Reference TMS PDF

Power*Tools
for Windows
™
TMS Reference Manual

Electrical Engineering Analysis Software
for Windows
Copyright © 1998, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
SKM Power*Tools for Windows

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Contents
1 TMS STUDY 1-1

1.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................1-2
1.2. Prepare Data..........................................................................................................1-4
1.2.1. Choose a Library Model...................................................................................1-4
How Motor Models Work ......................................................................................1-6
Moment of Inertia...................................................................................................1-9
Torque Base and Current Base.............................................................................1-10
Choose a Controller..............................................................................................1-11
Full Voltage (Square) .......................................................................................1-11
Full Voltage (Square Transient) .......................................................................1-11
Full Voltage (Curve) ........................................................................................1-11
Solid State Current Ramp.................................................................................1-11
Solid State Voltage Ramp ................................................................................1-12
Solid State Current Limit..................................................................................1-12
Series Reactance...............................................................................................1-12
Series Resistance ..............................................................................................1-12
Shunt Capacitors ..............................................................................................1-13
Star Delta..........................................................................................................1-13
Part Winding ....................................................................................................1-13
Auto Transformer .............................................................................................1-13
1.3. Open the TMS Study Manager ..........................................................................1-14
1.4. Create Motor Starting Events............................................................................1-15
1.4.1. Cases and Case Folders ..................................................................................1-16
1.4.2. Choose Motors and Buses ..............................................................................1-18
1.4.3. Choose Dynamic Events for a motor..............................................................1-20
Points to Consider when assigning Dynamic Events ...........................................1-20
1.4.4. Choose Channels ............................................................................................1-22
1.5. Run Motor Starting Simulation to Produce Data ............................................1-24
Points to Consider when running the Motor Starting Simulation ........................1-24
1.5.2. Setup Options .................................................................................................1-26
System Modeling..................................................................................................1-27
Solution Method...................................................................................................1-27
Load Specification................................................................................................1-28
Directly Connected Loads ................................................................................1-28
From Demand Load Study ...............................................................................1-28
Solution Criteria ...................................................................................................1-28
Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor .............................1-28
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop ........................................................1-29
Maximum Simulation Time, Simulation Time Step.........................................1-29

TMS ii Reference Manual
1.6. Plot Motor Starting Curves ............................................................................... 1-29

1.6.1. Working with Plots ........................................................................................ 1-31
1.6.2. Understanding Axes ...................................................................................... 1-35
1.1.1. Taking Motors to the Component Editor ....................................................... 1-37
1.1.2. Zooming In and Out....................................................................................... 1-37
1.1.3. Adding Annotations to a plot......................................................................... 1-37
1.1.4. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic.......................................................... 1-39
1.1.5. Changing Colors and Sizes............................................................................ 1-40
1.1.6. Printing Plots ................................................................................................. 1-44
1.7. Quick Reference.................................................................................................. 1-46
1.1.7. Commands and buttons.................................................................................. 1-46
1.7.1. Terms ............................................................................................................. 1-49
1.1. Technical Information........................................................................................ 1-51
1.1.8. Potential Motor Starting Problems ................................................................ 1-54
1.1.9. Fundamental Equations ................................................................................. 1-55
1.2. Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 1-57
2 USING TMS’S LIBRARY 2-1

2.1. General Library Usage......................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model ............................................................................... 2-4
2.1.2. Adding a New Model....................................................................................... 2-4
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model ............................................................................. 2-4
2.1.4. Printing an Identification Report of Selected Library Models......................... 2-5
2.1.5. Metric Units ..................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2. Motor models ........................................................................................................ 2-5
2.2.1. Single Rotor ..................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.2. Double Rotor ................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.3. Graphical model............................................................................................... 2-8
Typical models..................................................................................................... 2-10
2.3. Load models ........................................................................................................ 2-11
2.3.1. Exponential.................................................................................................... 2-11
Exponential Load Model Calculator.................................................................... 2-13
Typical Data......................................................................................................... 2-13
2.3.2. Graphic Load model ...................................................................................... 2-14
Index TMS i
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1 TMS Study
The Transient Motor Starting (TMS) Study module is a state-of-the-art computer

simulation which helps you analyze motor starting problems. TMS models multiple
motors dynamically in various stages of starting, stopping, or reacting to load changes,
and can even represent motors which are already on-line at the beginning of the
simulation. As with all PTW Study modules, TMS uses the same database, so you can
examine all your existing Projects.
IN THIS CHAPTER
1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................1-2

1.2. Prepare Data ............................................................................................................1-4
1.3. Open the TMS Study Manager ..............................................................................1-14
1.4. Create Motor Starting Events ................................................................................1-15
1.5. Run Motor Starting Simulation to Produce Data...................................................1-24
1.6. Plot Motor Starting Curves ....................................................................................1-29
1.7. Quick Reference ....................................................................................................1-46
1.1. Technical Information ...........................................................................................1-51
1.2. Works Cited...........................................................................................................1-57
TMS 1-2 Reference Manual
1.1. Introduction
TMS simulates the starting of induction motors in the Project that you have created in
PTW. The time simulation method is similar to that employed by transient stability
programs and involves (1) iterating between network load flow solutions to determine
motor terminal voltage conditions, (2) solving of machine equations to determine motor,
bus, and controller currents, and (3) solving of the motors’ shaft dynamics in a time-step
manner.
Because TMS employs time simulation techniques, it eliminates having to examine motor
starting from several different perspectives, and permits the analysis of interaction
between motors. The IEEE Brown Book’s recommended method, which can involve
more than one type of motor starting study and suggests the use of voltage drop snapshots
along with motor torque and acceleration time analysis, followed by impedance, current,
and load flow solution methods, can only approximate the results achieved by TMS.
In order to model on-line motors in the same detail as starting motors, TMS incorporates
on-line motor models into the initial load flow solution interactive loop. This is a
significant advantage because on-line motors’ terminal voltage affects the motors’ current,
torque, and speed, and because load torque itself is a function of speed.
TMS does not model the flux linkage dynamics required for analysis of rapid transfer
switching. In addition, TMS assumes that the system frequency remains constant and that
the exciters respond quickly compared to the time required to start the motor. TMS
assumes the generator voltage control to be immediate within the generator VAR limits.
The following flowchart illustrates the steps involved in running a TMS Study.
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TMS Study TMS 1-3
Flowchart of the steps in a TMS Study
Prepare Data
Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

so on).
Return to the Assign motor and load models to induction motors in the
Component Editor to Component Editor.
modify the static
portion of the system Modify the Moment of Inertia, Base Current, and Base Torque from
or to choose different their defaults if needed. Select a Controller Type and, if needed,
motor models or enter Controller Data.
different load models;
Run Transient Motor Starting (TMS).
different moment of
inertia, base current, or
base torque values; or
different controller
types for any induction
motor components.
Create Motor Starting Events
With the TMS Study Manager in Event Mode, create or select a

Case Folder.
Create or select a Case.
Switch TMS Select motors and buses to be included in the Case.
back to Event
Mode to Define Dynamic events for each motor (starting time, etc.).
create new
Select channels to be saved during simulation (speed, torque, etc.).
Cases, or to
pick different
channels to
create data
for.
Run Motor Starting Simulation to Produce Data
Run the Simulation to generate data for the channels. Depending

on what you have highlighted, or “selected,” in the Case Window,
data will be generated for (a) the selected Case only, (b) all the
Cases within the selected Case Folder, or (c) all the Cases within
all the Case Folders.
Plot Motor Starting Curves
Switch the TMS Study Manager to Plot Mode to display the curves.

1.2. Prepare Data

Before you open the TMS Study Manager, you must be sure that the electrical system is
“complete.” By complete, we mean that all the necessary elements of your electrical
system are in place:
• All the induction motors have motor and load models chosen in the Component
Editor;
• All components are connected;
• A swing bus (utility) component is included;
• Sizes are entered in the Component Editor for all the cables, transformers,
motors, and non-motor loads.
If the electrical system is not complete, TMS Study will report an error and will not run.
Tip: Running DAPPER’s Demand Load and Load Flow Studies before starting
TMS is a good way to check your electrical system for problems or components that
need to be modified.
To supply TMS with detailed data about the starting characteristics of the motor, use the
Transient Motor Starting subview of the Component Editor.
Click here to choose a motor model and a load model from

the TMS Library (see “Choose a Library Model,” following).
Enter data on the

Transient Motor
Starting subview.
Enter Moment of Inertia

and Controller data here
(see “Moment of Inertia”
and “Choose a
Controller,” following).
1.2.1. Choose a Library Model

Because TMS analyzes the dynamic portion of the electrical system, we need to supply
TMS with additional information about the induction motors, such their starting
characteristics and the loads that they will drive.
To assign data to an induction motor, we use the Select a Device dialog box, which opens
the TMS Library in read-only form and allows us to “peer into” it and retrieve data from it
without accidentally editing the data.
To open the Select a Device dialog box

1. Click the Library button.
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TMS Study TMS 1-5
The Select a Device dialog box appears.
The “Motor Model” and “Load Model” categories contain the Library models which
you will apply to the induction motor.
The categories are expandable. Once you expand a category, its models are then
displayed.
1) Click on the expand box. . . 2) and the category expands (do this for both the
Motor Model and the Load Model categories).
3) Now click on a sub-category. . . 4) and a list of models appears.
Once the devices appear in the right half of the Select a Device dialog box, you may select
a motor model and a load model and apply their data to the motor.

Click the Apply button or double-click Choose the Close button to close the
on the name to apply the motor and Select a Device dialog box.
load models to the motor.
There are three categories of motor models:
1. Single Rotor
2. Double Rotor
3. Graphic Motor
Similarly, there are two categories of load models:
1. Exponential
2. Graphic Load
Note: A single Library model may be applied to as many motors as you want. For
example, even though the Library only contains a single NEMA A motor model, this
single motor model may be applied to numerous motors; Library models merely
provide a blueprint of the motor’s data.
Keep in mind that motor models are in per unit values, whereas load models are in
absolute values. Motor models merely provide the starting characteristics of the motor in
per unit values, which are converted to real values based on the voltage, current, and
RPMs of the specific motor the model is applied to. The following section illustrates this
behavior.
How Motor Models Work

Fig. 1-1 shows a Motor model in the TMS Library:
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TMS Study TMS 1-7
Current curve
Torque curve
Power Factor curve
Fig. 1-1
Note that the three curves—Torque (T), Power Factor (PF), and Current (I)—are not
plotted on absolute axes, but rather represent a percent of the base amount (all three motor
model curves use the motor’s Synchronous RPMs for their X axis, while each—Torque,
Power Factor, and Current—has its own base for the Y axis).
The base amounts (that is, the values at 100%) come from the Component Editor for that
specific motor. The Torque and Current base amounts comes from the Transient Motor
Starting subview, as shown in Fig. 1-2, while the Power Factor and Synchronous RPM
base amounts come from the Induction Motor subview, as shown in Fig. 1-3.
Fig. 1-2

Fig. 1-3
Therefore, if we apply the Library Motor model shown in Fig. 1-1 to this motor, the per
unit starting characteristics for Torque, Power Factor, and Current will be converted to
actual values based on this motor’s data.
For example, note in Fig. 1-3 that this motor’s Synchronous RPMs are 3600, which is the
motor’s operating speed at 100%. When the Library Motor model shown in Fig. 1-1 is
applied to this motor, the X axis (labeled “Speed”) now uses a base of 3600 RPMs, so that
the actual values for the model’s X axis are 0 to 3600 RPMs. (If we changed the motor’s
RPMs to 1800, the Library model’s X axis would now use a base of 1800, even though in
per unit terms the Library model doesn’t change.)
Using a hypothetical Project with minimal impedance, we can demonstrate how the motor
model and the actual values from the Component Editor work together.
Motor
Speed
Motor
Torque
Fig. 1-4
The plot shown in Fig. 1-4 displays the Motor Speed and Motor Torque curves for the
motor in Fig. 1-2 and Fig. 1-3. As you can see, the motor reaches its RPMs of 3600, or
100% of its Speed Base, after about 2.5 seconds. Therefore, the motor model (shown in
Fig. 1-1) that we have applied to this motor uses an X axis of 0 to 2.5 seconds, since this
is the time it takes the motor to reach 3600 RPMs.
If we look at the Torque curve for the motor model shown in Fig. 1-1 we can see that, at
50% of the Speed Base, the Torque reaches just over 100% of the Torque Base, then
jumps to 250% and finally settles to 100% as the motor gets up to speed. In actual values,
this means that the motor’s Torque should reach just over its actual base of 147.81 ft-lbs at
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TMS Study TMS 1-9
the time when the motor reaches 1800 RPMs (50% of the Speed Base), then jump to about
370 ft-lbs and finally settle to 147.81 ft-lbs.
Indeed, when we look at the plot shown in Fig. 1-4, the motor’s torque behaves as
expected. The motor reaches 1800 RPMs at about 1.4 seconds, and the Torque curve does
indeed reach about 160 ft-lbs, just over the 100% base of 147.81. The Torque curve then
jumps to about 370 ft-lbs about 250% of the base of 147.81. By the time the motor gets
up to speed, the Torque curve does finally settle to about 147.81 ft-lbs., just the as motor
model in Fig. 1-1 shows.
Naturally, you will seldom see such a direct one-to-one correlation between the base
values and the actual plot as in our simplified Project; real systems contain numerous
factors that will alter the starting curves. Nevertheless, the general principle demonstrated
here is the same.
For information on editing and adding the Motor and Load models to the Library, see
Chapter 2, “Using TMS’s Library.”
Moment of Inertia
You will notice that a value has already been entered in this box. The value you see is an
approximate value, calculated by PTW based on the motor’s size, rpm, and so on. If you
do not know the motor’s moment of inertia, you may use this default value. Otherwise,
enter the motor’s moment of inertia in Wk 2 . Do not enter this in per unit. The motor’s
moment of inertia must be set here (instead of in the Library) because it is not a per unit
amount, but an absolute amount. (The load’s moment of inertia value, on the other hand,
is a per unit value and thus is set in the Library.)
Important: Once you have entered a value, if you change your mind and want to
use an Approximate value instead, you need to click the Approximate button to
recalculate the Moment of Inertia. Similarly, if you change the motor’s Rated Size,
you should click the Approximate button to recalculate the Moment of Inertia.
PTW calculates the approximate Moment of Inertia value based on the motor's Pole Pairs
(which you enter in the Induction Motor subview of the Component Editor):
For 4 or more Pole Pairs,
((1.18912¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.35712)

