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A
PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHUT PRASARAN NIGAM
LIMITED
132 KV GRID SUB-STATION , JAIPUR”
SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

BMIT JAIPUR
Session: 2016-20

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Parivesh Joshi Chandra Bhushan Sahani
( Lecturer ,EE Dept.) Roll No.-16EBMEE003
B.Tech , IV Year (7th sem.)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF
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TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

Certificate

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This summer training is of an immense academic record and value

for the student of any professional course and for the Engineering
student who have to be in the industry with the theoretical
knowledge; this practical experience gives an extra confidence in his
performance.

With grateful heart I would like to remember the persons who have
helped me during the course of my internship program. I wish to
place on record my words of gratitude to Mr. Parivesh Joshi, HOD ,
Department of Electrical Engineering at Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute
Of Technology, Jaipur for his efforts and for technical as well as
moral support.

I would like to thanks the Mr. Lokesh Gothwal (AEN), 132KV GRID
SUB STATION, JAIPUR that gave me the honour to complete my
summer training in their substation. I would like to thanks all the
employees & associates of 132KV GRID SUB STATION, JAIPUR who
really helped me in understanding all the functions and activities of
the Substation from time to time.

Lastly I would like to thank all those who helped me in any way in
my summer training.

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Chandra Bhushan Sahani

Roll No:-
16EBMEE003
B. Tech , IV Year
(7th sem.)

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report
entitled “RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDHUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED 132
KV GRID SUB-STATION SITAPURA JAIPUR” by “CHANDRA BHUSHAN
SAHANI” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree
of B.Tech.(4th year , Electrical Engg.) submitted in the department of
Electrical Engg. At Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute Of Technology,Jaipur
is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from
08-05-2019 to 07-07-2019 under the supervision of Mr. Lokesh
Gothwal (Executive Engg. Of GSS, Sitapura Jaipur).

Signature of the student

The B.Tech (3rd Year, Electrical Engg.) seminar presentation of

CHANDRA BHUSHAN SAHANI has been held on ___________________
and accepted.

Signature of Internal Examiner

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ABSTRACT

Today the world swiftly changing, there are multiple challenges faced
by us. Surely it is the knowledge thoroughly technology, which makes
us to overcomes them.
The technology seminar, which is an integral part of four years
engineering program provides a platform to all the students to
augment their professional study through practical revelation. It is the
time, which is effectively used by students to enhance their interaction
with technical atmosphere.
The technical seminar is obligatory as per university as per course
outline. This report is based on work done and theory gained during
analysis of the topic. The report basically introduces fundamentals of
topic in brief.
I hope, this report will make the learning of the facts are warding
experience and will have away for future study.
This report is true to bet of my knowledge

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:- OVERVIEW Pg.NO. 8-9

1.1 Need of 132kv substation

1.2 Specification of SMS GSS
1.3 Unique features of SMS Hybrid GSS
1.4 Equipment’s installed at GSS
1.5 Feeders

CHAPTER 2:- COMPONENTS OF CIS Pg.NO. 10-19

2.1 Transformer
2.1.1 Power Transformer
2.1.2 Current Transformer
2.1.3 Capacitive Voltage Transformer
2.2 Circuit Breaker
2.2.2 Working
2.2.3 Types of Circuit Breaker
2.2.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker
2.3 Insulators
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Need of the insulators
2.3.3 Properties of Insulating Material
2.3.4 Types of Insulators
2.4 Isolators
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Need of Isolators
2.4.3 Working
2.5 Bus Bar
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.3 Types of Busbars
2.6 Lightning Arrestors
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Types of Lightning Arrester
2.7 PLCC
2.7.1 Introduction

