control plane for creating, Gx Interface
PDN GW
modifying and deleting Provides transfer of
L1 Diameter
S10 EPS bearers. policy and charging
S5/S8 Rules from PCRF to TCP
S11
PDN Gw.
IP
S1-AP MME Serv GW
L2
S1-MME Interface Control and user L1
L2 GTP-C/GTP-U
L1 UDP
and MME PDN GW
S1-U Interface IP
Reference point for GTP-U L2
X2-AP GTP-U
user plane protocol
UDP L1
X2 Interface eNB and MME IP
IP
Connects
L2 neigboring X2 LTE L2
eNodeBs L1
L1
Agenda
CLARO HONDURAS
LTE NETWORK OVERVIEW
IP Networks
TGU Site SPS Site

HSS
HSS
eDNS
eDNS
iDNS
PGW/ iDNS
SGW MME MME PGW/
SGW
Pool Area
LTE
LTE
Provissioning NTP OSS Charging

Supporting
Nodes
Claro honduras lte

MAIN SERVICES & FEATURES
› MME in Pool
› Circuit Switch Fallback
› SMS over LTE
› Session continuity to/from
3G
MME IN POOL - Overview
MME in Pool- Feature Description:

Collection of MME configured to serve any common part of radio
network, referred to as the MME Pool Service Area (consisting of several
Tracking Areas served by the eNodeBs). All the eNodeBs serving in pool
area are connected to all MMEs in the Pool (S1 Links). All MMEs are
identified with a Globally Unique MME Identity (GUMMEI) which is
include in Globally Unique Temporary ID (GUTI) that is allocated to UE.
MME IN POOL - BENEFITS
HLR/
LTE HSS
enodeB SGSN-
MME
SGSN-
SGSN-
MME
SGSN-
MME
MME
SGSN-MME
Pool
EPG
Internet
LTE eNodeB
Pool Area
Feature Benefits:
Provide Network redundancy for failure handling
eNodeB Easy network capacity expansion
Reduced network signalling load
Higher capacity usage ratio
LTE
- Traffic
- Signaling
MME Pool principles
› Each eNB in the Pool Area

connects to each MME in
the MME Pool
› Once attached to an MME,

a UE stays in that MME as
long as the UE remains in
the Pool Area
› An eNB routes UEs to the

correct MME by looking at
the GUMMEI (Global
Unique MME Identifier)
part of the GUTI
› UEs with no matching

GUMMEI are distributed
between MMEs in the pool
by the eNBs.
Globally Unique Temporary ID

(GUTI)
GUMMEI: Global unique MME id
Mme in pool - CHARACTERISTICS
• RelativeMmeCapacity is used for the load distribution.

• GUMMEI is used to identify a specific MME.
• When the UE leaves a pool service area and performs an Attach or
a TAU to an SGSN-MME outside the pool service area, the new
SGSN-MME extracts the GUMMEI of the old SGSN-MME from the
GUTI of the UE. The new SGSN-MME uses this GUMMEI to query
the DNS for the address to the old SGSN-MME and fetches the UE
context from the old SGSN-MM.
• Move operation can be used to redistribute traffic load in MME Pool.
MAIN SERVICES &

FEATURES
› MME in Pool
› SMS over LTE
3G/2G
LTE/EPC is only Packet (IP)
2G/3G and CDMA

› Specific management of CS telephony
through the whole system
› LTE/EPC
› Telephony is treated as any other IP
based service/application
Telephony in LTE
Circuit
GSM
GSM switched
CORE
IMS
3G
Telephony
HSPA
WCDMA
Packet
Core
LTE
LTE
INTERNET
LTE is PS-only, no CS.

Telephony over LTE is VoIP!
3GPP mechanisms for CS

coexistence
Mechanisms for CS coexistence
› Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB)
› Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
› IMS Centralized Services (ICS)
LTE GSM / WCDMA LTE
LTE
Circuit Switched Fall

Back (CSFB)
Mobile
Softswitch CS voice
GSM
CSFB WCDMA
Phone Evolved
Packet http://....
Core
LTE
Steer the UE to use LTE for Internet and GSM/WCDMA for Voice calls
› Preferred solution when:
– LTE area is not IMS Voice capable
– coverage is spotty.
› Allows LTE roll-out including telephony without IMS deployment
› Retains current roaming relationships
The CS FallBack Concept

› CSFB subscribers roam with preference on LTE access, no CS-voice
service available (only PS based services)
› Fallback triggered to overlapping CS domain (GSM / WCDMA)

whenever voice services are requested
› Resumed LTE access for PS services after call completion