Moment of Inertia = 10
For 3 Pole Pairs,
((1.19724¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.62992)

For 2 Pole Pairs,
((1.19036¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.83800)


For 1 Pole Pair,
((1.00609¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.76484)

where
Rated HP is the value entered in the first subview of the Component Editor.
The motor’s RPMs are listed in the first subview next to Pole Pairs, and are
calculated by
60 × Frequency
RPM =
Pole Pairs
where Pole Pairs is the value entered in the first subview, and Frequency is 60 Hz if
the Engineering Standard is set to ANSI in the Project Options, or 50 Hz if the
Engineering Standard is set to IEC.
Torque Base and Current Base
As with the Moment of Inertia, you will notice that values have already been entered in
these boxes. PTW calculated these values using the following formulas:
The Current Base is calculated by
Rated kVA × 1000

Current Base =
Rated Voltage × 3
where Rated kVA and Rated Voltage are the values entered in the first subview of the
Component Editor.
The Torque Base is calculated by
5252 × Rated HP
Torque Base =
0.987 × Synchronous RPM
where
Rated HP is the value entered in the first subview of the Component Editor and the
motor’s RPMs are listed in the first subview next to Pole Pairs.
The Torque Base is calculated with the assumption that the rated slip is 1.3%. You may
enter different values for the Current Base or the Torque Base if needed.
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TMS Study TMS 1-11
Important: If you enter a different value for the Torque Base or Current Base, then
want to return to the calculated value, you need to enter a 0, then select Save from
the Document menu or click the Save button on the toolbar so the values will be
recalculated. Also, if you switch to the Induction Motor subview and change the
motor’s Rated Size, you will need to enter zeros for both the Torque Base and the
Current Base and click Save so PTW can recalculate them.
Choose a Controller
Choose a Controller type and, if applicable, enter data for its functions. Keep in mind that
in reviewing controller action, it is best to consider bus voltage, motor voltage, and motor
current together and to take note of whether the motor terminal is on the line or load side
of the controller.
Note: The Series Resistance, Series Reactance, Shunt Capacitor, Star Delta, Part
Winding, and Auto Transformer controllers have Speed and Voltage control
function options in addition to the Time option. While real controllers may not
actually have speed- or voltage-type controls in a motor starting mode, these
additional functions were included to help you determine the correct time at which
the motor will reach a particular speed. To do so, you would run the Study and
examine the plot, then return to the Component Editor, change the Control Function
to time, and enter the correct times based on the speed or voltage.
Full Voltage (Square)

No data needs to be entered for this
controller.
Full Voltage (Square Transient)

controller.
Full Voltage (Curve)

controller.
Solid State Current Ramp

This controller provides current at the
time the motor switches on-line,
gradually increasing it from the I begin
amount to the I end amount over the T
ramp period of time. Note that the
control function time is related to the
time the motor was switched on-line, not
the time from the beginning of the
Study. For example, if the motor
switches on-line at three seconds, and
you have entered T ramp as 5 seconds,
the controller will increase the current
over time from three seconds to eight

seconds.
Solid State Voltage Ramp

This controller provides voltage at the
time the motor switches on-line,
gradually increasing it from the V
begin amount to the V end amount over
the T ramp period of time. Note that the
you have entered T ramp as 5 seconds,
the controller will increase the voltage
over time from three seconds to eight
seconds.
Solid State Current Limit

This controller sets the motor’s current
limit to the I limit value.
Series Reactance
This controller reduces the amount of
series reactance in up to three steps.
These steps are controlled as a function
of time, motor speed, or motor voltage
(see the Note on page 1-11). The
you have entered T1 as one second, the
reduction will occur at four seconds into
the Study. If your controller only has
two steps, leave the third box blank.
Series Resistance
series impedance in up to three steps.
These steps are controlled as a function
of time, motor speed, or motor voltage
(see the Note on page 1-11). The
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TMS Study TMS 1-13
Shunt Capacitors
supplied reactive power in up to three
steps. These steps are controlled as a
function of time, motor speed, or motor
voltage (see the Note on page 1-11).
The control function time is related to
the time the motor was switched on-line,
not the time from the beginning of the
Star Delta
This controller switches the motor from
star-connected back to delta-connected
at the time, motor speed, or motor
voltage specified (see the Note on page
1-11).
Part Winding
This controller modifies the tap settings
in up to three steps. These steps are
controlled as a function of time, motor
speed, or motor voltage (see the Note on
page 1-11). The control function time is
related to the time the motor was
switched on-line, not the time from the
beginning of the Study. For example, if
the motor switches on-line at three
seconds, and you have entered T1 as one
second, the change will occur at four
seconds into the Study. If your controller
only has two steps, leave the third box
blank.
Auto Transformer
This controller modifies the tap setting
at the time, motor speed, or motor
voltage specified (see the Note on page
1-11).

1.3. Open the TMS Study Manager

Note: Whenever you work in TMS, the electrical system in your Project does not
change. This is because, when you use TMS, you set up and analyze the dynamic
portion of your system, not the static portion. In terms of the software, this means
that TMS creates and keeps track of its own supplemental information, and will not
modify your Project at all.
Now that you have a complete electrical system (discussed in “Prepare Data,” above) and
induction motors that have motor starting data entered for them (discussed in “Choose a
Library Model,” above) you can open the TMS Study Manager to run motor starting
studies.
To open the TMS Study Manager

1. To begin, do one of the following:
• From the Run menu, click Transient Motor Starting.
• On the Toolbar, click the TMS button .

The TMS Study Manager will appear.
Tip: For computers using Windows 95 or NT, PTW makes available a shortcut for
accessing the TMS’s commands. When you click the right mouse button, a menu
appears with most of the available commands.
Aside from assigning dynamic motor and load models in the Component Editor (as
discussed in Section 1.2, “Prepare Data”), you run the entire TMS Study using the TMS
Study Manager. To understand how the TMS Study Manager works, keep in mind that it
only has three main purposes:
1. To help you create motor starting events;
2. To simulate the starting of these motors;
3. To graphically plot the effect on the motors themselves and on buses throughout the
electrical system.
Therefore, the TMS Study Manager operates in three distinct modes, each of which
corresponds to these goals. To switch to a mode, click one of the three buttons at the
bottom of the TMS Study Manager
1. To begin, use Event Mode to create the motor starting events;
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TMS Study TMS 1-15
2. Next, use Run Mode to simulate the starting of the motors (this simulation
occurs internally, as TMS analyzes the system, calculates data, and generates data);
3. Lastly, use Plot Mode to graphically plot the effect on the motors
themselves and on buses throughout the electrical system.
Note: When you open the TMS Study Manager, the Event button will be disabled
(that is, grayed out). This indicates that TMS is already in Event Mode. Similarly,
when you switch to Plot Mode, the Plot button will be disabled to indicate that TMS
is in Plot Mode.
The first step, then, is to create the motor starting events, as discussed in the next section.
1.4. Create Motor Starting Events

The first thing you may have noticed is the three distinct panes, or “windows,” in the TMS
Study Manager. Each window serves a purpose in the creation of the motor starting
events.
Parts of the TMS Study Manager while in Event mode:
X—The Case Window keeps track of the Cases you set up.
Y—The Event Window keeps track of the events you set up for each motor.
Z—The Channel Window keeps track of the channels in each Case that you want to
generate data for.

(Be sure you are in Event mode by clicking either the Event mode toolbar button or
the Event button in the lower-left corner.)
Let’s begin with the Case Window. When you first open TMS, you will not see a series
of folders, Cases, and motors stacked neatly in a hierarchy as shown in picture X, but a
single folder called “Study1” underneath Transient Motor Starting. You may wonder,
why is my Case Window so empty? Actually, it’s not completely empty—TMS has a
Case ready for you, hiding under Study1. To display the Case, click the box next to folder
Study1, like this:
Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.
Although you can run TMS using just one Case, you will find it beneficial to create lots of
Cases, because, as we will demonstrate, Cases provide the real power of TMS.
Let’s say you want to examine whether it’d be better to start Motor A at 0 seconds and
change a load on Motor B two seconds later, or to wait and change the load on Motor B
three seconds later instead. In single-simulation programs, you would first have to run the
simulation for the starting of Motor A at 0 seconds and the load change of Motor B at 3
seconds, then plot the results. After that, you would have to re-run the simulation for
Motor A at 0 seconds and Motor B at 3 seconds, then plot the results. Even worse, there
would be no easy way to compare the starting curves.
In TMS, you can actually run numerous simulations at once. In the above example, you
could create two Cases, one with Motor A starting at 0 seconds and Motor B changing a
load at 2 seconds, and another with Motor A starting at 0 seconds and Motor B changing a
load at 3 seconds, then let TMS simulate them simultaneously, and compare their starting
curves. In fact, you could create ten, twenty or even fifty Cases if you wanted. How is
this simultaneous simulation possible? It’s possible because each Case represents a
distinct “what if” speculation about the starting of a motor or group of motors.
1.4.1. Cases and Case Folders

Think of a Case as a hypothetical span of time, beginning at 0 seconds, in which you start
motors, perform load changes, trip motors, and so on. Cases are not linked to one
another⎯each Case represents a distinct span of time. Therefore, a single motor may
appear in a number of Cases, since each Case represents its own span of time, and assigns
its own set of dynamic events (such as starting time, load change, etc.) to that motor. In
the above example, the starting of Motor A at 0 seconds is one event, the load change on
Motor B at 2 seconds is another event, and the two events together make up a Case.
Don’t presume that a particular motor has to appear in every case; in fact, each Case can
have an entirely different set of motors. Also, you can assign numerous events to a single
motor; you aren’t limited to just one event per motor, but may have up to five (providing
they follow the guidelines, discussed in “Choose Dynamic Events for a motor” on page 1-
20).
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-17
With regard to Case Folders, they merely provide a storage place for Cases; Case Folders
have nothing to do with the motor starting events. Within a Case Folder you may have
multiple Cases, or you may create a new Case Folder for every Case. Whether you place
all your Cases in one Case Folder or every Case in a separate Case Folder doesn’t affect
the Cases at all.
To summarize, you can have multiple Cases within a Case Folder, and you can have
multiple Case Folders within the TMS Study.
Tip: Case Folders provide an easy way to organize Cases based on different
network configurations. This will be discussed more thoroughly in Section 1.5,
“Run Motor Starting Simulation to Produce Data.”
To create a new Case

1. With a folder highlighted, select New Case from the Case menu or click the New
Case button on the toolbar. A new Case will appear.
Once you select the New Case command. . . a new Case will appear.
To move a Case to a different Case Folder

1. With a Case highlighted, select Cut from the Edit menu, then highlight a different
Case Folder and select Paste from the Edit menu (you can also drag the Case to a
different Case Folder).
To copy a Case to a different Case Folder

1. With a Case highlighted, select Copy from the Edit menu, then highlight a different
Case Folder and select Paste from the Edit menu.
Note: When you cut a Case a paste it to a different Case Folder, the Case will lose
its channel data and the Study will need to be re-run for that Case (see “Choose
Channels” on page 1-22 for more information on channels). When you copy a Case,
the original Case will maintain its channel data but the copied Case will lose its
channel data when you paste it.
To rename a Case
1. Highlight a Case by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the Case
highlighted, select Rename from the Case menu.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
To delete a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, hit the DEL key.
To create a new Case Folder

1. With TMS highlighted, select New Case Folder from the Case menu. A new Case
Folder will appear.
Once you select the New Case Folder command. . . a new Case Folder will appear.
To rename a Case Folder

1. Highlight a Case Folder by single-clicking it with the left mouse button. With the
Case Folder highlighted, With the Case highlighted, select Rename from the Case
menu.
2. When the cursor appears, type a new name.
3. Click the mouse button elsewhere to “lock in” the new name.
To delete a Case Folder