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2.7.2 Need of PLCC

2.7.3 Operation
2.8 Wave trap
CHAPTER 3:- GAS INSULATED SUBSTAION Pg.NO. 20-21

3.1 What is GIS

3.2 Why Gas Insulated Substations are used
3.3 Advantage of GIS technology
3.4 Why SF6 gas is used

CHAPTER 4:- PLUG AND SWITCH SYSTEM Pg.NO. 22-23

3.1 What is PASS

3.2 Components of PASS

CHAPTER 5:- SCADA SYSTEM Pg.NO. 24-25

4.1 What is SCADA System

4.2 Need of SCADA System
4.3 Working

CHAPTER 6:- PROTECTION Pg.NO. 26-27

6.1 RELAY
6.2 Transformer Protection
6.3 Protection For Transmission Line Feeder
6.4 Fire Protection

CHAPTER 7:- MISCELLANEOUS Pg.NO. 28-31

7.1 Control Room

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Battery Room
 CONCLUSION .............................................................32

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 REFERENCES .............................................................33

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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW

1.1 NEED OF 132 KV SUBSTATION

132KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution network. It
has a vital Influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution
of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment
and minimum. interruptions in power Supply. Sub-Station is constructed as near as possible to the load
center. The voltage level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted
to the load center.
This 132 KV hybrid GSS is one of the main power supply in Jaipur city.

1.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF SMS GSS

 Total cost- 28.31 crore
 Total capacity – 2*50 MVA

1.3 Unique features of SMS hybrid GSS

  
India’s first hybrid grid substation where 145KV hybrid module and 36KV GIS is used.

A conventional outdoor substation requires 25000 sq. meters for 132KV grid but hybrid substation
 was constructed only in 2100 sq. meter of land area.
  
Automatic/Scada system based on IEC 61850 standards.
 
Digital Communication System.

1.4 Equipments installed at GSS

 Two Power Transformer of capacity 50 MVA
 Lightning Arrester 132KV and 33KV
 Wave trap
 Relays
 Isolator
 Bus bars
 PLCC
 PASS
 Capacitive voltage Transformer

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1.5 FEEDERS

1.5.1 Incoming Feeders

  132 KV Sanganer
 
132 KV Mansarovar

1.5.2 Outgoing Feeder

  33kv Gautam Nagar
  33kv Stadium


  33kv Vidhansabha


  33kv Secretariate


  33kv Ramniwas Bagh



  33kv Bisalpur

 
33kv Station

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CHAPTER 2

COMPONENTS OF CIS

2.1 Transformer
2.1.1 Power Transformer

Power Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer trans- forms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage to
low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy
is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is
known as step down transformer.

The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. Actually, mutual induction between two or more winding is responsible for transformation
action in an electrical transformer.

Figure : Power Transformer

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2.1.2 Current Transformer

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents. Current
transformers, together with voltage (or potential) transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument
transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can
be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current
transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Figure :Current Transformer Figure :Capicitor Voltage Transformer

2.1.3 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra
high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or operating a protective relay.

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In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line
signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a voltage transformer to
isolate and further step down the voltage for the metering devices or protective relay.

In the conventional potential transformer we use the coupling capacitor but in CVT this is eliminated and
if we use conventional Potential Transformer in yard ,this is expensive due to the fact that the
transformer ratio is high and the size of PT is high than CVT of same capacity.Thats why CVT’s are used in
substation.

2.2 CIRCUIT BREAKER

2.2.1 Introduction

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and
interrupt current flow.

2.2.2 Working

The circuit breaker actually makes a physical separation in the current-carrying or conducting element
by inserting an insulating medium sufficient to prevent current from continuing to flow. In so doing, the
persistence of an arc across the gap is prevented. opened by drawing out an arc between contacts until
the arc can no longer support itself. The arc formed when The circuit is usually the contacts of a circuit
breaker move apart to interrupt of a circuit is a conductor made up of ionized particles of the insulating
materials. Whenever voltages and currents are large other forms of insulation are used in place or air to
extinguish the arc as quickly as possible.