LTE island
PS PS
LTE
LTE LTE
GSM / WCDMA
CS LTE
(+PS)
CSFB LTE Attach high

level flow
3. The Ue is CSFB Attached in the
LA via the MME
Nc /
Nb
A / IuCS
Abis / Iub
BTS BSC
MSS
NodeB RNC
Gb /
GSM / WCDMA IuPS
SGs
Location Update (LA)
S3
SGSN
4. CSFB subscriber Ue is
attached via Combined
Attach
MME 2. MME handles the combined PS
and CS Attach. For the CS Attach
S4 S11
it maps TA->LA and makes a
Location Update over SGs
S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
SGi
S1-U
S&P
eNodeB GW
CSFB A
phone LTE
1. CSFB subscriber Ue initiates attach

procedures to LTE using Combined
Attach
High level call flow (MT

call)
5. Page response and call setup over
GSM or WCDMA
B
Nc /
Nb
A / IuCS
Abis / Iub
Um / Uu
BTS BSC
MSS
NodeB RNC
Gb /
GSM / WCDMA IuPS
SGs
1. Incoming call to the subscriber
Paging
4. UE fall back
currently attached over LTE. Paging
to GSM or
in LTE via SGs.
WCDMA S3
SGSN
RAT MME
change 2. MME orders the UE to release
S4 S11 from LTE and execute CSFB
S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
SGi
S1-U
S&P
eNodeB GW
A
LTE
3. eNodeB orders the UE to release
from LTE to a target frequency and
RAT
6. UE reselects an LTE cell after call completion, time staying in

GSM/WCDMA is implementation dependent
CSFB Traffic Case

-- MO traffic case
› A Mobile Originating call is handled by the UE requesting voice service to
the MME.
› MME and eNodeB order the UE to move (fall back) to GSM or WCDMA.
› The UE makes a cell change accordingly and initiates the call setup
procedure.
CSFB functions in the

network architecture
B
CSFB Nc /
Abis / Iub A / IuCS
Nb
Um / Uu
BTS BSC
A NodeB RNC MSS
GSM / WCDMA Gb /
IuPS
SGs
S3
SGSN CSFB
RAT MME
change S4 S11
CSFB S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
CSFB
S1-U S&P SGi
eNodeB
CSFB GW
A
LTE
phone
CSFB
New functionality
MAIN SERVICES &

FEATURES
› MME in Pool
› SMS over Sgs
3G
High level call flow (MT

SMS)
1. Subscriber registers in MSC by CS signaling over
Uu-, S1- and SGs-interface (Attach/LU).
e-Uu
3. SMS page over

S1
SGs, S1, Uu
eNodeB
MME
LTE
- Device configuration
SGs
- PS roaming alert
- End user SMS
4. UE responds and
receive CS-SMS while
MSC-S
roaming in LTE SMS-
MSC-S
SC
2. Incoming SMS to
subscriber in LTE
Interface and protocol

› SGsAP (SGs Application Part)
– Based on BSSAP+ for Gs-interface (MSC-SGSN)
› SCTP/IP transport instead of connectionless SCCP (SS7)
SGsAP SGsAP
SCTP SCTP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
SGs
MME MSC
Architecture and
FEATURES
1. Short Message Service
ICS
2. EPS location information

HLR /
HSS
SMS-SC GMSC-S
1. SMS over SGs-interface C/D
1. Support of CS based SMS
MME
S1-MME MSS
SGs
e-Uu
A eNodeB S1-U
S&P 1. SMS over SGs-interface
GW
LTE
2. Short Message Service
3. MAP interface between

MSC and SMS-SC
TA – LA mapping &
MSC/VLR selection
› CSFB require that Tracking Areas (TA) in E-UTRAN and Location Areas
(LA) in GERAN/UTRAN are overlapping
› MSC/VLR have no information on TA MME must do TA-LA mapping
› A faulty TA-LA mapping may cause extra signaling or even dropped calls
› MME selects the MSC/VLR configured

for the LA associated with the UE's
current TA using the TA-LA mapping
› MSC in pool – several MSCs per LA
MAIN SERVICES &

FEATURES
› MME in Pool
› SMS over Sgs
› Session continuity to/from 3G
Session continuity between

gsm/wcdma and LTE
HSS
S3//Gn EPS
GSM/WCDMA MME
GGSN
SGW PGW
SGSN
nodeB/
enodeB
BSC
Agenda
› EPC architecture and Interfaces
MME FUNCTIONS IN LTE

› Protection
› Authentication
› NAS signaling
› GW selection
› Roaming (S6a to home HSS)
› Bearer management
› Idle mode tracking
› Paging
› Inter-MME and IRAT mobility
› NAS Ciphering and Integrity
integration points
Provissioning NTP OSS Charging
IP Networks
GGSN SGW/PGW
MME in
Pool S11
Gr’
HLR HSS S6a

SGSN
Gn/S3
Sgs LTE
MSC
GSM
WCDMA S13
iDNS
IP
EIR eDNS Networks
Mme
Physical connectivity
MME
LOGICAL CONNECTIVITY
MME INPUTS SUMMARY