1. With a Case Folder highlighted, hit the DEL key.
1.4.2. Choose Motors and Buses

For a given Case, your first step is to add the motors and buses that you want to analyze
for that Case.
Tip: You should always represent the scenario as accurately as possible by adding
to the Case all the motors that will be starting, tripping, and changing loads,and even
those that are already on-line. (You should do this even if you will only be
analyzing the starting curves for one or two motors.) Just as in an actual electrical
system, motors are interdependent on one another and can have an effect on each
other. In fact, motors which are on-line can experience even greater heating effects
and loss of life than the starting motor or motors. Also, the voltage dip caused by
the starting motor can cause the on-line motor to decelerate with an increase in
current. TMS allows up to 200 motors to be added to each Case, so don’t worry that
you are adding too many motors.
To add motors and buses to a Case

1. With a Case highlighted, select Motors and Buses from the Case menu, or click the
Motors and Buses button on the toolbar. The Motors and Buses dialog box will
appear.
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-19
2. In the Motors and Buses dialog box, choose the motors and buses for this Case. You
don’t need to add any buses, but it’s a good idea to add any downstream buses which
may suffer a voltage drop due to the motors starting.
Click on the arrow button or double-click on the and the selected components are added to the
component’s name itself. . . Case.
To hasten this process, you may highlight a whole list of motors merely by dragging the
mouse over them with the mouse button held down.
When finished, click the OK button. Note that the induction motors you selected now
appear under the Case, as shown in Fig. 1-5:
Fig. 1-5
Note: If you add any motors or buses that are Out of Service, data will not be
generated for them. Also, If a motor actually represents multiple motors (that is, if
the Number of Motors box on the Induction Motor subview has a number greater
than one), TMS will consider the motor accordingly. For example, if a motor
actually represents 3 motors, TMS will triple its starting requirements.
To remove motors and buses from a Case

1. Removing motors and buses from a Case involves the same procedure as adding
them. With a Case highlighted, select Motors and Buses from the Case menu. The
Motors and Buses dialog box will appear.
2. In the Motors and Buses dialog box, choose the motors and buses on the right, then
click the left arrow button (or simply double-click the motors and buses themselves)
to remove them.

1.4.3. Choose Dynamic Events for a motor

As its name implies, dynamic events consist of the changes that will be occurring to the
motor over time. While you may assign events to every motor in a Case, you don’t have
to; TMS assumes that any motors which do not have events to them are on-line (unless
you specifically change their Initial Status to off-line), so you should just assign events to
motors that are starting, tripping, or changing loads. (As mentioned in the Tip on page 1-
18, you should represent the scenario as accurately as possible by adding to the Case all
the motors that will be starting, tripping, changing loads, or on-line during the scenario.)
Points to Consider when assigning Dynamic Events

When you assign the dynamic events, keep these guidelines in mind:
• Any motor in the Case which does not have an event assigned to it is assumed to
be on-line (unless you specifically change their Initial Status to off-line).
• If the motor is initially on-line, it can’t be started unless it is tripped first (since a
running motor cannot be started).
• If the motor is initially off-line, it can’t be tripped or have a load changed unless
it is started first (since an idle motor cannot be tripped).
• Each event must have a unique time; you cannot apply two events to a motor
with the same time.
• The “Initial Status” of On-Line or Off-Line refers to the moment before the
Simulation begins, whereas an event occurring at 0 seconds refers to the moment
at which the Simulation begins. In other words, a motor which is set with an
Initial Status of On-Line and has an event which trips the motor at 0 seconds will
still have an effect that wouldn’t have occurred have that motor not been in the
Case at all.
• Each motor may have from 0 to 5 events assigned to it.
• There are two types of events: time dependent and voltage dependent. Time
dependent are used to switch motors on- or off-line, and to enact motor load
changes. Voltage dependent events rely on network bus voltages to trigger the
action instead of a fixed time.
• Time dependent events refer to the time in seconds from the beginning of the
Simulation, not when a certain control action was initiated.
• The load change event lets you increase or decrease the load by a percent of the
load’s rated size at a specified time. You can then increase or decrease that load,
too. For example, let’s say you want to increase the load from 100 ft. lbs to 120
ft. lbs (an increase of 20%). To do so, you would enter the multiplier as 1.2.
Next, let’s say you want to cut the load to 60 ft. lbs, a reduction of 50% (because
the load is now 120 ft. lbs). To do so, you would enter the multiplier as 0.5.
• The Voltage Dependent events let you specify a time varying bus voltage and
starting time. Starting at the time specified, the specified bus’s per unit value of
its nominal voltage is monitored and the motor is switched on- or off-line when
the monitored bus voltage meets the criteria threshold. For example, to model a
magnetic dropout relay, starting at time = 0, monitor the motor bus voltage so the
motor will be switched off-line if the voltage drops below 0.65 per unit.
• On-line motors may slow during nearly all the start-up time of a starting motor,
only accelerating after a starting motor nears its load speed. The time in which
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-21
on-line motors experience this transient behavior may be much greater than even
the time it would have taken to start them.
• Any motors which are Out of Service (either the motor itself is set to Out of
Service in the Component Editor, or the motor’s whole branch is Out of Service)
will be considered off-line, even if you assign events to the motors.
To add events to a motor
1. With a motor highlighted, select Dynamic Events from
the Case
menu. The Dynamic Events dialog box, shown following, will appear.
2. Type a time at which the event will occur in the Event Time box.
3. Select one of the five event types: Start Motor (Time Dependent), Load Change, Trip
Motor (Time Dependent), Start Motor (Voltage Dependent), or Trip Motor (Voltage
Dependent). For Load Change, be sure to type a multiplier value, not a percent (for
example, to increase by 20%, enter 1.2; to decrease by 50%, enter 0.5). For the
Voltage-Dependent Start Motor event, be sure to choose a bus you want to monitor.
For the Voltage-Dependent Trip Motor event, be sure to choose a bus you want to
monitor and to enter the voltage value in per unit, between 0.0 and 2.0.
4. The last step, once you have chosen an event type, is to choose whether the motor
will be on- or off-line before the event occurs.
5. Repeat the above steps until you have added all the events you want to, then click the
OK button. The dynamic events will now appear in the Event Window.
To quickly check the dynamic events assigned to a motor, simply select (that is, highlight)
a Case or a motor. When a Case is highlighted, the events for all the motors in that Case
appear; when a motor is highlighted, only the events for that motor appear. When
Transient Motor Starting or a Case Folder is highlighted, no events appear. Refer to the
following illustrations:
When Transient Motor no events will appear in the Event Window.

Starting is highlighted. . .

Starting is highlighted. . .
When a Case Folder is no events will appear in the Event Window.

highlighted. . .
When a Case is the events for all the motors in that Case will appear in the Event
highlighted. . . Window.
When a motor is the events for only that motor will appear in the Event Window.
highlighted. . .
1.4.4. Choose Channels

Once you have created these events, you must choose the channels for the curves you
want to view. Channel is just a fancy name for the curve’s storage space. In technical
terms, the channel is the place in your computer’s memory where TMS stores all the graph
points that make up the curve; however, you only need to understand that one channel
equals one motor starting curve. When you switch the TMS Study Manager to Plot mode,
you will display the channel in the form of a curve. The terms “channel” and “curve”
refer to the same eventual product: a motor starting curve. “Channel,” however, refers to
the storage place for all the data points that make up the curve, while “curve” refers to the
actual graphic display of those points on the plot. Therefore, when you run the Motor
Starting Simulation, you choose the channels you want to generate data for, whereas when
you operate TMS in Plot Mode, you choose the curves you want to display or hide.
In summary, when we say you must choose the channels, we merely mean you must
choose, for each motor in the Case, what types of data, such as motor speed and load
torque, that you want to view curves for when it comes time to plot them.
TMS can create up to twelve channels for each motor, including motor speed, motor
voltage, and so on. The thirteenth type of channel, bus voltage, is generated automatically
for any buses that you have added to the Case.
Keep in mind that the more channels you choose, the larger the resultant file will be and
the longer the Motor Starting Simulation will take to run.
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-23
Tip: If you are generating data for just a few motors, feel free to choose all the
channels. If you are generating data for a large number of motors, for efficiency you
may want to just choose the channels you’re interested in, since each channel takes
time to generate and takes up space in your computer’s memory and on the disk.
To choose the channels you want to generate, place checks in the appropriate boxes in the
Channel Window:
Place checks
for the
channels you
want to
generate for
each motor.
These are the categories in which you may generate data. Each category is called a
“channel,” and each channel will produce one curve on the plot.
• Bus Voltage Plot (This will be generated automatically for any buses that you
selected to monitor, hence its category doesn’t appear while TMS is in Event
Mode. Choosing what buses you want to monitor is discussed in Section 1.4.2,
“Choose Motors and Buses.”)
• Motor Speed
• Motor Voltage (This channel represents the voltage at the motor terminals. For
example, if the motor is off-line, this voltage will be zero. The operation of
some, but not all, controllers will affect this channel. For example, since a motor
part-winding controller operates by reconnecting the internal windings of the
motor there may not be a significant change in the motor’s terminal voltage as the
controller proceeds through its step changes.)
• Motor Stator Current
• Motor Rotor Current (For single and double rotor motor models only.)
• Motor Torque
• Load Torque
• Accelerating Torque
• Power Factor
• Motor Slip
• Real Power (kW)
• Reactive Power (kVAR)
• Total Power (kVA)
Tip: To quickly check an entire row, simply double-click to the left of the row.
You may also single-click to select the row, then use the Check Selected Row
command from the Case menu. (Windows 95 and NT 4.0 users may also click the
right-mouse button to find this command.) To uncheck an entire row, single-click to
select the row, then use the Uncheck Selected Row command from the Case menu.

1.5. Run Motor Starting Simulation to

Produce Data
The final step is to run the Motor Starting Simulation to produce data for the channels.
This process takes place internally; that is, it takes place “behind the scenes.”
Points to Consider when running the Motor Starting Simulation

As long as you know what occurs when you click the Run button, you won’t be surprised
by the results. Consider these points:
• When you click the Run button, TMS calculates data based on what Case or Case
Folder is selected (that is, highlighted). See the following illustrations. If you have
Transient Motor Starting highlighted, data will be generated for all the Cases in all
the Case Folders. If you have a Case Folder highlighted, data will be generated for all
the Cases in that Folder. If you have either a Case or a Motor highlighted, data will
be generated for only that Case.
Runs all Cases in all Runs all Cases in Runs only Case1 in Runs only Case1 in
Case Folders. Folder1. Folder1. Folder1.
Tip: Follow these strategies to run the Motor Starting Simulation efficiently:
• To analyze Cases that use the same electrical system topology (same bus
voltages, same transformer tap settings, etc.), set up all the Cases first, then
run the Motor Starting Simulation to generate data for all the Cases by
highlighting Transient Motor Starting.
• To analyze Cases that use different electrical system topologies, set up the
Cases, then flip back and forth between the Component Editor/One-Line
Diagram and TMS, alternately changing the topology then running the
Motor Starting Simulation for each specific Case by highlighting it.
• If the Motor Starting Simulation encounters a problem when running, it may not
generate data for some or all of the channels. You can tell what channels have data
created for them because their backgrounds will appear dark green. This behavior is
discussed more thoroughly in Section 1.6, “Plot Motor Starting Curves.”
Has data Doesn’t have data:
• Even though a channel has data generated for it, the data may not be current. For
example, if you exit TMS, change the motor or load model for a motor, then return to
TMS, that data will be outdated. Any change in the static portion of the electrical
system (that is, anything you control outside of TMS) will make all data in the
dynamic portion of the electrical system (that is, anything you control within TMS)
obsolete and will have to be re-generated by re-running the Motor Starting
Simulation. This occurs because channels are generated based on the state of the
electrical system at the moment the Run button is clicked. If that state changes at all,
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-25
the channels will be based on the previous network configuration. You can use this
to your benefit, though, to compare results between different network configurations.
Important: If each Case has different requirements for the static portion of the
system (for example, different transformer sizes or components in/out of service),
each Case must be run separately. A good idea is to put all the Cases that are based
on the same electrical system configuration in their own Case Folder. This way, you
can quickly switch to the Component Editor or One-Line Diagram, make the
changes you need, then switch back to TMS and run the Motor Starting Simulation
for the whole Case Folder. Also, to keep a record of the data entered for the static
portion of the system (if you ever want to revert back to it), you can run a Datablock
Report using the “Input Data” format, which will produce a record of bus voltages,
motor sizes, and so on.
• “Running the Motor Starting Simulation” means letting TMS create the channel
data; it is a separate step from plotting the starting curves, which you control
using the TMS Study Manager in Plot Mode.
• If you have any motors or buses in a Case that are Out of Service, data will not
be generated for them.
• If a motor actually represents multiple motors (that is, if the Number of Motors
box on the Induction Motor subview has a number greater than one), TMS will
consider the motor accordingly. For example, if a motor actually represents 3
motors, TMS will triple its starting requirements.
To run the Motor Starting Simulation
1. To begin, do one of the following:
• From the Case menu, click Run Study.
• On the Toolbar, click the Run Study button
2. In the lower-left corner of the TMS Study Manager, click the Run button
3. The following dialog box will appear:
Click here to
modify the
Simulation's
settings (see
"Setup Options" on
page 1-25 for more
information).