Whenever fault occurs in the circuit breaker, relay connected to the current transformer CT actuates
and closes its contacts. Current flows from the battery in the trip circuit As soon as the trip coil of the
circuit breaker gets energized the circuit breaker operating mechanism is actuated and it operates for
the opening mechanism.

Different types of circuit breakers are explained in subsequent sections of this chapter.

2.2.3 Types of Circuit Breaker

  Oil circuit breaker
 
 Air circuit breaker
 
 SF6 circuit breaker
 
Vacuum circuit breaker

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2.2.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in sulphur hexafluoride or SF6 gas is
known as an SF6 circuit breaker.

In 132KV SMS hybrid GSS only SF6 is used.

2.3 INSULATORS
2.3.1 Introduction
It is defined as “An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely,
and therefore make it impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field.”

Figure : Insulators

2.3.2 Need of the insulators

Electrical Insulator must be used in electrical system to prevent unwanted flow of current to the earth
from its supporting points. The insulator plays a vital role in electrical system. Electrical Insulator is a
very high resistive path through which practically no current can flow. In transmission and distribution
system, the overhead conductors are generally supported by supporting towers or poles. The towers
and poles both are properly grounded. So there must be insulator between tower or pole body and

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current carrying conductors to prevent the flow of current from conductor to earth through the
grounded supporting towers or poles.
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is flash over, occurs in between line and earth
during abnormal over voltage in the system. During this flash over, the huge heat produced by arcing,
causes puncher in insulator body. Viewing this phenomenon the materials used for electrical insulator,
has to posses some specific properties.

2.3.3 Properties of Insulating Material

For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below-
1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High Voltage system.
3. It must possesses high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
5. It should not be porous.
6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that the moisture or
gases can enter in it.
7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing temperature.

2.3.4 Types of Insulators

There are mainly three types of insulator used as overhead insulator likewise
1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stray insulator
5. Shackle insulators

2.4 ISOLATOR

2.4.1 Introduction

Isolator is defined as “Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the
electrical power system normally at off load condition.”

2.4.2 Need of Isolators

Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically from
outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit just by
switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety there must be some arrangement so that one can
see open condition of the section of the circuit before touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which
isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system
from rest for safe maintenance works.

2.4.3 Working

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Isolator is located on both the sides of a circuit breaker. They are opened after the opening of CB and
are closed before the closing of CB. While doing maintenance on CBs, they are opened and earthing
switch is closed. They are always operated on no-load as they don’t have arc extinguishing medium

Figure : Isolato

2.5 BUSBAR
2.5.1 Introduction
In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a metallic strip or bar (typically copper, brass or
aluminium) that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery
bank, or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct a substantial current of electricity.

There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a particular scheme
depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system, flexibility needed in
system and cost to be expensed.

2.5.3 Types of Busbars

 
 Single Bus System
 
 Single Bus System with Bus Sectionalizer
 
 Double Bus System
 
Double Breaker Bus System

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 
 Main and Transfer Bus System
 
 Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators
 
Ring Bus System

Figure : Busbars

2.6 LIGHTNING ARRESTER

2.6.1 Introduction

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

A lighting arrester is a piece of equipment that is designed to protect electrical systems and
components from damages that can be caused by surges of electricity. Such surges can be the result of
lightning or electrical switching and can be very dangerous, especially for power system equipment.

Different types of LA’S are explained in subsequent sections of this chapter

2.6.2 Types of Lightning Arrester

 
 Rod gap arrester
 
 Horn gap arrester
 
Multigap arrester

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 
 Expulsion type arrester
 
Valve type arrester

General rating Recommendation for lightning arrester

1. 10kv rated lightning arrester- Arrester of this type are used in case of power station
and EHV substation
2. 5kA rated lightning arrester- Arrester of this capacity normally are used in case of high
voltage substations having system voltages as 66 kV or less.
3. 2.5 kA rated lightning Arrester- - Arrester of these ratings are used in case of system upto
11 KV.
4. 1.5 KA rated lightning Arrester- Arrester of these ratings are used in case of distribution
system.