› IP ranges for Services
› IP ranges for Interfaces
› Vlan mapping based on 3GPP interfaces (S1,S11,S6 etc)
› IGP Protocol
› CIQ FOR MME
CIQ MME-DNS
TGU
Agenda
› EPC architecture and Interfaces
Internal DNS
› Resolve SGW/PGW based on
Tracking Area and APN
during attach process.
› Resolve old MME/SGSN

during handover process.
› Forward queries to eDNS for

foreign domains
External DNS
› Query on GRX to resolve
PGW ip address for inbound
roamers.
› Answer on GRX with the

PGW address to serve
outbound roamers
MME and SGW/PGW

SELECTION
TGU P-GW P-GW SPS
Site Site
S-GW S-GW
iDNS
iDNS
MME MME
Pool Area
Transport
eNB eNB
eNB eNB Region 1
› The MME selects the S-GW based on the TA and PGW based on the APN
requested
DNS IN LTE TRAFFIC

CASES
› OWN SUBSCRIBERS IN HOME PLMN

› OWN SUBSCRIBERS ROAMING IN ANOTHER PLMN
› OWN SUBSCRIBERS VISITING THIS PLMN
Case 1: Own Subscribers in

HPLM
› Users of Claro Hondureas
located in the HPLM.
› DNS helps MME to locate

the suitable SGW/PGW
based on the TAC and APN
information provided by the
UE
› DNS helps MME to find the

SGSN serving previously a
UE in 3G/4G handover
scenario
Case 2: Own Subscribers

Roaming in another PLMN
› Users of Claro Honduras
located in other PLMN.
› Foreign networks reach the

eDNS from Claro Honduras
via the GRX in order to
resolve the ip address of
the PGW who serves the
APN requested by the
outbound roamer.
Case 3: Roaming
Subscribers visiting this
PLMN
› Subscribers visiting Claro
Honduras Networks:
Inbound roamers
› iDNS forwards this queries

to the eDNS from Claro in
order to findout via the GRX
the suitable PGWs to serve
the inbound roamers.
DNS design and inputs
› DNS SITES - DISTRIBUTION

› DNS CONNECTIVITY LOGICAL/PHYSICAL
› DNS ROUTING
› DNS INPUTS SUMMARY
DNS distribution
DNS Physical Connectivity

› Bond for O&M:
- SNMP traps
- Storage server – Protocol
server communication
- NTP synchronization
› Bond for Traffic:

-Send and receive queries/
answers.
DNS Logical connectivity

› Physical interfaces
connected two different
switches
› IP address of DNS node is
owned by one of the
interfaces.
› HSRP
› Same scheme for O&M and
Traffic
iDNS - Routing
eDNS - Routing
Dns Inputs summary

› IP ranges for Interfaces
› Vlan tagging
› Routers with HSRP funtionality
› DNS CIQ
CIQ MME-DNS
SPS

Claro Honduras LTE Workshop Day 1 - Tegucigalpa September 2014v2

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RLAM/IPN/edcbmc 2014-09-24

BLANCA m. CERON GALLARDO

› 09:00 – 9:15 Introduction to LTE

RLAM/IPN/edcbmc | © Ericsson AB 2014 | 2014-09-24 | Page 2

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LTE & EPC interconnectivity

› EPS = LTE + EPC

User mgmt IMS domain

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LTE/EPC Architecture PCRF

• Maintain and provide subscription Flow gating

protection • Policy enforcement

SCTP UDP X2 Interface eNB

S1-AP MME Serv

S1-AP MME Serv

S1-AP MME Serv

S1-AP MME Serv

IP MME and HSS that

S1-AP MME Serv GW

Initial attach & session

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TGU Site SPS Site

Provissioning NTP OSS Charging

Claro honduras lte

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MME IN POOL - Overview

MME in Pool- Feature Description:

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MME IN POOL - BENEFITS

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MME Pool principles

› Each eNB in the Pool Area

› Once attached to an MME,

› An eNB routes UEs to the

› UEs with no matching

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Globally Unique Temporary ID

GUMMEI: Global unique MME id

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Mme in pool - CHARACTERISTICS

• RelativeMmeCapacity is used for the load distribution.

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MAIN SERVICES &

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LTE/EPC is only Packet (IP)

2G/3G and CDMA

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LTE is PS-only, no CS.

3GPP mechanisms for CS

LTE GSM / WCDMA LTE

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Circuit Switched Fall

› Retains current roaming relationships

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The CS FallBack Concept

› Fallback triggered to overlapping CS domain (GSM / WCDMA)

› Resumed LTE access for PS services after call completion

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CSFB LTE Attach high

1. CSFB subscriber Ue initiates attach

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