4. Type a name for the Report. If you select the Overwrite Existing Report check box,
the Report will replace any that already exists with that name. If you clear the
Overwrite Existing Report check box, the Report will be appended to any existing
report with that name. (PTW generates one Report for each run of the Motor Starting
Simulation.)
Click the Run button to begin the Motor Starting Simulation. (To modify the Motor
Starting Simulation’s settings, click the Setup button; the setup options are discussed in
“Setup Options” on page 1-26.) You will see the Run Study dialog box as it displays the
progress of the Study:
To Open the Report

1. Do one of the following:
• From the Document menu, choose Report.
• Click the Report button on the toolbar.

2. In the Open Report dialog box, choose the name of the TMS report you created. By
default, its name will be tms.rpt.
1.5.2. Setup Options

Use the Study Setup dialog box to choose how you want the TMS Starting Simulation to
create data.
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-27
This is the
same as Load
Flow’s setup
except for these
additional
options.
This setup screen is the same as that for DAPPER’s Load Flow Study except for the
addition of “Ignore Network Effect” Solution Method along with the “Maximum
Simulation Time” and “Simulation Time Step” Solution Criteria.
System Modeling
PTW uses the three-phase short circuit capacity to calculate an equivalent positive
sequence impedance. The voltage drop at the swing bus is calculated, given the total
power supplied by the swing bus generator and this positive sequence impedance. It is
reported separately in the TMS Report. When unchecked, the voltage at the swing bus is
equal to the voltage of the swing bus generator, which is set by default to 1 pu voltage at
0°.
Solution Method
It is recommended that you run the Study using the Exact (Iterative) Solution method first.
This is because the solution method usually converges on most power systems. In the
unlikely event that the steady-state load flow solution does not converge, you should re-
run the Study using the Approximate Solution method. If it does not converge, a message
in the Study Message dialog box will notify you of the problem. When the Approximate
Solution method is selected, PTW temporarily converts all loads to constant impedance
type characteristics, making these system losses smaller than if constant kVA type loads
were modeled. An output report is then written, and data is sent to the database. Although
it is an approximate solution (since the load characteristic is approximated), this solution
method may help to identify the reasons for the non-convergence.
If you have a non-convergent solution, examine the output Report’s bus voltage mismatch
values and bus mismatch location, as there may be a data input problem that has caused
the non-convergence. Check specifically for excessive voltage drop and multiple PV

generators separated by small impedance values. If the voltage drops are within a
reasonable range, try adjusting the Solution Criteria. See “Solution Criteria,” following.
The Ignore Network Effect option removes the effect of the network from the simulation.
That is, each motor is connected to an infinite bus at the per unit driving voltage. This
option is useful for testing motor and load model data and verifying the TMS results
against other programs with limited network modeling capabilities.
Load Specification
These options control how the Study handles load data.
Directly Connected Loads

When either of these two options is selected, the load flow solution calculates the load at
each bus, then solves the steady state load flow equation
LM b
P − jQ g OP
= [Y][V]. Neither of
N[V]* Q
these options uses results from the Demand Load Study.
When the Connected Load option button is selected, the TMS Starting Simulation
calculates the loads without considering any load or demand factors. If motor loads are
identified, and if multiple motors are modeled in a single motor load object, the total
motor connected load is the number of motors multiplied by the motor’s rated size.
Otherwise, the load rated size is the connected load value. Motors expressed in
horsepower are converted to electrical units by dividing by the efficiency.
When the 1st Level Demand or Energy Factor option button is selected, the TMS Starting
Simulation calculates the loads using the first level demand factors and energy audit load
factors, as appropriate. If a non-motor load is identified with both an energy audit load
factor and a demand load category, then the Study will use both the energy audit load
factor and the first level demand load factor multiplied by the load’s rated size. For motor
loads, the load is calculated as the number of motors multiplied by the motor rated size
multiplied by the motor load factor. Load diversity resulting from identifying multiple
levels of demand load factors is not taken into consideration.
From Demand Load Study

These options use the calculated demand load values from the Demand Load Study. Upon
creating a new Project, the Demand Load Study includes the results from all non-motor
loads by default, unless you selected either the Include Only Demand Loads or Include
Only Energy Audit Loads option button before running the Demand Load Study. Demand
loads with multiple levels of demand factors, such as receptacle loads where the first 10
kVA of load have a 100% demand factor and the remaining receptacle load has a 50%
demand factor result in a non-coincident demand (diversity) load that is unique. This
diversity load is calculated at each branch within the load flow solution.
Solution Criteria
These options control the solution data.
Generation Acceleration Factor, Load Acceleration Factor

The two Acceleration Factor text boxes allow you to control how the TMS Starting
Simulation converges upon the solution. Generally, the Acceleration Factors do not need
to be changed from their default values. However, if a non-convergent solution occurs,
even after an Approximate Solution method has been run, try changing the Generation
Acceleration Factor and/or the Load Acceleration Factor from their default of 1.0 to a
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-29
factor between 0.1 and 1.0. The smaller the factor, the smaller the step change used in the
iteration solution.
Bus Voltage Drop, Branch Voltage Drop

These provide a quick method to flag excessive voltage drops in the output report. In the
report, PTW flags with a dollar sign ($) any bus or branch voltage drop value that exceeds
the limits set in these text boxes. Upon creating a new Project, the default values are a 5%
bus voltage drop, and a 3% branch voltage drop. However, you can change these
percentages by typing a percent value in the appropriate text box.
Maximum Simulation Time, Simulation Time Step

These are used for entry of the load flow time step. The integration time step is set
internally to 1/10th the load flow time step or 0.01 seconds, whichever is smaller. Larger
time steps decrease execution time but produce less accurate results. A time step of 0.1
seconds generally produces accurate results within a reasonable amount of time. The
Maximum Study Time field is used to limit the maximum simulation time. Normally, the
simulation will automatically stop when all motors achieve steady state operation and no
more time dependent changes exist.
At steady state, the time derivative of all state variables (speed) is equal to zero by
definition. In a computer this is like always moving half the distance to an object. That
is, an exact zero is unattainable so a reasonably small number must be used instead of an
exact zero. When the accelerating torque is less than 1.0E-4 per unit on the machine’s
base it is assumed that the machine has reached steady state.
Important: The TMS Starting Simulation only takes into account the primary tap
setting for transformers; it does not consider the phase shift or the secondary tap
settings (these are all set on the first subview for transformers). If you want to
model a transformer with a secondary tap setting, add a minus sign to the setting and
enter the value in the primary tap box. For example, to model a secondary tap
setting of 3, enter a -3 into the primary tap box; similarly to model a secondary tap
setting of -2, enter a 2 into the primary tap box.
1.6. Plot Motor Starting Curves

Once the Motor Starting Simulation has been run, you can switch to Plot View to view the
curves.
The first time you switch to Plot View, you need to type a name for the plot file. To do
so, from the Case menu, select the Plot command. The following dialog box will appear:

Type a name for the plot and click the OK button.
TMS will now be running in Plot Mode. Note that while windows 1 and 3 look the same
as those while in Event Mode, they are in fact slightly different in their operation. Also,
note that window 2 looks entirely different.
Y
X
Z
Parts of TMS while in Plot mode:
X—The Case Window shows the Cases and Case Folders.
Y—The Plot Window shows the active plot.
Z—The Channel Window shows the channels (that is, the curves) you may display or
hide on the plot for the currently selected Case.
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TMS Study TMS 1-31
Note: The TMS Study Manager runs in three modes: Event, Run, and Plot. While
in the Event mode, you prepare the Cases that you want to plot. While in Run mode,
TMS generates data for the Cases. While in Plot mode, you plot the Cases.
Anytime you want to modify Cases or create new Cases, you need to switch to
Event mode.
Feel free to flip back and forth between Event mode and Plot mode. The Plot file will not
disappear.
1.6.1. Working with Plots

The grid you see in the upper-right area of the TMS Plot Editor shows the contents of the
active plot (the plot is the file you named in the previous step). You may create as many
plots as you want, but only one plot will be displayed at a time.
Important: A plot is not linked to any particular Case, but is merely a place to
display motor starting curves. This means that you may display curves from
multiple Cases in a single plot.
Think of the plot as a bulletin board to which you add or remove curves For example,
you can add the Motor Speed and Load Torque curves for Motor1 from Case One and
Case Two. You can also remove curves if you wish. Keep in mind, though, that once you
add a curve to a plot, it will remain there until you remove it; it will still be displayed even
if you switch to another Case which doesn’t have any curves displayed.
To add curves to a plot, place checks in the gray check box squares. When you place a
check in a channel’s square, a curve will appear for that channel.

Place checks for the

curves you want
that channel's to add
curve andto
the
the plot. When
curve's axisyou add a
appear
check
on theto a channel. . .
plot.
You may display up to six curves at a time on a plot, but you may find the plot more
legible if you display no more than four at a time.
You may have noticed that gray squares appear for some of the plot channels but not all of
them, which may seem confusing. Why, when TMS is in Event Mode, do squares appear
for all of the channels, but when TMS is in Plot Mode, squares appear for only some of
the channels? The answer is that squares will only appear when TMS is in Plot Mode for
those channels which have data. If a channel has no data generated for it, no plot can be
displayed for that channel, and thus a square will not appear.
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-33
The following pictures illustrate this behavior:
Fig. 1-6
Fig. 1-7
Fig. 1-6 shows the Channel Window while TMS is in Event Mode. Note that we have
placed checks for three channels: Motor Speed, Stator Current, and Motor Torque.
However, only the first two, Motor Speed and Stator Current, display a shaded
background, which means only these two channels currently contain data from a previous
run of the Motor Starting Simulation. The third channel, Motor Torque, does not contain
any data.
Therefore, when we switch TMS to Plot Mode, as shown in Fig. 1-7, squares only appear
for the channels which have data: Motor Speed and Stator Current. Although the Motor
Torque channel displays a check mark while TMS is in Event Mode, until the Motor
Starting Simulation is run again the Motor Torque channel will not be available to display
a plot for that channel when TMS is in Plot Mode because the channel does not contain
any data. (If a motor is Out of Service, no data will be generated for any of its channels,
even if all are selected.)
In order to generate data for the Motor Torque channel, you need to re-run the Motor
Starting Simulation, as discussed in Section 1.5, “Run Motor Starting Simulation to
Produce Data.”
Note: You may have noticed that the squares in Fig. 1-7 have moved one column to
the right, so they now lie in the second and fourth columns, whereas in Fig. 1-6 the
squares appear in the first and third columns. This results from the addition of the
Bus Voltage channel, which only appears when TMS is in Plot Mode. Squares will
appear in this channel automatically for any buses that you have added to the Case
and which have data for them (you add buses to a Case using the Select Motors and
Buses command, as discussed in Section 1-14, “Open the TMS Study Manager”).
You can tell which Case a plot came from by placing the mouse pointer over it so a hand
appears, then clicking the mouse button. The channel that the curve came from will
then be highlighted. Refer to the following illustration:

When you click

the mouse
pointer on a
curve. . .
the channel for

that curve will be
highlighted. (The
Case that the
curve came from
will also be
highlighted in the
Case Window.)
To create a new Plot

1. From the Case menu, choose the Plot command.
2. Type a name for the new Plot and click the New button.
To open an existing Plot

2. Select an existing Plot and click the Open button.
To rename an existing Plot

2. Highlight a Plot and click the Rename button. (Note: You cannot rename a Plot when
it is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since TMS always
displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to rename it, create a
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new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can rename the previous
Plot.)
3. Type a new name for the Plot. Since PTW stores Plots internally, not as independent
files, you may use more than 8 characters and include spaces in the name, even for
Windows 3.x.
Tip: Use the Plot command from the Case menu whenever you want to create a
new plot, and use the Plot mode toolbar button or the Plot button in
the lower-left corner when you are just flipping back and forth between Event mode
and Plot mode.
To delete a Plot
2. Highlight a Plot and click the Delete button. (Note: You cannot delete a Plot when it
is open. If only one Plot exists, that Plot will always be open, since TMS always
displays a Plot. Therefore, if only one Plot exists and you want to delete it, create a
new Plot by clicking the New button, at which point you can delete the previous Plot.)
1.6.2. Understanding Axes