Location of lightning arrester

1. Very close to the equipment to be protected and connected with shortest lead on both the
linesandground side to reduce the inductive effect of leads while discharging the surge current.
2. In order to ensure the protection of transformer windingsit is desirable to inter connect the
ground lead of the arresterwith the tank and also the neutral of secondary. This
interconnection reduces the stress imposed on the transformer windings by the surge current.

Figure : Lightning Arrester

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2.7 PLCC

2.7.1 Introduction

Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC), is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the
transmission of information. In today’s world every house and building has properly installed electricity
lines. Power Line Carrier Communication – PLCC By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to
transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network access
point without installing new wirings

2.7.2 Need of PLCC

Different communication technologies are being used for the transmission of information from one end to
another depending on the feasibility and needs. Some include Ethernet cables, fiber optics, wireless
transmission, satellite transmission, etc. A vast amount of information travels through the entire earth every
day and it creates an essential need for a transmission medium that is not only fast but economically
reasonable as well. One of the technologies that fit in the above stated criteria is PLCC..

2.7.3 Operation

The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF
power and injected in to high voltage power line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line as
a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line.

2.8 Wave trap

Wave Traps are used at sub-stations using Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC). PLCC is used to
transmit communication and control information at a high frequency over the power lines. This reduces
need for a separate infra for communication between sub-stations.

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Figure : PLCC and Wavetrap

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CHAPTER 3

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

3.1 What is GIS?

A gas insulated substation is an electrical substation in which the major structures are contained in a
sealed environment with sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) as the insulating medium. Gas insulated
substations originated in Japan where the there a major need to develop technology that would
allow substations to be made as compact as possible.

3.2 why Gas Insulated Substations are used ?

Gas Insulated Substations are used where there is space for providing the substation is expensive in
large cities and towns. In normal substation the clearances between the phase to phase and phase to
ground is very large. Due to this, large space is required for the normal or Air Insulated Substation (AIS).
But the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is higher compared to the air, the clearances required for phase to
phase and phase to ground for all equipments are quite lower. Hence, the overall size of each
equipment and the complete substation is reduced to about 10% of the conventional air insulated

substation .
3.3 ADVANTAGES OF GIS TECHNOLOGY

1- Compactness. The space occupied by SF6 installation is only about 8 to 10 % of that a conventional
outdoor substation. High cost is partly compensated by saving in cost of space.

2- Choice of Mounting Site. Modular SF6 GIS can be tailor made to Suit the particular site requirements.
This results is saving of otherwise Expensive civil-foundation work. SF6 GIS can be suitably mounted
indoor on any floor or basement and SF6 Insulated Cables (GIC) can be taken through walls and
terminated through SF6 bushing or power cables.

3- Reduced Installation Time- The principle of building block construction (modular construction) reduces
the installation time to a few weeks. Each conventional substation requires several months for installation. In
SF6 substations, the time-consuming high cost galvanized steel structures are eliminated. Heavy foundations
for galvanized steel structures, Equipment support structures etc are eliminated. This

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results in economy and reduced project execution time. Modules are factory assembled, tested
and dispatched with nominal SF6 gas. Site erection time is reduced to final assembly of modules.

4- Protection from pollution. The external moisture. Atmospheric Pollution, snow dust etc. have little
influence on SF6 insulated substation. All live parts are hermetically enclosed in the gas chamber &
are, thus, independent from environmental influences like rusting, ageing, atmospheric faults etc.

However, to facilitate installation and maintenance, the substations are generally housed inside a
small building.

5- Increased Safety. As the enclosures are at earth potential there is no possibility of accidental contact
by service personnel to live parts. Also continuous & robust mechanical interlocking systems ensure
maximum operating stability & operator safety.

6- Explosion-proof and Fire-proof installation. Oil Circuit Breakers and oil filled equipment are prone
to explosion. SF6 breakers and SF6 filled equipment are explosion proof and fire-proof.

7- Easy operation and long life

Operation of GIS is simple, user friendly and through safe mechanism. As all GIS is enclosed in sealed
chamber it provides long service life and low maintenance cost.

3.4 Why SF6 gas is used?

SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That means it has high affinity of
absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by
that gas molecule and forms a negative ion.

The attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules may occur in two different ways,

These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility of the
charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know that mobility of
charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a gas.

Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric strength.
Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique property of fast recombination
after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also very good heat transfer property. Due
to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by
convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is approximately 100
times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to these unique properties of this gas SF6
circuit breaker is used in complete range of medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system.
These circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.

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CHAPTER 4

PASS(PLUG AND SWITCH SYSTEM)

4.1 WHAT IS PASS?

Here term “Hybrid system” refers to the combination of both conventional air insulated switchgear
(AIS) and newer SF6 metal clad insulated switchgear (GIS) which takes advantage of the two different
technologies.The hybrid switchgear solution uses already existing, tried and tested gas insulated
switching components but also a conventional and very reliable AIS bus to connect the various hybrid
modules. All the functions( except the ring type current transformer) are sealed in single SF6 gas
insulated housing.
  Circuit breaker
  
Disconnectors
  
Earth switches
  
Cable sealing ends
  
Fast earthing switches
 
SF6 VT’s or voltage sensors

Figure : PASS

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4.2 Components of PASS

1. Gas density Control

Each PASS pole has a single gas compartment. Since the dielectric strength of the switchgear
and the breaking capacityof the SF6 circuit breaker depend on the density of SF6 gas, a gas
density relay is installed to control gas density and detect leakage.
2. Voltage Transformer
PASS can be equipped with a conventional GIS inductive voltage transformer.
3. Combined Disconnector/earth switch
PASS is equipped with combined disconnector/earthing switch. The mechanism has minimal
number of mechanical components and is intrinsically reliableand maintenance free. All
combinations are possible.
4. Current Transformer
PASS is equipped with a conventional transformer to meet the customers requirement. E.g.
for retrofitting. Several combination of cores for protection and measurement with
different load are available.

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CHAPTER 5

SCADA SYSTEM
5.1 What is scada system?
It is defined as -“SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system operating with coded
signals over communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one
communication channel per remote station) .”

There is a SCADA system in the SMS Hybrid Substation based on IEC 61850 standard.

5.2 Need of SCADA system.

Substations are a critical component for maintaining electrical supply and load control in low voltage,
medium voltage and high voltage electrical distribution networks. In order to ensure the proper
functioning of substations and related equipment such as line-mounted switches and capacitors,
most utilities use SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems to automate monitoring
and control.

5.3 Working
Electrical distribution systems involve many remote applications and sites, and monitoring and
controlling these sites has often been difficult. To solve this problem, utilities began installing remote
terminal/telemetry units (RTUs) at substations. Early RTUs were initially custom-made units, but later
versions relied on standard hardware such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or industrial PCs.
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are a more recent technology development, and these devices
are now installed at most substations to some extent. These IEDs generally communicate with the
substation RTU.

Power distribution to various electrical loads at substations is controlled by switchgear feeders. Sensors
mounted on the switchgear collect various data on current, voltage, power and switchgear status. This
data is transferred to the RTU, which is in turn polled by a SCADA system.

The SCADA system consists of a master control station with one or more PC-based human machine
interfaces (HMIs). The SCADA system may also contain other secondary control stations with HMIs, and
large substations may also have local HMIs.

Operators view information on the HMIs to monitor and control substation operations and
related equipment.

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CHAPTER 6

PROTECTION

6.1 RELAY
Relay is a device which detects fault current and energizes trip circuit of circuit breaker. A relay is an
electrically operated switch.