Each curve type on a TMS plot has its own associated Y axis. When you display a curve,
if a curve of that type has not already been placed on the plot, then that curve type’s Y
axis, including the units that it displays with, will appear to the left. Similarly, when you
hide a remove a curve from the plot, if that is the only curve of that type on the plot, then
its Y axis, including the units that it displays with, will disappear. (There is no individual
X axis for each curve; all curves use “Time in Seconds.”) There are 13 axis types which
correspond to the 13 channels (Bus Voltage, Motor Voltage, and so on).
If you have 5 curves displayed, and each is a different curve type, you will see 5 axes to
the left. Conversely, if you have 5 curves displayed, and they are all of the same type, you
will see 1 axis to the left. Curves of the same type use the same axis.
This means that, while curves may lie next to one another, if they are of a different type
then they are not plotted on the same axis. In the following picture, for example,
the load torque curve lies above the motor torque curve, making it appear that the motor

shouldn’t start. However, the load torque uses a smaller scale axis, which means the load
actually lies far below the motor’s starting torque.
You should also understand that, by default, an axis will only show the range for the
displayed curves. Compare the following two pictures:
The picture on the left shows the Motor Torque curve for just one motor. Notice that the
Motor Torque axis’s range goes from 280 ft.lbs to 305 ft.lbs., which allows the curve to
span the entire plot. Now look at the picture on the right. The axis is still Motor Torque,
but its range has changed and now goes from 0 ft.lbs to 15000 ft.lbs. The reason for this
is the axis changed its range to accommodate the second curve. In fact, the curve in the
picture on the left also appears in the picture on the right; however, it can hardly be seen,
because it only appears as a horizontal line across the bottom! It still is the same curve—if
you zoomed in on the curve, you’d be able to see the shape you see on the left—but you
can’t see such a small dip when the axis spans from 0 ft.lbs to 15000 ft.lbs. As a general
rule, an axis will change its range to show all the curves in their entirety. You can
override this behavior by using the Axis Range command from the Plot menu, which lets
you set specific minimum and maximum values for the selected axis. If you use this
command, keep in mind that the values use the axis’s units (for example, both the Motor
Torque axis and the Load Torque axis use ft-lbs. as their units, whereas Motor Voltage
uses Volts). Also, if you set a small range, any curve which spans a greater range will be
cut off.
Tip: To show just one axis instead of all, click the Y Axis command on the Plot
menu, then choose Show One. With this option turned on, you can show the axis
for whichever curve you want by pointing at a curve with the mouse pointer and,
when a hand appears, clicking the mouse button.
To toggle the axes between their standard values and per unit values, use the Per Unit
command from the Plot menu.
You can use the indicator in the upper-left corner to show you the exact coordinates of the
mouse pointer on the plot. If you want the view the coordinates for a point on a particular
curve, point to the curve with the mouse pointer and, when a hand appears, look at the
indicator to see that point’s coordinates using that curve’s Y axis (the X axis is always
displayed in seconds). When you are not pointing at a curve, the indicator will show the
coordinates using the axis closest to the curve by default (if you are using the Show One
option for the Y Axis command, the indicator will show the coordinates using the axis that
would be closest to the curve). To change how many decimal places are shown in the
indicator’s coordinates, use the Numeric Precision command on the Case menu.
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1.1.1. Taking Motors to the Component Editor

You may use the Go to Component Editor command to quickly take the motors in a case
to the Component Editor (this command will only be active when a case or motor is
highlighted).
To take the motors in a case to the Component Editor

1. With a motor or a case highlighted, do one of the following:
• On the toolbar, click the Go to Component Editor button

• From the Window menu, choose the Go to Component Editor command.
1.1.2. Zooming In and Out

You can magnify an area of the plot using the same Zoom tools that you use on a One-
Line Diagram.
To magnify an area of the plot
1. Either click the Zoom Area button on the toolbar or select Zoom Area from the
View menu. Next, while holding down the mouse button, draw a box around the area
you want to magnify.
To zoom out after magnifying an area of the plot

• On the toolbar, click the Zoom All button .

• From the View menu, choose the Zoom All command.
To maximize the plot to the entire size of the screen

1. From the Plot menu, choose the Maximize command.
1.1.3. Adding Annotations to a plot

Annotations provide a way to put text next to each curve. You are not limited to just one
annotation per curve; you may put as many annotations as you want on the plot. You
must have at least one curve displayed, however, in order to create and display
annotations, since annotations are tied to axes.
To determine an annotation’s Y coordinates, you use the axis that the annotation is
associated with (there is no individual X axis for each annotation—they share the “Time
in Seconds” X axis, as curves do). Annotations are associated with the same axes that
curves are. For example, Motor Torque curves share the same Motor Torque axis. In the
same way, all annotations associated with the Motor Torque axis use the Motor Torque

axis for their Y coordinates. You choose which axis you want to associate an annotation
with when you create the annotation. Therefore, the number of axes available to associate
stems from the number of curves presently displayed.
Let’s say you want to put the words Motor Torque plateau on the Plot, as shown:
Motor Torque plateau
To begin, choose the Edit Annotations command from the Plot menu. The following
dialog box will appear:
Click here
to create a
new
annotation.
Next, click the New button to create a new annotation. (The New button will not be
available if no curves are displayed on the plot.) The following dialog box will appear:
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Choose an axis to associate with the

annotation. You can choose from the axes
that are presently displayed on the plot. In
this example, two axes will appear in this list
box: Motor Torque and Load Torque.
Type the coordinates for the
annotation based on its axis. Type the text for the annotation here.
Be sure to enter the Y coordinate based on the correct axis. Note that we associated this
annotation with the Motor Torque axis, which means that the Y coordinate must be
entered based on the Motor Torque axis, not the Load Torque axis. If we based our Y
coordinate on the Load Torque axis and erroneously entered 320 instead of 2700, the
annotation would appear near the bottom of the plot, far below the location we wanted it.
When an axis disappears because all curves of its type are removed, all annotations that
are associated with that axis will disappear, too. The annotation will also disappear from
the Edit Annotation dialog box when the axis is not visible, but the annotation still exists.
In fact, when the annotation’s axis reappears, the annotation will reappear, too. Once you
have created an annotation, it becomes linked to its axis and will always appear with the
axis unless you delete the annotation by clicking the Delete button in the Edit Annotation
dialog box. If you want to delete the annotation, be sure that the curve is displayed so the
annotation’s name will appear in the Edit Annotation dialog box; if its name does not
appear, you cannot highlight it and click the Delete button.
Annotations are specific to a plot. Therefore, in our example, the Motor Torque
annotation we created is only linked to the Motor Torque axis for that particular plot. If
we create a new plot for this same case, then display the Motor Torque and Load Torque
curves, the same two curves will appear, but the annotation will not, since it is only linked
to the Motor Torque axis in the other plot, not in all plots.
To hide all the annotations on a plot, use the Show Annotations command from the Plot
menu, which toggles them on or off.
To control the font size for the Annotations, use the Graph Fonts command from the Plot
menu (discussed in Section 1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes”).
Tip: You may want to wait until you are ready to print to create Annotations.
That way, you can minimize having to move them around.
1.1.4. Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic

You can export the plot to a Windows Metafile (WMF) or a Bitmap (BMP), or as text.
To export a plot
1. From the Plot menu, choose the Export command.

2. Choose whether you want to export as a Windows Metafile (WMF) as a Bitmap

(BMP), or as text. Because the Windows Metafile is vector-based, as opposed to the
Bitmap, which is raster-based, the Windows Metafile will produce much crisper
curves when it is printed, particularly if you stretch it to a larger size. However, if
you want to edit the exported plot picture in a painting program, you will need to use
the Bitmap format. If you export as text, be sure that you have set the number of
decimals places you want using the Numeric Precision command from the Case
menu.
3. Choose a Destination. If you choose Clipboard, a picture of the plot will be placed on
the Windows Clipboard. You can then switch to another program to paste the plot
picture. (When you export to the Clipboard, you are not saving to a file, but merely
placing the plot picture in temporary memory.) If you choose File, select a location
and name for the file. The extension will automatically be set as WMF, BMP, or
DAT depending on your selection for the Export option.
4. Choose an Object Size. In most cases you needn’t modify these settings, and in fact
you may compromise the quality of the graphic by doing so. Also, since Windows
Metafiles are vector-based, they may be resized with no loss of sharpness anyway, so
there is no need to type a different size. For Bitmaps, though, sharpness will be lost if
they are resized, so if you know the size that the graphic must be, and you must use a
Bitmap, you can type a size in pixels. If you do so, though, be sure to maintain the
ratio of width to height (for example, if the default is 300 points Width and 100 points
Height, and you change the Width to 900 points, be sure to change the Height to 300
points to maintain the 3:1 Width-to-Height ratio).
5. Click the Export button.
1.1.5. Changing Colors and Sizes

TMS provides virtually limitless ways to change the plot window’s colors, styles, and
fonts. The most significant way to change how the Plot looks, though, is to change the
Viewing Style.
Located on the Case menu, the Viewing Style command determines how the plot curves
will be drawn and whether the background will be color or monochrome (that is, black-
and-white). If you will be printing to a black-and-white printer and the plot has less than
four curves shown, the Monochrome setting will work well; however, if the plot has four
or more curves shown, you should use the Monochrome with Symbols mode to help
distinguish the curves.
Which style you should use depends on the line style you prefer for the curves and
whether you prefer color or monochrome (that is, black-and-white):
• Color—This mode displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable
colors. For the Line and Spline curve styles, this viewing style uses more points
to draw the curve it appears brighter. For the other line styles, however, this
viewing style inundates the curve with points, transforming the curve into an
excessively thick line.
• Color with Fewer Points—As with the Color Viewing Style, this Viewing Style
also displays the curves and the plot window using user-definable colors.
However, less points are used to draw the curves. For the Line and Spline styles,
the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style uses less points to draw the curve and
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the curve appears faint. For the other line styles, however, this viewing style
allows the individual points to be seen.
• Monochrome—This mode displays the curves and the plot window in black-
and-white.
• Monochrome with Symbols—This mode also displays the curves and the plot
window in black-and-white, but adds identifying symbols to the curves to help
distinguish them from one another (if only one curve is displayed, no symbols are
used, and the single curve will look like the Monochrome style).
To change the colors of the curves and their accompanying axes, and to change the curve
styles, use the Curve Colors and Styles. Here are the available styles:

Points+Line—When viewing in color, this style Bar—When viewing in color, this style looks
looks better with the Color with Fewer Points better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing
Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The
Style. Data Shadows command works with this style.
Area—When viewing in color, this style looks Stick—When viewing in color, this style
better with the Color with Fewer Points Viewing looks better with the Color with Fewer
Style instead of the Color Viewing Style. The Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Mark Data Points command and the Data Viewing Style. The Mark Data Points
Shadows command work with this style.
command works with this style.
Points+Best Fit Line—When viewing in color, Points+Best Fit Curve—When viewing in

this style looks better with the Color with Fewer color, this style looks better with the Color with
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color Fewer Points Viewing Style instead of the Color
Viewing Style. Viewing Style.
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Points+Spline—When viewing in color, this Spline—When viewing in color, this style looks
style looks better with the Color with Fewer better with the Color Viewing Style instead of
Points Viewing Style instead of the Color the Color with Fewer Points Viewing Style. The
Viewing Style. Mark Data Points command works with this
style.
The Mark Data Points command on the Plot menu works for the Plot Styles that don’t
show individual data points (Line, Area, Stick, and Spline). It displays or hides the
individual data points of the curve. Be sure to use the Color with Fewer Data Points
viewing style instead of Color, or an excess of points will make the curve become a thick,
unwieldy line.
The Data Shadows command on the Plot menu displays or hides data shadows on the
plot for the Bar and Area styles. The shadows will not appear if you use black as the
background color because the shadows are also black.
The Curve Width command on the Plot menu changes the line thickness for all the
curves on the plot. For control over each curve individually, use the Curve Colors and
Styles command.
The Legend command on the Plot menu displays either all the legends, just selected one,
or none. (The legend helps you identify each curve by using a color key, and tells you
what Case each curve came from and what motor it represents.)
The Grid Lines command on the Plot menu displays vertical grid lines, horizontal grid
lines, both vertical and horizontal grid lines, or no grid lines on the plot.
The Grid in Front command on the Plot menu places the grid lines in front of or behind
the curves.
The Image Size command on the Plot menu controls the size of the graph and also
governs how much big the text will be (since the text uses whatever space if left from the
graph). Generally, you should keep the Image Size set to Large or Medium, particularly
when printing; however, the Small size works well if you only have one or two curves
showing at a time, or if you need to make the text easier to read.
The Grid Style command on the Plot menu changes the style of the grid lines to thick,
thin, dotted, or dashed. If you have the Grid Lines command set to No Grid, you won’t be
able to see the style.
The Graph Colors command on the Plot menu changes the colors of the graph itself,
including the foreground and background, along with the axes and annotations.
• Desktop Background—This changes the background color of the plot window.

This does not change the background color of the graph itself.
• Desktop Foreground—This changes the color for the title text, the legend text,
and the X axis (seconds) text.

• Shadow Color—This changes the color of the shadow that appears behind the
graph.
• Graph Background—This changes the background color of the graph itself.
This does not change the background color of the rest of the plot window.
• Graph Foreground—This changes the color of the gridlines, the annotation
text, and the tick marks on the X and Y axes. If you have the Grid Lines
command set to No Grid, you won’t be able to see this color on the gridlines.
The Save Settings as Default command on the Plot menu sets the default appearance
settings for the plot to whatever setting you are presently using. When you reset the
default values by using this command, you do not affect the appearance of any existing
plots, but any new plots that you create will use your new default values. For example,
let’s say you create a new plot and set the background color to green, then click the Save
Settings as Default command. All the existing plots that were created when the
background color was black (the previous default color) will still have a black
background. However, any new plots that you create will now have a green background,
since green is now the default color. This command sets a default color and style for each
curve type, too. For example, let’s say you create a new plot and set the Motor Torque
curve to use the Bar line style to use the color pink. All the existing plots which have the
Motor Torque curve displayed on them will maintain whatever style and color was chosen
for the Motor Torque curves, but on any new plot that you create the Motor Torque curve,
when you display it, will now use the Bar line style and will be colored pink.
The Graph Fonts command on the Plot menu lets you set the fonts and font sizes for the
Plot Window. When setting the font sizes, you are not setting fixed point sizes, but rather
allotting percents of the available space; TMS will determine the best font sizes using its
automatic scaling capability. (It wouldn’t make sense to set fixed point sizes since the
graph and axes scale up or down based on the number of axes you have displayed.)
The Image Size option is the primary controller of the font sizes, since it governs how
much space the graph uses (and thus how much space is left for the legend, title, and
axes). Generally, you should keep the Image Size set to Large or Medium, particularly
when printing; however, the Small size works well if you only have one or two curves
showing at a time, or if you need to make the text easier to read. To set the font size
percentages, follow these simple rules of thumb:
• Global determines what percent of the remaining space (after the Image Size)
you want the Legend, Title, Axes, and Annotations to use.
• Legend and Title determine how big you want the Legend and the Title to be.
Since the axes use whatever space is left, the larger you make the Legend and
Title the smaller the axes will be.
• Annotations determines the font size of the Annotations. See Section 1.1.3,
“Adding Annotations to a plot” for more information on creating Annotations.
1.1.6. Printing Plots

You can print the active plot to a printer.
To print the active plot

1. From the Document menu, choose Print.
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To print the active plot using a Form

1. From the Document menu, choose Form Print.

1.7. Quick Reference

This section lists commands and toolbar buttons that you will use along with commonly-
used terms.
1.1.7. Commands and buttons

These are the commands and toolbar buttons that you will use with TMS.
View
View Event
View Plot
Zoom All
Zoom Area
This menu command Performs this function

View Event Switches TMS to Event mode. See Section 1.4, “Create Motor Starting
Events.”
View Plot Switches TMS to Plot mode. See Section 1.6, “Plot Motor Starting
Curves.”
Zoom All Reduces the zoom on a plot so you can it in its entirety. See Section
1.1.2, “Zooming In and Out.”
Zoom Area Allows you to zoom in on an area of the plot. See Section 1.1.2,
“Zooming In and Out.”
Run
Transient Motor Starting

Transient Motor Starting Opens TMS. See Section 1.3, “Open the TMS Study Manager.”
Case
New Case Folder
New Case
Rename
Select Motors and Buses
Dynamic Events
Run Study
Plot...
Check Selected Row
Uncheck Selected Row

New Case Folder Creates a new case folder. See Section 1.4, “Create Motor Starting
Events.”
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New Case Creates a new case within the selected case folder. See Section 1.4,
“Create Motor Starting Events.”
Rename Lets you rename the selected Case or Case Folder. See Section 1.4.1,
Cases and Case Folders.”
Select Motors and Buses Lets you select the motors and buses that you want to analyze in a case.
See Section 1.4.2, “Choose Motors and Buses.”
Dynamic Events Lets you set up, for each motor, specific events and times for those
events. See Section 1.4.3, “Choose Dynamic Events for a motor.”
Run Study Runs the Motor Starting Simulation, which produces the channel data
that you view as curves on the plot. You may run the Motor Starting
Simulation for a single case, for all the cases in a single case folder, or
all the cases in all the case folders. See Section 1.5, “Run Motor
Starting Simulation to Produce Data.”
Plot Lets you create a new plot, or open an existing plot. (To quickly flip
back and forth between Plot mode and Event mode, use either the View
Plot command from the View menu, the Plot mode toolbar button,
or the Plot button in the lower-left corner. See

Section 1.6.1, “Working with Plots.”
Check Selected Row Checks all the channels in the selected row (that is, for the selected
motor). See Section 1.4.4, “Choose Channels.”
Uncheck Selected Row Unchecks all the channels in the selected row (that is, for the selected
motor). See Section 1.4.4, “Choose Channels.”
Plot
Viewing Style
Graph Colors...
Graph Fonts...
Image Size
Curve Colors and Styles...
Curve Width
√ Mark Data Points
√ Data Shadows
Legend
Y Axis
Grid Lines
√ Grid in Front
Grid Style
√ Show Annotations
Edit Annotations
Axis Range...
√ Per Unit
Maximize...
Export...
Numeric Precision
Save Settings as Default...


Viewing Style Toggles between the different viewing styles. See Section 1.1.5,
“Changing Colors and Sizes.”
Graph Colors Lets you change the colors for other parts of the plot besides the curves.
See Section 1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes.”
Graph Fonts Lets you change the fonts and font sizes for the text on the plot. See
Section 1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes.”
Image Size Controls the size of the graph and also governs how much big the text
will be (since the text uses whatever space if left from the graph). See
Curve Colors and Styles Lets you change the style and color for each curve individually. See
Curve Width Lets you choose the width of all the lines on the plot at once. See
Mark Data Points Toggles data points on or off for certain curve styles. See Section 1.1.5,
Data Shadows Toggles curve shadows on or off for certain curve styles. See Section
1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes.”
Legend Displays or hides the legends that appear across the top of the plot. See
Y Axis Lets you display or hide the axes that appear at the left of the plot. See
Section 1.6.2, “Understanding Axes.”
Grid Lines Selects X axis gridlines, Y axis gridlines, no gridlines, or both. See
Grid in Front Places the grid lines in front of or behind the curves. See Section 1.1.5,
Grid Style Changes the style of the grid lines to thick, thin, dotted, or dashed. If
you have the Grid Lines command set to No Grid, you won’t be able to
see the style. See Section 1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes.”
Show Annotations Toggles the annotations for the plot on or off. See Section 1.1.3,
“Adding Annotations to a plot.”
Edit Annotations Lets you create and edit annotations for a plot. See Section 1.1.3,
“Adding Annotations to a plot.”
Axis Range Lets you set a specific range to an axis (by default, axes will change
their ranges to display all the curves. See Section 1.6.2, “Understanding
Axes.”
Per Unit Toggles the Y axes between per unit values and total values. See
Section 1.6.2, “Understanding Axes.”
Maximize Maximizes the size of the plot so it occupies the entire screen. See
Section 1.1.2, “Zooming In and Out.”
Export Exports the plot to a graphic file or as text. See Section 1.1.4,
“Exporting a plot as text or as a graphic.”
Numeric Precision Selects the number of decimal places for the coordinate indicator (see
Section 1.6.2, “Understanding Axes), and the number of decimal places
when you export the plot as text (see Section 1.1.4, “Exporting a plot as
text or as a graphic”).
Save Settings as Default Saves the current settings as the default for all future plots. See Section
1.1.5, “Changing Colors and Sizes.”
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Window
Go To Component Editor

Go to Component Editor Takes all the motors from the highlighted case to the Component Editor.
See Section 1.6, “Plot Motor Starting Curves.”
1.7.1. Terms
These are commonly-used terms throughout this chapter:
This term refers to this object

TMS Study This is the whole motor starting simulation which you run using the
TMS Study Manager. TMS creates and keeps track of its own
supplemental data files separate from your Project, and does not
modify your Project at all (unlike DAPPER’s Sizing Study which,
if you choose to resize cables and transformers, will modify your
Project).
TMS Study Manager You use the Study Manager to run the TMS Study. Aside from
motor and load data, which you assign using the Component Editor,
you run the TMS Study wholly using the TMS Study Manager.
The TMS Study Manager runs in three modes: Event, Run, and
Plot.
Case Window This Window occupies the left portion of the TMS Study Manager.
The Case Window tracks the Cases and Case Folders that you have
created.
Channel Window This Window occupies the bottom right of the TMS Study
Manager. While in Event Mode, use this Window to choose the
channels that you want the Motor Starting Simulation to create.
While in Plot Mode, use this Window to display or hide curves on
the plot.
Event Window This Window displays the dynamic events that you have set up for
a motor. The Event Window only appears when the TMS Study
Manager is in Event Mode (when in Plot Mode, the Plot Window
appears in its place).
Plot Window This Window, which occupies the upper right of the TMS Study
Manager, displays the plot that you display motor starting curves
on. The Plot Window only appears when the TMS Study Manager
is in Plot Mode (when in Event Mode, the Event Window appears
in its place).
Case Each Case represents a “what if” speculation about the starting of a
motor or group of motors. Think of a Case as a hypothetical span
of time, beginning at 0 seconds, in which you start motors, perform
load changes, trip motors, and so on. Cases are not linked to one
another⎯each Case represents a distinct speculation about a span
of time. Therefore, a single motor may appear in a number of

This term refers to this object

Cases, since each Case assigns a different set of dynamic events
(such as starting time, load change, etc.) to that motor.
Case Folder This is merely a storage place for Cases. All the Cases may be
stored in one Case Folder, or each Case may be stored in a separate
Case Folder⎯the Cases will operate the same.
Motor Starting This refers to TMS’s internal calculator that produces the motor
Simulation starting curves. The Motor Starting Simulation produces data for
only those curves that you choose in the Channel Window.
Plot This is a viewing area in which you display motor starting curves.
You may have multiple plots, but only one will be visible at a time.
Plots are not linked to Cases, so you may display curves from
multiple Cases on a single plot. Also, once you display a curve, it
will not disappear until you remove it. Even if you switch to a
different plot, then return to the first plot, all the curves that you
had displayed on that plot will still be there.
Dynamic Event This is a specific, time-dependent, motor starting event that you
assign to a motor in a Case. Since each Case represents a unique
time line, entirely different events may be assigned to the same
motor in different Cases. Within a Case, though, only one event
per time value may be assigned to a motor; you cannot have a
motor starting and tripping at 2 seconds. Also, certain events
cannot logically follow one another; you cannot start a motor then
start it again without a trip event in between.
Channel/Curve Both terms refer to the same eventual product: a motor starting
curve. “Channel,” however, refers to the storage place for all the
data points that make up the curve, while “curve” refers to the
actual graphic display of those points on the plot. Therefore, when
you run the Motor Starting Simulation, you choose the channels
you want to generate data for, whereas when you operate TMS in
Plot Mode, you choose the curves you want to display or hide.
Y Axis Each type of curve has its own Y axis (all curves share the same
“Time in Seconds” X axis). Since there are 13 types of curves,
there are 13 types of Y axes. If you have five curves displayed on
the plot, but they are all the same type (for example, Motor Starting
), then only one Y axis, will appear. Conversely, if you have five
curves displayed on the plot, and each curve is a different type,
then five different Y axes will appear.
Annotation This is a line of text that you may add to the plot, and which
provides a way to put identifying names next to each curve. You
are not limited to just one annotation per curve; you may put as
many annotations as you want on the plot. You must have at least
one curve displayed, however, in order to create and display
annotations. To determine an annotation’s Y coordinates, you use
the axis that the annotation is associated with (there is no individual
X axis for each annotation—they share the “Time in Seconds” X
axis, as curves do). Annotations are associated with the same axes
that curves are. For example, Motor Torque curves share the same
Motor Torque axis. In the same way, all annotations associated
with the Motor Torque axis use the Motor Torque axis for their Y
coordinates. You choose which axis you want to associate an
annotation with when you create the annotation. Therefore, the
number of axes available to associate stems from the number of
curves presently displayed.
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TMS Study TMS 1-51
1.1. Technical Information

This section describes the methodology and definitions used by TMS.
Fig. 1-8. Induction motor equivalent circuit.
Fig. 1-8 illustrates the industry standard equivalent circuit for induction motors:
where
R1 stator winding resistance;

R2 rotor resistance;
X1, X2 leakage reactances of stator and rotor, respectively;
Xm magnetizing reactance;
Slip (synchronous speed-rotor speed) / synchronous speed;
I1 stator current (complex vector quantity);
I2 rotor current (complex vector quantity);
Vt motor terminal voltage (complex vector quantity).
Because of the presence of R2/Slip, the induction motor equivalent circuit changes as a
function of slip or rotor speed. For example, if the rotor speed is zero then:
Slip 1
R2/Slip is small
I1 and I2 are large
As a rotor speed approaches synchronous speed then:
Slip 0
R2/Slip infinity
I1 is small
I2 0
For any motor terminal voltage (Vt) and any slip, the equivalent circuit may be solved for
I1 and I2 as follows:
Vt − jX m
I1 =
0
R2
Slip b
+ j X2 + Xm g
∆

b
R 2 + j X1 + X m g Vt
− jX m 0
I2 =
∆
where
∆=
b
R1 + j X1 + X m g − jX m
− jX m
R2
Slip b
+ j X2 + Xm g
The motor torque varies as a function of slip, speed and rotor current:
b g
Tm = I 2
2
×
R2
Slip
The equivalent circuit impedances can be determined from test data using procedures
defined in the ANSI/IEEE Standard 112-1984.
Fig. 1-9. Performance curves of typical poly-phase Induction motors.
Fig. 1-9 depicts the performance curves of a typical poly-phase induction motor. These
curves can be produced by solving the induction motor equivalent circuit for different
values of speed while holding the terminal voltage at its nominal value.
M otor torque ( T m)
Ta
Load torque ( Tl )
Speed
Fig. 1-10. Motor, load and acceleration torque.
Fig. 1-10 illustrates a motor torque curve as well as a load torque curve plotted as a
function of speed. The difference between these two curves (Ta) represents torque
available to accelerate motor, load and shaft. The point where both curves intersect
represents the steady state condition where the motor torque equals the load torque.
d 2 θ dω Ta Eq. 1-1
= =
dt 2 dt 2 H
All motor starting programs are based on Eq. 1-1.
where
H stored energy in kW-sec. per kVA of rating at synchronous speed;

Ta motor shaft accelerating torque;
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TMS Study TMS 1-53
dω speed deviation (e.g. acceleration) with respect to time;

dt
Θ machine angle relative to a fixed reference angle.
Typical motor starting programs integrate Eq. 1-1 with respect to omega to determine the
time to accelerate the motor shaft from ω1 to ω2 while assuming the accelerating torque
remains constant. In order to model more than a single motor, it is necessary to integrate
Eq. 1-1 with respect to time to obtain the speed of each motor at time t. This allows a time
simulation that keeps all motors on the same time base.
It is important to note that the accelerating torque is not constant and varies as a function
of: (1) motor terminal voltage, (2) motor rotor current, (3) motor speed or slip and (4) load
speed. As the motor accelerates to a steady state speed, its current and power factor
continuously change which in turn (due to the network) affect its own terminal voltage as
well as the terminal voltages of all other motors. It should become obvious that this is not
a simple problem to solve.
In order to adequately address such a complex problem, time simulation techniques like
those employed by dynamic stability programs are incorporated in the TMS. Time
simulation involves alternately solving the system network equations and the machine
equations in small time steps in order to model the shaft dynamics by digital integration of
Eq. 1-1 with respect to time.
The following is a simplification of the process which TMS uses to simulate motor
starting.
1. Solve load flow to get the terminal condition of all motors at time = 0.0.
2. Establish initial motor speed for all motors.
3. Calculate motor currents and torques using terminal voltages from load flow and
motor equivalent circuit.
4. Integrate the shaft dynamic equations to find new speed (ω) for each motor
5. Calculate new slip and R2/Slip terms.