Different Relay used

  Current Relay


  
Voltage Relay
  
Power Relay
  
Directional Relay
  
Differential Relay
 
Distance Relay

Figure :Relay Panel in SMS hybrid GSS

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6.2 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

  Buccholz relay protection
  
Differential protection
  
Pressure releasedevice(PRD)
  
Oil surge relay protection
  
Backup protection
  
WTP(winding temperature protection)
  
OTP(oil temperature protection)
  
Over flux Protection
 
Fire flighting Protection

6.3 protection for TRANSmission line feeder

 Differential backup protection
 
Differential relay protection

6.4 FIRE PROTECTION

Figure : FIRE Protection

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CHAPTER 7
MISCELANEOUS

7.1 CONTROL ROOM

7.1. Introduction

At control room , remot control not only carry the appropriate mean s by which circuit breaker may be
open or close but also necessary indicating devices , indicating lamps, isolating switching, protective
relays, secondary circuit and wires are located here and most important “No load Tap Changer” for
transformer is available. There is a panel for synchronizing .

Different panels are located in different stages and on each panel control switch is provided on the
board. The control switches for each circuit breaker and isolators are provided on control panel. Color
of signals are synchronized as follows-
  Red- For circuit breaker or isolator is in closed position.
 
 Green- For circuit Breaker is in open position
 
Amber-Indicate abnormal condition requiring action.

Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)

For power system operation and control SCADA system is used which includes-
 
 Data collection system
 
 Data transmission telemetric equipment
 
 Data monitoring Equipment
 
Man/machine interface

Detail of SCADA has already explained in earlier chapter.

Operation

The operation in control room needs information regarding parameters and configuration according
to feeders. It has different units
  Indicating system
 
Control Switches

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 
 Relay Section
 
 Meter Section
 
 Announcing Section
 
 DC Supply system
 
Transformer control unit

Announcing Section

This section is always checked by shift incharge.If any fault or alarm swing or any abnormal condition
then type o fault is indicated on announcing box The most important section is transformer control
section, winding temperature indicator.

Tap position selector is situated on control panel. A control engineer controls the loading of various
lines,outgoing feeders, synchronizing the incoming lines with bus bars.

Control and relay panel

The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the indicating apparatus is clearly visible from
control space. These respective panels are provided-

  Control and indicating equipment

 Relay and recording equipment

Indicating system

Indicating system is used to indicate total load, bus bar voltage indication of circuit breaker,
isolator position.

Relay section

Relay section indicate position of different realy at different feeder. Fault at any feeder is denoted by
corresponding relay that gives alarm signal.Master relay gives signal to trip coil of circuit breaker and
thus faulty feeder is disconnected from supply.

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Figure 1 Control Room at 132KV SMS GSS

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7.2 Battery Room

In GSS, DC supply is maintained for signaling remote position control. Alarm circuit etc. Direct current
can be obtained from 220 v 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of ac failure , from fixed battery
which are kept charged in normal condition by rectifier supply.

Figure 2 Battery Room at 132KV SMS GSS

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CONCLUSION

Training at 132KV GRID SUB-STATION SITAPURA, JAIPUR gives the insight of the real
instruments used. I have seen many instruments like transformer, CT, PT. CVT. LA.
Relay, PLCC, bus bars, capacitor bank, insulator, isolators, control room. Battery
room etc. The various problems seen substation while handling the instruments by
field engineers. I have practically seen the operation of various relays & tripping of
circuit breaker during fault tripping. I have also seen the load shedding imposed
during power crises. The under frequency relays are installed on 132 KV & 33 KV
feeders to throw the certain load during low frequency automation to save the
generating units or load failure.
There are various occasions when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load
shedding, shut down, which has been heard previously. To get an insight of the
substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned there.
Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience
building and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future
ahead a better way.

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REFERENCES

www.wikipidia.org/insulator
www.wikipidia.org/wavetrap
www.wikipidia.org/transformer
www.scribd.com

Mr. Lokesh Gothwal (A.En)

BOOKS

Electrical power by J.B. Gupta

Power System by V.K.Mehta

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