6. Increment time step.
7. Using the new motor currents, perform a load flow to determine new terminal voltage
conditions.
8. Repeat steps 3 through 7 until all motors achieve steady state (dω/dt = 0).
The theory and the details of calculations of the TMS are based on a single rotor circuit
induction motor model. The theory has been expanded to include a double rotor circuit
model and a graphical motor model, but the details of these calculations are beyond the
scope of this Reference Manual.

For details in calculating the double rotor induction motor parameters from test data,
please refer to “Modeling Induction Motors for System Studies.”1
In modeling the motor terminal voltage effects on the graphical model data, the following
two assumptions were used.
1. The motor stator current is proportional to the motor terminal voltage.

2. The motor torque is proportional to the motor terminal voltage squared.
These assumptions may be validated using the Induction motor equivalent circuit shown
in Fig. 1-8.
1.1.8. Potential Motor Starting Problems

Here are some common motor starting problems and their solutions:
1. Motor torque is less than breakaway torque of load and motor stalls at zero RPM.
2. Motor fails to achieve rated load speed: refer to Fig. 1-11.
Fig. 1-11. When the load torque exceeds the available motor torque, the motor stalls.
3. Check motor and load data. Because motor torque varies as a function of motor
terminal voltage squared, low motor terminal voltage may cause motor to stall before
rated full speed is achieved.
4. Motor torque curve does not cross the load torque curve near rated speed. The motor
over-speeds.
5. Load flow fails to converge. Since steady stability limits are directly proportional to
sending and receiving voltages, voltage dips caused by motor starting may adversely
affect stability in supplying constant kVA loads. A diverging load flow is a good
indication the system will not work. Try some form of reduced voltage or shunt
capacitor starting, or increasing the capacity of supplying feeders and transformers, or
adding passive/active voltage support.
1 Samuel S. Waters Ronald R. Willoughby, "Modeling Induction Motors for

System Studies," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-19, No. 5,
Sept., 1983.
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TMS Study TMS 1-55
1.1.9. Fundamental Equations

The following equations are presented for general information. Refer to the references for
additional detailed theoretical discussions.
0.231 × 10 −6 × Wk 2 × rpm s 2 Eq. 1-2

H=
kVA
where
H Inertia constant (seconds);
Wk2 moment of inertia of machine and load (foot-lbs2);
rpms synchronous speed in revolutions per minute;
kVA base kVA.
kVA × 7043 Eq. 1-3

Tmb =
rpm s (ft - lbs.)
where
Tmb machine base torque;
Ta = Tm - Tl (ft-lbs). Eq. 1-4
where
Ta accelerating torque;
Tm motor torque;
Tl load torque.
T Eq. 1-5
Hp = rpm ×
5252
where
Hp output power in horsepower;
rpm speed in revolutions per minute;
T torque in foot-lbs.
T Eq. 1-6
kW = rpm ×
7043
where

kW output power in kilowatts;
rpm speed in revolutions per minute.
4/23/2004
TMS Study TMS 1-57
1.2. Works Cited

1. Alger, Philip L., Induction Machines, 2nd Edition, Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, New York, 1970.
2. ANSI/IEEE Std. 112-1984, “IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Poly-phase

Induction Motors and Generators”.
3. Chalmers, Ph.D., B. J. and Mulki, A. S. “Design Synthesis of Double-Cage

Induction Motors”, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 117, No. 7, July, 1970.
4. IEEE Std. 86-1987, “IEEE Recommended Practice: Definitions of Basic Per-Unit

Quantities for AC Rotating Machines”.
5. Nasar, Syed A., Handbook of Electric Machines, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1987.
6. NEMA Standards Publication MG1, “Motors and Generators”, National Electrical

Manufacturers Association, Wash., D. C., 1978.
7. NEMA Standards Publication MG10, “Energy Management Guide for Selection

and Use of Polyphase Motors”, National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
Wash. D. C., 1983.
8. Smeaton, Robert W., Motor Application and Maintenance Handbook, 2nd

Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1987.
9. Waters, Samuel S. and Willoughby, Ronald D., “Modeling Induction Motors for
System Studies”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-19, No. 5,
Sept., 1983.

2 Using TMS’s Library
PTW allows you to edit existing motor and load models in, and add new motor and load
models to, the TMS Library.
2.1. General Library Usage...................................................................................... 2-2

IN THIS CHAPTER
2.2. Motor models.................................................................................................... 2-5

2.3. Load models.................................................................................................... 2-11
2.1. General Library Usage

Important: Before making any changes to the Protective Device and TMS Library you
should make a backup copy of it; that way, if you change your mind about any changes
you made to manufacturer data you can recover the original data. In addition, you
should always make a backup copy of the Protective Device and TMS Library you have
customized. If the customized Library is lost or accidentally deleted, a current backup
will allow you to recover the lost data.
To make a backup copy of the Protective Device and TMS Library
1. (Be sure that PTW is not running). Using the Windows Explorer (Windows 95) or
File Manager (Windows 3.1), copy the caplib.pd file, which is the Protective Device
and TMS Library, from the ptw32\lib folder to a temporary folder.
2. Rename the caplib.pd file while maintaining the .pd extension (for example,
mymodel.pd).
3. Move the backup copy back to the ptw32\lib folder. When you make a backup copy
of the Library you may store it in the same folder as your current Library. In fact,
unlike projects, numerous Libraries (with unique names) may all be stored within a
single folder.
To make changes to a model category, you need to open that category. The Select a
Device dialog box provides a way to peer into the Library to select model characteristics.
However, it does not constitute an open Library.
To open a Protective Device and TMS Library

• Click the Library button on the Toolbar.
• Choose Library from the Document menu.
2. In the Select Document Type dialog box, select Protective Device and TMS Library
and choose the OK button.
3. In the Protective Device and TMS Library dialog box, select caplib.pd (or your
backup Library with a .pd extension) and choose the Open button.
This opens the Protective Device and TMS Library. While it looks and functions like the
Select a Device dialog box, it is actually the open version of the Library. You can tell the
difference by looking at the title bar. The open Library displays the Library’s path:
The Select a Device dialog box title bar.
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Using TMS’s Library TMS 2-3
The open and editable Protective Device and TMS Library title bar.
Once the Library is open, you may open the category type which you want to modify.
To edit an existing model you select it as you would with the Select a Device dialog box.
Click the symbol to expand the TMS and the Motor and Load categories appear.
Library. . . Now click the symbol for both the Motor
and the Load categories. . .
and the subcategories appear. To show the and its models will appear to the right. To edit
models within a category, highlight a category a model, simply double-click on it. . .
such as Single Rotor. . .

and its data will appear. For more information

on editing a Motor or Load model, see Section
2.2, “Motor models” and Section 2.3, “Load
models.”
Tip: To narrow your search for motor or load models, you may run a query while
the Library is open. To do so, select the Query command from the Run menu.
2.1.1. Editing an Existing Model

When you see the list of models, you may select a model for editing.
To edit an existing model

• Select the model by clicking on it, then choose Edit from the Device menu.
• Double-click on the model name.
Once you have selected a model for editing, a tab page containing the model’s data will
appear.
2.1.2. Adding a New Model

You may also add a new model to the category.
To add a new model

1. Choose New from the Device menu. A new model with a generic name appears at
the bottom of the model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
2.1.3. Copying an Existing Model

You may also copy an existing model and then rename it or edit it.
To copy an existing model

1. Select an existing model’s name (do not double-click on it, or the model’s data tab
pages will open).
2. Choose Copy from the Device menu.
3. Choose Paste from the Device menu. The copied model will appear at the bottom of
the model list.
Follow the directions listed in Section 2.1.1, “Editing an Existing Model.”
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Tip: If you want to copy a model from one Protective Device and TMS Library to
another, you may do so using these commands. Just copy the model from the
source Library, switch to the destination Library, and choose Paste. (Be sure both
Libraries are open.)
2.1.4. Printing an Identification Report of Selected Library

Models
You may print a report of selected models’ identification data in the Library (this report
includes identification data only, not plotting points or other segment data).
To print an identification report of selected library models

1. With the Protective Device and TMS Library open, select the models for which you
want to create a report. (To select multiple models, first select one, then hold down
the SHIFT key, then select another; every model in between will become selected. To
select individual models, first select one, then hold down the CONTROL key, then
select another; only the models you click on will become selected.)
2. Choose Report Selected from the Device menu. A spreadsheet containing the
selected models will appear.
3. Click the Print button.
2.1.5. Metric Units

TMS supports Metric units for modeling of motor input data. To use Metric units, merely
change the Project Options to Metric.
To switch the Project options to Metric

1. From the Project menu, click Options.
2. Choose the Application subview.
3. Set the Engineering Standard to IEC and the Length/Distance Units to Metric.
2.2. Motor models

This section describes how to edit the three types of Motor models: Single Rotor, Double
Rotor, and Graphic model. You will find the Single and Double Rotor models easier to
use if minimal information is available since they provide sample data, but the Graphic
model provides a more exact match if thorough information is available.
2.2.1. Single Rotor

To edit a Motor model, you must first open it, as described in Section 2.1, "General
Library Usage":

This area shows a

diagram of the motor's
internal circuit.
This grid shows
the torque (T),
power factor
Enter data in these (PF), and
boxes. current (I) for
the motor
model.
Click this button to update the curves for

any data changes you made.
This data box Represents this

Ra Stator resistance
La Stator inductance
R1 Rotor resistance
L1 Rotor inductance
Lm Magnetizing inductance
Enter all the impedance values in per unit on the machine base.
TMS modeling permits full compliance with the recommendations of the IEEE for
modeling motors.
As per IEEE Std 86-1987 IEEE Recommended Practice: Definitions of Basic Per-Unit
Quantities of AC Rotating Machines, both induction and synchronous motors use rated
apparent input power as the base.
RatedVoltage = E ll
Base Apparent Power

Rated Current (I) =
3 × E ll
where
Base Apparent Power (VA) = E ll × 3 × 1
This assumes a wye-connected motor. If the motor is delta connected, use the above rated
voltage and current and perform a delta-wye conversion of the model per unit impedances.
4/23/2004
To do this simply multiply all the model per unit impedances by three. If a delta-wye
controller is used, enter the per unit impedance data for a wye-connected motor, and TMS
will perform the wye-delta conversions internally.
To create a new motor model

With Graphical Motor highlighted, choose New from the Device menu. A new, blank
motor model will appear.
2.2.2. Double Rotor

Library Usage":
This area shows a

diagram of the motor's
internal circuit.
This grid
shows the
torque (T),
Enter data in these power
boxes. factor (PF),
and current
(I) for the
motor
model.
Click this button to update the curves for
any data changes you made.

Ra Stator resistance
La Stator inductance


R1 First rotor's resistance
L1 First rotor's inductance
R2 Second rotor's resistance
L2 Second rotor's inductance
Lm Magnetizing inductance
Enter all the impedance values in per unit on the machine base.
TMS modeling permits full compliance with the recommendations of the IEEE for
modeling motors.
As per IEEE Std 86-1987 IEEE Recommended Practice: Definitions of Basic Per-Unit
Quantities of AC Rotating Machines, both induction and synchronous motors use rated
apparent input power as the base.
RatedVoltage = E ll
Base Apparent Power

Rated Current (I) =
3 × E ll
where
Base Apparent Power (VA) = E ll × 3 × 1
This assumes a wye-connected motor. If the motor is delta connected, use the above rated
voltage and current and perform a delta-wye conversion of the model per unit impedances.
To do this simply multiply all the model per unit impedances by three. If a delta-wye
controller is used, enter the per unit impedance data for a wye-connected motor, and TMS
will perform the wye-delta conversions internally.
2.2.3. Graphical model

Library Usage":
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Enter data in these

boxes.
This grid
shows the
Enter curve points torque (T),
here. power factor
(PF), and
current (I) for
the motor
model.
Click this button to Click this button to

see the typical update the curves
models. for any data
changes you made.
Important: We recommend that you enter the Graphical model using per unit values, but
if the manufacturer did not give you per unit values, then you can enter the absolute
values and PTW will convert them to per unit values as long as you follow these steps
carefully:
1. (Be sure the Show in Per Unit option is unchecked.) Enter the Synchronous
RPMs, Torque Base, and Current Base.
2. Enter the curve points into the spreadsheet.
3. Turn on the Show in Per Unit option by clicking the checkbox. This converts the
curve points into per unit values.
Often the manufacturer provides the motor characteristics in a graphical format. This
model permits such data to be entered directly into the TMS library. You may enter up to
50 data points to define the curves. Be sure to click the Update button once you finish
entering curve points so the curves will reflect the new points.
TMS stores the graphical data as per unit values using the basic data quantities to
normalize the data before it is stored in the motor library. Changing the basic data
quantities will cause the graphical data to be scaled accordingly before it is subsequently
re-displayed. This facilitates the use of graphical data for modeling a range of motor
sizes.
By reviewing the data in the per unit mode, the data may be directly compared to industry
standard values as a check for data entry errors.
When you click the Update button or use the Save command, TMS performs some data
checks before actually saving the data in the Library. These are the checks performed:

1. The data is sorted by speed, so it is not necessary to enter the data points in any order.
2. Duplicate data points are removed.
3. A check is made to assure that data points have been entered at the motor’s
synchronous and zero speeds.
In order to capture all the important information it is necessary to enter more data points
where there are large changes in the motor’s torque, current or power factor. Generally,
more data points should be used near the motor’s operating speed because the graphical
data is changing most rapidly in this location.
In using graphical data to model motors, the TMS assumes that the motor’s stator current
varies directly as a function of the motor’s terminal voltage and the motor’s torque varies
directly as the square of the motor’s terminal voltage.
Additionally, it is sometimes necessary to derive the graphical motor’s impedance as seen

from the motor’s terminal in order to model certain controllers. This impedance is
calculated based on the motor’s terminal voltage, the motor’s stator current and the
motor’s power factor. Of course these quantities are all a function of the motor’s speed.
TMS uses linear interpolation to acquire data at motor speeds between the data points
representing the graphical motor model.
Typical models
If you do not have adequate manufacturer data provided, you can use the one of the
Typical Motor models provided. TMS provides the following Typical Motor models:
• NEMA Design Class A

• NEMA Design Class B
• NEMA Design Class C
• NEMA Design Class D
• NEMA Large (greater than 500 HP)
To view the Typical models

1. Click the Typical button. The following dialog box will appear:
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These points are calculated

based on what you enter below
(you don't enter anything here).
Select a model type

from this list box.
Enter data here. Click here to

redraw the
curves based
on the data
you entered.
Click OK to copy the Typical data to the model that you are entering
(this data will replace any that you have already entered.)
To use the Typical data, simply click the OK button and the Typical model’s data will be
copied to the Library model that you are entering.
Important: If you use the Typical data, the data will replace any data that already exists
for the model.
2.3. Load models

This section describes how to edit the two types of Load models: Exponential (sometimes
called Equation) and Graphic Load. You will find the Exponential model easier to use if
minimal information is available since it provides sample data, but the Graphic model
provides a more exact match if complete information is available.
2.3.1. Exponential
The Exponential model derives its Load Curve from a pair of equations. When you have
minimal information available, the Exponential model provides an easier way to generate
the Load Curve than the Graphic Load model.
Note: The Exponential model assumes the motor rated power (HP) at an 0.013 slip.

To edit a Load model, you must first open it, as described in Section 2.1, "General Library
Usage":
These equations determine the load

torque. The first defines the
breakaway torque, and the second
defines the torque when the RPMs
are greater than zero.
This grid
shows the
Load Curve.
Enter data in these
boxes.
Click this button for Click this Click this button to

assistance button to use update the curves
calculating the A, B, data from the for any data
and C coefficients. typical changes you made.
models.
Data may be entered to define the load in terms of a breakaway torque (similar to the
concept of static friction) plus a rolling torque and factor for varying the torque as a
function of speed.
Following are the boxes which require data entry.
In this box Enter this value

Synch RPM Synchronous RPM.
Rated Torque Base torque at rated speed.. This will be in ft-lbs when the
Project Options are set to ANSI, and Nm (Newton meters)
when set to Metric.
Rated Amps Base current at rated speed.
Moment of Inertia This data is entered as part of modeling for all loads. It consists
of kilogram-meters squared (kg-m2) and is expressed as “J”
when expressed in metric units.
Exponent An exponent value which defines the relationship between

torque and speed. Generally, an exponent of 3 is used for fan
loads, 2 is used for pumps, and 1 is used for constant torque
loads.
A, B, C Equation constants (also known as coefficients) defining the

relationship between torque and speed. Enter these in Newton
meters.
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Exponential Load Model Calculator

If you don’t know the equation constants (A, B, and C), but you do know the load torque
at zero speed and the synchronous speed, you can use the calculator to determine them.
To open the Exponential Load model Calculator

1. Click the Calculate button. The following dialog box will appear:
The results are

shown here.
This grid
shows the
Load Curve.
Enter the known

data here.
Once you have entered the known data, the coefficients (A, B, and C) will be calculated.
Click the Update button to see the Load Curve, and click the OK button when finished.
The coefficients will then be copied to the Load model.
Typical Data
If you do not have adequate manufacturer data provided, you can use the one of the
Typical Load models provided. TMS provides the following Typical Load models (the
values given within the parentheses are assumed by TMS and are not editable):
• Pump (motor inertia multiplier of 1, break away torque of 40%)

• Motor Gen Sen (motor inertia multiplier of 3, break away torque of 25%)
• Blower (motor inertia multiplier of 10, break away torque of 30%)
• Grinder (motor inertia multiplier of 3, break away torque of 30%)
• Compressor (motor inertia multiplier of 2, break away torque of 40%)
• Fan (motor inertia multiplier of 10, break away torque of 25%)
Important: Because the Fan and Blower Load models have motor inertia multipliers
greater than 6, they may require even more powerful motors than those recommended by
the NEMA standards for Wk2 capabilities.

To view the Typical models

1. Click the Typical button. The following dialog box will appear:
The results are

shown here.
Select a model type

from this list box.
Enter known data Click here to

here. redraw the
curves based
on the data
you entered.
Click OK to copy the Typical data to the model that you are entering
(this data will replace any that you have already entered.)
2.3.2. Graphic Load model

The Graphic Load model derives its Load Curve from actual data points that you enter.
When you have thorough information available, the Graphic Load model provides a more
exact way to generate the Load Curve than the Exponential model.
To edit a Load model, you must first open it, as described in Section 2.1, "General Library
Usage":
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Enter data in these

boxes.
This grid
shows
the
Load
Curve.
Enter curve points
here.
Click this button to

update the curves
for any data
changes you made.
Note: Because the Load model’s Synchronous RPMs may be different from the motor’s
Synchronous RPMs due to gearing, TMS adjusts the load data and Moment of Inertia
based on the motor model selected.
Following are the boxes which require data entry.
In this box Enter this value

Synch RPM Synchronous RPM.
Rated Torque Base torque at rated speed.. This will be in ft-lbs when the
Project Options are set to ANSI, and Nm (Newton meters)
when set to Metric.
When you click the Update button or use the Save command, TMS performs some data
checks before actually saving the data in the Library. These are the checks performed:
1. The data is sorted by speed, so it is not necessary to enter the data points in any order.
2. Duplicate data points are removed.
3. A check is made for values at the load’s synchronous and zero speeds. If a zero speed
data point has not been entered then a point is added with a torque of zero and a speed
of zero.

Index
TMS
Events
adding to a motor, 1-21
B
Branch Voltage Drop, 1-29 F
Bus Voltage Drop, 1-29
Flowchart, 1-3
Fonts
C changing in TMS Window, 1-40
Case From Demand Load Study, 1-28
copying to a different Folder, 1-17
deleting, 1-18 G
moving to a different Folder, 1-17
renaming, 1-17 Generation Acceleration Factor, 1-28
Case and Case Folder, 1-16 Go to Component Editor, 1-37
Case Folder
creating a new, 1-18
deleting, 1-18
L
renaming, 1-18 Library
Channels, defined, 1-22 adding models to, 2-4
Colors and Sizes editing models in, 2-4
changing in TMS Window, 1-40 using, 2-2
Commands, 1-46 using metric units, 2-5
Controller, 1-11 Load Acceleration Factor, 1-28
Auto Transformer, 1-13 Load Change Event, 1-21
Full Voltage (Curve), 1-11 Load model, 1-4
Full Voltage (Square Transient), 1-11 Load Models
Full Voltage (Square), 1-11 exponential, 2-11
Part Winding, 1-13 graphic load, 2-14
Series Reactance, 1-12 Load Specification, 1-28
Series Resistance, 1-12
Shunt Capacitors, 1-13
Solid State Current Limit, 1-12 M
Solid State Current Ramp, 1-11 Maximum Simulation Time, 1-29
Solid State Voltage Ramp, 1-12 Methodology of TMS, 1-51
Star Delta, 1-13 Metric units, 2-5
Current Base, 1-10 Models
Curves, plotting, 1-29 motor and load, 1-4
Moment of Inertia, 1-9
D Motor model, 1-4
Motor models
Directly Connected Loads, 1-28 double rotor, 2-7
Dynamic Event, 1-21 graphical model, 2-8
single rotor, 2-5
E Motors and buses
adding, 1-18
Equations, 1-55 removing, 1-19
Event, 1-21
Event Mode, 1-15

TMS ii Reference Manual
O Solution Criteria, 1-28

Solution Method, 1-27
On-Line and Off-Line Events, 1-21 Start Motor Event, 1-21
Study Manager, 1-14
P
T
Plot
adding annotations to, 1-37 Technical Information, 1-51
axis, 1-35 Terms, 1-49
changing colors and sizes, 1-40 TMS
creating new, 1-34 axis, 1-35
exporting, 1-39 introduction to, 1-2
opening, 1-34 plotting curves, 1-29
printing, 1-44 prepare data before opening, 1-4
renaming, 1-34, 1-35 printing plots, 1-44
zooming, 1-37 report, opening, 1-26
starting simulation, 1-24
starting simulation options, 1-26
Q taking motors to Component Editor, 1-37
Quick Reference, 1-46 Torque Base, 1-10
Trip Motor Event, 1-21
R
W
Right Mouse Button, 1-14
Running Starting Simulation, 1-24 Windows 95, 1-14
Works cited, 1-57
S
Simulation Time Step, 1-29
4/23/2004

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Power*Tools

TMS Reference Manual

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

©1998 SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. All rights reserved.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

1 TMS STUDY 1-1

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

1.6. Plot Motor Starting Curves ............................................................................... 1-29

2 USING TMS’S LIBRARY 2-1

The Transient Motor Starting (TMS) Study module is a state-of-the-art computer

1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................1-2

Flowchart of the steps in a TMS Study

Enter static system data (cables, transformers, loads, motors, and

With the TMS Study Manager in Event Mode, create or select a

Run Motor Starting Simulation to Produce Data

Run the Simulation to generate data for the channels. Depending

Plot Motor Starting Curves

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

1.2. Prepare Data

Click here to choose a motor model and a load model from

Enter data on the

Enter Moment of Inertia

1.2.1. Choose a Library Model

To open the Select a Device dialog box

The Select a Device dialog box appears.

3) Now click on a sub-category. . . 4) and a list of models appears.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

There are three categories of motor models:

Similarly, there are two categories of load models:

How Motor Models Work

Power Factor curve

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

For 4 or more Pole Pairs,

((1.18912¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.35712)

For 3 Pole Pairs,

((1.19724¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.62992)

For 2 Pole Pairs,

((1.19036¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.83800)

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

For 1 Pole Pair,

((1.00609¥log10 Rated HP) - 0.76484)

Torque Base and Current Base

The Current Base is calculated by

Rated kVA × 1000

The Torque Base is calculated by

Full Voltage (Square)

Full Voltage (Square Transient)

Full Voltage (Curve)

Solid State Current Ramp

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

Solid State Voltage Ramp

Solid State Current Limit

two steps, leave the third box blank.

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

1.3. Open the TMS Study Manager

To open the TMS Study Manager

• On the Toolbar, click the TMS button .

1. To begin, use Event Mode to create the motor starting events;

1.4. Create Motor Starting Events

Parts of the TMS Study Manager while in Event mode:

SKM Power*Tools for Windows

the Event button in the lower-left corner.)

Click the box next to Study1. . . to display the Case.